CNG TC TRC A TRONG XY DNG

1.Thc trng cng tc trc a trong xy dng nh hin nay Trong nhng nm gn y cc d n xy dng nh cao tng c trin khai rng ri ti H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh v cc thnh ph ln khc trong c nc. Ti H Ni c th k ra nhiu khu th mi tp trung vi nhiu chung c cao tng nh nh Cng, Linh m, Trung Ho - Nhn Chnh, M nh vv vi nhiu to nh p, cht lng tt. Tuy nhin cng cn thy rng trong khi cao ca cc to nh cao tng trn th gii t n 400 500m th Vit Nam chiu cao cua cc nh cao tng mi ch t xp x 100m vi s tng < 40. iu ni ln rng vic xy dng nh cao tng nc ta mi ch giai on u. Chnh v vy chng ta cn rt nhiu b ng trong thit k, thi cng, sn xut vt liu vv v cng tc trc a cho thi cng cc to nh cao tng cng nm trong tnh trng . Trc y khi chng ta cha xy dng cc nh cao tng nn vai tr ca cng tc Trc a cng m nht v cha c coi trng ng mc. Chnh v vy nn khi trin khai mt cch rng ri cc d n xy dng nh cao tng chng ta cha xoay x kp vi tnh hnh. Qua vic gim st thi cng mt s nh cao tng ti a bn thnh ph H Ni chng ti thy ni ln mt s vn sau y: * V con ngi i a s cc cn b k thut lm cng tc Trc a trong thi cng xy dng nh cao tng cha c o to theo ng yu cu cn thit. C ni s dng cng nhn Trc a lu nm, c ni s dng cn b trung cp k thut, c ni s dng k s mi ra trng cha c kinh nghim trong cng tc Trc a cho thi cng cc cng trnh, khng ng chuyn ngnh thm ch c nhiu n v khng h c k s Trc a n lc trng thu thi cng xy dng nh cao tng mi i thu cn b o c m khng h bit cn b mnh thu am hiu nh th no v Trc a, am hiu nh th no v Trc a cho thi cng nh cao tng. * V trang thit b k thut Mt s n v thi cng c ch n trang b my mc kh hin i cho lnh vc Trc a nhng nhn chung khu u t thit b hin cha c cc nh thu ch mt cch thch ng. Qua theo di rt nhiu n v thi cng nh cao tng cho thy: + Khong 70% s n v vn cn s dng thit b c, lc hu khng p ng c chnh xc ca cng tc Trc a cho thi cng nh cao tng + Khong 90% s my mc thit b a vo s dung khng c nh k kim nh + Hu nh khng c mt nh thu no c trang b cc my nc chuyn dng cho thi cng cc nh cao tng. * V vn bn php quy - Hin nay chng ta cn thiu cc vn bn php qui v cc vn sau: + Tiu chun cng tc Trc a cho thi cng xy dng nh cao tng + n gi nh mc ca cc cng tc Trc a cho thi cng nh cao tng + Quy nh c tnh php quy ca B v quy trnh nghim thu nh gia cht lng kch thc hnh hc v cc dch chuyn ca nh cao tng Do cha c cc vn bn ny nn dn n nhiu vn rt phc tp trong cng tc T vn gim st, lp n gi d ton cho cng vic ny c bit l khu nh gi cht lng quan st dch chuyn ca nh cao tng. Tm li v thc trng cng tc Trc a cho thi cng nh cao tng nc ta hin nay cn rt nhiu vn bt cp. Nhng vn ny gy ra rt nhiu sai st trong thi cng xy dng nh cao tng v c nhng n phi tr gi rt t v tnh trng ny. 2. Ni dung cc cng tc trc a cho thi cng nh cao tng Nhim v chnh ca cng tc Trc a cho thi cng nh cao tng l m bo cho n c xy dung ng v tr thit k, ng kch thc hnh hc v iu quan trng nht i vi nh cao tng l m bo thng ng ca n. Theo quy nh ca TCXDVN 3972-85 th nghing ca cc to nh cao tng cho php l H/1000 (H l chiu cao ca to nh) nhng khng c vt qu 35mm. y l mt yu cu rt cao v thc hin c yu cu ny cn phi thc hin cc gii php k thut Trc a ng b. c th hnh dung mt cch nhanh chng cc ni dung ca cng tc Trc a cho thi cng nh cao tng chng ti xin trnh bt di y ton b qui trnh cng ngh ca cng tc Trc a cho thi cng nh cao tng. 3. Cc my mc trc a cho thi cng nh cao tng thc hin cc cng tc trc c cho thi cng xy dng nh cao tng hin nay chng ti khuyn co cc n v nn s dng cc loi thit b sau y: - My ton c in t (Totalstation) + Cng dng ca my ton c in t o v bn a hnh Thnh lp li khng ch mt bng Trin khai cc bn v thit k ra hin trng

 Truyn to t mt bng c s ln cc tng Kim tra cc kch thc hnh hc ca to nh Kim tra nghing ca to nh, phng ca cc bc tng Tnh nng k thut ca mt s loi my ton c in t ch yu Trong iu kin khng c cc my ton c in t th c th s dng cc my kinh v quang c hoc kinh v in t v thc thp trin khai xy dng phn thn cng trnh (t mt sn tng 1 tr ln) - My thu bnh + Cng dng ca my thu bnh My thu bnh c s dng lm cc nhim v sau y Lp li khng ch cao cho thi cng xy dng cng trnh Trin khai cc bn v thit k ra hin trng v cao Truyn cao t mt bng c s ln cc tng Kim tra phng v dy ca sn Kim tra vng ca dm o c quan trc ln ca cng trnh Mt s my thu bnh thng dng hin nay - Thit b truyn to ln cc tng a. Dng c chiu ng ZL * u im - Hiu nhanh, thit b khng t tin lm - n gin - chnh xc tt * Nhc im - Phi l thng trn sn ti cc v tr c nh - Din tch hu ch ca cc l gim rt nhanh theo chiu cao ca to nh - T chc bo v khi o kh phc tp - Trong trng hp khng c my chiu chuyn dng c th s dng my ton c in t hoc my kinh v in t kt hp vi knh ngm vung gc chiu. Kt qu s dng cc thit b ni trn trn cng trng xy dung Trung tm iu hnh Vin thng di ng pha Nam (14 tng), Trung tm lu tr H Ni (17 tng), khu th mi Trung Ho-Nhn Chnh (17-18 tng) do Vin Khoa hc Cng ngh Xy dng thc hin cho kt qu rt tt. Trn cc cng trnh ny ti mt sn cui cng chng ti s dng cng ngh GPS tuyn to ln v so snh vi kt qu truyn bng my ton c in t LEICA-TC 600 kt hp vi knh ngm vung gc cho sai lch ln nht < 4mm. b. H thng nh v GPS * u im - chnh xc n nh khng ph thuc vo chiu cao ca to nh - Kt qa chiu cc tng c lp vi nhau - T chc truyn to dn gin hn - Khng phi ct thp l cc tng * Nhc im - Thit b c chng t tin - Cn b k thut phi c o to trnh cao - Gi thnh t 4. Mt s kin ngh vi cc c quan chc nng Cc Gim nh nh nc v cht lng cng trnh cn c vn bn yu cc ch u t thc hin nghim chnh cc iu khon qui nh trong cc tiu chun xy dng. Cn kt hp vi cc c quan chc nng khc ca B nhanh chng ban hnh cc vn bn php qui cn thiu nh qui chun xy dng nh cao tng, n gi nh mc cc cng tc Trc a cho xy dng nh cao tng to iu kin thun li cho vic kim tra nghim thu v lp n gi, d ton. Cn qui nh r vic quan trc ln v nghing ca nh cao tng l bt buc, trong vic quan trc ln i vi nh cao tng phi c thc hin t nht l 16 chu k (5 chu k trong giai on thi cng v 12 chu k trong nm u tin khi a cng trnh vo khai thc s dng). Vic kim tra nghing ca nh cao tng phi c thc hin trong giai on xy th t nht 2-3 tng 1 ln. Cc Gim nh nn c mt i ng cn b chuyn mn am hiu v trc a gip cc nh gi, nhn xt cht lng ca cc kt qu quan trc ln, nghing cht lng o c kim tra kch thc hnh hc. Cc Ban Qun l d n nht l cc d n ln cn c mt i ng cn b trc a mnh gip vic cho Ban qun l trong vic quy hoch v qun l mt bng trnh cc sai st ng tic c th xy ra. (Ngun tin: T/C Vt liu Xy dng Dn dng)