CH : MA AXIT

GVHD: NGUYN TH BCH HO NHM 4:

Ma axit hy hoi rng cy dy ni Blue Ridge, North Carolina

NI DUNG

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KHI QUT V MA AXIT

HIN TRNG MA AXIT

TC HI CA MA AXIT

NHNG BIN PHP KHC PHC

KT LUN

I.KHI QUT V MA AXIT 1, KHI NIM

Khi trong bu kh quyn cha cc

kh i nhim c tnh axit: N0x , SO2 , CO2 ... Chng ho tan trong nc ma to ra cc acid tng ng lm cho nng axit trong nc ma tng cao v hnh thnh ma axit.
Ma axit dng ch cc cn

ma c pH thp hn 5,6 ( cn ma thng l 7 )

S hnh thnh ma axit

C CH GY MA AXIT

Nguyn nhn
Ch quan

Khch quan

www.themegallery.com

KHCH QUAN
Do cc cc v phun tro ni

la, ng t, sng thn , cc m chy rng , sm chp sinh ra cc kh nh CO2 ,SO2 ,NOx ,RS2

Sng thn Nht Bn

Dung nham chy xun bin

khch quan
Do qu trnh phn hy xc ng

,thc vt gii phng cc kh nh CO2 ,NO,NH3 ,CH4

Xc 1 loi sv ang phn hy

Hin tng dng km theo sm chp

Chy rng

Ch quan
Do qu trnh t cc nhin liu

ha thch nh t than, khai thc, ch bin du m, iu ch metanol t kh thin nhin Vic t nhin liu ha thch to ra khong 21,3 t tnCO2 hng nm, nhng ngi ta c tnh rng cc qu trnh t nhin c th hp thu phn na lng kh thi trn, v vy hm lng cacbon dioxit s tng 10,65 t tn mi nm trong kh quyn

Khai thc du m

Khai thc than

Ch quan
Do s dng phng tin giao

thng,s dng phn bn cung cp vo kh quyn cc cht gy nhim. Ti bui hp bo cng b bo co trn (H Ni, 12/8), B TN-MT cho bit, kt qu quan trc ti mt s thnh ph ln nh: H Ni, TP.HCM, Hi Phng, Nng... cho thy, cc kh c hi gy nhim pht thi t cc phng tin giao thng ch yu l: CO, NOx, hi xng du, bi, ch, benzen v bi PM2,5. Trong , xe my l ngun pht thi chnh kh CO chim 85%, xe ti pht thi kh lu hunh v Ni t chim hn 70%...

Khi bi do hot ng giao thng

Tc ng ti H Ni

 Thnh phn cc cht c thi ra khi s dng nhin liu cc phng

tin giao thng

STT Cht thi (g/kg) Xng izen

19,78
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CO CO2 CmHn SOx NOx R COOH R CHO Mui (C) Ch (Pb) Bi 20,81 172,83 29,1 2,325 19,7875 1,432 1,125 1,25 0,625 3,902 1,146 175,64 5,74 3,8 24,581 1,327 0,944 6,250 0,00 117,06

Ch quan
Do s phn hy cc cht thi Do qu trnh sn xut cng

sinh hot ,trong rc thi c nhiu cht rt kh phn hy v thng phn hy ra nhng cht gy hi cho mi trng ,do hot ng hng ngy ca con ngi.

nghip nh qu trnh nung vi,nhum mu vi, ch bin tinh bt, t cao su ri ng,v kh thi ca cc nh my u to ra 1 hm lng ln cc kh gy ma axit

un bp than

Kh thi ra t 1 cng ty

II. Hin trng v ma axit th gii

Vo nm 1967, mt cy cu Ohio

(Hoa K) bt ng sp lm cht hng chc ngi. Nguyn nhn ca thm ha ny c cc nh khoa hc xc nh l do AcidRain- ma axt. Vo nm 1979, mt trn ma nh trt nc xung khu vc Wheeling(West Virginia, Hoa K). Trn ma c ghi vo k lc th gii, v mt l do cc knguy hi- l trn ma c nng axt cao nht trong lch s c ghi nhn. Bn hytng tng nc ma tng ng vi dung dch axt dng bnh acquy cho xe hi.

II. Hin trng v ma axit trn th gii

Trn ton th gii, mc kh thi CO2 t than

nm 2010 chim 41%, du 34%, phn cn li l t kh t v sn xut xi-mng M, ch tnh ring nm 1977, t nc ny thi vo bu kh quyn 31 triu tn oxit sulfur v 22 triu tn oxit nitro. 80% oxit sulfur l do hot ng ca cc thit b to nng lng, 15% l do hot ng t chy ca cc ngnh cng nghip khc nhau, v 5%t cc ngun khc. Cn i vi oxit nito, 1/3 l do hot ng ca cc my pht nnglng, 1/3 khc l do hot ng t nhin liu chuyn ha thnh nng lng v phn cn li cng do cc ngun khc nhau. Cho n nay, nc M vn l quc gia thi vo bukh quyn lng kh gy nhim nhiu nht th gii. Mt trn ma axt New England c pH thp khng km lm lp v sn ca cc xe t ngoi tri ma b n mn trc tip v trc ngay ti ch. Hng nm,ma axt t ca nc M 5 t usd

II. Thc trng v ma axit trn th gii

Ti chu u, thc trng ma axit din

ra ht sc nghim trng,gy nhng hu qu nng n. Ma axt ln u tin c nh khoa hc Robert Angus Smith ghi nhn ti Anh vo nm 1872 qua vic quan st cc hin tng cng trnh bng v gch b ma axit n mn n mn, cc cn ma axit hu ht din ra vng Perth (Scotland): axit cao gp 500 ln so vi axit trong t nhin.Ngay ti th London, ma acid ang tn ph nghim trng cc cng trnh ngh thut bng t th k 18,19, nh ngh vin Anh, Tu vinWestminter va nh th Saint Paul

Hin trng ma axit th gii

khu vc Bc u thm ha ma axt nm

1959 bin 15.000 h thnhnhng h cht do nng axt qu cao. Nm 1984, khu rng en ni ting ca c b ma axt tn ph nghim trng.Cn ma axit u tin c ch ra l vo nhng nm 50 th k 20 ti Na-Uy, khin rt nhiu loi c trong cc h ca Na-Uy b thoi ha.Ti Thy in, 4.000 h khng h c c; 9.000 h b mt mt phn ln cc loi c ang sinh sng, trong khi c ti 20.000h khc cng b nh hng bi ma axit.Ti c, hn mt na cc cnh rng ca min ty nc ny hin nay ang trong nhng mc b ph hy khc nhau v gi tr lng cy g b hy hoi bi ma axit ctnh t 800 triu la hng nm

Hin trng ma axit ti Vit Nam

Vit Nam10 nm trc, ma axit ch c

pht hin Lo Cai th n cui nm2002, ton b 9 trm quan trc ma axit trn ton quc u thy ma axit. T l s muma axit cc tnh min ng Nam B (Bin Ho, thnh ph H Ch Minh, BnhDng) l ln nht (chim 27 29% s mu nc ma). Sng 11-3-2007, UBND huyn in Bn (tnh Qung Nam) cho bit, lin tc nhng ngy qua (t 7 n 11-3), trn a bn huyn xut hin nhiu t ma axitko di gy thit hi nghim trng cho cc loi cy trng, c bit hoa mu. Theo thngk cha y , c t nht gn 250 ha u v gn 350 ha bng vi va xung ging b mt trng

Hin trng ma axit Vit Nam

Ti khu vc thnh ph Cn Th, tn

sut xut hin ma axit trung bnh trong mi nm ln n 58%, cao nht trong bn khu vc tin hnh nghin cu v loi ma nguy him ny ti Nam b. Hay ni cch khc, c 100 cn ma xung khu vc Cn Th th c 58 cn ma c gi l ma axit Trong nhng ngy b khi bao ph, nhiu ngi dn H Ni cm thy kh th, cay mt. Khi xut hin ma nh, quan trc vin o th v nhn thy pH ca nc ma kh thp, ch khong 5,0-5,5. kt qu ny ng ngha vi ma axt (8/7/2009)

Hm lng kh NO2 v kh SO2 H Ni

Hnh nh

Mt cnh rng thng Czech b hy hoi bi ma axit nm 2006

TC HI CA MA AXIT
nh hng n ao h, thy sinh: Ma acid ri trn mt t se ra tri cc cht dinh dng trn mt t v mang cc kim loi c xung ao h Lm pH ca h gim xung. - Cc sinh vt trong h, ao suy yu hoc cht hon ton.
-> H, ao tr thnh cc thuvc cht Cc nh hng ca pH n hthy sinh vt cth tm tt nh sau: pH < 6,0 Cc sinh vt bc thp ca chui thc n b cht (nh ph du, stonefly), y l ngunthc n quan trng ca c C khng th sinh sn c. C con rt kh sng st. C ln b d dng do thiu dinh dng. C b cht do ngt

pH < 5,5

pH < 5,0 pH < 4,0

Qun th c b cht Xut hin cc sinh vt mi khc vi cc sinh vt ban u

TC HI CA MA AXIT
* nh hng n mi trng t v thc vt Nc ma ngm xung t lm tng chua ca t, ho tan cc nguyn t trong t cn thit cho cy nh canxi (Ca), magi (Mg), , cc dng cht trong t se b ra tri. Cc hp cht cha nhm trong t se phng thch cc ion nhm v cc ion ny c th h p th bi r cy v gy c cho cy. ,... lm suy thoi t => Cy ci km pht trin. L cy gp ma axit se b "chy" lm chm, mm se cht kh, lm cho kh nng quang hp ca cy gim, cho nng sut thp.

Ma axit cng git hi cc khu rng. Chng ra tri hon ton nhng cht dinh dng v nhng vi sinh vt c li. Ma axit cng lm yu i sc khng ca cy ci, d mc bnh v b k sinh trng Cy thng l loi cy c bit nhy cm

TC HI CA MA AXIT
*Tn ph cc cnh rng

TC HI CA MA AXIT
nh hng n kh quyn
Ma axt gy nh hng n h thng kh quyn. N gp phn gy hiu ng nhknh

lm gia tng nhit h tng kh quyn. N gy hin tng nng ln ton cu(global warming). Bng 2 cc tri t tan, nc bin dn n lm chm ngp cc vng thp v cc hi o. Ngoi ra, hn hn, l lt se thng xuyn hn; ma bo d di hn.Cc ht sulphate, nitrate to thnh trong kh quyn se lm hn ch tm nhn. Ccsng m acid lm nh hng n kh nng lan truyn nh sng Mt tri. Bc cc, n nh hng n s pht trin ca a y, do nh hng n qun th Tun lc v Nai tuyt - loi ng vt n a y

Sng m khin ngi tham gia giao thng phi bt n

Sng m lm hi cy ci

 nh hng n cc cng trnh kin

TC HI CA MA AXIT

trc Ma axt lm gim tui th ca cc cng trnh kin trc. Nhng ht ma axt n mnkim loi, , gch ca cc ta nh, cu, tng i. N lm h hng cc h thng thngkh, cc th vin, vin bo tng v ph hy cc vt liu nh giy, vi... khi Cc ht acid khi ri xung nh ca v cc bc tng iu khc se n mn chng. V d nh ta nh Capitol Ottawa b tan r bi hm lng SO2 trong khng kh qu cao. Vo nm 1967, cy cu bc ngang sng Ohio sp lm cht 46 ngi; nguyn nhn cng l do ma acid.

Bc tng pht b n mn

Cu b n mn

Bc tng b n mn do ma axit

TC HI CA MA AXIT
*nh hng xu n sc khe con ngi . Sc khe con ngi cng b nh hng
nhiu bi ma axit. Cy ci hp th kim loi nng i vo thc phm gy nhim bnh .Chng lm c quan h hp ca con ngi d b thng tn hn, gy ra cc bnh v phi,gy nguy him n h thn kinh v khin bnh tnh ca cc bnh nhn ngy cng trm trng hn. Cc vn v sc khe sau y xy ra mi nm M v Canada do ma axit: 550tr em sinh non t vong 210.070 triu chng hen suyn mi ngy

TC HI CA MA AXIT
*nh hng n cc ngnh kinh t: Trong nng nghip: t b thoi ho- gim trung ho,km mu m Cc cy trng b c ch sinh trng nn nng sut v sn lng gim Trong nui trng thu sn: Cc loi hi sn b cht => cht lng hi sn gim, sn lng khai thc gim Trong cng nghip: Cc cng trnh b ph hu: nh xng,my mc, Trong giao thng vn ti: Cc phng tin giao thng,cu ng u b ph hu

LI CH CA MA AXIT
Khi ma axit gim i, cc vi sinh vt trong sui, sng v t c c hi thun li pht trin. Tuy nhin, s thiu vng cc trn ma axit cng c th gy ra nhiu vn vi mi trng, cc nh khoa hc cnh bo. David DeWalle, mt chuyn gia v mi trng ti i hc Pennsylvania (M), pht biu. "Lng carbon dioxide ngy cng tng trong sng, sui v t c nh hng to ln ti h sinh thi rng v s cn bng carbon ni chung.Khi gim lng kh sunfua v nito vo nc cc vi khun trong t se hot ng mnh thi ra nhiu khi CO2 .Mc d s suy gim nng nit v sulfur l mt du hiu tch cc, song n tc ng ti h sinh thi rng. Lng CO2 trong t ngy cng tng ngha l mt ngy no , loi kh gy hiu ng nh knh ny se thot ra khi t v quay tr li bu kh quyn", DeWalle nhn nh. Ma axit lm gim pht thi kh metan t cc m ly,gim thiu lng kh gy hiu ng nh knh

m ly ni phc thi nhiu metan

IV. Nhng bin php khc phc

Cc nh my nhit in phi lp

t thit b kh Hn ch vic s dng cc phng tin c nhn,khuyn khch s dng cc phng tin cng cng nhm gim lng kh c phc thi vo mi trng Gim thiu s dng cc thit b in cng nh s dng cc thit b tit kim in Thay th cc nhin liu ha thch bng nhin liu sch nh kh hidro ,cc loi nhin liu sinh hc

 Lm sch anhydryt sunfur SO2

Nhng bin php khc phc

a). Phng php lm sch SO2 bng

su vi Kh SO2 c thu hi trong thp ra bng su vi, su vi tc dng vi SO2 theo phn ng:SO2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaSO3 + H2O Kh cha SO2 c dn vo trong thp ra, lng kh ny c ra bng dung dch vi sa di dng phun. Lng vi sa ny cn c dng vi lng ln trnh b tc trong lp m do phn ng CaSO3 v thch cao CaSO4 .H2O. i phng php ny, c th thay dch vi sa bng vi bt .CaCO4 + SO2 = CaSO3+ CO2
Qu trnh x l SO2

Nhng bin php khc phc

b) Phng php lm sch SO2 bng

ammoniac Sau khi lm lm sch bi, asen, selen trong kh, nu cn cha SO2 vi hm lng nhtnh th kh c lm ngui n nhit 35-40oC sau ra kh bng dung dch cha (NH4)2SO3. Khi phn ng trong thit b xy ra: (NH4)2SO3+ SO2+ H2O = 2NH4HSO3 Kt qu phn ng ny cho thu hi SO2. Khi un dung dch nhn c l amon bisunfit n nhit si, phn ng theo chiu nghch cho ra SO2. Kh SO2 thu c vinng cao dng sn xut lu hunh nguyn t, acid sunfuric v cc sn phm khc.Cht hp th trong phng php ny c ti s dng thc hin theo chu trnh vng.
Lm sch SO2 bng amoniac

Nhng bin php khc phc

c) Phng php km Kh cha SO2 cn lm sch khi c ra bng dung dch cha ZnO, phn ng xy ranh sau: ZnO + SO2 +H2O = ZnSO3. H2OSn phm ca phn ng trn tn ti di dng rn c th tch ra khi dch th bng phng php lc hoc ly tm, sau em nung n nhit 350o C c sn phm H2O,SO3,ZnO. ZnO c ti s dng li trong chu trnh trn.Theo phng php trn,chng ta c th dung MgO thay cho ZnO vn t hiu qu. 2.2Lm sch nito oxit trong kh Cc kh NO, NO2, trong hn hp kh thi c th lm sch theo phng php hp ph,dch hp ph dng thng l dch kim hay ch nc khng. 3NO2 + H2O= 2HNO3 + NO Nito oxit NO se b oxy ho trong khng kh, vn tc oxy ho tu thuc nhit , nng NO, O2. V vy phng php ny hon li 1/3 NO, nn s lm sch nito oxyt khnghon ton. Phng php ny p dng khi hm lng nito oxyt ln hn 1%.Khi ta dng dch hp th kim, chng hn dch cha NaOH phn ng hp th l 2NaOH + 2N2= NaNO3+ NaNO2 + H2O. lm sch nito oxyt, kh cha nito oxyt c ra bng dch cc cht oxy ho nh :KBrO3, KMnO4, H2O2 . to hiu sut cao hn

Nhng bin php khc phc

Tuyn truyn nhn thc ca

ngi dn v vn mi trng,. Xy dng cc cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc v d n lin quan n vn ma axit Khng cht ph rng ba bi Nng cao cht lng ha thch ,loi b SO2,NOx, trc khi s dng ,tm hiu nghin cu cc nhin liu sch thay th nhin liu ha thch

5. KT LUN

Ma axit l vn mang tnh ton cu. N khng nhng nh

V. Kt lun

Ma axit l vn mang tnh ton cu. Ma acid khng phi l hng trc tip n h sinh thi m cn c sc khe con ngi. mt vn ring ca mt quc gia no m n l vn chung Hin nay hin trng nhim mi trng cnhim buaxit ngy . ca nhn loi_ vn cng nh cc nguy gy ma khng kh cng gia tng i hi chng ta phi c nhng bin c s hp Do gii quyt, khc phc vn ma acid cn php c th v thit thc hn na. tc nhiu quc gia trn th gii nht l nhng nc pht trin. M V u tin chnh hy cng nhau cn tn trng v thc hin vic vy, chng ta l cc nc ny nhng yu cu trong cc cng c v bo v mi trng, pht thi cc kh gy nhim . Cc nc ngho, song song vic pht trin kinh t l cng tc bo v mi trng. Trong tng nc cn p dng cc thit ch v c kinh t trong cc vn v gy nhim. Cng tc tuyn truyn v gio dc v bo v mi trng n tng ngi dn cn c coi trng v lm thng xuyn . i cc c s sn xut cng nghip lun lun c kim tra gip sat v vic x thi cc kh gy nhim . Hn th na, mi cng dn chng ta lun phi c thc trongvic bo v mi trng

TI LIU THAM KHO

http://www.khoahoc.com.vn/doisong/moi-truong/tham-hoa/24314_Khoi-la bua-vay-

Ha-Noi-la-suong-mu-axit.aspx http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C6%B0a_ax%C3%ADt http://www.anninhthudo.vn/San-phamUng-dung/Vi-sao-xuat-hien-muaaxit/394566.antd http://www.scribd.com/api_ushttp://www.hoahoc.org/mua-axit-nhung-tachai.htmler_11797_talentedjit/d/6898950-10Ma-acid http://hanoigreen.wordpress.com/2009/09/01/10-cach-b%E1%BA%A3ov%E1%BB%87-moi-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-s%E1%BB%91ng/ http://www.canthostnews.vn/?tabid=176&NDID=2524&keyword=QCVN19:2009/BTNMT-%E2%80%93-Khi-thai-cong-nghiep-doi-voi-bui-va-cac-chat-voco http://www.bayvut.com.au/tri-th%E1%BB%A9c/kh%C3%AD-th%E1%BA%A3ic%C3%B4ng-nghi%E1%BB%87p-gia-t%C4%83ng http://vinanet.vn/tin-thi-truong-hang-hoa-vietnam.gplist.287.gpopen.196758.gpside.1.gpnewtitle.luong-khi-thai-co2-cong-nghiepgia-tang-bat-ke-kinhtehttp://vi.wikibooks.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_d%E1%BB%A5c_b%E1%BA%A3o_v %E1%BB%87_m%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_cho_h%E1%BB%8Dc_ sinh_ph%E1%BB%95_th%C3%B4ng_c%C6%A1_s%E1%BB%9Fhttp://www.khoahoc.com.vn/timkiem/nhi%C3%AAn+li%E1%BB%87u+h%C3%B3 a+th%E1%BA%A1ch/index.aspxtoan-cau-suy-ye.asmx

;;;Thanks for your time ;;;

MA AXIT