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Th Su, 28/05/2004 - 12:00 AM Cc phng php s dng trong chun nn nh JPEG Tc bit i vi nh en trng khi cha c nn l 8 bit/pixel v i vi nh mu l 24 bit/pixel. Cc k thut nn hin nay cho php dung lng nh c nn gim 30 n 50 ln so vi nh gc m nh vn gi c trung thc cao. trung thc ca nh c nh gi da trn tiu ch nh li trung bnh bnh phng (MSE: Mean Square Error) hoc t s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR: Signal-to-Noise ratio) gia nh gc v nh nn. ThS. Nguyn Hoi Nam GII THIU CHUNG Cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca my tnh v s ra i ca Internet th vic tm mt phng php nn nh gim bt khng gian lu tr thng tin v truyn thng tin trn mng nhanh chng ang l mt yu cu cn thit. Trong nhng nm gn y, c rt nhiu cc phng php v ang c nghin cu rng ri thc hin nn nh. Tt c u vi mt mc ch chung l lm th no biu din mt nh vi t bit nht c th ti thiu ho dung lng knh truyn v khng gian lu tr trong khi vn gi c tnh trung thc ca nh. iu ny tng ng vi vic biu din nh c tin cy cao nht vi tc bit nh nht. Tc bit c o bng s bit trn mt im nh (pixel). Tc bit i vi nh en trng khi cha c nn l 8 bit/pixel v i vi nh mu l 24 bit/pixel. Cc k thut nn hin nay cho php dung lng nh c nn gim 30 n 50 ln so vi nh gc m nh vn gi c trung thc cao [2]. trung thc ca nh c nh gi da trn tiu ch nh li trung bnh bnh phng (MSE: Mean Square Error) hoc t s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR: Signal-to-Noise ratio) gia nh gc v nh nn. CC NGUYN TC CA NN NH Mt tnh cht chung nht ca tt c cc nh s l tng quan gia cc pixel cnh nhau ln, iu ny dn n d tha thng tin biu din nh. D tha thng tin s lm cho vic m ho khng ti u. Do cng vic cn lm nn nh l phi tm c cc biu din nh vi tng quan nh nht gim thiu d tha thng tin ca nh. Thc t, c hai kiu d tha thng tin c phn loi nh sau: - D tha trong min khng gian: tng quan gia cc gi tr pixel ca nh, iu ny c ngha rng cc pixel ln cn ca nh c gi tr gn ging nhau (tr nhng pixel gip ng bin nh). - D tha trong min tn s: Tng quan gia cc mt phng mu hoc di ph khc nhau. Trng tm ca cc nghin cu v nn nh l tm cch gim s bit cn biu din nh bng vic loi b d tha trong min khng gian v min tn s cng nhiu cng tt. Cc k thut nn nh c s dng: - Nn nh khng mt thng tin : vi phng php ny sau khi gii nn ta khi phc c chnh xc nh gc. Cc phng php nn ny bao gm m ho Huffman, m ho thut ton - Nn nh c mt thng tin: nh gii nn c mt s sai khc nh so vi nh gc. Cc phng php ny bao gm: o Lng t ho v hng: PCM v DPCM o Lng t ho vector

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o M ho bin i: bin i cosin ri rc (DCT), bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT) o M ho bng con

Hnh 1. S khi mt h thng nn nh in hnh Ni dung ca bi bo ny s tho lun v hai phng php nn nh tnh hin ang c nghin cu rng ri v so snh u nhc im ca cc phng php ny: - Nn dng bin i cosin ri rc DCT (Discrete Cosin Transform): ang c dng trong chun nn nh JPEG hin nay [2]. - M ho bng con SBC (Subband Coding): S c kt hp vi bin i wavelet dng lm chun nn nh JPEG trong tng lai [3]. M ho bin i DCT Nguyn tc chnh ca phng php m ho ny l bin i tp cc gi tr pixel ca nh trong min khng gian sang mt tp cc gi tr khc trong min tn s sao cho cc h s trong tp gi tr mi ny c tng quan gia cc im nh gn nhau nh hn.

Hnh 2. S m ha v gii m dng bin i DCT BIN I DCT THUN V NGHCH V nh gc c kch thc rt ln cho nn trc khi a vo bin i DCT, nh c phn chia thnh cc khi vung, mi khi ny thng c kch thc 8 x 8 pixel v biu din cc mc xm ca 64 im nh, cc mc xm ny l cc s nguyn dng c gi tr t 0 n 255. Vic phn khi ny s lm gim c mt phn thi gian tnh ton cc h s chung, mt khc bin i cosin i vi cc khi nh s lm tng chnh xc khi tnh ton vi du phy tnh, gim thiu sai s do lm trn sinh ra. Bin i DCT l mt cng on chnh trong cc phng php nn s dng bin i. 2 cng thc y minh ho cho 2 php bin i DCT thun nghch i vi mi khi nh c kch thc 8 x 8. Gi tr x(n1, n2) biu din cc mc xm ca nh trong min khng gian, X(k1, k2) l cc h s sau bin i DCT trong min tn s.

1) (

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(2)

Vi

Mi khi 64 im nh sau bin i DCT thun s nhn c 64 h s thc DCT (bng 1). Mi h s ny c cha mt trong 64 thnh phn tn s khng gian hai chiu. H s vi tn s bng khng theo c hai hng (tng ng vi k1 v k2 bng 0) c gi l h s mt chiu DC, h s ny chnh l gi tr trung bnh ca 64 im nh trong khi. 63 h s cn li gi l cc h s xoay chiu AC. H s mt chiu DC tp trung phn ln nng lng ca nh.

Bng 1. Cc bc ca qu trnh m ha bin i DCT i vi 1 khi Ch rng bn thn bin i DCT khng lm mt thng tin v DCT l mt bin i tuyn tnh chuyn cc gi tr ca im nh t min khng gian thnh cc h s trong min tn s. Nu bin i DCT thun v nghch c tnh ton vi chnh xc tuyt i v nu cc h s DCT khng phi qua bc lng t v m ho th nh thu c sau bin i DCT ngc s ging ht nh gc. Lng t v gii lng t Sau khi thc hin bin i DCT, 64 h s s c lng t ho da trn mt bng lng t gm 64 phn t Q(u,v) vi 0u, v7. Bng ny c nh ngha bi tng ng dng c th. Cc phn t trong bng lng t c gi tr t 1 n 255 c gi l cc bc nhy cho cc h s DCT. Qu trnh lng t c coi nh l vic chia cc h s DCT cho bc nhy lng t tng ng, kt qu ny sau s c lm trn xung s nguyn gn nht. Cng thc (3) th hin vic lng t vi F(u,v) l cc h s DCT, FQ(u,v) l cc h s sau lng t, cc h s ny s c a vo b m ho Entropy.

(3) Mc ch ca vic lng t ho l gim s lng bit cn lu tr cc h s bin i bng vic gim chnh xc ca cc h s ny cho nn lng t l qu trnh x l c mt thng tin. Qu trnh gii lng t pha b gii m c thc hin ngc li. Cc h s sau b gii m entropy s nhn vi cc

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bc nhy trong bng lng t (bng lng t c t trong phn header ca nh JPEG). Kt qu ny sau s c a vo bin i DCT ngc. M HO V GII M M ho l bc cui cng trong h thng nn nh da trn bin i DCT. Chun nn nh JPEG hin nay dng phng php m ho Huffman, y l php m ho khng lm mt thng tin. Phng php ny da trn m hnh thng k. Da vo d liu gc, ngi ta tnh tn sut xut hin cc h s. Vic tnh tn sut c thc hin bng cch duyt tun t t u khi n cui khi, sau , nhng h s c tn sut cao c gn cho mt t m ngn, cc h s c tn sut thp c gn mt t m di. Vi cch thc ny chiu di trung bnh ca t m gim xung. Cc h s thu c sau khi lng t ho s c sp xp thnh mt chui cc k hiu theo kiu zig-zag (theo ng zig-zag trong bng 1) t cc h s c tn s thp ln trc cc h s tn s cao. Cc h s ny s c m ho da trn bng m Huffman sao cho chiu di trung bnh ca t m l nh nht. Bng m ny cng s c t trong phn mo u ca nh thc hin gii nn nh. M HO BNG CON Ti sao phi m ho bng con? Mc d vi tt c cc u im ca nn nh JPEG da trn bin i DCT nh: tnh ton n gin, cht lng tt v d dng thc hin v mt phn cng. Nhng phng php ny cng khng hn l khng c nhc im. V nh u vo c phn chia thnh nhiu khi c lp, cc khi ny c thc hin bin i DCT ring cho nn vn c tng quan dc ng bin ca cc khi. iu ny s gy ra li khi khi thc hin m ho vi tc bit thp. tng ca m ho bng con Trong mt nh s, cc thnh phn tn s cao ch yu tp trung vng bin ca nh, y l ni m cc gi tr mc xm ca cc im nh c chnh lch ln. M trong a s cc nh, cc chi tit ca nh thng thay i chm tc l chnh lch mc xm gia cc im nh gn nhau nh. Nh vy c th kt lun rng ph tn ca nh tp trung ch yu min tn s thp. Trong cc phng php nn nh trc y, vic m ho thc hin trong ton di tn ca nh, nh vy s gy d tha thng tin khi m ho trong min tn s cao v tn s cao khng c nhiu thng tin ca nh. tng ca phng php m ho bng con l chia di tn s ca nh thnh nhiu di tn con v m ho mi di tn mt s lng bit khc nhau. V d, di tn s cao s bit m ho s khng cn nhiu bng min tn s thp. Vi phng php ny hiu qu nn s tng ln v nhiu khi cng khng xut hin na do khng phi phn chia nh thnh cc khi x l. M ho bng con Nguyn tc c bn trong qu trnh m ho nh bng con l phn chia nh thnh nhiu di tn s thng qua cc b lc thng thp, thng di v thng cao. Cc di tn ny gi l cc bng con. Sau , cc bng con ny s c lng t v m ho c lp nhau, tu thuc vo tnh cht thng k v mt nng lng ca tng di m s bit m ho khc nhau.

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Hnh 3. a) Bng lc phn tch; b) Hai b lc thng thp v thng cao c) Phn vng trong min tn s; d) Bng lc tng hp Minh ha trn hnh 3a. Gi L v H tng ng l cc b lc thng thp v thng cao mt chiu. Tn s 2 chiu ca nh c tch ra tng chiu theo trc w1 v w2. Hnh 3c m t bng lc c phn thnh 4 vng tn s LL, LH, HL v HH. Vng trung tm (LL) l vng c tn s thp theo c hai hng. Bn gc (HH) l vng c cc thnh phn tn s cao theo c hai hng. Bn vng bn cnh (HL, LH) l cc vng c tn s thp v tn s cao, mi thnh phn i theo mt hng. Ch n cc h s 2 trong hnh v 3a, l thnh phn gim mu, n c nhim v ko dn bng tn ca tng bng con bng vi bng tn ca nh gc nhng vi tc ly mu thp hn. Cc vng tn s gi l cc bng con s c lng t ho v m ho ging nh vi bin i DCT. Sau khi lng t, m ho, lu tr, truyn v gii m nh, mi bng con s c tng mu vi h s 2 (hnh 3d) v thng qua cc b lc loi b cc thnh phn chng ph (alias) ca tn hiu sinh ra do cc b tng mu. Tt c cc bng ny sau c cng li khi phc li nh ban u. Trong thc t, rt nhiu li c to ra trong qu trnh nn v truyn nh: li do lng t ho, do m ho, li knh truyn bn cnh , bn thn bng lc cn gy ra li do pha thu khng khi phc li c chnh xc tn hiu pht. Do , nu khng quan tm n s c mt ca cc b m ho v knh truyn th trc tin bng lc phi c tnh khi phc hon ho tc l tn hiu ra phi l mt bn tr nguyn gc ca tn hiu u vo. iu ny ph thuc vo vic thit k cc b lc trong bng lc. C rt nhiu cc nghin cu tm ra cc bng lc tho mn tnh khi phc hon ho [6]. Mt trong nhng dng nh vy l bng lc gng cu phng QMF (Quadrature Mirror Filter) vi b lc thng cao (H) l nh gng ca b lc thng thp (L) qua trc /2 (hnh 1b). So snh hai phng php nn nh T s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR (Signal-to-Noise): M ho bng con c t s tn hiu trn nhiu cao hn vi tt c cc tc bit m ho (hnh 4). Thm na, vi m ho bng con, nh khi phc khng b nh hng bi nhiu khi nh vi bin i DCT.

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Hnh 4. T s tn hiu trn nhiu vi 2 phng php SBC v DTC Li trung bnh bnh phng MSE (Mean Square Error): c dng so snh tng trung bnh gi tr mc xm ca cc im nh trc khi nn v sau khi khi phc. Hnh 5 cho thy m ho bng con cho MSE nh hn bin i DCT.

Hnh 5. Li trung bnh bnh phng vi 2 phng php SBC v DTC KT LUN M ho bng con c xem nh mt bc tin mi khng ch trong k thut nn nh m con trong nn ting, nn video. Vi hiu qu nn cao v phc tp tnh ton va phi, m ho bng con hin ang c nghin cu p dng cho chun nn nh cho JPEG 2000 [3]. TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Nguyen Quoc Trung, X l s tn hiu (tp 1, 2). [2] G.K.Wallace, The JPEG still picture compression standard. IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron,. Vol.38, no.1, Feeb.1992 [3] JPEG 2000 Organization (2000) is at URL http://www.jpeg.org/jpeg2000.htm [4] David Salomon, Data compression: the complete reference. Mc GrawHill, California, Santa Barbara, 2000. [5] Martin Vetterli and Jelena Kovacevic. Wavelets and Subband Coding, Prentice Hall PRT, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1995. [6] Sanjit K.Mitra, Digital Signal Processing, A computer-base Approach. Mc GrawHill, California, Santa Barbara, 1999.
Bn quyn thuc Tp ch Cng ngh thng tin & Truyn thng a ch: 95E, L Nam , H Ni. in thoi: (04)37737136. Fax: (04)37737130. Email: tapchibcvt@mic.gov.vn C quan ch qun: B Thng tin v Truyn thng. Quyn Tng bin tp: V Ch Kin Gip php s 131/GP-TTT do Cc Qun l Pht thanh, Truyn hnh v trang tin in t cp ngy 7/10/2009.

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