CNG NGH BIOGAS

M hnh x l cht thi

NI DUNG
I.

II.

III.

IV.

KHI QUT V CNG NGH BIOGAS C S L THUYT CA CNG NGH BIOGAS QUY TRNH SN XUT BIOGAS NG DNG CNG NGH BIOGAS

I. KHI QUT V CNG NGH BIOGAS

1. Biogas l g? - Biogas: l cng ngh sn xut kh sinh hc, l qu trnh phn rc, phn hu c, bn cng rnh, to ra ngun kh sinh hc s dng trong h gia nh hay trong sn xut. - Sn xut kh sinh hc da trn c s phn hy k kh cc cht hu c t nhin hay l qu trnh ln men mtan

Thnh phn ca biogas

Thnh phn chnh ca biogas bao gm: Methan (CH4): 65% Cacbondioxit (CO2): 30% H2S: 1% Ngoi ra cn c lng rt nh ca N2, H2, v CO

2. Ngun nguyn liu :

-

Cc loi bn t ao t, m ly, ... Ph liu, ph thi trong sn xut nng, lm nghip, v cc hot ng sng , sn xut v ch bin nng lm sn.

Vi sinh vt thng s dng ngun hu c cacbon nhanh hn s dng ni t khong 30 ln. Do vy nguyn liu c t l C/N l 30/1 s thch hp nht cho ln men k kh. Phn ng vt v cc cht thi rn nh rm r rt thch hp cho ln men k kh. Trong thc t ngi ta thng c gng m bo t l trn trong khong 20-40. Phn gia sc c t l C/N nm trong gii hn ny nn c xem l nguyn liu ch yu trong sn xut biogas.

Kh nng cho phn v thnh phn ho hc ca phn gia sc, gia cm :

Kh nng cho phn ca 500kg v.nui/ngy Th tch : (m 3) Trng lng ti (kg) Cht tan d tiu Thnh phn ho hc ( % khi lng phn ti )

Vt nui

Nit

Photpho

T l C/N

B sa B tht Ln Tru
Gia cm

0,038 0,038 0,028 ---0,028

38,5 41,7 28,4 6,78 31,3

7,98 9,33 7,02 10,2 16,8

0,38 0,70 0,83 0,31 1,20

0,10 0,20 0,47 ---1,20

20-25 20-25 20-25 ---7-15

nh hng ca cc loi phn n sn lng v thnh phn ca kh thu c :

Hm Thi gian Nguyn liu lng kh lng CH4 ln men m3 /kg (%) (ngy) phn kh Phn b 1,11 57 10 Phn gia cm 0,56 69 9 Phn g 0,31 60 30 Phn ln 1,02 68 20 Phn ngi 0,38 ---21 Sn

II. C S L THUYT CA CNG NGH BIOGAS

Da vo cc vi khun ym kh ln men phn hu k kh cc cht hu c sinh ra mt hn hp kh c th chy c : H2, H2S, NH3, CH4, C2H2, trong CH4 l sn phm kh ch yu (nn cn gi l qu trnh ln men to Metan )

Qu trnh ln men metan C 3 giai on:

Giai on 1: Bin i cht hu c phc tp thnh cht hu c n gin Giai on 2: Hnh thnh acid Giai on 3: Hnh thnh kh mtan

S 3 giai on qu trnh ln men metan:

Giai on 1
Khi Vi khun

Giai on 2

Giai on 3
Khi Vi khun

Cht hu c, carbohydrates, cht bo, protein.

H2 ,CO2 Acid acetic

Khi Vi khun

CH4, CO2

Acid propionic, Acid butyric, Cc ru khc v cc thnh phn khc Tc dng ca vi khun ln men v thy phn

H2 , CO2 Acid acetic

Vi khun acetogenic

Vi khun sinh kh Metan

Giai on 1 :
Cht hu c phc tp:
(PROTEIN, A.AMIN, LIPID)

Vi khun

Closdium bipiclobacterium, Bacillus gram m khng sinh bo t, Staphyloccus.

Cht hu c n gin
(ALBUMOZ PEPIT,GLYXERIN, A.BO)

Giai on 2 : hnh thnh acid (pha acid)

Nh vo vi khun acetogenic bacteria (vi khun tng hp acetat), cc hydrates carbon acid c phn t lng thp (C2H5COOH, C3H7COOH, CH3COOH ) v pH mi trng di 5 nn gy thi. Cc vi khun tham gia trong pha ny :

Vi khun
Bacillus cereus Bacillus knolkampi Bacillus megaterium Bacterodies succigenes Clostridium carnefectium Clostridium cellobinharus Clostridium dissolves Clostridium thermocellaseum Pseudomonas Ruminococcus sp.

Sn phm (acid) to c A.acetic, A.lactic A.acetic, A.lactic A.acetic, A.lactic A.acetic, A.sucinic A.formic, A. acetic A.lactic, Etanol, CO2 A.formic, A.acetic A.lactic, A.sucinic, Etanol A.formic, A.acetic, A.lactic, A.sucinic, Etanol A.formic, A.acetic,A.sucinic

Hnh nh ca vi khun Bacillus cereus

Giai on 3 : hnh thnh kh Metan

Sn phm ca pha acid l nguyn liu phn hu giai on ny, to ra hn hp kh : CH4, CO2, H2S, N2, H2, v mui khong (pH ca mi trng chuyn sang kim).

Cc vi khun tham gia :

Vi khun Methanobacterium omelianskii Methanopropionicum Methanoformicum Methanosochngenii Methanosuboxydans Methanosarcina barkerli Methanococcusvanirielli Methanorumin anticum Methanococcusmazei Methanosarcinamethanica Sn phm c cht CO2, H2, ru bc I v ru bc II A.Propionic H2,CO2, A.formic A.acetic Acid(butyric,valeric, capropionic) CO2, H2, A.acetic, Metanol H2, A.formic H2, A.formic Acid( acetic, butyric ) Acid( acetic, butyric )

Cc phn ng ho hc :

Cao p.t CO2 + H2 + CH3COO+ C2H5COOH + C3H8COOH CH3COO- + H2O CH4 +HCO3- + Q
4H2 + HCO3- +H2O CH4 + H2O + Q

Cc phn ng sinh ho xy ra ch yu trong qu trnh ln men ym kh :

Phng trnh
4H2 + H+ + HCO3- CH4 + 3H2O T A. formic 4HCOOH CH4 + 3HCO3- + 3H+ HCOOH H2 + CO2 T A. acetic CH3COO- +H2O CH4 +3HCO3T A.propionic C2H5COO- +2H2O CH3COO- +3H2 + CO2 C2H5COO- + 2H2O 7/4 CH3COO- + 5/4 H2O +3/2 H2O L Vn Quang
Phng GD&T Cam Ranh

Nng lung
-136

-130

-30
+80 -53

Phng trnh
T Metanol 4CH3OH + H2O CH3COO- + 3H+ + H2O T Etanol C2H5OH +H2O CHCOO- + 5H2 + CO2 + H+ C2H5OH + H2O 3/2CH4 +1/2CO2 +H2O T Propanol C3H7OH +3H2O CH3COO- +5H2 +CO2 + H+ C3H7OH +3H2O 9/4CH4 + 3/4CO2 + 5/2H2O

Nng lng
-314 +2 -96

+84 -118

Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ln men

iu kin k kh: khng c O2 trong dch ln men. Nhit : qui m nh thc hin 30-350C, qui m ln c c kh ha v t ng ha thc hin 50-550C pH: 6,5 7,5 (nu <6,4: vsv gim sinh trng v pht trin) T l Cacbon/Nit: 30/1 l t l tt nht T l pha long: T l nc/phn dao ng t 1/1 -> 7/1. (T l pha long i vi phn b: 1/1, phn ln: 2/1 ang c ph bin nht) S c mt ca khng kh v c t: tuyt i khng c oxy. Cc ion NH4, Ca, K, Zn, SO4 nng cao c nh hng n sinh trng v pht trin ca vi khun sinh metan.

Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ln men

c tnh ca nguyn liu Tc b sung nguyn liu: b sung cng u th sn lng kh thu c cao Khuy o mi trng ln men: tng cng s tip xc c cht. Thi gian ln men: 30 60 ngy

III. QUY TRNH SN XUT BIOGAS

Quy trnh sn xut Biogas tun theo 3 giai on chnh: - Giai on chun b nguyn liu: chn lc v x l nguyn liu ph hp vi yu cu sau: giu xenluloza, t lignin, NH4 ban u khong 2000mg/1, t l C/N t 20-30, ha tan trong nc (hm lc cht kh 9-9,4% vi cht tan d tiu khong 7%) - Giai on ln men: ln men theo m, bn lin tc hoc lin tc. - Giai on sau ln men: thu v lm sch kh

III. QUY TRNH SN XUT BIOGAS

Quy trnh sn xut Biogas tun theo 3 giai on chnh:

Giai on chun b nguyn liu: chn lc v x l nguyn liu ph hp vi yu cu sau: giu xenluloza, t lignin, NH4 ban u khong 2000mg/1, t l C/N t 20-30, ha tan trong nc (hm lc cht kh 9-9,4% vi cht tan d tiu khong 7%) - Giai on ln men: ln men theo m, bn lin tc hoc lin tc. - Giai on sau ln men: thu v lm sch kh
-

S nguyn l cng ngh ln men

Ti s dng Nguyn liu (phn, rc, ) Phi ch (nguyn liu, nc) L phn ng k kh sinh m tan Bn thi B sung ging VSV Nc ra Thu kh

S dng

X l

Nc ra em s dng hoc x l hiu kh tip Mn (ch bin phn bn)

Cu to hm biogas:
-

Ngn np liu Ngn tiu ha Bung thu kh Ngn tho cn bn ln men H thu kh gm: van, ng ng, cc thit b o lng

Gy men cht hu c theo m :

Np di ng

Ca kh ra
Np ly phn

Phn ng

B ln men

Ca ra

Gy men cht hu c bn lin tc hoc lin tc

-

Hm sinh kh kiu vm c nh Hm sinh kh c np y di ng Hm sinh kh kiu ti

Loi hm sinh kh kiu vm c nh

Loi hm sinh kh c np y di ng

Loi hm sinh kh kiu ti

Lm sch kh Biogas: Chng ta nn loi b CO2 v H2S t hiu qu cao v gim n mn thit b do H2S.

Loi tr CO2: V CO2 c th ha tan trong nc do vic sc Biogas qua nc c coi l phng php n gin nht loi CO2. Ngoi ra CO2 cn c th b hp thu bi nhng dung dch kim, do ta cng c th dng dung dch NaOH, Ca(OH)2 and KOH loi CO2. Cc phng trnh phn ng nh sau: 2NaOH + CO2 ---> Na2CO3 + H2O (q) Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O ---> 2NaHCO3 Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ----> CaCO3 + H2O 1 kg vi nung ha tan trong 1m3 nc loi 300 L CO2.

Loi tr H2S : NaCO3 pt (q) c th dng loi H2S trong Biogas qua phn ng sau: H2S + Na2CO3 ---> NaHS + NaHCO3 Mt cch n gin khc l cho Biogas i qua mt st trn ln vi dm bo. Phn ng loi H2S nh sau: Fe2O3 + 3H2S -----> Fe2S3 + 3H2O Sau khi s dng oxyt st c ti sinh bng cch em Fe2S3 phi nng, ta c: 2Fe2S3 + 3O2 -----> 2Fe2O3 + 6S Loi tr bn trong b phn hu

IV. NG DNG CNG NGH BIOGAS