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= 2b a ( 8 )
2. Khi lng ca tng mui thu c ( mui HCO
3
-
v mui CO
3
2-
)
Cch lm rt n gin:
Trc tin: ly
2
OH
CO
n
n
= t , Nu thy gi tr 1 < t < 2
Th s c 2 mui sinh ra ( l HCO
3
-
v CO
3
2-
)
2
3
2
CO
HCO OH
n n n
( 9 )
2
2
3
CO
CO OH
n n n
Bi ton mu. Sc 6,72 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) vo dung dch c cha 0,25 mol Ca(OH)
2
. Khi lng kt ta thu
c l
A.10 gam. B.15 gam. C.20 gam. D.25 gam.
Dng 2 . Cho V (lit) CO
2
(ktc) tc dng vi dung dch kim b mol ( NaOH hay Ca(OH)
2
hay
Ba(OH)
2
) thu c x mol kt ta ( ) . Yu cu. Tnh :
1.Th tch kh CO
2
.Thng c 2 S.
S 1:
2
(min) CO
n n
( 10 )
S 2:
2
( ax) CO m
OH
n n n
( 11 )
Bi ton mu .Dn 10 lit hn hp kh gm N
2
v CO
2
o ktc sc vo 2 lit dung dch Ca(OH)
2
0,02 M thu
c 1 g kt ta. Thnh phn % th tch CO
2
trong hn hp kh l
A. 2,24% v 15,68%B. 3,36% v 16,58% C. 4,48% v 18,56% D. 2,42% v 15,68%
B. NHM
Dng 1. Ton Cho axit hay kim tc dng vi mui Al
3+
Bi ton 1. Tnh V dung dch NaOH ( cha OH
-
) cn cho vo dung dch mui nhm ( Al
3+
) thu
c kt ta theo bi . Cch lm. Bi ny thng c 2 S
S 1( gi tr nh nht) :
(min)
3
OH
n n
( 12 )
S 2( gi tr ln nht):
3
( ax)
4
OH m Al
n n n
+
. ( 13 )
Ch : Nu cho NaOH vo hh gm ( mui Al
3+
v axit H
+
) th
(min)
3
OH H
n n n
+
+
3
( ax)
4
OH m Al H
n n n n
+ +
+
Bi ton mu. Cho V lit dung dch NaOH 1 M vo dung dch cha 0,6 mol AlCl
3
v 0,2 mol HCl thu c
39 gam kt ta. Gi tr ln nht ca V l
A. 1,2 B. 2,1 C. 1,9 D. 3,1
Bi ton 2. Tnh th tch HCl cn cho vo dung dch NaAlO
2
( hay Na[Al(OH)
4
] ) thu c lng
kt ta theo bi
Cch lm. Bi ny thng c 2 S
S 1( gi tr nh nht) :
(min) H
n n
+
( 14 )
S 2( gi tr ln nht):
3
( ax)
4 3
H m Al
n n n
+ +
. ( 15 )
Ch : Nu cho HCl vo hh gm ( mui NaAlO
2
v baz OH
-
) th
(min) H OH
n n n
+
+
3
( ax)
4 3
H m Al OH
n n n n
+ +
+
Bi ton mu. Cho V lit dung dch HCl 1 M vo 200 ml dung dch cha ng thi NaOH 0,5 M v NaAlO
2
1,5M thu c 15,6 gam kt ta. Gi tr cc i ca V l
A. 0,5 B. 1,2 C. 0,7 D. 0,3
Bi ton 3. Phn ng nhit nhm :
Al + Fe
3
O
4
0
t
hh X
( rn )
2
2
CO ( u)
( )
ddY
NaOH
d
khiH Vlit
'
Mui clorua + H
2
2
71.
clorua KL H
m m n +
p muoi
( 18 )
BI TP P DNG
Cu 1. Ho tan 14,5 gam hn hp gm ba kim loi Mg, Fe, v Zn va trong dung dch HCl, kt thc phn
ng thu c 6,72 lt kh (ktc) v dung dch X.C cn dung dch X thu c bao nhiu gam mui clorua
khan ?
Hng dn gii : p dng h thc (1),ta c: m
mui
= 14,5 + 0,3 .71 = 35,8 gam
Cu 2. Ho tan 10g hn hp 2 kim loi kim trong dung dch HCl d thy to ra 2,24l kh H
2
(ktc). C cn
dung dch sau phn ng thu c gam mui khan. Khi lng mui khan thu c l:
A - 1,71g B - 17,1g C - 3,42g D - 34,2g
Cu 3. Ha tan hon ton 22,2 g hn hp bt kim lai Fe v Al tc dng ht vi dd HCl d thu c13,44 lt
kh ktc. Khi lng mui khan thu c l ( Fe=56, Al = 27)
A. 68,4g B. 45,3g C. 43,5g D. 64,8g
2. CNG THC 2. Kim loi + H
2
SO
4
long
Mui sunfat + H
2
2
96.
sunfat KL H
m m n +
p muoi
( 19 )
BI TP P DNG
Cu 1. Cho mg hn hp X gm Mg, Zn, Fe tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
long d to ra 2,24 lt H
2
(kc) v
dung dch Y. C cn dung dch Y thu c 18,6g cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 6,0g B. 9,0g C. 8,6g D. 10,8g
Cu 2 . Cho 13,5 gam hn hp cc kim loi Al, Cr, Fe tc dng vi lng d dung dch H
2
SO
4
long nng
(trong iu kin khng c khng kh), thu c dung dch X v 7,84 lt kh H2 ( ktc).C cn dung dch X
(trong iu kin khng c khng kh) c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l
A.42,6 B.45,5 C.48,8 D.47,1
Hng dn gii : p dng h thc (2),ta c: m = 13,5 +
7, 84
.96
22, 4
= 47,1 gam . Chn D
Cu 3. Ha tan hon ton 3,22 gam hn hp X gm Fe, Mg v Zn bng mt lng va dung dch H
2
SO
4
long, thu c 1,344 lt hiro ( ktc) v dung dch cha m gam mui. Gi tr ca m l (Cho H = 1; O = 16;
Mg = 24; S = 32; Fe = 56; Zn = 65)
A. 10,27. B. 9,52. C. 8,98. D. 7,25.
Hng dn gii :
p dng h thc (1),ta c:
1, 344
3, 22 .96 8, 98
22, 4
m gam +
=> chn C
Cu 4. Ho tan ht 7,74 gam hn hp bt Mg, Al bng 500 ml dung dch hn hp HCl 1M v H
2
SO
4
0,28M
thu c dung dch X v 8,736 lt kh H
2
( ktc). C cn dung dch X thu c lng mui khan l
A.38,93 B.103,85 C.25,95 D.77,96
Gii : V
( ) ( )
8, 736
.2 0, 5. 1 0, 28.2 0, 78
22, 4
+
, suy ra hh axit va ht.
Hng dn gii : p dng m
mui
= m
KL
+ m
Cl
+ m
SO4
=> ta c: m
mui
= 7,74 + 0,5.1.35,5 + 0,5.0,28.96 = 38,93 gam => chn A
Lu : Khng nn p dng my mc m
mui
= m
KL
+ 71 n
H2
+ 96n
H2
=> Sai y !
DNG 3. Kim loi + vi dd H
2
SO
4
c Mui sunfat + sn phm kh + H
2
O
R + H
2
SO
4
R
2
(SO
4
)
n
+ sn phm kh
x
S
(S, SO
2
, H
2
S) + H
2
O
CT: m
mui
= m
KL
+
2 2
96
(2 6 8 )
2
SO S H S
n n n + +
( 20 )
( Lu : Sn phm kh no khng c th b qua)
Hay gp trng hp : Ch to ra kh SO
2
m
mui
= m
KL
+
2
96
SO
n
Bi 1. Ho tan hon ton 12 gam hn hp Fe, Cu ( t l mol 1:1) bng axit H
2
SO
4
m c, nng, d, thu
c V lt ( ktc) kh SO
2
v dd Y ( ch cha hai mui v axit d). Gi tr ca V l
A. 3,36 B. 2,24 C. 5,60 D.4,48
Hng dn gii
S mol Fe = s mol Cu = 12:( 56+64) = 0,1 (mol)
Suy lun: Fe, Cu cho e, S nhn e chuyn thnh SO
2
p dng h thc (6),ta c:
S mol SO
2
= (3n
Fe
+ 2n
Cu
):2 = 0,25 (mol)
Th tch SO
2
= 5,6 lt.
3. CNG THC 5. Cch tm s mol axit tham gia phn ng:
24
4 2. 5
2 2
n n n n
HSO S SO HS
++
( 21 )
DNG 4. Kim loi tc dng vi dd HNO
3
R + HNO
3
R(NO
3
)
n
+ sn phm kh ( NO, NO
2
, N
2
, N
2
O ) + H
2
O
CT : m
mui
= m
KL
+ 62. (
2 2 2
3 8 10.
NO NO N O N
n n n n + + +
) ( 22 )
BI TP P DNG
Bi 1. Th tch dung dch HNO
3
1M (long) t nht cn dng ho tan hon ton mt hn hp gm 0,15 mol
Fe v 0,15 mol Cu l (bit phn ng to cht kh duy nht l NO)
A. 1,0 lt. B. 0,6 lt. C. 0,8 lt. D. 1,2 lt.
Hng dn gii :
p dng h thc (6) v (8), ta c: V =
0,15.2 0,15.2
( ).4
3
0, 8
1
+
=> Chn C
IV. DNG TON OXI HO 2 LN
1. CNG THC 9.
Fe + O
2
hn hp A (FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe d)
+
3
HNO
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ SPK + H
2
O
Hoc: Fe + O
2
hn hp A (FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe d)
+
2 4
H SO
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SPK + H
2
O
Cng thc tnh nhanh:
m
Fe
= 0,7 m
hhA
+ 5,6 i
spk
.n
spk
( 23 )
Vi HNO
3
th dng m
mui
=
242
( 24 )
80
hhA NO
m n +
( 24 )
Bi 1. ( H 2008). Cho 11,36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
phn ng ht vi dung dch
HNO
3
long (d), thu c 1,344 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) v dung dch X. C cn dung
dch X thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 38,72. B. 35,50. C. 49,09. D. 34,36.
Hng dn gii :
Cch 1 : p dng h thc (9),ta c:
1, 344
0, 7.11, 36 5, 6.3.
22, 4
.242 38, 72
56
_
+
,
m gam
Bi 1. (Cu 12 H khi B 2007). Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3 gam hn hp cht rn X.
Ha tan ht hn hp X trong dung dch HNO
3
(d), thot ra 0,56 lt ( ktc) NO (l sn phm kh duy nht).
Gi tr ca m l (cho O = 16, Fe = 56
A. 2,52. B. 2,22. C. 2,62. D. 2,32.
Hng dn gii :
p dng h thc (9),ta c: m = 0,7.3 + 5,6.3.(0,56:22,4) = 2,52 gam
2. CNG THC 10.
Cu + O
2
hn hp A (CuO, Cu
2
O, Cu d)
+
3
HNO
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ SPK + H
2
O
Hoc: Cu + O
2
hn hp A (CuO, Cu
2
O, Cu d)
+
2 4
H SO
CuSO
4
+ SPK + H
2
O
Cng thc tnh nhanh: m
Cu
= 0,8 m
hhA
+ 6,4 i
spk
.n
spk
( 25 )
DNG. Oxit tc dng vi axit to mui + H
2
O
1. CNG THC 15. Oxit + ddH
2
SO
4
long
Mui sunfat + H
2
O
2 4
80.
HSO
m m n +
oxit muoi sunfat ( 26 )
* Ch
2
/ /
1
2
Ooxit OHO H
n n n
( 27 )
Cu 1. Cho 1,805 gam hn hp Fe
2
O
3
, ZnO, MgO tc dng va vi 250 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,1M. Khi
lng mui to thnh trong dung dch l:
A. 3,805 gam B. 0,896 gam C. 4,805 gam D. 2,805 gam
Cu 2. Ha tan hon ton 2,81 gam hn hp gm Fe
2
O
3
, MgO, ZnO trong 500 ml H
2
SO
4
0,1 M (va ). Sau
phn ng, hn hp mui sunfat khan thu c khi c cn dung dch c khi lng l
A. 6,81 g B. 4,81 g C. 3,81 g D. 5,81 g
Hng dn gii:
S mol H
2
SO
4
l 0,05 mol
p dng h thc (15),ta c: m
mui sunfat
= 2,81+0,05.80 = 6,81 g
p n: A
2. CNG THC 16. Oxit + ddHCl
Mui clorua + H
2
O
2
55. 27,5.
HO HCl
m m n m n ++
oxit oxit muoi clorua ( 28 )
Cu 1. ho tan hon ton 2,32 gam hn hp gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
(trong s mol FeO bng s mol
Fe
2
O
3
), cn dng va V lt dung dch HCl 1M. Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,23. B. 0,18. C. 0,08. D. 0,16.
Hng dn gii:
xem : ( FeO + Fe
2
O
3
)+ Fe
3
O
4
= 2 Fe
3
O
4
Tnh mol Fe
3
O
4
=> mol O ( trong oxit) = 4. mol Fe
3
O
4
3 4
( ongxit)
2 2.4
HCl O tr Fe O
H
n n n n
+
= ..... Rp s z ...l .... xong !
V =
2, 32
.4.2 0, 08
232
>
Chn C
Cu 1. Cho 2,13 gam hn hp X gm ba kim loi Mg, Cu v Al dng bt tc dng hon ton vi oxi thu
c hn hp Y gm cc oxit c khi lng 3,33 gam. Th tch dung dch HCl 2M va phn ng ht
vi Y l
A. 57 ml. B. 50 ml. C. 75 ml. D. 90 ml.
Hng dn gii:
p dng h thc cng thc trn ta c: V =
3, 33 2,13 1
.2. 0, 075 75
16 2
t l ml
=> Chn C
V. DNG 5. Mui tc dng vi axit
1. CNG THC 11. Mui cacbonat + ddHCl
Mui clorua + CO
2
+ H
2
O
(R
n+
,
2-
3
CO
) + 2HCl
(R
n+
, 2Cl
) + CO
2
+ H
2
O
2
11.
CO
m m n +
muoi clorua muoi cacbonat
(29)
Bi 1. Nung m (g) hn hp X gm 2 mui carbonat trung tnh ca 2 kim loi A v B u c ha tr 2. Sau
mt thi gian thu c 3,36 lit CO
2
(kc) cn li hn hp cht rn Y. Cho Y tc dng ht vi dung dch
HCl d, th thu c ddC v kh D. Phn dung dch C c cn thu 32,5g hn hp mui khan. Cho kh D
thot ra hp th hon ton bi dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d thu c 15g kt ta. Tnh m.
Hng dn gii :
p dng h thc (11),ta c: m = 32,5 11. (3,36/22,4 + 15/100) = 29,2 gam.
2. CNG THC 12. Mui cacbonat + H
2
SO
4
long
Mui sunfat + CO
2
+ H
2
O
(R
n+
,
2-
3
CO
) + H
2
SO
4
(R
n+
,
2-
4
SO
) + CO
2
+ H
2
O
2
36.
CO
m m n +
muoi sunfat muoi cacbonat (30)
Bi 1. Hng dn gii :
p dng h thc (12),ta c:
3. CNG THC 13. Mui sunfit + ddHCl
Mui clorua + SO
2
+ H
2
O
( R + 80) gam
m=9gam
(R + 71) gam 1 mol
2
9.
SO
m m n
muoi clorua muoi sunfit (31)
Bi 1. Hng dn gii :
p dng h thc (13),ta c:
4. CNG THC 14. Mui sunfit + ddH
2
SO
4
long
Mui sunfat + SO
2
+ H
2
O
(R
n+
,
2-
3
SO
) + H
2
SO
4
(R
n+
,
2
4
SO
) + SO
2
+ H
2
O
2
16.
SO
m m n +
muoi sunfat muoi sunfit (32)
VII. DNG 7. Oxit tc dng vi cht kh
TH 1. Oxit + CO : PTHH TQ: R
x
O
y
+ yCO
xR + yCO
2
(1)
R l nhng kim loi sau Al. Phn ng (1) c th vit gn nh sau: [O]
oxit
+ CO
CO
2
Suy ra : m
R
= m
oxit
m
[O]oxit
TH 2. Oxit + H
2
: PTHH TQ: R
x
O
y
+ yH
2
xR + yH
2
O
(2)
R l nhng kim loi sau Al. Ch : Phn ng (2) c th vit gn nh sau: [O]
oxit
+ H
2
H
2
O
Suy ra : m
R
= m
oxit
m
[O]oxit
TH 3. Oxit + Al (phn ng nhit nhm) : PTHH TQ: 3R
x
O
y
+ 2yAl
3xR + yAl
2
O
3
(3)
Ch : Phn ng (3) c th vit gn nh sau: 3[O]
oxit
+ 2Al
Al
2
O
3
Suy ra : m
R
= m
oxit
m
[O]oxit
VY c 3 trng hp c CT chung:
2 2 2
[O]/oxit CO H CO HO
R oxit [O]/oxit
n = n = n =n =n
m =m - m
Bi 1. kh hon ton 17,6g hn hp Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
cn va 2,24 lt CO(ktc). Khi lng Fe
thu c sau phn ng l:
A. 15g. B. 16g. C. 18g. D. 15,3g.
p dng h thc (17),ta c: m = 17,6 0,1.16 = 16 gam
p n B.
Bi 2. ( Trch H 2008). Cho V lt hn hp kh ( ktc) gm CO v H
2
phn ng vi mt lng d
hn hp rn gm CuO v Fe
3
O
4
nung nng. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng hn hp
rn gim 0,32 gam. Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,448. B. 0,112. C. 0,224. D. 0,560.
Hng dn gii :
p dng h thc (17),ta c: V =
0, 32
.22, 4 0, 448
16
=> Chn A
Bi 3. ( Trch C 2008). Dn t t V lt kh CO ( ktc) i qua mt ng s ng lng d hn hp
rn gm CuO, Fe2O3 ( nhit cao). Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c kh X. Dn ton
b kh X trn vo lng d dung dch Ca(OH)2 th to thnh 4 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca V l
A.1,12 B.0,896 C.0,448 D.0,224
Hng dn gii :
p dng h thc (17),ta c V =
4
.22, 4 0,896
100
t l
=> Chn B
VIII. DNG 8. kim loi + H
2
O hoc axit hoc dd kim hoc dd NH
3
gii phng kh H
2
2
KL H
a. n =2n
V d:
3 Al
+
ddNaOH
2H
2
2 Zn
+
3
ddNH
2H
2
hay Zn
+
3
ddNH
H
2
Bi 1. ( H khi B 2007). Cho 1,67 gam hn hp gm hai kim loi 2 chu k lin tip thuc nhm IIA
(phn nhm chnh nhm II) tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl (d), thot ra 0,672 lt kh H
2
( ktc). Hai kim
loi l (cho Be = 9, Mg = 24, Ca = 40, Sr = 87, Ba = 137)
A. Be v Mg. B. Mg v Ca. C. Sr v Ba. D. Ca v Sr.
Hng dn gii :
p dng h thc (18),ta c:
1, 67.22, 4
55, 67
0, 672
M
=> Chn D
Bi 2. ( H 2008).Cho hn hp gm Na v Al c t l s mol tng ng l 1 : 2 vo nc (d). Sau khi
cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 8,96 lt kh H
2
( ktc) v m gam cht rn khng tan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 10,8. B. 5,4. C. 7,8. D. 43,2.
Hng dn gii :
p dng h thc (18),ta c: m =
8, 96 1
.2. .27 5, 4
22, 4 4
gam
=> chn B