TCH PHN HM HU T

tnh tch phn cc hm s hu t ta cn linh hot la chn mt trong cc phng php c bn

sau.
1. Phng php tam thc bc hai.
2. Phng php phn tch.
3. Phng php i bin.
4. Phng php tch phn tng phn.
5. S dng cc phng php khc nhau.
I.Phng php tam thc bc hai.
Bi ton 1: Tnh tch phn hu t da trn tam thc bc hai
Trn c s a tam thc bc hai v dng chnh tc v dng cc cng thc sau
1.
2
2
1
ln | |
2
xdx
a
a
x
x
t
t

+C
2. 2 2
1
ln | |
2
xdx x a
C
a x a
x a

+
+
t

V d 1: Tnh tch phn

1
2 2
0
4 3
xdx
I
x x

+ +

Gii

1 1 2
2 2 2
0 0
1 ( 2)
( 2) 1 2 ( 2) 1
xdx d x
I
x x
+

+ +


2
2
1
1 1 2 1
ln
0 2 2 2 1
1 3
ln
4 2
x
x
+

+

Ch : Cng c th trnh by bi ton tng minh hn bng vic i bin s trc khi p dng cc
cng thc (1) v (2)
II.Phng php phn tch
Bi ton 2: Tnh tch phn hu t bng phng php phn tch
Cc em cn hiu rng thc cht n l mt dng ca phng php h s, nhng y phn
tch
( )
( )
P x
Q x
ta s dng cch ng nht h thc quen thuc. V trong phn ny chng ta cng s i
xem xt ng li chung gii mt vi dng tng qut.
Dng 1:
2
; 0
(ax+b)
x dx
I a

Dng 2:
2
; 0
dx
I a
ax bx c

+ +

Dng 3:
2
( )
; 0
x dx
I a
ax bx c
+

+ +

Dng 4:
2
1 1 1
2
( )
; 0
( )( )
a x b x c dx
I a
x ax bx c
+ +

+ +

Dng 5:
2 2
; 0
( ) ( )
dx
I a
x a x b

+ +

Dng 6:
( )
; ( ) 0
( )
P x
I dx Q x
Q x

V d 1: Tnh tch phn

1
2
0
2
dx
I
x x

Gii
Bin i:
2
1 1 1 1 1
( )
2 ( 1)( 2) 3 2 1 x x x x x x

+ +
Khi :
1
0
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
( ) (ln 2 ln 1) ln
0 3 2 1 3 3 4
I dx x x
x x
+
+

V d 2: Tnh tch phn

1
3
0
(1 3 )
x
I dx
x

Gii
S dng ng nht h thc:

1
(1 3 1)
3
x x +
Ta c:
3 2 3
1 1 1
(1 3 ) 3 (1 3 ) (1 3 )
x
x x x
1

1
+ + +
]
Khi :
1
2 3
0
1 1 1
3 (1 3 ) (1 3 )
I dx
x x
1

1
+ +
]

2
1
1 1 1
0 3 3(1 3 ) 6(1 3 )
1
8
x x
1
+
1
+ +
]

III.Phng php i bin.

Da trn cc phng php i bin bit ta c th tnh tch phn v trong trng hp ny ta
cn thc hin them php i cn cho bin mi.
V d:
1 2
4
6 10
2
1
1
x
I dx
x
+
+

Gii
i I v dng :

1
2
2
6 10
2
2
1
2
2
6 10
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
( ) 2
x
I dx
x
x
x
dx
x
x
+
+
+

+
+

t:
1
t x
x
Suy ra :
2
1
(1 ) dt dx
x
+ v :
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
( ) 2
dt
x
t
x
x
+

+
+
i cn: vi
6 10
2
x
+
th 6 t
Vi 1 t=0 x th
Khi :
0
2
6
2
dt
I
t

t : 2 tan ;
2 2
t u u


Suy ra:
2
2
2
2(1 tan )
os
du
dt u du
c u
+ V:
2
2 2
1 (1 tan ) 1
2 tan 1 2 2
dt
du
t
+

+ +
i cn: vi 0 t th 0 u ; Vi 6 t th
3
u

Khi :
0
3
0
1 1
2 2 3 2
3
I du u

IV.S dng cc phng php khc nhau

Trong phn ny chng ta s i xem xt mt vi bi ton c gii bng cc phng php khc
nhau v mc ch quan trng nht l hng dn cc em hc sinh hc c cc phng php suy
lun qua mi v d.
V d 1(HMC-95) Tnh tch phn
1
4 2
0
4 3
dx
I
x x

+ +

Gii
Bin i:
4 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
( )
4 3 ( 1)( 3) 2 1 3 x x x x x x

+ + + + + +
Khi :
1 1
2 2
0 0
1
( )
2 1 3
dx dx
I
x x

+ +

TCH PHN HM LNG GIC
i vi tch phn hm lng gic th ta c cc phng php sau
1. S dng cc dng nguyn hm c bn
2. Cc hm phn thc hu t i vi cc hm lng gic
3. S dng cc php bin i lng gic a v cc nguyn hm c bn
4. Phng php i bin
5. Phng php tch phn tng phn.
I.S dng cc dng nguyn hm c bn
V d 1: Tnh tch phn
4
0
osx sin(x+ )
4
dx
I
c

Gii
Cch 1: S dng phng php trong dng ton c bn.
S dng ng nht thc:
os os[(x+ )-x]
4 4
1 2 os[(x+ )-x]
4
2 cos
4
2
c c
c

Ta c:
2 os[(x+ )-x] 2[cos(x+ )cosx+sin(x+ )sinx]
1
4 4 4
osx sin(x+ ) osx sin(x+ ) cosx sin(x+ )
4 4 4
c
c c





cos(x+ )
sinx
4
2[ + ]
cosx
sin(x+ )
4

Khi :
4
0
cos(x+ )
sinx
4
4
2 2 ln sin( ) ln osx
4
cosx
sin(x+ )
0
4
I dx x c

1
1
1
+ +
]
1
]

sin( )
4
4
2 ln 2 ln 2
osx
0
x
c

+

Cch 2: Da trn c th ca hm di du tch phn.

4 4 4
2
0 0 0
2 2
osx (sinx+cosx) os (t anx+1)
osx sin(x+ )
4
dx dx dx
I
c c x
c

4 4
0 0
4
(t anx) (t anx+1)
2 2 2 ln t anx+1 2 ln 2
0 tanx+1 tanx+1
d d

II.Cc hm phn thc hu t c bit i vi cc hm lng gic.
V d 1: (HXDHN-97): Cho hm s

( ) 4cos 3sin f x x x +
v
( ) osx+2sinx g x c
a. Tm A; B
( ) Af(x)+Bf(x) g x
b. Tnh
4
0
( )
( )
g x
I dx
f x

Gii
a. Ta c:
osx+2sinx=A(4cosx+3sinx)+B(-4sinx+3cosx)=(4A+3B)cosx+(3A-4B)sinx c
ng nht ng thc, ta c:
4 3 1 2 5
3 4 2 1 5
A B A
A B B
+

' '


b. Ta c:
4
0
4
2 1 4sin 3cos 2 1
ln 4cos 3sin
0 5 5 4cos 3sin 5 5
x x
I dx x x x
x x

+ _ _
+

+
, ,

1 7
ln
10 5 4 2

+
III.S dng cc php bin i lng gic a v cc nguyn hm c bn
S dng cc php bin i lng gic a biu thc di du tch phn v dng quen thuc, cc
php bin i thng dng bao gm:
Php bin i tch thnh tng(chng ta thy trong phng php phn tch).
H bc.
Chia khong.
Cc k thut bin i khc.
Chng ta s ln lt xem xt cc v d mu.
V d 1: Tnh tnh phn
3
0
os os5xdx I c x c

Gii
Bin i I v dng : ( ) ( )
0 0
1 1
os3x+3cosx os5xdx= os5x cos3x+3cos5x cosx
4 4
I c c c dx



( ) ( )
0
1 1 3
os8x+cos2x os6x+cos4x
4 2 2
c c dx

1
+
1
]

1 1 1 1 3 1 1
sin8 sin 2 sin 6 sin 4 0
0 4 2 8 2 2 6 4
x x x x

1 _ _
+ + +
1
, , ]
V d 2(HNN I HN khi A-98 ): Tnh tch phn

2
6
1 sin 2 os2x
sinx+cosx
x c
I dx

+ +

Gii
Bin i I v dng
2
6
1 sin 2 os2x
sinx+cosx sinx+cosx
x c
I dx

+ _
+

,

( )
2
6
s inx+cosx+cosx-sinx dx

2
6
2
2 osxdx=2sinx 1
6
c

IV.Phng php i bin

V d 1(HQG TPHCM khi A -98): tnh tch phn
2
3 2
0
os sin I c x xdx

Gii
Bin i I v dng : ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 4
0 0
1 sin sin osxdx= sin sin osxdx I x x c x x c



t sinx t , khi : osxdx dt c
i cn: Vi
0 0
1
2
x t
x t

Khi : ( )
1
2 4 3 5
0
1
1 1 2
0 3 5 15
I t t dt t t
_


,

Nhn xt: Trong bi ton trn s d ta nh hng c php bin i nh vy l bi nhn xt

rng:
(sinx,-cosx) (s inx, cosx) R R
Do s dng php i bin tng ng l sinx t
Ngoi ra bi ton trn cn c th gii bng vic bin i biu thc
3 2
osx s inx c v dng tng ca
cc hm lng gic, c th:
3 2 2
1 1 1
osx sin sin 2 osx= (1 os4x) ( osx-cos4x cosx)
4 8 8
c x x c c c
( ) ( )
1 1 1
osx- os5x+cos3x 2cos os5x- cos3x
8 2 16
c c x c
1

1
]
V.Phng php tch phn tng phn
Nhng tch phn s dng phng php tch phn tng phn c dng
Dng 1: Tnh tch phn
( ) sin P x xdx

hoc
( ) os P x c xdx

Vi P l mt a thc thuc
[x] R
v
*
R khi ta t :
( )
sin
u P x
dv xdx

'

hoc
( )
os
u P x
dv c xdx

'

Dng 2: Tnh tch phn

cos( )( sin( ) , 0)
ax ax
e bx hoac e bx voia b

Khi ta t:
ax
os(bx)
dv=e
u c
dx

'

hoc
ax
sin(bx)
dv=e
u
dx

'

V d (HVKTMM - 2000): Tnh tch phn:

1
2
0
tan I x xdx

Gii
Bin i I v dng :
1 1 1
2 2
0 0 0
1
1
os osx
xdx
I x dx xdx
c x c
_


,

(1)
Xc inh
1
1 2
0
os
xdx
I
c x

bng phng php phn tch tch phn tng phn, nh sau:
t:
2
t anx
os
u x
du dx
dx
v dv
c x

' '

Khi : ( )
1
1
0
1 1
tan t anxdx= xtanx+ln cosx tan1 ln( os1)
0 0
I x x c +

Ngoi ra:
2
2
1
1 1
0 2 2
I x
Thay (2), (3) vo (1) ta c:
1
tan1 ln( os1)
2
I c +