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VIN CNG NGH SINH HC V THC PHM

BO CO TIU LUN
MN CNG NGH CH BIN HP
ti:

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh


SVTH:
1. Trng Hoi Mi

10351881

2. Hunh Th Thu Cc

10348381

3. Nguyn Th Dung

10350881

4. Nguyn Trung Ngha

10339321

5. Hunh Lng Anh Khoa

10309581

Lp : HTP6BLT

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh


Thnh Ph H Ch Minh, thng 03 nm 2012

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BNG PHN CNG CNG VIC


TN THNH VIN

NI DUNG
Phn m u; Chng 1

GHI CH

Chng 3 gm 3.1; 3.2.1; 3.2.2; 3.2.3


1. Trng Hoi Mi

Chng 5: gm 5.3
Kt lun
Tng hp
Chng 2 gm 2.1; 2.2

2. Hunh Th Thu Cc

3. Nguyn Th Dung
4. Nguyn Trung Ngha

Chng 3 gm 3.2.11; 3.2.12; 3.2.13; 3.2.14;


3.2.15
Chng 3 gm 3.2.4; 3.2.5; 3.2.6; 3.2.7
Chng 5 gm 5.1; 5.2
Chng 2 gm 2.3 2.9

Chng 3 gm: 3.2.8; 3.2.9; 3.2.10


5. Hunh Lng Anh Chng 2 gm 2.10
Khoa

Chng 4

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

MC LC
PHN I: M U__________ (MI)..........................................................................................................6
PHN II: NI DUNG.................................................................................................................................7
Chng 1: Tng quan v sn phm hp b kho.....................................................................................7
1.3.1.Chn bao b.................................................................................................................................9
1.3.2.Chun b bao b ng thc phm:.............................................................................................12
1.3.3.Thnh phn v trng lng tnh ca sn phm cho vo bao b ................................................13
Chng 2: Tng quan nguyn liu sn xut hp b kho.......................................................................14
2.1 Tht b______________________________________________(CC) .......................................14
2.1.1 M c .......................................................................................................................................15
2.1.2 M m .....................................................................................................................................16
2.1.3 La chn nguyn liu b ..........................................................................................................17
2.1.4 Kim sot cht lng tht..........................................................................................................17
2.3 Gng____________________(NGHA).........................................................................................18
2.4 C rt...............................................................................................................................................19
2.5 Hnh ty...........................................................................................................................................21
2.6 Ti...................................................................................................................................................22
2.7 S.....................................................................................................................................................23
2.8 t ....................................................................................................................................................24
2.9 Tiu .................................................................................................................................................24
2.10. Gia v ph gia_____________________(KHOA).....................................................................25
2.10.1.Mui.......................................................................................................................................25
2.10.2. ng...................................................................................................................................26
2.10.3. Bt ngt................................................................................................................................28
2.10.4. Polyphosphate.......................................................................................................................28
2.10.5. Bt b kho.............................................................................................................................31
2.10.6. Tinh bt Khoai m.................................................................................................................31
Chng 3: Qui trnh cng ngh sn xut hp b kho ..........................................................................33
3.1. S quy trnh cng ngh__________________________________(MI)....................................33
3.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh....................................................................................................................34
3.2.1. Nguyn liu_____________________________ (MI)............................................................34
3.2.2. R ng, ct nh tht b...........................................................................................................35

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3.2.3. p v massage.......................................................................................................................38
3.2.4. Phn loi nguyn liu rau c_______________________(DUNG).........................................39
3.2.5. Ra nguyn liu rau c............................................................................................................39
3.2.6. Bc v nguyn liu rau c........................................................................................................40
3.2.7. Lm nh nguyn liu rau c.....................................................................................................40
3.2.8. Chn___________________________________________(NGHA).....................................41
3.2.9. V hp.....................................................................................................................................42
3.2.10. Rt st bi kh.....................................................................................................................43
3.2.11. Ghp m____________________________________(CC)................................................44
3.2.12. Tit trng (cn xem lai tiet trung hay thanh trung).................................................................44
3.2.13. Kim tra hp sau thanh trng, lm ngui..........................................................................48
3.2.14. Bo n....................................................................................................................................49
3.2.15. Dn Nhn, bao gi, sn phm hp.....................................................................................50
Chng 4: My mc thit b.________________(KHOA)........................................................................51
4.1. Thit B Masage Tht :....................................................................................................................51
4.2. My Ct Rau C:............................................................................................................................52
4.3. Thit B Chn, hp:.........................................................................................................................53
4.5. My ra hp sau khi ghp m..........................................................................................................54
4.6.Thit B Thanh Trng :....................................................................................................................55
4.7. My in date:....................................................................................................................................56
4.8. My Ct Tht:..................................................................................................................................57
Chng 5: Sn phm.................................................................................................................................59
5.1. M t sn phm b kho -Yu cu thnh phm______________(DUNG).......................................59
5.2. Tiu chun hp b kho...............................................................................................................60
5.3. Cc dng h hng hp cch x l______________________(MI).........................................62
5.3.1. Cc dng h hng....................................................................................................................62
5.3.2. Cch x l hp h hng......................................................................................................65
PHN III: KT LUN..............................................................................................................................66
TI LIU THAM KHO.........................................................................................................................67

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PHN I: M U__________

(MI)

Trong thi i kinh t hin nay, con ngi hu nh dnh ht thi gian ca mnh cho
cng vic, nghin cu hay hc tp. H lun tm cch thch ng vi cuc sng hin i,
mi nhu cu i vi h phi c cn nhc, xem xt mt cch t m. i vi vic la chn
thc phm cng vy, khng th dnh c nhiu thi gian nu nng, chun b cc mn
n phc tp h cn c nhng loi thc phm c ch bin sn hay qua s ch. nh
c tm l , cc nh sn xut ch bin thc phm khng ngng ci tin lun c th
p ng c nhu cu ngy cng cao ca ngi tiu dng. Hng lot cc sn phm hp
ra i t nhng ngun nguyn liu khc nhau. Mi sn phm u mang tnh c trng
ring v hng v ln hnh thc nhng mun tn ti v ng vng c trn th trng i
hi phi m bo c nhng tiu ch m sn phm a ra.
B kho ng hp l mt sn phm c th dng trc tip khng cn phi ch bin na,
c th dng km vi bnh m hoc cm. l mt mn n tin dng, nhanh chng v y
dinh dng. Tuy nhin y l mt sn phm gn nh hon ton mi trong lnh vc
hp nc ta, c ngi tiu dng chp nhn th cn c g khc bit so vi cc sn
phm khc. iu ny i hi cao t ngun nguyn liu, qu trnh sn xut ch bin, gi tr
thnh phn dinh dng. Bn cnh , cng nh tt c cc loi hp khc th an ton thc
phm rt c quan tm. Cn la chn ch thanh trng sao cho hp l, cc qu trnh
vn chuyn bo qun sn phm cng phi ch . hiu r hn v loi sn phm ny,
chng ta cng tm hiu bi bo co di y.

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Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

PHN II: NI DUNG

Chng 1: Tng quan v sn phm hp b kho.


1.1.

Tm hiu v mn b kho:
Khi nhc n mn b kho th chc ai trong chng ta cng tng mt ln nm th n

ri ng khng? Nhng c khi no chng ta t hi rng mn b kho xut hin ln u tin


l u khng?

Theo tm hiu th chng ta bit c b kho kho l mn n gc Tu, nay kh ph


bin Vit Nam. Ti thnh ph Si Gn, ngi ta dng b kho nh l mn n sng, n x
hay lm mt mn n no trong thc n tic u c. Mn b kho c th dng km vi h
tiu, cm, bnh ph, nhng ngon nht vn phi k n bnh m.
Mn n ny rt d nu, ch cn tht b xt cc, p ti, ng v hng, c chua, cho vo
ni xo s ri nc va n, ch tht gn mm th cho c rt, c ci trng vo. C rt, c
ci chn mm thm nc b n rt m b dng. n b kho th phi c mui tiu,

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chanh v t. Nc b kho c mi ng v thm, nn thm ming chanh vo cho chua chua,


ai n mn th tng cng tiu t. Chua, cay, mn, ngt v, chm bnh m th c gi l no
lc no khng bit.
Tht b ngon nht l ch c m v nu nhiu nc tht s xc, kh, khng ngon. C
ngi cho c cy s vo ni b mau dy mi thm l. im c bit ca mn ngon ny
l c s tp hp ca gn, m b, tht, nc dng m mng v c trng v b kho. Nu cho
thm 1 2 mung c ph bt khoai ty th nc dng s sn st, chm bnh m cng hp
dn hn. Rau n km vi mn ngon ny gm c: gi sng, rau hng qu, ng gai v vt
thm chanh th tuyt ngon. Ch cn mt ln c thng thc mn ngon ny bn s khng
th qun hng v ngt ngo ca tht b, v cay ca t, tng, gin tan ca bnh m
1.2.Cc sn phm b kho ng hp:
Mn b kho ng hp xut hin trn th trng nhng cha ph bin lm ch mt vi cng
ty sn xut mt hng ny nh sau:
-

Cng ty Tuyn K c sn phm b kho vi hp 200gr v hp 450g

Hnh: B kho 200g (84x46)

Hnh: B kho 450g (301x407)

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Cng ty Vissan c sn phm b kho vi hp 200gr

Cng ty Acecook c sn phm b kho Nht V vi hp 170gr

1.3.Bao b cho hp b kho


1.3.1.Chn bao b
Bao b dng cho hp cn t nhng yu cu sau:
-

Chn la ng chng loi bao b ph hp cho tnh hnh sn xut trong nc v xut
khu.

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Tit kim c vt liu lm bao b v gim bt gi thnh ca sn phm.

Ci tin hoc c phng hng ci tin cc loi bao b hin ti ph hp vi thit b


hin ti.

Chu c nhit v p sut cao.

Truyn nhit tt, chc chn, nh.

m bo v sinh an ton thc phm v mi trng sng.

T nhng yu cu nhm nhn thy bao b st ty trng thic l ph hp.

St c cn thnh tm tn mng v c m bng thic chng g gi l st hoc st


ty, b dy ca lp m khong 10- 20 micron.
B dy ca tm tn ty thuc vo th tch hp cn lm bao b, tc l ph thuc vo khi
lng thc phm cha trong .
-

lm thng phuy b dy l: 0,8- 1,5mm

lm bidon, can dy l: 0,5- 0,8mm

lm hp st dy l: 0,2- 0,5mm

Thnh phn gn ng ca st lm bao b:


Cacbon: 0,04- 0,12 %.
Lu hunh: 0,015- 0,05%
Pht pho: 0,015- 0,06%
ng: 0,02- 0,2%
Mangan: 0,2- 0,6%
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Silic: 0,08%
u im ca bao b st ty
-

C do cao nn d cn thnh dng tm mng c dy nht nh to nn cu


trc bao b dng hp.

C bn c hc cao, chu un chu ko tt to thun li cho qu trnh gia cng


nh dp un hoc gp mp.

Lp trng thic ca st ty c th trnh c s n mn ca thc phm v bo qun


thc phm c lu ngy. Trong thi gian thc phm ng trong hp lu, c th lp
thic b n mn nhng khng gy hi ti sc khe con ngi.

Tnh ng kn v cch li tt hn so vi cc loi bao b khc nh tnh chng thm kh


v hi m rt tt, ngn cch c nh sng c kh nng chu c s thay i ln
ca nhit v p sut

Chu c qu trnh thanh trng m khng bin dng, tin li cho vic vn chuyn
v bo qun thc phm c lu hn.

C kh nng chu c p sut cao nn c th dng cho sn phm cn np kh vi


p sut nht nh.

Np, thn v y hp hon ton c th gia cng bng cc loi my chnh xc nn


kch thc hp thng c chnh xc cao do bao b st ty p ng cho dy
chuyn ng gi c nng sut cao.

Khi lng 1 hp tng i nh so vi khi lng ca thc phm.

C mu sng bng, c th in hoc trng vecni hoc in cc mu sc hp dn nng


cao gi tr hng ha ca sn phm. D dng c gii ha, t ng ha trong sn xut

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1.3.2.Chun b bao b ng thc phm:


Trc khi s dng, cc loi bao b phi kim tra li phm cht v ra sch. Bao b kim
loi tiu chun c ra sch bng nc l, nc nng, khi cn thit c th dng dung
dch kim long hay nc x phng long, soa, lm sch tp cht bi ct, du khong
cn dnh v hp khi gia cng, ro hoc sy kh.
Mc ch: Cc loi hp st cn phi c ra trc khi s dng v qu trnh gia

cng v bo qun khng bo m sch cn thit


Cch thc hin: Qu trnh ra nguyn liu v bao b c th chia lm 2 giai on:

Giai on ngm: ngm trong nc, nc nng, hoc nc c pha ha cht. Mc

ch ca giai on ny l lm trng nuc, gim lin kt ca cc cn bn, b b ti ra.


Thi gian ngm ty thuc vo loi bao b, nguyn liu v c tnh ca cn bn.
-

Giai on ra: Lm sch sau khi ngm bng cch dng lc c hc nh tia nc

mnh hoc chi, bn chi hoc ma st lm tri cn bn. Tu theo cu trc ca nguyn
liu, cn phi c phng php ra thch hp nhm trnh lm xy xt h hng nguyn
liu nhng vn t c hiu qu ti a. i vi nguyn liu, kch thc, hnh dng
thng khng ng nht nn qu trnh ra kh sch ng u, do vy phi ra li bng
tay. Vi hp st, thng cn nng sut ln nn hu ht cc nh my sn xut thc phm
s dng h thng ra bng my.
Yu cu v hp khi ra:
-

V hp phi c kim tra cht lng v phi c ra sch trc khi cho vo hp

Phi dng nc sch p ng yu cu qui nh 28 TCN 130: 1998 ra hp. Nc


nng hoc hi nc nng phi m bo p lc v nhit cn thit.

Trnh lm dp, mp mo hp trong khi ra.

V hp sau khi ra phi c sp xp sao cho hp rc nc v kh ro.

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1.3.3.Thnh phn v trng lng tnh ca sn phm cho vo bao b


Thnh phn
a s cc loi hp gm c phn rn chim t 60 - 70 % (khi lng ro) v phn
lng chim t 30-40%.
T l cc thnh phn nguyn liu trong mt loi hp c ngha rt quan trng n
vic ch bin hp c cht lng cao. Khi thnh phn nc rt trong hp d nhiu s
lm gim gi tr dinh dng ca hp v hm lng cht kh thp. Nhng nu khng
thnh phn nc rt th gim gi tr cm quan, lm cho mt phn sn phm b kh, kh
thanh trng. Do phi m bo ng t l phn rn v phn lng trong hp, t l ny cn
gi l t l ci - nc, y l ch tiu phm cht quan trng ca hp.
Khi nh gi ch tiu ny, ngi ta xc nh hp thnh phm thanh trng v
n nh t nht 15 ngy. V trong thi gian thanh trng v bo qun, cc thnh phn
cht kh trong sn phm s khuch tn, tin ti n nh phn rn v lng. Nn t l ci nc khi bo qun s thay i. Thng t l ci vo hp phi cao hn t l ci quy nh
trong thnh phm t 10 - 30 %, ty theo loi nguyn liu.
Trng lng tnh
-

L tng s trng lng sn phm cha trong hp.

Trong sn xut ta phi m bo trng lng tnh ca hp.

Trng lng tnh ca tng c hp ph thuc vo tng loi mt hng, c php sai s
t 1 - 3 %

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Chng 2: Tng quan nguyn liu sn xut hp b kho


2.1 Tht b______________________________________________(CC)
Bng: Thnh phn
cc acid amin khng
thay th trong protid
tht

Acid amin

Hm

Lysin
Methionin
Tryptophan
Phenylalanin
Treonin
Valin
Leucin
Isoleucin
Arginin
Histidin

protid
8.1
2.3
1.1
4
4
5.7
8.4
5.1
6.6
2.9

lng

trong

Bng: thnh phn ha hc ca tht b


Thnh phn

S lng (g/100g)

Nc

70.5

Protein

18

Lipid

10.5

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Hp B Kho
Khong

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh


1

2.1.1 M c
M c l phn c gi tr dinh dng cao nht. Cc thnh phn ch yu trong m c
gm: nc, protid, cc cht ha tan cha nit, cc cht ha tan khng cha nit, lipid v
cc cht khong
Nc
Nc trong m c c th chia lm 3 loi: nc lin kt mnh, nc lin kt yu v
nc t do.
Protein
Protein chim khong 80% cht kh ca m c v trong mc no n xc nh gi
tr thc phm, ch tiu ha l ca tht, cng nh nhng c trng v s thay i ca tht
trong ch bin.
Cc protein tham gia thnh phn m c chia thnh 3 nhm chnh: cht c, t c, mng
c. Mioglobin l mt thnh phn c quan tm nhiu nht trong s cc thnh phn ca t
c. l protein mang li sc t ca tht v thng chim khong 90% tng lng cc
sc t ca tht b.
Trong qu trnh ch bin tht, mioglobin c th chuyn ha theo ng hng khc
nhau. Khi ch bin nhit, cromoproteit bin tnh hnh thnh hemocrom v hematin. Trong
trng hp ny, mu ca tht chuyn t mu sang mu nu xm.
Mu c trng ca tht khi ch bin c bo v bng vic s dng nitrit.
Nitrozomioglobin, c hnh thnh do globin bin tnh khi nu s em li mu hng
cho tht.
T c bao gm miozin, actin, actomiozin, tropomiozin, troponin, trong miozin
chim khong 55%.
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Lipid
Hm lng lipid trong m c khong 3%
Cht ha tan
Gm nhng cht c trch ra t m c bng nc, bao gm hai loi: cha nit v
khng cha nit. Chc nng quan trng ca n l tham gia cc phn ng trao i cht khc
nhau v cc qu trnh nng lng t bo. S c mt ca cc cht ha tan v cc cht
chuyn ha ha hc ca n trong qu trnh t phn, trong a s trng hp to nn gi tr
cm quan ca tht.
Vitamin
Cc vitamin trong m c phn ln tan trong nc: viatamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin
B3, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin B15, vitamin PP, biotin (vitamin H)
Nh vy m c l ngun cha vitamin nhm B.
Cc cht khong
Hm lng cc cht khong trong m c khong 1,0 1,5%. Trong tht c mt K, Na,
Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, P, S, Cl. Nhiu cation lin kt vi cc hp cht protid ca m c, mt s
dng t do xut hin sau khi git m. Ngoi ra trong tht cng c mt cc nguyn t ng,
cobalt, molipden,
2.1.2 M m
Hm lng ca cc thnh phn c bn (m, cht bo, m) trong m m ty thuc vo
tng vng trn c th con vt. Ngoi cc thnh phn chnh trong m m cn cha cc cht
mu, cht khong v vitamin.
V c bn, gi tr thc phm ca m m c to nn do cht bo, l ngun cung
cp nng lng. Cng vi cht bo, cng c mt cc cht sinh hc khc nh: acid bo

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khng no, phosphatid, vitamin ha tan trong du, sterin. S hin din ca cht bo trong
ng rut c vai tr quan trng trong vic tiu ha cc vitamin tan trong du.
2.1.3 La chn nguyn liu b
B l nguyn liu kh t so vi cc loi tht gia sc, gia cm khc trn th trng.
m bo tnh kinh t v ph hp vi phong cch mn n, nguyn liu tht b s dng trong
sn xut hp b kho l tht c ln gn b, khng s dng m.
2.1.4 Kim sot cht lng tht
nguyn liu c bo qun tt phi tun th nghim ngt nguyn tc qun l kho.
Phi kim tra thng xuyn khi nguyn liu c du hiu ch bin do cng h hng phi lp
tc tch ring ra. Cc ch tiu kim tra da trn bng Tiu chun nguyn liu tht ty son ra
2.2 Nc vy

c cho vo trong qu trnh p.


vy tan thnh nc to mi trng thun li ha tan cc cht ph gia, gia v lin kt
cc nguyn liu v cc thnh phn khc trong hn hp, tng kh nng to cu trc, trng
thi cho sn phm, ng thi b sung lng nc b mt i trong qu trnh ch bin.

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2.3 Gng____________________(NGHA)

Gng c danh php khoa hc: Zingiber officinale l mt loi thc vt hay c
dng lm gia v, thuc. C gng c v cay, tnh m, quy vo cc kinh ph (phi), t (l
lch), v (d dy), c tc dng tn hn, pht biu, long m, thng c dng cha cc
chng phong hn v kch thch tiu ha. Trong ng y, tu theo cch bo ch m gng tr
thnh nhiu v thuc khc nhau.
C gng ti
Gi tr dinh dng 100 g (3,5 oz)
Nng lng

80 kJ (19 kcal)

Cc bon hyrt

17.77g

ng

1.7 g

Cht x thc phm

2g

Cht bo

0.75 g

Protein

1.82 g

Thiamine (Vit. B1)

0.025 mg (2%)

Riboflavin (Vit. B2)

0.034 mg (2%)

Niacin (Vit. B3)

0.75 mg (5%)

Axt pantothenic (B5)

0.203 mg (4%)

Vitamin B6

0.16 mg (12%)

Axt folic (Vit. B9)

11 g (3%)
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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh


Vitamin C

5 mg (8%)

Can xi

16 mg (2%)

St

0.6 mg (5%)

2.4 C rt

C rt (danh php khoa hc: Daucus carota subsp. sativus) l mt loi cy c c,


thng c mu vng cam, , vng, trng hay ta. Phn n c ca c rt l c, thc cht
l r ci ca n, cha nhiu tin t ca vitamin A tt cho mt.Trong t nhin, n l loi cy
sng hai nm, pht trin mt n cha l trong ma xun v ma h, trong khi vn tch
ly mt lng ln ng trong r ci to mp, tch tr nng lng ra hoa trong nm th
hai. Thn cy mang hoa c th cao ti 1 m (3 ft), vi hoa tn cha cc hoa nh mu trng,
sinh ra qu, c cc nh thc vt hc gi l qu n[1].
C rt l mt loi c c gi tr dinh dng cao cha nhiu vitamin c ch cho sc
khe con ngi. V c bit l rt tt cho ph n ci thin ln da, chng lo ha hu
hiu.
Thnh phn ha hc:
C rt l mt trong nhng loi rau qu nht c cc cc thy thuc trn th gii
nh gi cao v gi tr dinh dng v cha bnh i vi con ngi. C rt giu v lng
ng v cc loi vitamin cng nh nng lng. Cc dng ng tp trung lp v v tht
nc ca c; phn li rt t. V vy c c rt c lp v dy, li nh mi l c tt. Trong 100g

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

n c ca C rt, theo t l % c: nc 88,5; protid 1,5; glucid 8,8; cellulose 1,2; cht
tro 0,8. Mui khong c trong C rt nh kalium, calcium, st, phosphor, ng, bor, brom,
mangan, magnesium, molipden... ng trong C rt ch yu l ng n (nh fructose,
glucose) chim ti 50% tng lng ng c trong c, l loi ng d b oxy ho di
tc dng ca cc enzym trong c th; cc loi ng nh levulose v dextrose c hp
th trc tip.
Trong C rt c rt nhiu vitamin C, D, E v cc vitamin nhm B; ngoi ra, n cn
cha nhiu cht caroten (cao hn C chua); sau khi vo c th, cht ny s chuyn ho
dn thnh vitamin A, vitamin ca s sinh trng v tui tr.
Tnh v, tc dng:
C C rt v ngt cay, tnh hi m, c tc dng h kh b trung, yn ng tng, tng
tiu ho, lm khoan khoi trong bng. Ht c v ng cay, tnh bnh, c tc dng st trng,
tiu tch. C rt c cc tnh cht: b, tip thm cht khong, tr thiu mu (n lm tng
lng hng cu v huyt cu t) lm tng s min dch t nhin, l yu t sinh trng kch
thch s tit sa, lm cho cc m v da tr li. N cn gip iu ho rut (chng a chy v
ng thi nhun trng), chng thi v hn vt thng rut, lc mu, lm long mt, tr
ho, li tiu, tr giun v hn lin so.
C rt, ti
Gi tr dinh dng 100 g (3,5 oz)
Nng lng

173 kJ (41 kcal)

Cc bon hyrt

9g

ng

5g

Cht x thc phm

3g

Cht bo

0.2 g

Protein

1g

Vitamin A equiv.

835 g (93%)

- beta-carotene

8285 g (77%)
Page 20

Hp B Kho

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Thiamine (Vit. B1)

0.04 mg (3%)

Riboflavin (Vit. B2)

0.05 mg (3%)

Niacin (Vit. B3)

1.2 mg (8%)

Vitamin B6

0.1 mg (8%)

Vitamin C

7 mg (12%)

Can xi

33 mg (3%)

2.5 Hnh ty
Phn ln cy thuc chi Hnh (Allium) u c gi chung l hnh ty (ting Anh l
onion). Tuy nhin, trong thc t th ni chung t hnh ty c dng ch mt loi cy c
danh php khoa hc l Allium cepa.Hnh ty l loi rau, khc vi hnh ta l loi gia v. Nu
nh hnh ta c th dng c phn l v phn c m thc ra c hnh ta rt nh th hnh ty
ch yu dng c. C hnh ty l phn r ca cy hnh ty. Hnh ty c h hng vi hnh
tm thng phi hay sy kh lm hnh kh. Hnh ty c ngun gc t Trung c
truyn qua bn chu u ri ti Vit Nam. Loi ny hp vi kh hu n i.
Hnh ty c gi l vua ca cc loi rau v hng v cay nng. Hnh rt giu
vitamin A, B, C v l mt ngun tim nng ca acid folic, canxi, pht pho, magi, crom,
st, cht x, kali v selen. Ngoi ra, cht quexetin trong loi rau c ny c tc dng chng
xy ho rt mnh.
V hnh ty cha nhiu rutin, rt c li cho vic lm vng bn thnh mch, d
phng tai bin xut huyt no. V cha cht phytonxit - mt loi khng sinh mnh, v th,
hnh ty c th dng tr cc bnh nh ho, x cng ng mch, c trng, tiu ng,
gip ng ngon, tr giun a, chng ng mu, chng vim, h huyt p, gim cholesterol,
chng to bn v y hi, li tiu v lm sch mu, cha tai, rng tc, tng cng min
dch, chng long xng, phng chng ung th rut kt

Page 21

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Hnh: Cc c hnh ty
2.6 Ti

Ti l mt loi thc vt thuc h Hnh, ngha l c h hng vi hnh ty, hnh ta,
hnh tm, ti ty, v.v... v cng c con ngi s dng lm gia v, thuc, rau nh nhng
loi h hng ca n. Phn hay c s dng nht ca c cy ti l c ti. C ti c nhiu
tp. Tng tp ti cng nh c c ti u c lp v mng bo v. Ti sinh trng tt trong
mi trng nng v m. Nu mun bo qun ti dng trong nu nng, cn ct ti ch
kh ro th s khng mc mm. Khi nu nng cn b lp v bo v v vt b phn mm
ti thng mu xanh c th nm su trong tp ti. Ti c cho l c tnh cht khng sinh
v tng kh nng phng nga ung th, chng huyt p cao, m mu con ngi. Tuy
nhin cn bc v ti v trong khng khi mt lt ri n sng th s c hiu qu chng ung
th cao hn.

Page 22

Hp B Kho

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2.7 S

S l mt gia v c nhn ta dng ph bin, ng thi cng l mt cy thuc cha


bnh v tr cn trng tt.
S l loi cy tho sng dai, cao khong 1m, mc thnh bi (tn khoa hc l
Cymbopogon Citratus (L.) Pers.), thuc h la (Poaceae). C s l mt gia v c dng
trong ch bin nhiu mn n, ch yu l kch thch tiu ho, kh c mi tanh ca c,
tht, gip thc n thm thm ngon.
Theo ng y, s v the, mi thm, tnh m, c tc dng lm ra m hi, thng tiu tin v
tiu thc. S c dng ch yu lm thuc cha cm st, y bng, tiu chy...
Tc dng chnh ca s l tinh du. Trong l s c tinh du, thnh phn ch yu l
geraniola v citronelola. V vy, khi ta v l s thy c mt mi thm c bit phng pht
mi thm ca chanh

Page 23

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

2.8 t

t, l mt loi qu thuc cc cy thuc chi Capsicum ca h C (Solanaceae). t l


mt loi qu gia v cng nh loi qu lm rau (t Lt) ph bin trn th gii.t c
ngun gc t chu M; ngy nay n c trng khp ni trn th gii v c s dng
lm gia v, rau, v thuc
2.9 Tiu

H tiu cn gi l c nguyt, hc c nguyt, bch c nguyt (danh php hoa hc:


Piper nigrum) l mt loi cy leo c hoa thuc h H tiu (Piperaceae), trng ch yu
ly qu v ht, thng dng lm gia v di dng kh hoc ti.

Page 24

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

H tiu cng rt giu vitamin C, thm ch cn nhiu hn c c chua. Mt na cc h


tiu xanh, vng hay s cung cp ti hn 230% nhu cu canxi 1 ngy/1 ngi.
Trong tiu c 1,2-2% tinh du, 5-9% piperin v 2,2-6% chanvixin. Piperin v
chanvixin l 2 loi ankaloit c v cay hc lm cho tiu c v cay. Trong tiu cn c 8% cht
bo, 36% tinh bt v 4% tro.
Thng dng ht tiu rang chn, thm cay lm gia v. Tiu thm, cay nng v
kch thch tiu ho, c tc dng cha mt s bnh.
Ht tiu cng rt giu cht chng oxy ha, chng hn nh beta carotene, gip tng
cng h min dch v ngn nga s hy hoi cc t bo, gy ra cc cn bnh ung th v
tim mch.
2.10. Gia v ph gia_____________________(KHOA)
2.10.1.Mui

Mui l mt khong cht c con ngi s dng nh l mt gia v cho vo thc


n. C rt nhiu dng mui n : mui th, mui tinh v mui iot.
Mui l mt cht rn c dng tinh th, c mu t trng ti c vt ca mu hng hay
xm rt nht, thu c t nc bin hay cc m mui. Trong t nhin, mui n bao gm
ch yu l Natri Clorua (NaCl), nhng cng c mt t cc khong cht khc (khong cht
vi lng).

Page 25

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Vai tr ca mui :
-

Mui to v mn cho sn phm.

Mui c tnh st khun nh ( nng 4,4% c th c ch s pht trin ca vi


khun gy bnh ).

Mui c kh nng xc tin qu trnh oxi ho cc thnh phn trong tht lm thay i
mu ca sn phm.

L cht c nh mu gin tip

Gim t l oxy ha tan trong mi trng lm c ch cc vi sinh vt hiu kh pht


trin

Lm tng kh nng c ch ca actin v myosin trong tht qua qu trnh to p sut


thm thu.

Trch ly proteinmyophibrilla lm tng ha tan ca protein.


2.10.2. ng

Cu to v tnh cht ng saccharose:


Cu to: C12H22O11 (M = 342), khi lng ring d = 1,5879 g/cm3.
Nhit nng chy tnc = 185oC.
Saccharose l tinh th khng mu, c c ht khng u, l ng n ph bin trong
cuc sng, thng c nhiu trong c ci ng, ma v tht nt.
Saccharose c kt hp bi D Glucose v D Fructose qua lin kt OH
glycoside, do n khng cn nhm OH glycoside t do nn khng cn tnh kh.

Page 26

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Hnh 2.1 Cu to phn t Saccharose


Trong phn t saccharose, glucose dng pyranose v fructose dng furanose, hai
phn t ny lin kt vi nhau qua nhm OH ca C1 ca glucose v nhm OH ca C2 ca
fructose. Do , saccharose cn c gi l - D- Glucopyranoside (1 => 2) - DFructofuranoside.
Tiu chun k thut ca Saccarose:
-

m: 0,14%

ng kh: 0,15%

axit (pH) : 7

tinh khit : 99,75%

T l tro : 0,15%

( Tro thng c dng mui ca axit v c, hu c, mt phn c trong hp cht cao phn
t . Thnh phn ca tro l ; K, Na, Ca, Fe, Al, S, P,)
Vai tr ca ng :
-

Lm mm v tng v cho tht.

Gi cho nitrit khng b oxy ha thnh nitrat.

Tng p sut thm thu khi kt hp vi mui.

Page 27

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

L cht to ngt lm du v mn ca mui, to mi thm cho sn phm.

Lin kt vi nc bng lin kt hydro, bin nc t do thnh nc lin kt gp


phn lm gim hot tnh ca nc c ch s pht tri63n ca vi sinh vt.
2.10.3. Bt ngt

Bt ngt cn c bit n l MonoSodium glutamate, l mui Natri ca acid glutamic,


mt trong nhng acid amin khng thit yu phong ph nht trong t nhin. Bt ngt c
dng bt tinh th mu trng, khng mi v khi ha tan s cho ra glutamate v natri. N d
tan trong nc nhng khng ht m v trn thc t khng tan trong cc dung mi hu c
ph bin nhu ether. Nhn chung bt ngt n nh trong cc iu kin ch bin thc phm
thng thng. Trong qu trnh nu, bt ngt khng b phn hy nhng cng nh cc acid
amin khc, nhit cao n c th b ha nu hoc phn ng Maillard c th xy ra khi c
mt ng nhit rt cao.
Vai tr ca bt ngt :
Bt ngt c dng lm tng v ca thc n, to v ngt tht. Ngoi ra bt ngt
cn tham gia tng hp nhiu acid amin, tc dng n chu trnh phn gii gluxit v cht bo
v c dng dng axt iu tr mt s bnh suy nhc, mt tr nh, mt s bnh v
tim
2.10.4. Polyphosphate
Polyphosphate l cht ph gia khng c, dng an ton cho ngi trong thc n, dc
phm; c tnh ht nc, gi m, khng nm, khng khun vi nhiu chng loi dng
bo qun thc phm, hoa qu, rau xanh rt tt. N c th thay hn the bo qun thc
phm v vn m bo an ton cho ngi tiu dng.
Vai tr ca Polyphosphate
Polyphosphate c vai tr l cht lm ng, cht n nh v cht nh ha. Nhng
Poltphosphate thng hay c s dng l : Monophosphate ( E 339 343 ); Diphosphate
( E 450 ); Triphosphate ( E 451 ) v Polyphosphate ( E 452 ).
Page 28

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

C ch kh nng gi nc ca protein : Polyphosphate hot ng nh mt cu ni


cation ( Ca ), do chng c lp cation. Khi phc hp actomyosin trong c b tch ra
thnh actin v myosin. Actin v myosin ha tan bi nc mui do tng kh nng gi
nc ca protein.
Tc ng ca Polyphosphate ln kh nng gi nc ca tht : Tetrasodium
Pyrophosphate c tc ng mnh nht. Sodium Tripolyphosphate c tc dng tng t
nhng hot tnh khng bng, trong khi Hexameta phosphate khng tng tc g c.
Hot ha protein trong tht: c kh nng trch ly m protein dng c si ra khitht cao
hn v nhanh hn, lm sn kt li thnh kt cu protein bn vng trong qu trnhx l
nhit tip theo.
c ch v tiu dit vi sinh vt: s c mt ca polyphosphat lm gim kh nng chng
chu nhit ca vi sinh vt nhanh hn trong cng thi gian un nng, cng mt nhit .
Gi nc cho thc phm, tng s lin kt gia nc vi tht, gip cho qu

trnh bo

qun khng g nc ra ngoi, kim hm s pht trin ca vi sinh vt.


Bng. hm lng P2O5 v pH ca polyphosphates
Tn gi

Cng thc %P2O5 pH

trong

dung

dch 1%
Pyrophosphate disodium

P2O7Na2

63.9

4-4.3

Pyrophosphates tetrasodium

P2O5Na4

53.4

10-10.5

Triphosphate pentasodium

P3O10Na5

57.9

>9.2

Pentaphosphates heptasodium P5O16Na7

62.0

8.2-8.6

Metaphosphate

69.6

6.3-7.5

43.2

10.3

(PO4Na)n

Pyrophosphate tetrapotassium P2O7K4

Page 29

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Vit Nam theo quyt nh s 760 2000 B thy sn cho php s dng
Polyphosphate ( sodium, potassium ) vi hm lng ti a cho php l : 5g/kg. Cn
Diphosphate ( di, tri, tetra sodium & tri, tetra potassium ), Triphosphate ( pentasodium,
penta potassium ) l 5g/kg i vi sn phm c phi l v 1g/kg i vi sn phm khc.
Liu lng cho php s dng trong ch bin thc phm l khng qu 0.5% trong
thnh phm.
Cc dng sn phm Polyphosphate trn th trng :
Natri Hexameta Phosphat :Dng trong hoc bt mu trng. Ha tan trong nc, dng
dung dch ny, chng s lin kt vi canxi v Magie c trong nc, v vy n c s dng
lm mm nc. N cng c s dng iu ch cc cht ty ra v keo Casein,
nh ha du n, trong ngnh nh, cng nghip sn xut phomat.
Kali Phosphat:c bit nhiu nht l dng Kali dihydro ortho Phosphat (mono kali
Phosphat) KH2PO4. Thu c t iu ch phn Phosphat vi Axit Ortho Phosphoric v
K2SO4. Dng tinh th khng mu, ha tan trong nc. c s dng lm men ru, trong
dinh dng cng lm nh lm phn ha hc.
Canxi Phosphat: Canxi Hydro ortho Phosphat (Di canxi Phosphat) (CaHPO4, 2H2O 1
hoc 2 H2O). Thu c bi tc dng gia CaCl2 (dung dch c axit ha) vi Di Natri
hydro ortho Phosphat. Dng bt mu trng khng ha tan trong nc, c s dng lm
phn bn, cng nh cht khong b sung cho thc n ng vt. Trong sn xut thy tinh,
lm thuc.

Page 30

Hp B Kho

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2.10.5. Bt b kho

Bt b kho c s dng l hn hp phi trn gia bt ng v hng v bt iu


theot l ng v hng: bt iu l 1 : 5.
Ng v hng cng vi cc thnh phn nh qu, hi, inh hng c tc dng tt
chosc khe v to hng v c trng cho sn phm b kho cng nh nh vo mi
hngnng ca hi lm du i mi hng kh chu c trng ca tht b. Lam tng cht
lngcm quan cho sn phm v trong thnh phn ng v hng c cc cht tt cho sc
khe.
Bt iu nhm to mu p cho sn phm b kho.
2.10.6. Tinh bt Khoai m
Bt nng cn gi l bt sn hoc tinh bt khoai m.
Tinh bt khoai m l sn phm dng tinh bt trng mn c chit xut t khoai m.
Tinh bt khoai m c s dng rng ri trong cng ngh thc phm v ngoi thc
phm.Trong cng ngh thc phm cc sn phm chnh c ngun gc t khoai m l
ungglucose, dextrose, fructrose v cc cht l ngt khc. Tinh bt khoai m cn c th
ch bin thnh mt sn phm gia v dng tinh th l bt ngt. Ngoi ra cn c rt nhiu

Page 31

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

sn phm c lin quan cng c ch bin t tinh bt khoai m nh si, bt vin, kem
sa,nc st , kem, cht kt dnh dng trong thc phm, bt qunh cho cc loi sp v.v

Page 32

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Chng 3: Qui trnh cng ngh sn xut hp b kho


3.1. S quy trnh cng ngh__________________________________(MI)

Tht b ng lnh

R ng_ct

Gia v

Ra

Hp

p - Massage

Sy

Rau c

Ct - nh hnh

Chn

V hp

Rt st nng

St

Ghp m

Tit trng

Bo n

Hon thin

Thnh
phm

Page 33

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

3.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh


3.2.1. Nguyn liu_____________________________ (MI)
Vn chuyn:
-

Tht b c nhp v di dng cp ng thnh khi hnh ch nht khong


12kg, c vn chuyn v nh my bng xe lnh. Nhn vin KCS thng xuyn ly
mu v kim tra cht lng ca nguyn liu, nu t tiu chun th cho nhp vo
kho tr ng nhit phng l -30OC v tm nguyn liu t nhit -18OC.

C rt, hnh ty xp vo thng g ri a vo xe container khong 300 1000kg


vn chuyn.

ng, mui, bt ngt, polyphosphate, bt t, bt iu , ng v hng thu mua


dng bao ln, ch v bng xe ti va.

Ti, gng, s xp vo thng g c lt sn lp m sch nh rm kh ri b vo


xe container nh.

Nguyn liu rau qu th a vo nh my phi cn ti tt, thng khng bo qun


lu qu vi gi n 1 2 ngy. Tt c cc nguyn liu chnh ph th sau mi t
nhp th phi c nhn vin kim tra cht lng theo tng ch tiu thc t ca nh
my.

Tip nhn:
-

Mc ch ca qu trnh tip nhn nguyn liu l kim tra cht lng ban u ca
nguyn liu u vo nhm gim nguy c h hng v nng cao cht lng sn phm
u ra.

Tip nhn tht b ng lnh t yu cu, loi tht khng t. Nu nguyn liu
cha c ch bin ngay th tin hnh bo qun lnh. Nu nguyn liu s sn xut
trc 24 gi th ch p , nu t 24-48 gi p bng nc v nc mui c
nng 2-3%, nu trn 48 gi th em cp ng.
Page 34

Hp B Kho

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Bo qun nguyn liu:

Kho nguyn liu rau c v gia v ph gia u phi kh ro, thong mt, sch s,
khng cn thng gi nhn to. Nguyn liu cng nh c rt, ti, gng, s cy th c
th ng, nguyn liu mm hn nh hnh ty th ng trong thng ri xp chng
thng ln nhau theo hnh zc zc.

Tht nguyn liu khi em v bo qun lnh trong kho lnh th vn phi c treo
cho cc khi tht trnh tip xc vi nhau, d ly ra khi s dng, trnh nh hng
ti nhng khi tht cha dng n.

Hp st ty vn chuyn t ni thu mua v kho bao b, ng trong thng carton, ra


hp bng phun nc nng v hi qu bo ha. Bao b st ty ra xong cho vo bng
ti i ti ni xp tht b.
3.2.2. R ng, ct nh tht b
R ng:
Mc ch: Qu trnh r ng nhm mc ch chun b cho qu trnh ch bin tip

theo: nng cao nhit ca tht n nhit theo yu cu trong qu trnh ch bin.
Qu trnh lm tan gi c coi l tt nht khi tht b khi phc c trng thi ban u
ca n.
Cch tin hnh:

Tht b trc khi a vo sn xut s c r ng bng khng kh, s dng khng kh


c nhit t 16 -200C, m 55-60%. Thi gian tan gi ph thuc vo ln ca khi
tht, tc chuyn ng ca khng kh trong phng tan gi.
Chn ch r ng nh sau:
Mi trng: khng kh t nhin,vn tc i lu l 1m/s.
Nhit phng: 5 oC.

Page 35

Hp B Kho

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m: = 85%.
Thi gian r ng: 18 24h.
Nhit tm tht: (-4)oC n (-2) oC.
Kt thc qu trnh tan gi nhit tm khi tht t -10C, b mt tht kh, khng m t
trnh vi sinh vt.
Khng kh phi bo ho m tng truyn nhit v ngn cn s kh b mt lm xu
b sn phm, tn hao trng lng
Nguyn liu khi r ng thng c lp mng nhn bao ph bn ngoi, khi gp iu
kin thch hp vi khun s pht trin mnh. V th ta phi ra v lm sch nguyn liu
loi tr vi khun pht trin trong qu trnh ch bin
Bin i trong qu trnh r ng:

Vt l :
+ Tht khi tr ng thng c nhit tm t -18 0C -200C. Khi tin hnh r

ng, nhit tht tng dn t b mt n tm khi tht, cc tinh th tan ra dn


n cc bin i trong cu trc tht v lm cho tht mm hn, vic ct nh d dng
hn.
+ Khi lng gim 1.5 2 % so vi khi lng ban u.
Ha hc:
Khi r ng, do cc tinh th nc trong cc t chc c tht v t bo chy ra s
ko theo mt s cht dinh dng ho tan v lm gim cht lng ca nguyn liu.
Ho l:
+ C s chuyn pha trong qu trnh r ng, tinh th trong sn phm tan ra.
Page 36

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

+ Kh nng ht nc ca t bo khi phc li trng thi ban u ph thuc vo

iu kin lm lnh ng trc :


o Nu lm lnh ng chm kh nng ht nc ca t bo gim
o Nu lm lnh ng nhanh v m bo cc iu kin bo qun tt th t bo
vn c kh nng ht m tr li v gi m.
Ha sinh :
+ Cc enzym c hot ho tr li.
+ Phn ng phn hu glycogen, tng hm lng axt lactic lm gim pH.
Sinh hc :
+ Cc vi sinh vt trong tht heo c hot ho tr li.
+ S lng vi sinh vt c th b nhim tng ln.
Cm quan : tht tr nn mm hn, b mt c th b ha nhy, tht c th b x v
th.
Nhng iu lu trong qu trnh r ng l:
- Trnh nhit ln qu cao
- Cc tiu thi gian r ng
- Tn tht dch bo t nht.
- t tn tht khi lng
- Bo m v sinh
Qu trnh ct nh
Mc ch: chun b, lm gim kch thc ca khi tht b ph hp vi yu cu sn

phm.

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Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Cch tin hnh: tht c ct nh ra thnh khi c kch thc khong 3x3x3 (cm)

d nh lng v xp hp.
Bin i: Trong qu trnh ct ch yu l bin i v vt l:

- Ct t m lin kt, lm gim kch thc khi tht.


- Tng nhit khi tht do ma st vi dao ct, lm thng tn cc cu trc t bo
dn n kh nng gi nc gim.
- Hin tng chy dch xy ra dn n tn tht mt s cc hp cht nh: vitamin,
khong, acid amin
- Cc bin i khc khng ng k.
3.2.3. p v massage

Mc ch: Sau khi c ct nh, tht b c p gia v kh mi hi c trng


ca tht b v to thm hng v m cho sn phm.

Bin i: cu trc tht mm mi hn do cc si c gin ra t cc phn t hng v


v d dng bm vo, qa trnh massage cn gip cc phn t ny phn b u vo
trong khi tht gip chng c nht v nm n nh trong khi tht.

Cch tin hnh:

Gia v c p nhit lnh, nhit p l 0 40C v thi gian p l 4h, p


nhit t 0 40C, xy ra qu trnh chn ti ng thi hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh
vt trong qu trnh ny.
Lng gia v p nh bng sau (tnh cho 100g tht)
Thnh phn
ng
Bt ngt
Mui
Tiu
S
Gng

Khi lng (g)


2.7
2.5
3
1
2.5
2.5
Page 38

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh


Ti
Nc vy
pholyphosphate

1
60
2

Sau khi cho gia v p v th tin hnh massage tht trong thng quay, tht c mm v
gia v ngm vo d dng hn, to ra khi keo sau ny kt dnh tt hn. Mc khc
massage cn tht thm nc ti a khi vo hp v rt nc st th tht khng ht
nc, trnh lm lng hp. Nhit massage t 0 50C.
3.2.4. Phn loi nguyn liu rau c_______________________(DUNG)

Mc ch: phn loi nhm loi b nhng nguyn liu xu,h hng khng s dng
c: su, thi

Cch tin hnh: thng thng phn loi thc hin bng th cng s dng mt thng
quan st loi b nhng loi nguyn liu khng t yu cu.
3.2.5. Ra nguyn liu rau c

Mc ch: ra nhm loi b tp cht: mt phn vi sinh vt c trn nguyn liu, loi b
nhng tp cht dnh trn nguyn liu: bi, t ct bm xung quanh nguyn liu, mt
phn thuc bo v thc vt c th cn st li trn b mt ca nguyn liu.

Cch tin hnh:


-

Carot, hnh ty, gng, ti, s c a vo h thng ngm ngm cho b cc cu


bn bm trn nguyn liu, thi gian ra ph thuc vo thnh phn ca cht bn bm
trn nguyn liu c bm cht vo nguyn liu ra hay khng, thnh phn ca nc
ra.

Ra nguyn liu c th s dng my ra sng lc lm vic theo phng php xi,


nguyn liu trong qu trnh ra do tc dng ca sng chng b c xt kn nhau, ln
mt sng v c nc t trn phun mnh xung si sch nhng cht bn bm tr6n
nguyn liu, sng thit k nm nghing do nguyn liu chuyn lin tc t ch
vo ti ch ra.

Page 39

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Yu cu: nguyn liu phi c lm sch, khng c gip nt v gip nt th vi sinh


vt d dng xm nhp vo trong nguyn liu lm h hng nguyn liu, thi gian ra
phi bo m, khng ra vi thi gian qu di s lm hao ht cht dinh dng do cc
vitamin, cht khong, ng c th ha tan vo trong nc ra, v thi gian va s
tit kim c nc ra.
3.2.6. Bc v nguyn liu rau c
Ta c th dng dung dch kim bc v nguyn liu, dung dch kim thng s

dng l NaOH c tinh khit 95% tr ln, hoc Na2CO3. thi gian ngm ra ph thuc
vo nhit v nng ca dung dch NaOH, khi ra xi th v bn ngoi s bong ra d
ging.
Nng NaOH thng s dng 1,5- 2%, nng v nhit ca NaOH cng cao
th qu trnh bc v cng d dng nhng khng nn cao qu s lm nguyn liu b
chn.Nhit ngm khong 85-900C, thi gian khong 50-60s. Sau khi ngm phi ra li
nhiu ln bng nc sch loi b ht NaOH, kim tra bng cch nh vi git ch th
Phenolphtalein khng thy xut hin mu hng.
Ngoi ra ta c th dng cch ch xt nguyn liu carot, gng ln b mt nhm ca
thit b lm cho lp v b mt trn nguyn liu trc ra ri dng nc xi i.
3.2.7. Lm nh nguyn liu rau c

Cch thc hin: gng, ti, s c bm nh to hng thm nhiu hn. Carot c
ct thnh ming c chiu dy khong 2cm m bo sau qu trnh tit trng th carot
khng b nh nt lm gim gi tr cm quan ca sn phm. Hnh ty em thi si theo
chiu dc b ngang khong 1cm.

Bin i:

- Nguyn liu gim kch thc, hnh dng thay i


- Qu trnh ct to ma st v sinh nhit, nh hng ti cc thnh phn nhy nhit trn b
mt nguyn liu nh protein nhng khng ng k.
Page 40

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

3.2.8. Chn___________________________________________(NGHA)
C rt v hnh ty sau khi thi nh s a qua cng on chn.

Mc ch: kh khng kh trong gian bo, lm mm nguyn liu gip tng thm, v
hot enzyme lm bin i mu sc trong qu trnh tit trng gip n nh mu cho c
rt v hnh ty.

Cch thc hin: C rt v hnh ty c a vo thit b chn c lm ngui. Nhit


chn khong 85 1000C, thi gian chn i vi hnh ty l 1 pht, cn c rt c
chn trong thi gian l 3 5 pht. Nguyn liu sau khi chn c a sang khoang
lm ngui tin hnh lm ngui.

Bin i:
-

Trong qu trnh chn nc t do trong nguyn liu tit ra lm th tch ca n gim,


gip c nh hnh dng trong qu trnh cun nhn .

Di tc dng ca men peroxydase, polyphenoloxidase trong nguyn liu xy ra


qu trnh oxi ha cc cht cht, to thnh flobafen c mu nu. Khi gia nhit cc
men ny b ph hy nn gim bt cc bin i khng mong mun. Tc dng v hot
men c thc hin tt hn khi c mi trng acid. Mt khc, qu trnh chn cng
s ui bt cc mi v khng mong mun nh mi ru ln men ca nguyn liu
qu chn

Lm mm cu trc l do protopectin bin thnh pectin.

V mu: Chn gip gi c mu sc ti sng ca nguyn liu ngay c sau khi


lm ngui.

V hot ha h enzyme: nh ch hot ng ca chng trong nguyn liu gip n


nh cht lng ca nguyn liu.

Kh trong gian bo thot ra ngoi.

Page 41

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

C ch:
-

Trong thc vt, mng nguyn sinh cht l ro cn cho qu trnh ng thm vo bn
trong t bo. L mng nguyn sinh cht c tnh bng ultra m. Cc l mng nguyn
sinh cht nh n mc ch c cc phn t nh xu nh phn t nc mi c th i qua
c v i qua mt cch kh khn, cc phn t ln hn nh ng v mui khng i
qua c. Nu khng chn, sau khi thanh trng, mng nguyn sinh cht cn nguyn
vn v do mng ngn khng cho ng khuch tn vo bn trong t bo, lc ch
xy ra s mt nc ca t bo do thm thu, dn n qu b p li.

Nu ta i em tri cy i chn hp, th tnh thm ca t bo s tng ln, lc th tri cy


vo s xy ra cng lc hai qu trnh: S mt nc ca t bo do thm thu v s khuch
tn ca ng vo bn trong c ca qu qua mng nguyn sinh cht b lm tn
thng.
3.2.9. V hp

Chun b hp
Trc khi cho sn phm vo, hp phi c kim tra cht lng loi tr nhng hp

b li nh try xc, lp vecni b n Hp c ra sch bng cch phun nc nng hay


hi nc bo ha. Vic dng nc nng hay hi nng v sinh hp va gip cho qu
trnh ra sch hp d dng va c tc dng lm lng nc cn ng li bao b bay hi
nhanh chng. Sau khi ra xong, hp c em khi sy kh trc khi cho thc phm vo.

Cho thc phm vo hp


Qu trnh ny c thc hin bng th cng. Cc nguyn liu gm tht sau khi p, c

rt v hnh ty c chn, tt c c cho vo hp v cn iu chnh sao cho phn


ci. Mt hp gm khong 3 ming tht b v 3 khoanh c rt v mt vi si hnh ty sao
cho t l ci : nc l 50 : 50. Khi lng tnh ca hp l 200g/hp.

Page 42

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

3.2.10. Rt st bi kh
Rt st

Chun b nc st: u tin rang ht iu du trn cho du nng trch ly mu


trong ht iu du ra, khi ht iu du ra ht mu th vt b ht. Tip theo l cho
ng v hng v t vo xo nc st c mu hp dn v hng v thm ngon. Cui
cng l cho hn hp trn v nc cng vi cc gia v khc nh: ng, mui, bt ngt,
bt nng, cho vo ni nu 2 v nu cho tan hon ton v chun b chuyn sang cng
on rt st.

Rt st: nhm mc ch tng v ngon v tng gi tr dinh dng cho sn phm. Hp


sau khi c xp phn ci vo th cng nhn s a ln bng chuyn i vo thit b
rt st v ghp m. St c rt nng c nhit 85 900C c tc dng bi kh cho
thc phm. Lng dch st cho vo l 100g/hp.
Bng: Thnh phn nc st

Thnh phn
Nc
Mui
ng
Bt ngt
t
Bt nng
Ht iu du
Ng v hng

T l % (tnh theo dung


dch)
100
2,0
3,0
1,2
0,3
1,0
0,2
0,3

Bi kh

Bi kh l cng on quan trng nh hng n cht lng v thi gian s dng ca


sn phm. Rt st v bi kh l 2 cng on song song nhau, trong khi rt st vo hp l ta
bi kh cho sn phm. Bi kh nhm mc ch:
Page 43

Hp B Kho
-

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Bi kh c tc dng ui khng kh tn ti trong thc phm v c lng khng kh


trong khong khng nh hp, nhm hn ch s oxy ha cc cht trong thc
phm nh hng n hng v, mu sc, dng cht trong thc phm.

Hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt hiu kh v hn ch s n mn bao b.

Ngoi ra, bi kh cn to chn khng trong hp np hp c ht vo bn


trong, trnh b phng, bung m ghp khi vn chuyn v bo qun.
3.2.11. Ghp m____________________________________(CC)

Mc ch: Cch ly thc phm vi mi trng khng kh v vi sinh vt bn ngoi. y


l khu quan trng trong ch bin hp c nh hng n thi gian bo qun lu di
ca thc phm. Do , cn phi ghp m ngay sau khi rt st.

Yu cu: np hp cn phi ghp tht kn v cht khi thanh trng p sut chnh lch
gia bn trong v ngoi hp khng lm bung m ghp hay bt np khi thn hp.
3.2.12. Tit trng (cn xem lai tiet trung hay thanh trung)

Mc ch: Tiu dit cc vi sinh v enzyme sn c tng thi gian bo qun thc
phm. Qu trnh thanh trng ch nhm tiu dit cc vi sinh vt c kh nng pht trin
iu kin bo qun bnh thng, lm h hng sn phm hoc to ra cc c t gy
nguy hi n sc khe con ngi. Ngoi ra, vic thanh trng cn c tc dng lm tng
cng mi v ca hp, lm nh kt cu t chc ca thc phm v tng tnh hp dn
ring cho sn phm.

S bin i ca sn phm sau qu trnh tit trng


-

Tiu dit mt phn vi sinh vt v cc c t .

Tht tr nn nh hn v mt s protit b thu phn, to ra H2S v NH3. H2S to thnh


v nhng acid ca sn phm s tc dng vi hp ng kt qu lm cho b mt trong
ca hp s b en hoc xm i nu hp khng trng vecni.

Rau c cng b ct t cu trc tr nn mm v d tiu ha.


Page 44

Hp B Kho
-

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Phn ng Maillard: ng kh c th phn ng vi acid amin gii phng t protein


b bin tnh, to thnh mi v mu cho sn phm.

Trong mi trng m, xy ra s co rt cc chui protein lin kt ca colagel. Nhit


gia tng lm mt phn protein ha tan, to nn gel khi ngui. Protein b thoi
ha v bin tnh hon ton. Khi enzyme b tiu hy v gel to thnh t cc
protein ha tan t bn vng ti a.

Trong qu trnh tit trng c s khuch tn gia dch bo trong tht v nc ca mi


trng nc st.

To s ng nht v mi v, acid ca tht v nc st.

Kh c trong gian bo ca nguyn liu thot ra

Khi lng ca tht trong qu trnh tit trng c th tng ln hoc gim i ph thuc
vo hut m v tch cht bo tht.

M tan chy trong qu trnh ch bin to bng cho sn phm.

Cc thng s ca ch thanh trng


o Nhit cn t c, duy tr trong thit b thanh trng.
o Thi gian cn thit gia nhit cho thit b
o p sut i khng
Vic theo di cc thng s ny khng cht ch, cn thn s dn n hu qu h hng do
vi sinh vt sau mt thi gian ngn.
Mi loi hp c mt cng thc thanh trng khc nhau, qu trnh thanh trng ph
thuc vo nhiu yu t. Tuy nhin, n ph thuc rt nhiu vo thnh phn v tnh cht ca
thc phm cn thanh trng.
Xy dng cng thc thanh trng

Page 45

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Cc vi sinh vt c trong hp b kho


Vi khun hiu kh
Bacillus mesentericus: c nha bo, khng c, trong nc v trn b mt rau. Nha
bo b ph hy 1100C trong 1 gi, pht trin nhanh nhit quanh 370C.
Bacillus subtilis: c nha bo khng gy bnh. Nha bo chu 1000C trong 1 gi, 1150C
trong 6 pht. Khng gy mi v l, pht trin rt mnh 25 350C.
Vi khun k kh
Clostridium sporogenes: c nh trng thi t nhin ca mi mi trng.
N phn hy protid thnh mui ca NH3, ri thi NH3, sn sinh ra H2S, H2 v CO2.
Nha bo ca n chu ng c trong nc si trn 1 gi. Clostridium sporogenes c c
t, song b ph hy nu un si lu. Pht trin rt mnh 27 580C. Nhit ti thch l
370C.
Vi khun gy bnh, gy ra ng c do ni c t
Clostridium botulinum: Loi ny ch b nhim khi khng tun theo nguyn tc v sinh
v thanh trng ti thiu. Nha bo c kh nng khng mnh: 115oC l 10 pht, 120oC l
4 pht. c t b ph hy hon ton khi un nng 80oC trong 30 pht. Salmonella: thuc
nhm vi khun gy bnh, hiu kh, a m, khng c nha bo nhng c c t.
La chn nhit thanh trng
Tt c cc loi thc phm em ng hp u l mi trng sng ca cc loi vi sinh
vt. Mc d c rt nhiu yu t nh hng n kh nng hot ng ca vi sinh vt, trong
acid nh hng rt ln, nn acid l yu t quan trng trong vic chn nhit
thanh trng. Ngi ta chia sn phm hp thnh 2 nhm theo acid hot ng ca sn
phm lm c s cho vic chn nhit thanh trng :

Page 46

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Nhm sn phm hp khng chua v t chua c pH 4,2 thanh trng nhit t


100oC tr ln.
Nhm sn phm hp chua c pH < 4,2 thanh trng nhit di 100oC nhng
khng thp hn 75-80oC.
i vi b kho th pH > 4,2 nn nhit thanh trng cao hn 100oC, tuy nhin vi ngnh
cng ngh hp lu i trn th gii qui c chn nhit chun l 121,1 oC. y
nhm chn nhit thanh trng l 120oC.
La chn thi gian thanh trng
Thi gian thanh trng bng tng thi gian truyn vo tm hp v thi gian tiu dit vi
sinh vt k t lc tm hp t c nhit thanh trng. Tuy nhin cch tnh nh trn
ch gn ng, v thc t vi sinh vt tp trung tm hp khng phi ch mi bt u b tiu
dit ti thi im tm hp t c nhit thanh trng m b tiu dit mt phn trc .
V vy thi gian thanh trng l hm s ca 2 i lng: thi gian truyn nhit v thi gian
tiu dit. Trong sn phm b kho ta cn quan tm ti 2 loi vi sinh vt l Clostridium
botulinum v vi sinh vt gy h hng c trng Clostridium sporogenes.
Theo ti liu, thi gian tiu dit Clostridium botulinum c hng s Z = 10 120oC th
ht 4 pht.
Ngoi ra sau khi thanh trng th t l sng st i vi Clostridium botulinum l 10-12 ,
cn i vi Clostridium sporogenes l 10-4. Ta c cng thc tnh thi gian hiu qu cn
thit i vi ch thanh trng ny nh sau:
i vi Clostridium botulinum th gi tr No = 1 nn thi gian hiu qu cn thit = 12D
= 12.0,21 = 2,52(pht)
Gi s trong b kho nhim ban u ca Clostridium sporogenes l 2 nha bo trong
10g thc phm, b kho c ng trong bao b hp st loi 200g, ta tnh theo cng thc:
Trong :
Page 47

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

D: tra bng ta c D120 ca Clostridium sporogenes l 1,7 pht


C: mt vi sinh vt t bo/g
G: khi lng thc phm trong hp
Vy thi gian hiu qu cn thit i vi qu trnh thanh trng b kho l 10 pht.
Hp sau khi c ghp m s c xp vo cc r cch nhau bi cc khay bng g, sau
a vo my thanh trng. Thi gian v nhit c nu r trn.
3.2.13. Kim tra hp sau thanh trng, lm ngui

Mc ch: Sau thanh trng lm ngui cn kim tra k lng phn loi, xp
hng cht lng c ch bo qun thch hp.

Bin i: nhit sn phm gim.

Cch thc hin:


Kim tra trong hp
Kim tra mu sc, mi v ca tht, o kch thc v khong khng nh hp, kim tra
trng lng, hnh dng, cu to, thnh phn ha hc ca tht.
Kim tra bng gi nhit
hp sau sn xut c la chn ngu nhin ri cho vo t m hay phng c nhit
thch hp trong mt thi gian, quan st s pht trin ca vi khun hay nha bo cn sng
st hay khng sau thanh trng ri tin hnh kim tra.
Kim tra mt ngoi
-

Kim tra np v y: khng phng

Mt ngoi hp phi sng bng, khng c c hoen g, c bit l m hp.

Page 48

Hp B Kho
-

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Quan st m ghp (bng mt, cc m hn hay b vo nc nng 80oC xem c


si bt khng)

hp sau khi ghp kn thng cn phi kim tra kn theo tng chu k ca thi
gian sn xut. Trong mt ca sn xut phi ly mu 2 3 ln kim tra kn. C th tin
hnh th kn ca hp theo mt trong cc phng php sau :

Phng php ngm trong nc nng: Dng kim tra kn ca hp st trong


iu kin phn xng: Ra sch hp bng nc nng v x phng, ng thnh
mt lp trong chu thy tinh to c ng nc nng nhit khng di 850C.
Lng nc nng gp khong 4 ln th tch cc hp, mc nc phi trn mt hp
t 25 30 cm. Hp trong nc nng t 5 7 pht. Lc u y xung, sau lt
ngc, np xung di. Sau quan st, nu thy bt kh trong hp thot ra
hng lot hoc thot ra u n cng mt ch, th hp coi nh b h.

Phng php ht chn khng: t hp ng sn phm trong mt bnh ht chn


khng vi chn khng 50 mmHg. Do chnh lch p sut gia bn trong v bn
ngoi hp, lm cho np hp phng ln nu hp kn. V nc trong sn phm c th
theo ch h r ra ngoi trong trng hp mi ghp khng kn.
* X l hp h

- Trng hp pht hin uc hp ghp khng kn trc khi thanh trng, cn phi iu
chnh my ghp kp thi v c th m hp ch bin li hay ch bin thnh cc sn
phm ph.
- Trng hp pht hin c hp ghp khng kn sau khi thanh trng, th cc hp
a i ch bin thnh sn phm ph.
3.2.14. Bo n

Mc ch: Qu trnh ny gip hp n nh v thnh phn v pht hin kp thi cc


hp h hng

Page 49

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Bin i:
-

Vt l:
o

Cc thnh phn trong hp tip tc tng tc vi nhau. Nu bi kh khng


trit c th dn n phng hp.

Cc thnh phn trong hp tip tc khuch tn vo nhau tin ti cn bng


v nng lm cho hp c hng v, mu sc ng u v tng ln r rt

Ha hc: s oxy ha c th xy ra nu bi kh khng trit , lm gim phm cht


ca sn phm.

Sinh hc: vi sinh vt c th pht trin nu qu trnh bi kh v tit trng khng tt

Cm quan: mu v mi ca sn phm c ci thin

Cch thc hin:


Xp hp vo thng ri xp ng vo kho hay dng gi ng hp xp hp.
Bo n nhit bnh thng, khong t 10 15 ngy.
3.2.15. Dn Nhn, bao gi, sn phm hp
Sau khi thi gian bo n, nu hp khng h hng, ta tin hnh dn nhn, in date ri
ng thng hp (thng g hay thng ba cng) ri em i tiu th.

Page 50

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Chng 4: My mc thit b.________________(KHOA)


4.1. Thit B Masage Tht :

Hnh: Thit B Masage Tht


Cu to bng thp khng r (Inox SUS 304)
Nhit c th kim sot c
iu khin bng lp trnh PLC cho tng loi sn phm khc nhau
Lng c ht chn khng trong qu trnh lm vic
Power

Volume(L) Tc

(KW)

2.2

(rpm)

750

5-36

quayKch thc ngoi


(mm)

180011701835

Trng Cng
lng

Sut

(Kg/h)

(kg)
600

300-400

Cng dng: lm mm tht, to iu kin cho dch mui thm u vo trong tht.

Page 51

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Cu to: thit b ging nh my trn b tng -bn quay hnh qu trm, trong c gn dng
xon, bn c t nm ngang v quay quanh trc ca n. Ngoi ra thng c np y
ming, trn np c gn b phn ht chn khng, bnh lc khng kh v mt motor quay
bn.
Nguyn tc hot ng: cho tht vo bn y np li, ht chn khng, cho bn quay cng
chiu kim ng h nh motor. Bn trong my c cc cnh tay bng thp khng g
chuyn tht ln nh my ri tht ri xung va p vo thng.Trong qu trnh , protein
trong tht r ra, lin kt vi dung dch mui.
Nhit phng t my massage t 050C
4.2. My Ct Rau C:

Hnh: My Ct Rau C

Cng dng: ct nh rau c


Cu to:
Mt u dng thi cc loi rau c l : hnh l, ti, h, rau cn, ci tho, ci bp v.v

Page 52

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Mt u dng thi cc loi c hnh dng bng n: c ci, khoai lang, khoai mn,
sn, mng, hnh ty, cc loi c, cc loi c v.v.
Hnh dng: kiu dy, kiu mng, hnh trn , thi ch ,thi ming, thi vt, , thi ch.
Thng s k thut
Nng sut : 300 - 1000kg/H
in p : 110V/220V/380V 1HP+1HP+1/2HP 50/60HZ
Trng lng my :135kg
Kch thc : 11605301000mm
4.3. Thit B Chn, hp:
Thit b chn, hp c phn loi theo cc nguyn tc
- Lm vic gin on hay lin tc
- Trong chn khng, p sut thng hay p sut cao
Thit b thng c mt bng ti t trong thng cha nc hay phun hi, hi nc theo
ng phun vo thng hay phng hp, bng ti di chuyn vi tc sao cho khi qua thit b,
nguyn liu c chn t yu cu.

Hnh: Thit B Chn, hp

Page 53

Hp B Kho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

4.4. Thit b Chit Rt V Ghp M :

Hnh: Thit b chit rt-ghp m


- Thit b chit rt-ghp m hai trong mt, tc c th iu chnh lin tc.
- B phn iu khin kh ng khng tip xc vi thn lon, t ng xung np, s
dng k thut chit rt dch b mt.
- Tc chit rt iu chnh bng b phn bin tn.
- Vt liu ch to: Ch yu bng thp khng g, m bo tiu chun v sinh an ton
thc phm.
4.5. My ra hp sau khi ghp m
Hp sau khi ghp cn ra li m bo v cm quan v cht lng. Nng sut thit b
l 6000 hp/h.

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Hnh:. My ra hp

4.6.Thit B Thanh Trng :


Hin nay c nhiu loi thit b thanh trng hp v c phn loi nh sau :
- Theo phng thc lm vic c ni thanh trng lm vic gin on v ni thanh trng
lm vic lin tc hoc phn ra loi th cng, bn t ng v t ng.
- Theo p sut lm vic c : ni thanh trng lm vic vi p sut kh quyn, thng
nhit thanh trng 1000C v ni thanh trng cao p, nhit thanh trng trn 100oC.
- Theo cu to c : loi ni kiu ng, loi nm ngang, loi bng ti, loi trc quay, loi
bn mng.
Cc ni thanh trng thng dng hin nay c loi h np vi nhit 1000C thng
dng thanh trng cc loi hp rau qu hoc cc loi thc phm khng chu nhit. V
nhit thp khng m bo tit trng nn c khi ngi ta phi thanh trng lp i lp li
vi ln m bo tit trng . Loi ni ny c cu to n gin vi mi trng truyn
nhit l nc nng hoc hi nc.
Ni thanh trng cao p thng c hai dng l kiu ng v kiu nm ngang . Ni
hon ton kn v chu c p lc cao, nhit thanh trng trn 1000C. Mi trng
truyn nhit l hi nc hay nc nng c gia nhit bng hi nc. Loi ni thanh
trng ny c ch to bng thp rt bn vng v c trang b y cc van iu

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chnh v cc thit b o lng nh nhit k, p k, van an ton, van x kh, van cp hi,
cp kh nn, cp nc,... Thanh trng nhit cao khi lm ngui thng lm ngui
trong ni thanh trng v s dng p sut i khng phng trnh s n v ca hp.

Hnh: Thit B Thanh Trng dng nm


ngang

Thn thit b t nm ngang, bn trong khng c gi gi m c ng ry cho xe


ng cc gi hp y vo.
4.7. My in date:

Hnh: My in date

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Cng dng: dng in phun cc k t theo s ci t ca ngi s dng. Mi ln in khng


qu 3 dng, mi dng khng qu 60 k t .
Thng s k thut:
Chiu di: 3m
Chiu rng: 0.6m
Chiu cao: 0.6m
Cng sut: 0.5kW
4.8. My Ct Tht:

Hnh: My Ct Tht

Thng s k thut:
Cng sut (kw) : 140
Tn s in p (Hz) : 50
in p (V) : 220
Kch thc (mm) : 503x280x38
Cng dng: ct ming tht c kch thc ln thnh nhiu ming nh sao cho ph hp vi
yu cu sn xut
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Yu cu ca my ct tht:
-

Dao phi ct tht m khng bt x chng ra, khng lm nc p trong tht chy ra.

Li dao khi mi mn phi ng u theo tt c chiu di ca n v d mi sc.

Dao phi gi c cht lng ca tht ban u

Mt s my ct tht c kh nng ct tht sau r ng vi cc kch thc theo mong mun


nh vo s linh hot ca dao ct tht.

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Chng 5: Sn phm
5.1. M t sn phm b kho -Yu cu thnh phm______________(DUNG)
5.1.1. M t sn phm b kho
-

Tn sn phm: tn sn phm ghi trn nhn phi l hp B kho hoc B kho


ng hp c ghi trc hoc ghi sau ph hp vi qui nh m khng gy nhm
ln cho ngi tiu dng.

Thnh phn: Tht b, hnh ty, ti, ng, mui, gng, c rt..

Dng thnh phm: Hp st trng thic

Thi hn bo qun hp: khong 24 thng tnh t ngy sn xut

Cch s dng: Lm nng sn phm trc khi n, dng km vi cm, bnh m,


bn

Cch bo qun: bo qun ni kh ro thong mt, trnh nh nng mt tri. Sn


phm m np ch dng trong 24 gi hoc c th bo qun lnh.

Bo qun v phn phi sn phm: Bao gi thng phm l cc hp st ty theo quy


nh hin hnh. Bao b vn chuyn l hp carton, g, v cc mng cht do. iu
kin bo qun v vn chuyn hp phi khong nhit t 00C n 180C

5.1.2. Yu cu thnh phm


Khi a ra th trng cung cp cho ngi tiu dng phi t cc yu cu:
+ V hnh thc bn ngoi:

Hp khng b r, np hp khng b phng di mi hnh thc.


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hp phi c nhn hiu nguyn vn, ngay ngn, sch s, ghi r cc mc : c quan

qun l, c s ch bin, tn mt hng, phm cp, ngy sn xut, khi lng tnh v
khi lng c b.
+ V vi sinh vt:

hp khng h hng do hot ng ca vi sinh vt, khng c vi sinh vt gy bnh,

lng tp trng khng qu qui nh.


+ V ha hc:

Khng vt qu qui nh v hm lng kim loi nng :

Thic : 100 200 mg/kg sn phm

ng : 5 80 mg/kg sn phm

Ch : khng c

m bo cc ch tiu v thnh phn ha hc, ch yu nh nng ng, acid,

mui
+ V cm quan:

Lp vecni phi nguyn vn, phi m bo hnh thi, hng v, mu sc c trng ca


sn phm theo nhng qui nh ca tng loi sn phm.

Tht b v carot mm khng b nt cng vi tiu, ti, x to ra mi v thm ngon c


trng

5.2. Tiu chun hp b kho


5.2.1. Ch tiu vi sinh
Bng : Cc ch tiu vi sinh vt trong hp tht: Quyt nh s 867/1998/Q-BYT v
"Danh mc tiu chun v sinh i vi lng thc, thc phm".
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Cc loi vi sinh vt
Tng vi sinh vt hiu kh
coliforms
Clostridium perfringens, s vi khun

Gii hn cho php


3.105
50
0

trong 1 g sn phm
. Clostridium botulinum, s vi khun 0
trong 1 g sn phm
Staphylococcus aureus, s vi khun 0
trong 1 g sn phm
E.coli, s vi khun trong 1 g sn phm
0
Tng s bo t nm men nm mc
0
c t nm mc: hm lng aflatocxin ca tht hp khng qu 0.005 mg/kg.
5.2.2. Ch tiu ha l
Bng: ch tiu ha l
Tn ch tiu

Gii hn cho php

Ch s peroxyt, s mililit natri thia 5


sulphua (Na2S2O3 ) 0.002 N dng
trung ho ht lng peroxyt
trong 1 kg, khng ln hn
T l "ci/nc"

Theo tiu chun c cng b


ca nh sn xut

5.2.3. D lng thuc th y


Bng : D lng thuc th y:
Tn ch tiu
Gii hn ti a( mg/kg)
H tetraxyclin
0,1
H cloramphenicol
Khng pht hin
5.2.4. D lng hoocmon ca tht hp:
Bng :D lng hoocmon ca tht hp:
Tn ch tiu
Estadiol

Gii hn ti a( mg/kg)
0,0005
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Dietylstylbestrol
Testosterol

0
0,015

5.3. Cc dng h hng hp cch x l______________________(MI)


5.3.1. Cc dng h hng
hp h hng hay mt phm cht l cc hp cha thc phm bin cht, c th lm
hi n sc khe ngi s dng hoc cc bao b c nhng bin i lm nh hng xu
n gi tr dinh dng v gi tr thng phm ca hp.
hp h hng do rt nhiu nguyn nhn, c th pht hin qua hnh thc bn ngoi
ca bao b hoc phi qua kim tra vi sinh v ha hc mi xc nh c. Thng phn
bit theo 3 nguyn nhn:
5.3.1.1. Do vi sinh vt
Hin tng hp h hng do vi sinh vt l ph bin nht trong s cc loi hp h
hng. Cc vi sinh vt pht trin, phn hy cc cht hu c ca thc phm, to ra kh CO2,
H2S, NH3...hay tit ra cc c t. C loi vi sinh vt pht trin khng sinh ra cht kh. V
vy hp h hng do vi sinh vt c th gy phng hp hay khng gy phng hp nn kh
pht hin.
Cc nguyn nhn gy h hng hp do vi sinh vt :
a. Do thanh trng khng ch
Cc hp thanh trng khng ch tc l cha nhit v thi gian thanh
trng cn thit. Cc vi sinh vt trong hp y cn sng, pht trin lm sn phm b
chua, hp b mt phm cht c th to thnh cc cht kh lm phng hp.
Vic thanh trng khng ch c th do thiu st ca cng nhn vn hnh : qu
trnh vn hnh thit b thanh trng khng ng qui tc, lng khng kh cn li nhiu
trong thit b thanh trng, lm nhit k v p k ch khng cn tng ng vi nhau na.

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Khi xp hp vo gi v xp gi v thit b thanh trng khng ng qui tc, s lm cn tr


s truyn nhit v i lu, cng lm cho hp khng t ch thanh trng.
C mt s hp do b nhim trng qu nhiu do thit b v do cc qu trnh ch bin
trc khi thanh trng gy ra, ta khng pht hin c m vn tin hnh thanh trng theo
cng thc qui nh, cng coi nh thanh trng khng ch .
b. Do lm ngui khng thch hp
Cc vi sinh vt a nhit lm hng hp, pht trin nhanh chng nhit khong
49 - 71oC. V vy nu khng lm ngui nhanh hp n nhit thp di khong nhit
, th cc vi sinh vt c th pht trin lm h hng hp.
c. Do mi ghp b h
Hin tng ny cng xy ra kh ph bin trong sn xut hp. hp b h c th
do my ghp np lm vic khng ng qui tc, hay cc mi hn dc ca bao b khng c
kn. Khi thanh trng do p sut trong hp tng ln qu mc, lm h cc mi ghp, vi
sinh vt nhim vo (ngun nhim vi sinh vt ch yu vo hp b h l nc dng
lm ngui hp sau khi thanh trng) pht trin lm hng hp.
d. Do nhim vi sinh vt gy h hng trc khi thanh trng
Hin tng ny xy ra khi thc hin khng ng qui trnh k thut v ch v sinh
thc phm, lm cho vi sinh vt xm nhp v pht trin thc phm trong thi gian ch
bin. Thi gian t lc vo hp n lc ghp kn v mang i thanh trng qu lu. nhit
khng cao lm , l iu kin thch hp cho cc vi sinh vt pht trin lm hng hp
trc khi thanh trng.
5.3.1.2. Do ha hc
hp b hng do cc hin tng ha hc xy ra c th do cc phn ng gia cc
thnh phn ca thc phm vi nhau hay gia cc thnh phn thc phm vi bao b. Cc
phn ng ha hc ny, phn ln lm cho thc phm c mu sc, hng v gim i nhiu.
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Trong thi gian bo qun hp thnh phm, ta thng thy cc hp ng trong bao b
st ty, b n mn kim loi mt bn trong ca bao b, lp trng thic b n mn. Kim loi
nhim vo sn phm. Hin tng ny thng thy nhiu cc hp c acid cao.
Lng kim loi nng nhim vo sn phm, c th gy bin i mu sc, mi v ca sn
phm, v gy c i vi c th.
Qu trnh n mn, kh hydro thot ra lm cho hp b phng.
Nhit cng cao, s n mn kim loi cng xy ra nhanh. Ty thuc acid ca sn
phm, phm cht ca bao b, m hm lng kim loi nng tch t trong sn phm nhiu hay
t.
5.3.1.3. Do nh hng c l
Xy ra trong qu trnh thanh trng, bo qun v vn chuyn
a. hp h hng do sai thao tc thit b thanh trng
Trong giai on cui ca qu trnh thanh trng, nu gim p sut hi qu nhanh, th to
thnh hin tng cng phng hp, c th b bin dng, h mi ghp. Do p sut trong hp
c to ra chnh lch vi p sut bn ngoi qu nhiu.
b. hp h hng do bi kh khng
Trong qu trnh thanh trng bng nhit, cc hp bi kh cn li s dn n gy cng
phng hp. V hnh dng bn ngoi cc hp ny sau khi bo qun, thng thy b
phng nh, np hp c th n ln xung c.
c. hp h hng do xp hp qu y
Khi sn phm xp trong hp qu y, sn phm s dn n th tch khi thanh trng
bng nhit, lm cho hp b phng, hin tng ny d xy ra hn khi cho sn phm vo
hp lc ngui, thanh trng sn phm cng b dn n nhiu.
d. hp h hng v b mp, mo, r
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Mt s sn phm hp ng trong bao b st ty kch thc ln, khi ghp kn vi


chn khng qu cao, chnh lch p sut ln, bao b st ty mng th d b mo. Hoc khi
xp hp vo gi thanh trng v vn chuyn trc khi thanh trng, lm hp b mp, mo,
lc p sut trong hp ln, khi thanh trng sn phm dn n s lm cng phng hp, c
th lm h mi ghp kn ca hp.
hp vi bao b st ty d c cc vt r: khi bo qun ni m. Khi trn b mt st
c cc vt bn ca cht bo, trong qu trnh bo qun, cc cht bo b oxy ha li cc
vt r. Hoc hp b thng do cc vt nhn gy ra khi vn chuyn, lc bo qun nc
trong hp chy ra v c th gy r cho cc hp chung quanh n.
5.3.2. Cch x l hp h hng
Tt c cc hp c du hiu hng do vi sinh vt gy ra, d hp b phng hay khng b
phng, cng u khng th s dng lm thc n. Phi hy b.
Cc hp h hng do hin tng ha hc, nu mc nh th c th ch bin thnh
cc sn phm khc c gi tr thp hn ( nh lm mt, nu ru, tht xay...). Nhng khi
c mi ca kim loi nhiu, mc nhim kim loi nng cao, th khng th s dng lm
thc n.
Cc hp h hng do cc nh hng c l, th v cht lng sn phm c th khng
gim. Nhng khng c gi tr hay km gi tr thng phm. C th thay bao b khc, tin
hnh nu li, c th x l ch bin thnh cc sn phm ph.

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PHN III: KT LUN


Hin nay hp b kho cha pht trin trn th trng.V vy vi ti ny nhm
cha tht s hiu r v quy trnh sn xut, cha c tip xc vi quy trnh tht s nn vn
cn kh nhiu thiu st. Knh mong c ng gp bi tiu lun tt hn.
B kho l mt mn n rt quen thuc vi ngi Vit Nam. Thnh phn mn n rt
phong ph c v mu sc, nguyn liu, hng v v cha rt nhiu cht dinh dng. Nu
sn phm b kho ng hp c pht trin s mang n nhiu s chn la cho ngi tiu
dng.

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TI LIU THAM KHO


1. Nguyn l sn xut hp thc phm Nguyn Trng Cn, Nguyn L H NXB
Khoa hc v K thut.
2. Gio trnh cng ngh ch bin thc phm ng hp, bin son thc s L M Hng,
xut bn 2005.
3. http://www.dinhduong.com.vn/story/banh-mi-bo-kho-mon-qua-binh-dan-sai-gon

Page 67

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