MC LC

Trang MC LC...........................................................................................................1 LI NI U ....................................................................................................1 1.Tnh cp thit ca ti. ...............................................................................1 2. Mc ch nghin cu ca ti....................................................................2 3. i tng nghin cu v ni dung nghin cu ca ti. ............................2 4. Phng php nghin cu ca ti. .............................................................3 CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V CC VN NGHIN CU .........................5 1.1.TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU C CM ..........................................5 1.1.1. C cm sn (Stolephorus tri):..............................................................5 1.1.2. C cm thng (Stolephorus commersonii) ........................................7 1.1.3. C cm trng ......................................................................................9 1.2. THNH PHN HA HC CA C CM ...........................................11 1.2.1. Thnh phn ha hc c bn ca c cm thng ................................11 1.2.2. Thnh phn ha hc c bn ca c cm sn......................................11 1.2.3. Thnh phn cc axit amin ca c cm ti........................................12 1.3. GII THIU V K THUT SY........................................................12 1.3.1. Khi nim v sy ..............................................................................13 1.3.2. c im qu trnh sy .....................................................................13 1.3.3. S khuch tn ca nc trong nguyn liu........................................15 1.3.4. Mt s nhn t nh hng ti tc sy...........................................19 1.3.5. Gii thiu v phng php sy bng bc x hng ngoi. ..................22 1.3.5.1. Khi nim bc x hng ngoi .....................................................22 1.3.5.2. Khi nim sy bc x hng ngoi:..............................................23 1.3.5.3. C ch truyn nhit trong bc x hng ngoi..............................23 1.3.5.4. C ch sy kh bng bc x hng ngoi.....................................24 1.3.5.5. C ch sy bc x hng ngoi kt hp vi sy lnh sy

c cm sn. .............................................................................................26

1.3.6. Nhng bin i ca c trong qu trnh sy kh. ................................31 1.3.6.1. S bin i v trng thi v t chc ca qu trnh.......................31 1.3.6.2. S bin i v ha hc ...............................................................33 CHNG 2 I TNG THIT B V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU ...37 2.1. I TNG NGHIN CU .................................................................37 2.2. THIT B SY HNG NGOI KT HP SY LNH........................37 2.2.1. Cu to, nguyn l hot ng ca t sy bc x n hng ngoi kt hp vi sy lnh....................................................................................37 2.2.1.1. Cu to c bn............................................................................37 2.2.1.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca t sy kt hp .....................................38 2.3. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU. ..........................................................38 2.3.1. Phng php sy kh........................................................................38 2.3.2. S b tr cc th nghim. ..............................................................39 2.3.3. Cc phng php nh gi................................................................40 2.3.3.1. Xc nh m ban u ca nguyn liu bng phng php sy n khi khi lng khng i. ..........................................................40 2.3.3.2. Xc nh m ca nguyn liu trong qu trnh sy bng cn in t.....................................................................................................40 2.3.3.3. nh gi cht lng cm quan. ..................................................41 2.3.3.4. Xc nh cc thng s lin quan n qu trnh sy......................44 2.3.3.5. T l ht nc tr li..................................................................44 2.3.3.6. Xc nh hm lng NH3...........................................................44 2.3.3.7. Xc nh hm lng axit bo, Protein v kim tra vi sinh vt ....45 CHNG 3 KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN. ............................47 3.1. QUY TRNH SY C CM SN BNG PHNG PHP HNG NGOI KT HP SY LNH. ...................................................................47 3.2. NGHIN CU NH HNG CA NHIT SY N CHT LNG CA C CM SN.......................................................................49

3.3. SO SNH CH SY THCH HP NHT (400C) CA PHNG PHP SY HNG NGOI KT HP SY LNH VI PHNG PHP TRUYN THNG ( PHI NNG) I VI SN PHM C CM SN. .................................................................................53 3.4. T L HT NC PHC HI CA SN PHM...............................55 3.5. NH GI CM QUAN SN PHM. .................................................58 3.6. MT S CH TIU CHT LNG HA HC (PROTEIN, AXIT BO) CA SN PHM BNG PHNG PHP SY ( TOS = 400C) SO VI PHNG PHP PHI NNG. ......................................................59 3.6.1. So snh ch tiu protein.....................................................................59 3.6.2. So snh ch tiu axt bo. ..................................................................60 3.7. NGHIN CU CH TIU VI SINH CA SN PHM. ........................60 KT LUN V XUT KIN ................................................................61

DANH MUCH CC BNG

Trang Bng 2.1: C s nh gi cht lng cm quan bng phng php cho im. ...41 Bng 2.2:Quy nh cc cp i vi sn phm thc phm. .............................42 Bng 2.3:Bng im cm quan. .........................................................................42 Bng 2.4: Bng im nh gi cht lng cm quan ca c cm sn kh ..........43 Bng 3.1: Bng hm lng m c trc v sau khi luc.....................................50 Bng 3.2. Bng bin i m v tc sy c theo nhit sy..........................50 Bng 3.3:Bng bin i m nhit sy 400C v phi nng...........................53 Bng 3.4. Kh nng ht nc phc hi ca c cm sn kh...............................57 Bng 3.7. T l ht nc phc hi ca c cm sn sy kh................................58 Bng 3.8. im nh gi cm quan i vi c mu sn phm c cm sn c kh ....................................................................................................................58

DANH MC CC HNH
Trang th 3.1: Bin i m ca c theo thi gian cc nhit sy khc nhau .......51 th 3.2: ng cong tc sy ca c cc nhit sy khc nhau ............51 th 3.3. Bin i m ca c ch sy 400C .............................................54

-1-

LI NI U
1.Tnh cp thit ca ti. Ch bin thy sn l ngnh nghin cu v ng dng khoa hc k thut v cng ngh sn xut ra nhng mt h ng thy sn c gi tr dinh d ng cao trong thc phm v gp phn tng t trng xut khu trong nhng ngnh c gi tr xut khu cao ca c nc. Tuy nhin, cng ngh ch bin ca nc ta ch yu vi nhng mt hng thy sn ng lnh v mt s sn phm hp m cha ch trng nhiu n cng ngh ch bin thy sn kh. i vi ngnh ny, hin nay nc ta dang cn rt th s, cha c ch trng u t mt cch ng mc, sn xut sn phm thy sn kh ch yu bng phng php rt th cng, th s l dng khng kh nng t cc l than hoc phi nng. Phng php th cng truyn thng ny ph thuc hon ton vo iu kin thi tit v mi trng, thi gian lm kh ko di, sn xut khng lin tc, sn phm chu tc ng ca nhit cao lm gim cht lng, t l hao ht nguyn liu v ph liu l ln c bit l v mt v sinh an ton thc phm khng t yu cu do nguyn liu chu tc ng trc tip ca mi tr ng lm gim qu trnh s dng, gi tr kinh t v khng t yu cu xut khu. V vy, ngnh ch bin thy sn kh cn c ng dng nhng cng ngh mi nhm nng cao cht lng sn phm cng nh lm tng gi tr kinh t trong vic xut khu thy sn ni chung ca c nc. Mt trong nhng cng ngh lm kh mi th phng php sy bng bc x hng ngoi kt hp vi sy lnh l mt gii php hu hiu trong cng ngh sy thay th phng php lm kh th cng truyn thng v n c nhng u im vt tri v c nhiu ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc i sng kinh t x hi. Nhng u im ca cng ngh sy bc x hng ngoi kt hp vi sy lnh so vi phng php lm kh th cng truyn thng nh sau: Tuy nhit sy thp nhng thi gian sy ngn hn do o sn phm t b tn tht v cht lng cht lng c m bo. Nguyn liu sut thi gian lm kh c trnh tip xc vi mi trng ngoi do t sy kn. V vy m bo v mt v sinh an ton thc phm.

-2-

Phng php sy an ton cho ngun sn xut Sn xut sy t yu cu cht lng v v sinh hn t tiu chun xut khu lm tng gi tr kinh t... Vi nhng u im vt tri ca phng php sy bc x hng ngoi kt hp sy lnh so vi phng php lm kh th cng truyn thng. Ti tin hnh nghin cu p dng cng ngh ny i vi sn phm c cm sn nhm khng nh li tnh u vit ca cng ngh sy n ti nghin cu ca ti l: y. Nghin cu nh hng ca nhit i vi sn phm c cm sn trong phng php sy hng ngoi kt hp vi sy lnh. ti ca ti ngoi khng nh tnh u vit ca phng php sy cn nghin cu chon ra ch nhit sy thch hp nht sn phm c cht l ng tt nht v mt gi tr c quan v cht m lng. 2. Mc ch nghin cu ca ti. Nghin cu s nh hng ca nhit n cht lng c cm sn bng phng php sy bc x hng ngoi kt hp sy lnh t tm ra nhit thch hp nht m bo cht lng sn phm l tt nht. Khng nh tnh u vit ca phng php sy bc x hng ngoi kt hp sy lnh trong cng ngh ch bin kh so vi phng php th cng truyn thng l phi kh. 3. i tng nghin cu v ni dung nghin cu ca ti. i tng nghin cu ca ti l c cm sn nh bt ti tnh c Khnh Ha
Ni

dung nghin cu ca ti:

Kho st chung v nguyn liu c cm sn. Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh sn xut c cm sn bng phng php sy bc x hng ngoi kt hp sy lnh, b tr th nghim sy cc ch nhit khc nhau(350 500). Dng phng php nh gi c quan chn ra ch nhi sy m t thch hp nht.

-3-

Phn tch mt s ch tiu cht lng( protein, axit bo, t l ht nc phc hi) ca sn phm c cm sn kh bng phng php sy hng ngoi kt hp sy lnh so vi phng php th cng truyn thng l phi nng. Nghin cu ch tiu vi sinh ca sn phm. 4. Phng php nghin cu ca ti. Phng php nghin cu ca ti l dng cc ch tiu v cm quan, cc ch tiu ha hc nh gi cht lng sn phm c cm sn kh bng phng php hng ngoi kt hp sy lnh. V y l ti nghin cu u tin ca ti sau nhng l thuyt c hc trong bn nm i hc ti trng i hc Nha Trang. Vi nhng kin thc tch ly, cng s ch bo tn tnh ca thy hng dn Trn i Tin ti hon thnh ti nghin cu ca mnh ti phng th nghim trng. Tuy nhin, vi nhng kinh nghim t i ca sinh vin nn ti ca ti cn rt nhiu hn ch v thiu st. Do vy ti knh mong s ng gp kin ca cc thy c v cc bn ti ca ti c hon chnh hn.

-4-

CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V CC VN NGHIN CU

-5-

CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V CC VN NGHIN CU

1.1.TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU C CM C cm (Stolephorus) thuc h c Trng (engraulidae) l h c ng u v sn lng trong ngnh khai thc hin nay trn th gii v l i tng nh bt quan trng trong ngh c ni ven bin phn b rng t Bc n Nam nc ta.Theo c tnh ca Vin nghin cu bin Nha Trang tr lng c cm ca nc ta vo khong 5060 vn tn. C cm thng sng thnh tng n ch yu tp trung cc v ng ven bin( su di 100m) ca bin nhit i v cn nhit i, c mt s loi phn b rng vo cc ca sng.Cc ni c sn lng c cm cao l: Qung Ninh, Ca L, Bnh nh, Qung Nam, Nng, Nha Trang, Phan Rang, Phan Thit. Cc loi chim u th trong khai thc l: c cm than-stolephorus heterolobus Ruppel Ph Quc, c cm trng( hay c cm n )-stolephorus indicusBleeker Bnh nh, c cm -Stolephorus zollingeri Bleeker v c cm sn-Stlephorus tri bleeker Nha Trang. Vit Nam ging c cm c khong 140 loi, cc loi thng gp : 1.1.1. C cm sn (Stolephorus tri): B C Trch (tn Vit Nam) Clupeiformes (tn khoa hc) H C Trng (tn Vit Nam) Engraulidae (tn khoa hc) Loi C cm sn(tn Vit Nam) Stolephorus tri(tn khoa hc) Spined anchovy (tn ting anh)

-6-

Mi trng sng cc vng ven bin v cc ca sng. c im sinh hc C cm thng thng kt thnh n ln, trn cc tng gia v trn b mt, thch nh sng Thc n ch yu l to silic v chn mi cho n. Copepoda. Hng nm c thng vo thng 2 n thng 6 gn ven bin v ca sng. c im hnh thi C cm thng c thn hnh di thon, hi dp bn, mu trng c,dc hai bn u c dc trng bc. Chng c xng hm trn di, mt sau vt qu ra sau ca xng np mang trc, pha sau nh trn rng, ra bn cong li ra, gia mt cui xng hm trn v ra sau ca xng np mang trc phng hn, bn ngoi li ln. u tng i to, trn u c hai chm mu xanh lc, mm nhn, mt to, khng c mng mt, ming rng hi xin rng rt nh. C mt vy lng tng i to,vy ngc to va thp, vy bng nh, vy hu mn tch bit vi vy ui rng dng ui n, khi im di gc vy lng. Cc tia phn trn vy ngc khng ko di thnh si, c trn phn m ko di v pha trc che lp xng gc np mang. gc vy l ng v vy hu mn u c mt s chm nh. C cm thng c chiu di thn gp 4,4 - 5,2 ln chiu cao thn, gp 4,24,5 ln chiu di u, chiu di u gp 4-6 ln chiu di mm. Kch thc thng thng ca c cm thng l 50-70 mm, ln nht l 100 mm. c im phn b Trn Th Gii c c m thng ch yu cc n c nhit i nh : Indonesia,Malaysia, Thi Lan, Philippin, Trung Quc, Nam Triu Tin, n , cc nc ng Phi, bin Rp, Vnh Aden, Madagasca, Mauritius... Vit Nam c cm thng phn b ch yu cc v ng bin nh: Qung Ninh, Hi Phng, Thanh Ha, Thi Bnh, Nam nh, Thanh Ha, Ngh An, H Tnh, Tha Thin Hu, Qung Nam, Qung Ngi, Bnh nh, Ph Yn, Khnh

-7-

Ha, Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun, Vng Tu, Tin Giang, Bn Tre, Tr Vinh, Sc Trng, Bc Liu, Kin Giang, C Mau v vnh Thi Lan.. c im khai thc C cm sn c ma v khai thc quanh nm, r nht vo thng 8-10. Dng c khai thc thng l cc loi li, v, xm, mnh.. Ngi ta thng khai thc c c kch thc t 40-70 mm c im kinh t C cm sn c gi tr kinh t tng i ln . Sn lng khai thc hng nm c th ln n hng ngn tn, mi m c th t khong 2-2,5 ngn tn. Gi tr s dng c th dng lm nc mm, phi kh, n ti, mui chua v lm bt c dnh cho gia sc 1.1.2. C cm thng (Stolephorus commersonii) B C trch (tn Vit Nam) Cluperformes (tn khoa hc) H C trng (tn Vit Nam) Engraulidae (tn khoa hc) Ging C cm (tn Vit Nam) Stolephorus (tn khoa hc) Loi C cm thng (tn Vit Nam) Stolephorus commersonii (tn khoa hc) Commersons anchovy (tn ting anh) Mi trng sng Cng ging nh c cm sn c cm thng l loi sng ven bin v ca sng,vng,vnh nc l.

-8-

c im sinh hc C cm thng thng kt thnh n ln, trn cc tng gia v trn b mt, thch nh sng Thc n ch yu to silic v chn mi cho n. l Copepoda. Hng nm c thng vo thng 2 n thng 6 gn ven bin v ca sng. c im hnh thi C cm thng c thn hnh di thon, hi dp bn, mu trng c,dc hai bn u c dc trng bc. Chng c xng hm trn di, mt sau vt qu ra sau ca xng np mang trc, pha sau nh trn rng, ra bn cong li ra, gia mt cui xng hm trn v ra sau ca xng np mang trc phng hn, bn ngoi li ln. u tng i to, trn u c hai chm mu xanh lc, mm nhn, mt to, khng c mng mt, ming rng hi xin rng rt nh. C mt vy lng tng i to,vy ngc to va thp, vy bng nh, vy hu mn tch bit vi vy ui rng dng ui n, khi im di gc vy lng. Cc tia phn trn vy ngc khng ko di thnh si, c trn phn m ko di v pha trc che lp xng gc np mang. gc vy lng v vy hu mn u c mt s chm nh. C cm thng c chiu di thn gp 4,4-5,2 ln chiu cao thn, gp 4,24,5 ln chiu di u, chiu di u gp 4-6 ln chiu di mm. Kch thc thng thng ca c cm thng l 50-70 mm, ln nht l 100 mm. c im phn b Trn Th Gii c c m thng ch yu cc n c nhit i nh : Indonesia,Malaysia, Thi Lan, Philippin, Trung Quc, Nam Triu Tin, n , cc nc ng Phi, bin Rp, Vnh Aden, Madagasca, Mauritius Vit Nam c cm thng phn b ch yu cc vng bin nh: Qung Ninh, Hi Phng, Thanh Ha, Thi Bnh, Nam nh, Thanh Ha, Ngh An, H Tnh, Tha Thin Hu, Qung Nam, Qung Ngi, Bnh nh, Ph Yn, Khnh Ha, Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun, Vng Tu, Tin Giang, Bn Tre, Tr Vinh, Sc Trng, Bc Liu, Kin Giang, C Mau v vnh Thi Lan..

-9-

c im khai thc C cm thng c ma v khai thc quanh nm, r nht vo thng 9 n thng 11 v thng 3 n thng 6. Dng c khai thc thng l cc loi li vy, v, xm y, rng, mnh Ngi ta thng khai thc c c kch thc t 70-80 mm, ln nht l 100mm. c im kinh t C cm thng c sn lng khai thc c nhiu nht so vi cc loi c cm khc, c th ln n hng ngn tn mi nm, mi m c th t 4-5 tn c. Gi tr s dng c th dng n ti, phi kh, sy kh, lm nc mm, mm chua. 1.1.3. C cm trng B C trch (tn Vit Nam) Clupeiformes (tn khoa hc) H C trng (Tn Vit Nam) Engraulidae (tn khoa hc) Ging C cm (tn Vit Nam) Stolephorus (tn khoa hc) Loi C cm trng (tn Vit Nam) Stolephorus indicus (tn khoa hc) Indicas anchovy (tn ting anh) Mi trng sng C cm trng thng sng cc vng bin ven b v cc ca sng c mui thp. c im sinh hc

- 10 -

C cm trng thng kt thnh n ln, bi li cc tng gia v trn mt ca cc vng bin ven b hay ca sng c mui thp,c th ngc dng nc thy triu vo sng vng nc l, thch nh sng n. C cm trng c thn hnh to hn so vi cc loi c cm khc, thng trng vo thng 2 n thng 6, thc n ch yu l thc vt ni. c im hnh thi C cm trng c thn di hnh tr, mu trng, hi dp bn, bn thn c dc di mu trng bc.u tng i di, trn u c chm mu xanh lc.Mm t nhng hi li ra pha trc. Mt c to, khong cch mt rng hi g ln. C c mt vy lng to, vy hu mn rng tng i di, vy ui di dng ui n, c mu xanh lc nht. C cm trng c chiu di thn gp 4,9-5,3 ln chiu cao thn, gp 4,0-4,9 ln chiu di u. c im phn b Trn Th Gii c cm trng ch yu cc n c nhit i nh: n , Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapo, Thi Lan, Campuchia, Trung Quc v Nht Bn, b bin ng Phi Vit Nam c cm trng thng gp vnh Bc B, vng bieent Trung B v vnh Thi Lan c im khai thc C cm trng c ma v khai thc t thng 6 n thng 8. Dng c khai thc thng l cc loi li vy, v, xm y, rng, mnh.. Ngi ta thng khai thc c c chiu di t 90 - 100 mm, kch thc di nht l 135 mm. c im kinh t C cm trng c sn lng khai thc t nht. Gi tr s dng thng dng n ti.

- 11 -

1.2. THNH PHN HA HC CA C CM 1.2.1. Thnh phn ha hc c bn ca c cm thng STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 m Protein Lipit Khong NH3 (mg%) NTQ Histamine (ppm) Thnh phn (%) C ti 74,22 19,5 1,7 1,2 4,65 3,7 3

1.2.2. Thnh phn ha hc c bn ca c cm sn STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Lipit (%) Carbohydrate (%) Tro (%) Ca (mg%) P (%) Fe (%) Na (mg%) K (%) Vitamin B (mg%) Vitamin B2 (mg%) Niacin Protein (%) Thnh Phn C ti 2,5 0 2,4 279 246 1,2 147 447 O,01 O,8 3,5 20,7

- 12 -

1.2.3. Thnh phn cc axit amin ca c cm ti STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Alanine Glycine Valine Leucine soleucine Threonine Serine Aspartic axit Methyonine Phenylalanine Glutamic axit Lysine Histidine Tyrosine Tryptophan Arginine Proline Cystin Tn axit amin C ti 418 323 366 563 338 321 299 722 229 281 950 598 168 251 83 398 252 62

1.3. GII THIU V K THUT SY Nguyn liu thy sn ni chung v nguyn liu c cm ni ring l loi nguyn liu cha nhiu nc v giu cht dinh dng do vy rt d b h hng trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun. ko di thi gian bo qun ngi dn ngh ra phng php n gin l lm kh nguyn liu nh vo nh sng mt tri hoc sy nng bng khng kh nng t ci, l hi. Hin nay, khoa hc ngy cng pht trin vi cng ngh k thut hin i p dng vo sn xut nng cao cht lng sn phm, phng php sy bng tia hng ngoi kt hp sy lnh l mt

- 13 -

cng ngh mi em li hiu qu cao nht trong cc phng php sy hin nay. hiu c th no l sy bng ta hng ngoi kt hp sy lnh trc tin ta phi bit th no l sy: 1.3.1. Khi nim v sy Sy l mt phng php bo qun thc phm n gin, an ton v d dng. Sy lm gim m ca thc phm n mc cn thit do vi khun, nm mc v nm men b c ch hoc khng pht trin v hot ng c, gim hot ng cc enzyme, gim kch thc v trng lng ca sn phm. Qu trnh sy l qu trnh lm kh cc vt th, cc vt liu, cc sn phm bng phng php bay hi nc. Nh vy, qu trnh sy kh mt vt th din bin nh sau: Vt th c gia nhit a nhit ln n nhit bo ha ng vi phn p sut ca hi nc trn b mt vt th.. Vt th c cp nhit lm bay hi m. Vn chuyn hi m thot ra khi vt th vo mi trng. Tm li, trong qu trnh sy xy ra cc qu trnh trao i nhit v trao i cht c th l qu trnh truyn nhit t cht ti nhit cho vt sy, qu trnh truyn m t trong vt sy ra ngoi b mt sy, qu trnh truyn m t b mt vt sy ra ngoi mi trng. Cc qu trnh truyn nhit truyn cht trn xy ra ng thi trn vt sy, chng c qua li ln nhau. 1.3.2. c im qu trnh sy c im ca qu trnh sy i vi vt th c m tng i cao, nhit sy v tc chuyn ng ca khng kh khng qu ln xy ra theo ba giai on l giai on lm nng vt, giai on sy tc khng i, giai on tc sy gim dn. i vi cc trng hp sy vi iu kin khc th qu trnh sy cng xy ra ba giai on nhng cc giai oan c th an xen kh phn bit hn. Giai on lm nng vt Giai on ny bt u t khi a vt vo bung sy tip xc vi khng kh nng cho ti khi nhit vt t c bng nhit k c. Trong qu trnh sy

- 14 -

ny ton b vt c gia nhit. m lng trong vt c gia nhit cho n khi t c nhit si ng vi phn sut hi nc trong mi trng khng kh p trong bung sy. Do c lm nng nn m ca vt c gim cht t do bay hi m cn nhit ca vt th tng dn cho n khi bng nhit k c. Tuy vy, s tng nhit trong qu trnh xy ra khng u phn ngoi v phn trong vt. Vng trong vt t n nhit k c chm hn. i vi vt d sy th giai on lm nng vt xy ra nhanh . Giai on sy tc khng i Kt thc giai on gia nhit, nhit vt bng nhit k c. Tip tc cung cp nhit, m trong vt s ha hi cn nhit ca vt gi khng i nn nhit cung cp ch lm ha hi nc. m s ha hi lp vt liu st b mt vt, m lng bn trong vt s truyn ra ngoi b mt vt ha hi. Do nhit khng kh nng khng i, nhit vt cng khng i nn chnh lch nhit gia vt v mi trng cng khng i. iu ny lm cho tc gim ca cha m vt theo thi gian cng khng i, c ngha l tc sy khng i. Trong giai on ny bin thin ca cha m theo thi gian l tuyn tnh. m c thot ra trong giai on ny l m t do. Khi m ca vt t n tr s ti hn Uk = Ucbmax th giai on sy tc khng i chm dt. ng thi cng l chm dt giai on thot m t do chuyn sang giai on sy tc gim. Giai on sy tc gim dn Kt thc giai on sy tc khng i m t do bay hi ht, cn li trong vt l m lin kt. Nng lng bay hi m lin kt ln hn m t do v cng tng ln khi m ca vt cng nh. Do vy tc bay hi m trong giai on ny nh hn giai on sy tc khng i c ngha l tc sy trong giai on ny nh hn v cng gim i theo thi gian sy. Qu trnh sy cng tip din, m ca vt cng gim, tc sy cng gim cho n khi m ca vt gim n bng m cn bng vi iu kin mi trng khng kh m trong

- 15 -

bung sy th qu trnh thot m ca vt ngng li, c ngha tc sy bng khng. 1.3.3. S khuch tn ca nc trong nguyn liu S khuch tn ca nc trong nguyn liu Di s nh hng ca cc nhn t l hc nh: hp th nhit, khuch tn, bay hi.. lm nc trong vt liu tch ra ngoi, y l mt qu trnh rt phc tp gi l lm kh. Nu qu trnh cung cp nhit ngng li m vn mun duy tr qu trnh sy th qu trnh lm kh vt liu phi c cung cp mt lng nhit nht nh vt liu c nhit cn thit. Nhit cung cp cho vt liu Q c a ti bng ba phng thc: bc x, chuyn dn v i lu. S cn bng nhit khi lm kh c biu th: Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 Trong : Q l nhit lng cung cp cho nguyn liu Q1 l nhit lng lm cho cc phn t hi nc tch ra khi nguyn liu Q2 l nhit lng cung cp ct t mi li n kt mi gia nc v protein trong nguyn li. Q3 l nhit lng lm kh cc t chc t bo. Sau khi sy kh cn phi tnh n nhit lng lm nng dng c thit b Q4 v nhit lng hao ph ra mi trng xung quanh Q5. Trong qu trnh lm kh nc trong vt liu khuch tn chuyn dn ra b mt nguyn liu v mi trng xung quanh, lm cho khng kh trong mi tr ng xung quanh m ln, nu khng kh m khng c phn tn th cho n mt lc no qu trnh sy kh s dng li. Khi nhit lng cung cp cho nguyn liu th nc s thot ra khi nguyn bng hai qu trnh: khuch tn ngoi v khuch tn ni. Khuych tn ngoi S chuyn ng ca hi nc trn b mt nguyn liu vo khng kh gi l khuch tn ngoi. Lng nc bay hi do khuch tn ngoi thc hin c

- 16 -

di iu kin: p sut hi nc bo ha trn b mt nguyn liu E ln hn p sut ring phn ca hi nc trong khng kh e, s chnh lch p sut l:
P = E - e

Lng nc bay hi i W t l thun vi P, vi b mt bay hi F v thi gian lm kh l: dW = B(E e)F.dt v tc bay hi nc c biu th nh sau:
dW = BF(E e) dt

Trong : W lng nc bay hi (kg) B h s bay hi nc, n ph thuc vo tc gi, hng gi v trng thi b mt nguyn liu. E p sut hi nc bo ha trn b mt nguyn liu (mmHg) e p sut ring phn ca hi nc trong khng kh (mmHg) F din tch bay hi nc (m2) t -thi gian bay hi (gi) Khuch tn ni Khuch tn ni l do s chnh lch gia cc lp trong nguyn liu to nn s chuyn ng ca hm m trong nguyn liu t lp ny n lp khc to s cn bng m trong bn thn nguy liu. ng lc ca khuch tn n l s n i chnh lch v m gia cc lp trong v lp ngoi, nu s chnh lch m cng ln tc l gradian m cng ln th tc khuch tn ni xy ra c ng nhanh. Ta c th biu th tc khuch tn ni bng phng trnh:
dw de = KF( ) dt dx

Trong : w lng nc khuch tn ra (kg) t thi gian khuch tn (gi)

- 17 -

de - Gradien m dx

K h s khuch tn F din tch b mt khuch tn (m2) Mi quan h gia khuch tn ngoi v khuch tn ni Khuch tn ngoi v khuch tn ni c mi lin quan mt thit vi nhau, tc l khuch tn ngoi c c tin hnh th khuch tn ni mi c tip tc v nh th m ca nguyn liu mi c gim dn. Trong qu trnh sy nu khuch tn ni ln hn khuch tn ngoi th qu trnh bay hi s nhanh, nhng iu ny rt t gp trong qu tr nh sy. Thng thng, khuch tn ni ca hi nc trong nguyn liu thng nh hn tc bay hi trn b mt. Khi khuch tn ni nh hn khuch tn ngoi th qu trnh bay hi s gin on v th iu chnh khuch tn ni s o cho ph hp vi a khuch tn ngoi l vn rt quan trng trong qu trnh sy. Trong qu trnh lm kh, giai on u lng nc trong nguyn liu nhiu, s chnh lch m ln, do khuch tn ni thng ph hp vi khuch tn ngoi nn tc lm kh tng i nhanh. Nhng, giai on cui th lng nc cn li trong nguyn liu t, tc bay hi b mt nhanh m tc khuch tn ni li chm to thnh mt mng cng lm nh hng rt ln cho qu trnh khuch tn ni. V vy lm nh hng n qu trnh lm kh nguyn liu. S dch chuyn ca nc trong qu trnh lm kh trc ht l nc t do, sau mi n nc kt hp. Trong sut qu trnh lm kh, lng nc t do lun gim xung. Lng nc trong nguyn liu dch chuyn di hai hnh thc l th lng v th hi do phng thc kt hp ca nc trong nguyn liu quyt nh. Trong qu trnh lm kh s di chuyn m ph thuc vo chnh lch m v chnh lch nhit: + S ph thuc chnh lch ca m U n tc thot m W W = - K yo U

- 18 -

Trong : W lng nc ca nguyn liu i qua mt n v din tch trong mt n v thi gian yo khi lng ring ca cht kh tuyt i. K h s truyn dn m phn Du (-) biu th m di chuyn theo hng gim dn T thc nghim Lucop chng minh rng: Khi nguyn liu c cung cp nhit th mt phn nc s di ng t ch c nhit cao n ch nhit thp, tc l theo hng di ng ca dng nhit v r hn khi sy nhit cao. Hin tng ny xy ra l do ba nguyn nhn sau: Cng vn ng ca phn t th kh hoc th lng trong gii hn c nhit cao hn so vi ni c nhit thp. Khi nhit tng th sc cng b mt ngoi ca th lng gim do lc ca ng tim mao cng gim to nn s chuyn ng ca cht lng theo hng nhit gim xung, tc l theo phng ca dng nhit. Trong ng tim mao cha th lng thng tn ti nhiu bt kh, khi nhit tng bt kh gin n y th lng theo hng dng nhit. + S ph thuc chnh lch nhit t n tc thot m W S dch chuyn m do s chnh lch nhit gy nn gi l s truyn dn m phn. Lng nc di chuyn t l vi s chnh lch ca nhit t tc l: W = - yo t Trong : W lng nc i qua mt n v din tch trong mt n v thi gian
- h s truyn dn m phn

Nh vy, lng nc trong qu trnh lm kh l tng ca hai lng nc: W do chnh lch m v W do chnh lch nhit gy nn, khi lm kh c hai s chuyn ng c tin hnh ng thi. Nu phng hng di chuyn ca hai s dch chuyn thng nht th tc lm kh ln nht, tc l:

- 19 -

W = W + W = -yo(K U - t) Nu hai s di chuyn ngc chiu nhau th tc lm kh s b i. V vy, khi lm kh giai on u nhit ngoi b mt thng cao hn bn trong san mt thi gian nhit xuyn thu vo trong v nng cao nhit trung tm lm cho chnh lch hi nc ca b mt nguyn liu v mi trng xung quanh nh dn n nh hng ca gradien nng s nh i. Ni chung, khi sy s chuyn ng ca nc ch yu l ph thuc vo gradien m, s nh hng ca gradien nhit rt b. V vy, khi lm kh nhit thp th nh hng ca gradien nhit l khng ng k, nhng nhit cao th nh hng r rt hn.Nht l khi sy kh bng tia hng ngoi do nhit tng i cao cho nn nh hng ca gradien nng kh r rt, tuy tia hng ngoi c sc m xuyn mnh nhng trong thi gian ngn th s chnh lch v nhit trong v ngoi nguyn liu tng i ln nn trong qu trnh sy, c mt phn nc s chuyn ng theo hng ca dng nhit, dch chuyn t ngoi vo trong v vy lm chm qu trnh lm kh. Do , khi lm kh cn nng cao nhit ln mt cch hp l th c th thc y qu trnh lm kh nhanh chng. 1.3.4. Mt s nhn t nh hng ti tc sy nh hng ca nhit khng kh Trong cc iu kin khc nhau khng i nh m khng kh, tc gi,vic nng cao nhit s lm tng nhanh tc lm kh do lng nc trong nguyn liu gim xung cng nhiu. Nhng tng nhit cng gii hn cho php v nhit lm kh cao s lm nh hng ln n cht lng sn phm, d lm cho nguyn liu b chn v gy nn s to mng cng lp b ngoi cn tr ti s chuyn ng ca nc t lp bn trong ra b mt ngoi. Nhng vi nhit lm kh qu thp, di gii hn cho php th qu trnh lm kh s chm li dn n s thi ra, hy hoi nguyn liu. Nhit sy thch hp c xc nh ph thuc vo nguyn liu bo hay gy, kt cu t chc ca c tht v i vi cc nhn t khc. i vi nguyn liu gy ngi ta lm kh nhit cao hn nguyn liu bo. Khi sy nhng nhit khc nhau th nguyn liu c

- 20 -

nhng bin i khc nhau v d: nhit sn phm trong qu trnh sy cao hn 600C th protein b bin tnh, nu trn 900C th fructaza bt u caramen ha cc phn ng to ra melanoidin to polyme cao phn t c cha N v khng cha N, c mu v mi thm xy ra mnh m. Nu nhit cao hn na th nguyn liu c th b chy lm mt gi tr dinh dng v mt gi tr cm quan ca sn phm. Qu trnh lm kh tin trin, s cn bng ca khuch tn ni v khuch tn ngoi b ph v, tc khuch t ngoi ln nhng tc khuch tn ni th n chm li dn n hin tng to v cng nh hng n qu trnh lm kh. nh hng ca tc chuyn ng khng kh Tc chuyn ng ca khng kh c nh hng ln n qu trnh sy, tc gi qu ln hoc qu nh u khng c li cho qu trnh sy. V, tc chuyn ng ca khng kh qu ln kh gi nhit lng trn nguyn liu cn bng qu trnh sy, cn tc qu nh s lm cho qu trnh sy chm li, dn n s h hng sn phm, mt ngoi sn phm s ln mc gy thi ra to thnh lp dch nhy c mi v kh chu. V vy, cn phi c mt tc gi thch hp, nht l giai on u ca qu trnh lm kh. Hng gi cng nh hng rt ln n qu trnh lm kh, khi hng gi song song vi b mt nguyn liu th tc lm kh rt nhanh. Nu hng gi thi ti nguyn liu vi gc 450 th tc lm kh tng i chm, cn thi thng vung gc vi nguyn liu th tc lm kh rt chm. nh hng ca m tng i ca khng kh m tng i ca khng kh cng l nhn t nh hng quyt nh n qu trnh lm kh, m ca khng kh cng ln qu trnh lm kh s chm li. Cc nh bc hc Lin X v cc nc khc chng minh rng: m tng i ca khng kh ln hn 65% th qu trnh sy s chm li r rt, cn m tng i ca khng kh khong 80% tr ln th qu trnh lm kh s dng li v bt u xy ra hin tng ngc li, tc l nguyn liu s ht m tr li.

- 21 -

cn bng m, khuch tn ni ph hp vi khuch tn ngoi v trnh hin tng to mng cng, ngi ta p dng phng php lm kh gin on tc l va sy va . Lm kh trong iu t nhin kh t c m tng i ca khng kh 50% n 60% do nc ta kh hu nhit i th ng c m cao. Do , mt trong nhng phng php lm gim m ca khng kh c th tin hnh lm lnh cho hi nc ngng t li. Khi h thp nhit ca khng kh di im sng hi nc s ngng t, ng thi hm m tuyt i ca khng kh cng c h thp. Nh vy lm kh khng kh ngi ta p dng phng php lm lnh. nh hng ca kch thc nguyn liu Kch thc nguyn liu cng nh hng n qu trnh sy. Nguyn liu cng b, cng mng th tc sy cng nhanh, nhng nu nguyn liu c kch thc qu b v qu mng s lm cho nguyn liu b cong, d gy v. Trong nhng iu kin ging nhau v ch sy (nhit , p sut kh quyn) th tc sy t l thun vi din tch b mt S v t l nghch vi chiu dy nguyn liu .
dw S B dt

Trong : S din tch b mt bay hi ca nguyn liu. chiu dy ca nguyn liu. B h s bay hi c trng cho b mt nguyn liu. nh hng ca qu trnh m Qu trnh m nhm mc ch lm cho tc khuch tn ni v l khuch tn ngoi ph hp nhau lm tng nhanh qu trnh lm kh. Trong khi lm kh qu trnh m ngi ta gi l lm kh gin on.

- 22 -

nh hng ca bn thn nguyn liu Ty vo bn thn nguyn liu m ngi ta chn ch lm kh cho ph hp, cn phi xt n th nh phn ha hc ca nguyn liu nh: nc, lipit, protein, cht khong, Vitamin, kt cu t chc c tht chc hay lng lo... 1.3.5. Gii thiu v phng php sy bng bc x hng ngoi. 1.3.5.1. Khi nim bc x hng ngoi Tia hng ngoi l loi nh sng khng trng th bc sng 0,76 y, 1000m, c bn cht l sng in t. Tia hng ngoi truyn i vi vn tc nh sng, khng t nng khng kh m n i qua, mt phn khng ng k c hp th bi CO2, hi nc v mt s ht khc trong khng k Nhng n b hp h. th,phn x, hoc truyn qua bi vt th m n tc ng vo. Tia hng ngoi truyn theo ng thng t ngun pht ra n, n c th nh hng vo nhng i tng c th thng qua vic s dng cc gng phn chiu. Cng bc x hng ngoi gim dn theo khong cch t ngun pht n vt c pht. Nhit cng nh cc thuc tnh vt l ca n s quyt nh hiu qu cng nh bc sng pht ra. Tia hng ngoi c th c so snh vi sng radio, tia sng nhn thy, tia t ngoi, tia cc tm v tia X. Chng u c bn cht l sng in t v truyn i trong khng gian vi vn tc bng vn tc nh sng 3.108 m/s, ch khc bc sng pht ra. Khi nng lng hng ngoi tc ng n mt i tng no th n s lm cho cc in t b kch thch v dao ng, s dao ng ny to ra nhit, v c th lm nc bc hi nhanh. Tia bc x c th xuyn qua sng m, lp sn, lp du, c tht, xelluloza, m, da...do n c ng dng rt rng ri v c nghin cu a vo cng ngh sy mi l sy bng bc x hng ngoi.

- 23 -

1.3.5.2. Khi nim sy bc x hng ngoi: Sy bc x hng ngoi l phng php sy vt liu m bng ngun nhit hng ngoi. Nng lng cc tia hng ngoi xuyn vo v hp th trong th tch vt liu lm thay i trng nhit . Tia hng ngoi c bc sng 0.76 340m pht tia bc x m vt liu m c kh nng hp th nhiu, nhng vic chn ngun bc x sy cn lin h n c tnh ph quang hc ca vt liu m v cc yu cu cng ngh x l vt liu. Khi vt liu qu m th kh nng phn x ca cc tia c th mnh hn kh nng hp th th phi thay i khong bc sng cho thch hp. Nhit ca vt pht x c th tnh theo cng thc: max =
2886 T

Da vo max c th tnh c khong bc sng cn thit dng sy: Vt pht x l thch anh:1 =0,5 max; 2 =4,3 max Vt pht x l dy wonfram: 1 =0,52 max; 2 =4,27 6,2.10-4T Nu s dng n hng ngoi c cng sut 250W th thy nhit st bng c th t 163 1650C, khi : max =
2886 6,6 m 164 273

Bc sng m n hng ngoi pht ra: 1 =0,5 max= 0,52 * 6,6 =3,43m 2 = 4,27 6,2.10-4 *(164+273) = 4m Vy, qua thc nghim cho thy cc tia hng ngoi c bc sng = 3 12m th cho kh nng hp th ca vt liu m l ln nht. 1.3.5.3. C ch truyn nhit trong bc x hng ngoi. t nng bng bc x hng ngoi l s truyn nhit nng theo dng ca sng in t. Khi chiu bc x hng ngoi vo mt i tng no th n c th hp th hay phn x li vi mt bc sng khc, khi i tng hp th bc x th n s b nng ln.

- 24 -

Nhit bc x hng ngoi theo di thay i theo hiu qu pht bc x ca ngun, bc sng v tnh phn x ca i tng, nh vo c tnh ny m ngi ta c th s dng nhit bc x c hiu qu hn trong nhng ng dng nht nh. Hiu qu pht bc x ph thuc vo vt liu ca ngun nhit, v c bn th hiu qu ny l t l gia nng lng pht x v nng lng hp th, cn c mt s yu t khc cng nh hng n hiu sut pht x. Mt yu t na l gi tr pht x ca ngun da vo mc en ca vt vt en tuyt i c mc pht x l 1.0, nu vt pht x l gm th c th t trn 0.9 Trong ph in t vng hng ngoi c chia thnh 3 khong bc sng khc nhau l: sng ngn, sng trung v sng di. Sng ngn ( gn ) t 0.72 -2 m tng ng vi nhit 7000 -21500F. Sng trung ( trung bnh) t 2 -4m tng ng vi nhit 2150- 8450F. Sng di (xa) t 4 -1000 m tng ng vi nhit 845-< 320F. Khong bc sng hu ch cho nhng ng dng ca nhit bc x l t 1.17- 5.4 m tng ng vi nhit 4000- 5000F. ng vi khong bc sng ny th a s cc vt liu s b t nng v kh i v s hp th t n cc i. Bc sng t l nghch vi nhit tc l bc sng cng di th nhit cng thp. 1.3.5.4. C ch sy kh bng bc x hng ngoi. Vt liu sy kh trong cng nghip thc phm thng c cu to ch yu bi cc cht hu c v nc, ph hp th nng lng bc x ca nc v cc cht hu c l khc nhau. mi bc sng nht nh, cht hu c s tr thnh vt trong sut khng hp th nng lng bc x hng ngoi m nc s tr thnh vt en hp th nng lng bc x hng ngoi ti a. Do khi chiu hng ngoi c bc sng nm trong khong 2.5- 3.5 m tng ng vi bc sng m nc c th hp th ti a nng lng bc x. Kt qu l cc phn t nc s dao ng mnh to ma st v sinh nhit rt ln.

- 25 -

Mt khc, di tc ng ca nng lng bc x phn t nc d dng b phn ly thnh cc ion H+ v OH- nn lm cho m trong vt liu sy thot ra rt nhanh. Lc ny, chiu chuyn ng ca dng m trng vi chiu chuyn ng ca dng nhit ( t trong vt liu sy i ra ngoi b mt ) lm tng qu trnh khuch tn ni, iu ny tri ngc hn vi cc phng php gia nhit thng thng l dng nhit di chuyn t b mt vt liu vo trong tm vt liu, cn m th di chuyn t trong vt liu ra ngoi b mt. Ngi ta chng minh c rng, di tc dng ca bc x hng ngoi c tn s tng ng vi tn s dao ng ring ca lin kt ha hc, cc nhm chc c kh nng phn ng cao nh: -OH, -COOH,... s tc dng trc tip n lin kt ha hc to ra tnh hung cng hng lm t cc lin kt ha hc. Kt qu l lun tng nhanh vn tc phn ng v qu trnh sy lp sn ph bng tng. Tnh u vit ca cng ngh sy bc x hng ngoi. Cng ngh sy bc x hng ngoi l cng ngh mi v c nhng u im sau: Sn phm thu c trong qu trnh sy kh bng bc x hng ngoi khng b tn tht v cht lng, mi v, hm lng cc vitamin c bo ton ng thi sn phm li c bo m v mt v sinh thc phm tt. Mu sc, mi v, cc vitamin c m bo khng b tht thot trong qu trnh bo qun sn phm. Cng ngh sy bc x gm hng ngoi cho php tit kim c thi gian ln nng lng. Phng php ny hon ton khng gy nguy him v s dng ha cht, cht c, qun tnh dit thp. Cng ngh sy bc x gm hng ngoi c ngha kinh t x hi to ln v tnh thit thc cao, c ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc nh nng nghip, sy cc loi ht, rau qu, ht ging bo qun v gieo trng. Nht l, trong lnh vc ch bin thy sn cng ngh sy ny c ng dng sy c, mc, t cc sn m, phm thy sn c gi tr cao khc. Trong y hc s dng cng ngh ny sy cc

- 26 -

i tng sinh hc quan trng nh enzym, m ng thc vt, mu, protein m bo c tnh cht, sn phm t cht lng v sinh cao. Gradien nhit v m lp st b mt vt l cng chiu, do tng cng tc khuch tn ni dn ti tc sy tng, trnh c qu nhit cc b v lm chai b mt sn phm trong qu trnh sy. Bc x hng ngoi l mt phng php gia nhit sch s, an ton, v hi i vi ngi v mi trng. D dng iu khin theo khu vc hiu sut s dng nhit cao. Chi ph vn hnh lp t thp, khng tn din tch mt bng. c bit bc x hng ngoi c kh nng tiu dit cn trng, vi sinh vt c hi ngay c nhit thp. Nhc im. Tuy nhin nhit bc x hng ngoi c nh c im l kh nng xuyn thu km 7-30 mm nn ch thch hp sy cc sn phm c kch thc nh, mng v dng di, khng thch hp sy cc sn phm c chiu dy ln hn 50mm. Sn phm sy d b nt v cong vnh, v vy cc vt liu nh men s khng thch hp vi kiu sy ny. 1.3.5.5. C ch sy bc x hng ngoi kt h vi sy lnh sy c c p m sn. C s khoa hc ca sy bc x bng n hng ngoi kt hp vi sy lnh Sy bc x hng ngoi Khi nim v bc x hng ngoi Tia hng ngoi l nhng bc x khng nhn thy c, c bc sng ln hn bc sng ca nh sng (0,75 m). Tia hng ngoi c bn cht l sng in t. Tia hng ngoi do cc vt nung nng pht ra. Trong nh sng mt tri, c khong 50% nng lng ca chm sng thuc v tia hng ngoi. Tia hng ngoi l tia nhit c bc sng t 0,76 450 m.

- 27 -

Tia hng ngoi l sng nhit bc x, khi nguyn liu b chiu th quang tc nng lng bc x ca tia hng ngoi s chuyn thnh nhit nng rt nhanh chng v lm cho nc bc hi nhanh. Tia bc x c th xuyn qua sng m, lp sn, lp du, th thit, xenlluloza... V vy n c dng rng ri trong cng nghip sy kh. C ch sy bng bc x hng ngoi

Tia nhit

Rx Ax Dx

Trong : Rx: tia kh nng phn x Ax: tia hp th Dx: tia xuyn qua. Khi cc vt liu b chiu x c s tng nhit l kt qu ca s hp th bc x ca vt cht v s ci bin nng lng thnh tia di dng lng t. Khi d nng lng tia c phn t vt cht hp th s chuyn ho ng thi thnh nng lng mt s dng chuyn ng ca vt cht. Nhng ch yu l chuyn t quang nng thnh nhit nng. Trong vt th tng i ng nht, c chiu dy thch hp c chiu x, nu vt liu c tnh hp th bc x n hng ngoi tt th bn trong vt liu c th to ra nhit tng i cao so vi b mt iu dn n xut hin gradien nhit ln. Cc gradien nhit ny gy ra qu trnh chuyn khi trong cc vt th xut hin s khuch tn lm tng nhanh qu trnh loi m ra khi vt liu. Phng php sy vt liu m da trn vic nguyn cu ng lc hc, qu trnh vn chuyn v loi m, vic xc nh cung bc x cn thit to ra cc iu kin ti u cho qu trnh sy khi thy r bn cht v t tnh ph ca vt liu, vn tc sy cho trc, s phn b ca cc hng ngoi.

- 28 -

C ch sy bng bc x hng ngoi trc y ngi ta cho rng l qu trnh truyn nhit thun ty xy ra m khng c s bin i g v phung din l ho tng nh qu trnh chuyn khi v truyn nhit ca m khi sy cc vt liu m. Nhng sau ny nhiu cng trnh nguyn cu, ngi ta chng minh c rng, ngoi cc qu trnh l ho thu ty ci bin nng lng tia thnh nhit n nng ra c th pht sinh cc phn ng ho h bn trong lp vt liu i vi c trng hp sy kh kh cc lp sn ph bng b mt vt liu . Nh vy nguyn liu c kh nng hp th ln th sy bc x cng thch hp. Cc nguyn liu c h s xuyn qua b dn n lm qung b mt v lm qu nhit b mt. trnh hin t ng trn th nguyn liu sy phi c dy thch hp. Qua thc nghim cho thy i vi mt s thc phm v mt s vt liu khc, th kh nng hp th ln nht ln nht bc sng tia hng ngoi l:
= 0,77 340 m

C ch truyn nhit v chuyn khi trong sy bc x Nhit lng cung cp cho vt sy nng ln v lm m bc hi c ly t nng lung ca cc tia bc x .V vy cng v c tnh ca qu trnh truyn nhit v chuyn khi trong sy bc x, c xc nh bi quang ph bc x ca vt pht ra bc x v kh nng hp th nng lng bc x ca vt liu sy. Trong sy bc x ngi ta, dng vt pht ra nng lng bc x lin tc v cng cao thuc vng quang ph hng ngoi vi bc sng = 0,76 450 m . Bc sng ln nht l max v cng quang ph bc x E ph thuc vo nhit ca vt pht nng lng bc x. Theo cc nh lut ca Planck v Vin c quan h nh sau:

C2 T

-1

- 29 -

Trong :

: en

C1 = 3,74.10-16 (W.m2) C2 = 1,44.10-2( m.oK)

C1, C2: cc hng s Planck

max : Bc sng ng vi cng bc x cao nht

Cng bc x c xc nh theo nh lut sau:

E=

E d = . Co ( 100
0

)4

Trong :
: en

Co: h s bc x ca vt en tuyt i Co= 5,6687 (W.m-2.oK-4) u nhc im ca sy bc x hng ngoi. u im: Rt ngn c thi gian sy, so vi sy bng hi nng. Do phn no m bo c cht lng sn phm, tao tc thun tin, dng qu trnh sy mt cch d dng. Sy kh bng tai hng ngoi phn ln nng lng bc x chuyn thnh nhit nng cn thit lm cho bc hi nc, cng nhit lu ca nhit nng ln hn i lu ti 30 ln. Gradien nhit v m lp st b mt vt l cng chiu, do tng tc khuch tn ni dn ti tc sy tng. Bc x hng ngoi l phng php gia nhit sch, an ton, v hi i vi ngi v mi trng. D dng iu khin theo khu vc, hiu sut s dng cao, chi ph vn hnh lp t thp, khng tn din tch mt bng. i vi bc x hng ngoi l c kh nng tiu dit cn trng, vi sinh vt c hi ngay nhit thp

- 30 -

Nhc im Sn phm d nt v cong vnh..V vy cc vt liu nh men, s khng thch hp sy kiu ny. Phng php sy bc x hng ngoi ch thch hp vi cc vt liu mng . V vy khi dng phng php ny sy kh nguyn liu loi tng i dy v m c th tc kh nc s chm v c khi b ngoi b lm kh dn n nt n. Dng bng n hng ngoi sy sn phm Bng n pht ra tia hng ngoi thng thy l loi c cng sut 220V 250W v 220V - 500W. Cu to dy dn in v dy tc bng n, pha bn trong c mt lp thu ngn tp trung tia hng ngoi v tia sng, nng cao hiu sut ca bng n. Hiu sut sn sinh tia hng ngo ca bng n t 70% cn 30% th i chuyn thnh nh sng nhn thy hoc b mt i. Din tch chiu ca bng n b nhng cng ca tia hng ngoi trong n v din tch th rt ln. Cc bng n sn sinh ra tia hng ngoi l dng in i qua yu v vy nhit pht quang tung i thp. V nhit pht quang ca bng n tng i thp cho nn tn tht do hin tng bc hi ca dy tc bng n tng i nh ng thi trong bng n c kh tr v vy s dung tng i bn, thng vo khong 5000 n 6000 gi. Sy i lu lnh. L tch m bng khng kh lnh, m tch ra t b mt sy cn c mang i duy tr khuch tn m t trong ra b mt sn phm. iu kin tch m: khng kh c m nh, tc gi thch hp cung cp nng lng cho qu trnh. Nguyn l sy i lu lnh. Khng kh c lm lnh xung di nhit im sng ngng t mt phn m c tch ra ngoi. Sau khng kh i qua dn nng tng nhit , tip tc c qut gi ht vo t sy. trong t sy sau khi thu m t sn phm khng kh c qut ht ra ngoi.

- 31 -

u nhc im ca sy i lu lnh. u im Tc sy tng do p sut ring phn ca hi nc trong khng kh b. m tng i gim ng k m nhit sy khng cn tng cao. Do nhit thp nn trnh c qu nhit cc b, bo v c ma sc v cht lng sn phm. Do khng ph thuc vo m ca mi trng xung quanh, nn qu trnh sn xut ln tc, cht lng sn phm u. Nu nh m khng kh ngoi tri thp t yu cu th khng cho h thng lnh hot ng gim chi ph sn xut. Nhc im Thit b sy phc tp, chi ph sn xut cao hn do c s dng h thng lnh tch m. Mc ch ca sy kt hp. Mi phng php sy c mt u im vt tri. Chnh v th tn dng kt hp c hai phng php lm tng nhanh tc khuch tn ni, khuch t n ngoi do tng tc sy gim c thi gian sy. c bit l iu ny rt c ngha khi sy cc sn phm c ngu gc t thu sn, gim c nhit sn n phm do trnh bin tnh sn phm v gi c mu sc, mi v, kh nng ph hi li kh tt. 1.3.6. Nhng bin i ca c trong qu trnh sy kh. 1.3.6.1. S bin i v trng thi v t chc ca qu trnh. Bin i v khi lng. Trong qu trnh sy kh do mt nc nn t chc c tht co rt cht ch hn, nhng s bin i ty thuc vo nguyn liu sy, khi nguyn liu sy bng khng kh nng v qu trnh lm kh chm nn sy c th t chc c tht ca chng co rt li nhiu, cu trc c tht cht ch kh nng rt nc phc hi km, lm cho khi lng ca c gim xung. Khi lng ca sn phm gim xung ng bng khi lng ca nc mt i nhng thc t li nh hn do c s tht

- 32 -

thot trong qu trnh sy v trong qu trnh lm kh sn phm b xi ha lm cho khi lng tng cht t, nht l i vi sn phm. Bin i v th tch. Trong qu trnh sy do mt nc lm cho nguyn liu co rt li lm gim th tch, mc co rt ty thuc vo phng php sy. Theo l thuyt th tch ca nguyn liu gim i ng bng th tch nc mt i nhng thc t li nh hn do kt cu t chc c tht ca c. Bin i v mu sc, mi v. Trong qu trnh sy kh nguyn liu b mt nc co rt, b xi ha hoc cc sc t b kh, iu ny l do qu trnh pht trin ca vi sinh vt gy nn lm mu sc mi v ca sn phm cng bin i, sn phm s c mu sm hn v mi tanh tng ln. Phng php sy bc x kt hp vi sy lnh mu sc v mi v ca c l tt nht, sn phm c mu sng, mi thm c trng. Bin i v t chc c tht. Khi nguyn liu sy bng khng khi nng v qu trnh lm kh chm nn sy c th c tht ca chng co rt li nhiu, cu trc c tht cht ch kh nng ht nc phc hi km, khi s dng sn phm ngi tiu dng c cm gic cng v dai. Khi sy trong iu kin chn khng, qu trnh kh nc din ra rt nhanh nn cu trc c tht ca c thng tr nn xp. Nguyn nhn gy nn s bin i v t chc c tht khc nhau l kt cu hin vi ca cc si c c tnh cht vt l nht nh. Nu nh s sp xp trong t chc nguyn liu cht ch th cc si c cng kh b ct t cho ta cm gic dai khi nhai, ng thi sau khi lm kh nu trng thi v tnh cht ca chng t bin i th kh nng ht nc phc hi ca sn phm tt hn. Khi lm kh bng cch gia nhit v ng lnh lm cho protein b bin tnh v thay i cu trc do kh nng phc hi ca sn phm kh kh m t trng thi ti nh ban u.

- 33 -

1.3.6.2. S bin i v ha hc a. S bin i ca lipit. S thy phn lipit. Phn ng thy phn lipit xy ra khi c enzyme hay khng c enzyme xc tc trong mi trng ng th, khi nc ha tan trong cht bo mi tham gia phn ng. Trng hp nhit bnh thng tc thy phn rt b, khi c enzyme th phn ng xy ra mt tip xc gia nc v lipit tng ln. Men lipaza ny c sn trong nguyn liu hoc c th do vi sinh vt ngoi mang vo. Men lipaza l mt globulin, n xc tc thy phn nhng cng xc tc tng hp. V vy, khi hm m cao th phn ng thy phn s xy ra trc. Phn ng thy phn xy ra lipit phn gii thnh glyxerin v acid bo v cc sn vt khc, c bit trong c acid butiric b thy phn lm sn phm c mi kh chu, hi thi. Hin tng thy phn c th xy ra trong giai on u ca qu trnh sy kh. C ch qu trnh thy phn lipit CH2-COOR1 CH2-OH R1-COOH

CH-COOR2

HOH

CH-OH

R2-COOH

CH2-COOR3

CH2-OH

R3-COOH

S oxy ha lipit. Trong qu trnh lm kh thc phm do mt nc lm cho cu trc c tht trng thi xp m lipit c su th b y ra pha ngoi ca cc vi l nn oxi d dng tip xc vi lipit lm tng qu trnh oxy ha lipit. Nu sy thi gian cng di th bin i ca c tht cng ln v enzyme v vi sinh vt c thi gian hot ng, ng thi s oxy ha xy ra mnh m lm cho sn phm c mu sc mi v khng tt. Sy p lc thng th sn phm d b oxy ha hn so vi sy chn khng.

- 34 -

Qu trnh oxy ha lipit xy ra nhanh khi lipit tip xc vi khng kh v nhit cao, nhng lipit c nhiu acid bo khng no s b oxy ha nhanh hn. Lipit b oxy ha s to ra hydroperoxit, t to nn cc aldehyt no v khng no, xeton, acid mono, dicacboxylic, aldeaxit, xetoaxit.. Di tc dng ca nhit cng c th xy ra trng hp ha:

R1-C=C-R2 +

R1-C-C-R2

R3-C=C-R4

R3-C-C-R4

Hay l s trng cc sn phm oxy ha

Ru Hydroperoxit Xeton Aldehyt S oxy ha xy ra s lm cho cc sn phm c mi i, thi, v ng kht ... lm gim gi tr cm quan cng nh gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm. Cc yu t nh hng ti qu trnh oxy ha lipit Hm lng lipit: hm lng lipit cao th qu trnh oxy ha xy ra nhanh do nng cht tham gia phn ng nhiu. Hm lng oxy: oxy l nhn t tham gia vo cc qu trnh pht sinh v pht trin cc qu trnh oxy ha to thnh gc R* t do, alcoxyl RO*.... nh sng: nh sng c tc dng thc y cc phn ng oxy ha lipit xy ra nhanh hn Nhit : nhit lm tng qu trnh pht trin ca cc gc t do lm nh hng n tc i ha. Axit

- 35 -

m: m cao th tc i ha xy ra nhanh hn do tng cng b mt tip xc gia lipit v nc, lc ny xy ra qu trnh thy phn cht bo to thnh acid bo, cc acid ny tham gia vo qu trnh oxy ha. b. S bin i ca protein Khi lm kh p lc thng, s ng c ph thuc vo nguyn liu, nu nguyn liu gia nhit th t bin i. Nu nguyn liu p mui, iu kin lm kh tt th protein t bin i, cht lng cao, n nh v tc dng ca mui n l lm cho c tht c n nh. i vi c ti th s bin tnh cng r rt. Nhit l nhn t ch yu nh hng n qu trnh lm kh. Protein ca c ch yu l myosin v actin iu kin bnh thng nhit ng c ca chng l 500C 600C, lm kh iu kin bnh thng th chng ng c dn v bin tnh t protein si c c tnh ha tan thnh trng thi keo kt ta, mt tnh n hi ca si c. Ngoi ra, protein cn b thay i v h s tiu ha. Qu trnh lm kh nu nhit cng cao th h s tiu ha ca protein cng gim. Nu sy p lc thp, thi gian ngn, nhit thp th h s tiu ha ca protein b gim t nht. c. S bin i thnh phn cht ngm ra Trong qu trnh sy kh thnh phn cht ngm ra bin i nhiu. Mi v ca sn phm kh do nhiu yu t quyt nh nhng trong thnh phn ca cht ngm ra ng mt vai tr quan trng. Trong qu trnh sy kh, do men vi sinh vt hot ng phn hy mt s cht ngm ra lm cho hm lng ca chng gim xung. Qu trnh sy kh cng ko di th s tn tht ca cht ngm ra cng nhiu v lm cho mi v gim. V vy, lm kh nhanh l bin php tch cc gim bt s tn tht ca cht ngm ra.

- 36 -

CHNG 2 I TNG THIT B V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

- 37 -

CHNG 2 I TNG THIT B V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

2.1. I TNG NGHIN CU i tng nghin cu l c cm sng (stolephorus tri bleeker) c chiu di thn t 40 -70 mm, c ti, mu sng, nguyn con, mi tanh t nhin. C cm sn c chn l loi c tr lng khai thc ln t hng ngn tn mi nm, mi m c th t 2 -2,5 ngn tn , chng c phn b rng ri khp cc vng bin bc v nam b ngoi ra cn cc vng bin , Malaysia, Trung Quc, Chu c...,c gi tr dinh dng v gi tr kinh t cao, c nhu cu xut khu ln. C cm sn thng c s dng lm nc mm, n ti, lm bt c dnh cho gia sc, nay l i tng nghin cu trong ti ca ti v phng php sy c cm sng bng tia hng ngoi kt hp vi sy lnh. 2.2. THIT B SY HNG NGOI KT HP SY LNH 2.2.1. Cu to, nguyn l hot ng ca t sy bc x hng ngoi kt n hp vi sy lnh 2.2.1.1. Cu to c bn.

Bng iu khi n

1. Qut gi 2. n hng ngoi 3. Ga nguyn liu dng li 4. B phn t nng 5. Dn lnh 6. Chn

- 38 -

T sy kt hp gm hai phn chnh. Phn my lnh c nhim v to ra khng kh lnh c m tu ng i thp. Sau khng kh c qut ht thi vo t tng cng khuch tn ngoi t b mt vt sy vo khng kh. Phn t cha cc bng n hng ngoi dng nung nng nc trong sn phm to iu kin khuch tn ni v tng nhit khng kh. Trong t gm 4 bng n hng ngoi, cng sut mi bng l 250W. T sy dng dng in xoay chiu 220V. 2.2.1.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca t sy kt hp Khng kh c i qua dn lnh c lm lnh tch m, nc ngng t c thi ra ngoi. Khng kh trc khi c qut ly tm thi vo t th n c nung nng s b nh dn nng khng kh gim i m. Sau khng kh c thi vo t sy ti y khng kh tip tc nhn nhit t bc x hng n ngoi v nng ln m tng i gim i. Khng kh c m thp tip xc vi vt liu sy ly m i. Cn bc x t n hng ngoi chiu ln sn phm nung nng nc trong sn phm, nc dch chuyn ra b mt sn phm, ho hi v c khng kh mang i. Khng kh nng c qut trn ht ra ngoi. 2.3. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU. Nghin cu nh hng ca nhit sy n cht lng sn phm. 2.3.1. Phng php sy kh. C cm sn c mua ti ch v c x l, sy kh bng phng php sy hng ngoi kt hp sy lnh ti phng th nghim ca trng i Hc Nha Trang. Phng php tin hnh sy vi cc ch sy sau: Nhit sy 35 500C Khong cch t bng n hng ngoi n nguyn liu l: k = 35 50 cm. Khong cch t khay li n y t l 10 15 cm. Vn tc gi 1 1,2 m/s.

- 39 -

m khng kh t sy 35 50 % C cm sn sau khi c x l lm sch c cn mi mu 200 g trn cn in t v tin hnh ri c trn cc khay li a vo t sy vi cc ch sy trn, khong cch c i vi bng n hng ngoi v y t to iu kin cho nc bc hi v bay ra ngoi d dng, b mt c vung gc vi phng chiu sng hng ngoi to iu kin cho b mt c hng c y tia hng ngoi trong qu trnh sy. C sy n khi m t t 20 22% l t, kt thc qu trnh sy. 2.3.2. S b tr cc th nghim.
Nguyn Liu

Ra

Ngm Axit

Luc Mui

Cn

Sy cc ch ( t0=350500)

Cc ch tiu nh gi

S bin i m ca sn phm phm

Cht lng cm quan

T l ht nc phc hi

Ch tiu cht lng ha hc

Ch tiu vi sinh

- 40 -

2.3.3. Cc phng php nh gi. 2.3.3.1. Xc nh m ban u ca nguyn liu bng phng php sy n khi khi lng khng i. Ly mt cc cn thy tnh c ng 10 30 g ct v mt a thy tinh dp u em sy nhit 100 10 0C cho n trng lng khng i. ngui 5 trong bnh ht m v em cn cn phn tch chnh xc 10-4 gam. Sau cho vo cc cn 5 gam mu th chun b sn ( nghin nh). Cn tt c trn cn phn tch. Dung que thy tinh trn u cht th vi ct ri dn u thnh lp mng v cho tt c vo t sy 100 1050C, sy kh n khi lng khng i. Sy xong em lm ngui bnh ht m v em cn cn phn tch, sau em tnh kt qu theo cng thc sau. W1 =
(G1 G 2) * 1OO (%) G1 G

Trong : W1 : m ban u ca nguyn liu (%). G : Khi lng ca cc + ct + a thy tinh (g). G1 : Khi lng ca cc + ct + mu + a (g). G2 : Khi lng ca cc + ct + mu sau khi sy (g). 2.3.3.2. Xc nh m ca nguyn liu trong qu trnh sy bng cn in t. xc nh m nguyn liu trong qu tnh sy ta dung cn in t c chnh xc 10-2 gam cn khi lng nguyn liu sau mi gi sy. T khi lng cn c xc nh ta tnh c m ca nguyn liu ti mi thi im theo cng thc sau: Wi = 100 G1 (100 - Wi) (%) Gi

- 41 -

Trong : Wi : m ca nguyn liu thi im th i(%). W1 : m ban u ca nguyn liu (%). G1 : Khi lng ca nguyn liu trc khi sy (g). G2 : Khi lng ca nguyn liu sau khi sy thi im th i (g). 2.3.3.3. nh gi cht lng cm quan. nh gi cht lng cm quan, dung phng php cho im theo tiu chun Vit Nam s dng h 20 im dng trn mt thang thng nht c su bc (t 0 5) v im 5 l cao nht cho mi ch tiu; su bc nh gi phi tng ng vi ni dung miu t trong bng sau:

Bng 2.1: C s nh gi cht lng cm quan bng phng php cho im. Bc nh gi 1 im cha c trng lng 5 C s nh gi Trong ch tiu ang xt, sn phm c tnh cht tt v c trng, sn phm khng c sai li v khuyt tt Sn phm c khuyt tt nh hoc sai li nh hoc c hai nhng khng lm gim gi tr cm quan ca sn phm . Sn phm c khuyt tt hoc sai li nh hoc c hai. S lng mc ca khuyt tt lm gim gi tr cm quan ca sn ph m. Nhng sn phm vn t tiu chun. Sn phm c khuyt tt hoc sai li nh hoc c hai S lng v mc ca khuyt tt sai li lm cho sn phm khng t mc cht lng quy nh trong tiu chun, nhng cn kh nng bn c. Sn phm c khuyt tt hoc sai li mc trm trng, khng t mc ch s dng chnh ca sn phm . Song sn phm vn cha c coi l hng, sn phm khng bn c nhng sai khi ti ch li th vn c th s dng c. Sn phm c khuyt tt hoc sai li mc trm trng, sn phm b coil hng khng s dng c.

- 42 -

phn cp cht lng ca sn phm, ngi ta dung im c trng lng theo tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 3215-79 quy nh cc cp i vi sn phm thc phm theo bng sau: Bng 2.2:Quy nh cc cp i vi sn phm thc phm. Cp cht lng im chung Yu cu im trung bnh c trng lng i vi cc ch tiu Cc ch tiu quan trng 4,7 Cc ch tiu quan trng 3,8 Mi ch tiu 2,8

Loi tt 18,6 20 Loi kh 15,2 18,5 Loi trung bnh 11,2 15,1 Loi km (khng t mc cht lng quy nh trong ch tiu nhng c kh nng 7,2 11,1 bn c). Loi rt km (khng c kh nng bn c, nhng sau khi ti ch c th s dng 4,0 7,1 c). Loi hng (khng c n s 0 3,9 dng c na).

Mi ch tiu 1,8

Mi ch tiu 1,0

Da vo ti liu tiu chun Vit Nam v hang kh v nhng kin thc hc, ti thnh lp hi ng cm quan v tin hnh nh gi cht lng ca sn phm. Phng php m t c tin hnh ni thong thong, c nh sang t nhin. t mu ln mt t giy trng, t i din vi ngun sa v vi mt ng ngi quan st, ln lt kim tra cc ch tiu. Cc thnh vin trong hi ng cm quan, nh gi mt cch c lp sau ly gi tr trung bnh a ra im cm quan cho sn phm. Bng 2.3:Bng im cm quan. Ch tiu cht lng Mu sc Mi V Trng thi Cng im ca cc Tng s thnh vin im A B C D E im trung bnh H s quan trng im c trng lng

- 43 -

Bng 2.4: Bng im nh gi cht lng cm quan ca c cm sn kh Ch tiu im Trng thi Mu sc Mi V

0 H s cm quan

Ton thn c kh u, tht Mu sng khng Mi thm c trng do dai, khng mc ln du. ca sn phm c Ton thn nguyn n v kh, khng c mi khng rng u ca hin ng t phn hy. Ton thn kh u, tht Mu tr ng h Mi thm c trng i do dai, kh mc. c, khng n ca sn phm c l Ton thn nguyn n du. v kh, khng c mi khng rng u ca hin ng t phn hy. Ton thn c kh u, tht Mu vng ng, Mi thm c trng do dai, hi kh mc. khng ln du ca sn phm c Ton thn nguy n v n kh, khng c mi khng rng u ca hin ng t phn hy. C mi l xut hin. Ton thn kh tng Mu vng ng, c Mi thm c trng i u, tht dai, ton thn hin tng ln du ca sn phm c khng nguyn vn, b gy kh, khng c mi u, kh mc. ca hin ng t phn hy Ton thn c kh khng Mu vng ng, c Mi thm c trng u, tht dai, ton thn c hin tng ln du ca sn phm c khng nguyn vn, b gy kh c n m l i u, kh mc. kht, khng c mi ca hin ng t phn hy Ton thn c kh khng Mu vng m v Mi i kht, mi u, ln mc ton thn du ln rt nhiu. ca hin ng t khng nguyn vn, b gy phn hy xut hin u. nng 0.9 1.2 0.9

V ngt m

V ngt khng m

V nht, t ngt

V ngt t v c ln v hi ng

V nht dn

V ng, cht 1.0

- 44 -

2.3.3.4. Xc nh cc thng s lin quan n qu trnh sy. + Xc nh tc chuyn ng ca khng kh trong t sy bng thit b o tc gi, hiu s : Testo 405 V1 ca c. + Xc nh m ca khng kh trong t sy bng m k, hiu s: Testo 605 H1. + Kim sot nhit trong t sy bng rle nhit dixell XR 600C. + Xc nh khong cch chiu x bng o trc tip. 2.3.3.5. T l ht nc tr li. Sau khi sy kh sn phm t yu cu (20 22%) v m ta tin hnh kim tra t l ht nc phc hi ca sn phm. Cch tin hnh : ly cc mu sn phm ca mi ch sy ( t0 = 35 500C), cho mi mu vo cc nc ct, nh k 1 gi kim tra mt ln bng cch cn trn cn in t c chnh xc 10-2 g, khi khi lng mu khng tng na th dng qu trnh ngm. Lng nc ht vo sau mi gi c xc nh theo cng thc sau: X= Trong : X : t l ht nc phc hi (%). G1: Khi lng sn phm trc khi ngm nc (g). G2: Khi lng sn phm sau khi ngm nc (g). Vic xc nh t l ht nc phc hi l ch tiu quan trng nh gi cht lng ca sn phm 2.3.3.6. Xc nh hm lng NH3. Amoniac l thnh phn h hng ca thc phm v n l sn phm ca qu trnh phn hy Protein, axit amintrong thc phm. Kim tra NH3 nh gi mc km cht lng ca sn phm. Cch tin hnh: Cn chnh xc 2 gam m th nghin nhuyn cho vo bnh cu ca u dng c chng ct, them vo 50 ml nc ct v vi git phenolphthalein 1%,
G 2 G1 * 100% G2

- 45 -

dung dch Mg (OH)2 bo ha ( pha t MgO) cho t t vo cho n khi dung dch trong bnh chng ct chuyn sang mu hng th dng li. Ly chnh xc 20 ml dung dch H2SO4 0,1 N v vi git metyl cho vo cc hng 500 ml, t cc vo u ng sinh hn ca thit b chng ct sao cho u ng sinh hn ngp hn vo dung dch trong cc, cho nc lnh vo ng sinh hn. un si bnh cu sinh hi nc tin hnh chng ct lien tc trong 40 pht k t khi dung dch bt u si. S nng u ng sinh hn ln khi cc hng au dung bnh tra nc ct ra u ng sinh hn, tip tc chng ct 1 2 pht na. Dng giy qu tm hoc giy o PH th, nu Ph = 7 l c Hm lng NH3 c tnh theo cng thc: XNH3 Trong : XNH3 : Hm lng NH3 ca sn phm. V1 V2 : S ml dung dch H2SO4 0,1N. : S ml dung dch NaOH 0,1 N dung chun axit cn d.
=

V 1 V 2 0,0017 100 (mg%) * P

2.3.3.7. Xc nh hm lng axit bo, Protein v kim tra vi sinh vt Mu kim tra hm lng axit bo c tin hnh bng phng php sc k kh cao p ti Vin nghin cu v ng dng cng ngh Nha Trang. Mu kim tra hm lng Protein ti Vin nghin cu v ng dng cng ngh Nha Trang. Mu kim vi sinh vt ti Vin nghin cu v ng dng cng ngh Nha Trang.

- 46 -

CHNG 3 KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN

- 47 -

CHNG 3 KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN.

3.1. QUY TRNH S Y C CM SN BNG PHNG PHP HNG NGOI KT HP SY LNH.

NGUYN LIU

RA

NGM AXIT

LUC MUI

CN

SY

BAO GI

BO QUN

- 48 -

Thuyt minh quy trnh: Nguyn liu: Nguyn liu phi ti tt, khng dp nt, gy u v bng, khng b trc lp vy v mu trng bc trn thn c. Nguyn liu sau khi mua ti ch phi c bo qun bng nc lnh v nc say nh hoc bo qun bng t ng t i phng th nghim nu cha lm kp m bo cht lng c trnh h hng. Ra: Nguyn liu sau khi mua v hoc sau khi bo qun phi c ra bng nc sch loi b tp cht, nht, mu c. Qa trnh ra trnh lm dp c, trc vy, trc lp trng bc trn thn c. Ra bng nc lnh, ra qua 2 3 ln nc cho tht sch trc khi em ngm axit. Ngm axit: C sau khi ra sch c vt ra r ro n c v tin hnh ngm axit CH3COOH nng 0,1% kh mi tanh, t l ngm 1kg c/ 1lit nc c pha 1ml CH3COOH 1%. Axit acetic c kh nng kh mi tanh ca c m khng nh hng n cht lng v mu sc ca c, tin hnh ngm trong 15 pht sau vt ra ra sch trc khi em i luc mui. Luc mui: Mt lt nc c un si c pha mui nng 10% c chun b luc c, c sau khi ngm axit c ra sch tin hnh luc mui t lc nc si 1000C l 3 pht, chnh la nh nc si va, khng qu la trnh lm c nt, rng u, trc mt mu trng bc trn thn c. Qu trnh luc khng o c trnh lm dp nt c. Luc mui c tc dng lm gim lng vi sinh vt c trn thn c, lm gim lng m ca c, thc y nhanh qu trnh sy, to v ca sn phm v c tc dng bo qun.

- 49 -

Cn: C sau khi luc c vt ra r, ro nc cho ngui, trc khi sy phi tin hnh cn xc nh hm lng m gim sau khi luc. T h lng m m gim ta tin hnh cn xc nh khi lng mu cn sy. Sy: Sau khi cn, c c ri u xp trn khay li ri a vo t sy. Trc khi tin hnh sy phi khi ng t sy trc, ci t ch sy cho mi mu sy nh b tr trc trn s th nghim. Trong qu trnh sy th c mi gi sy ly mu ra cn trn cn in t c chnh xc 10-2g xc nh m ca c ti thi im sy. Qa trnh sy c thc hin lien tc n khi m ca c t ( 20 22%) l c, kt thc qu trnh sy. Bao gi, bo qun: C sn phm sau khi sy t yu cu v m th c ly ra t khay li trong t sy cho vo ti PE v em i bo qun trong t c nhit 5 100C. 3.2. NGHIN CU NH HNG CA NHIT SY N CHT LNG CA C CM SN. Trong qu trnh sy, c sau mi gi sy khi lng nguyn liu c li gim do lng nc trong nguyn liu mt i, thi gian sy c ng tng th khi lng nguyn liu cng gim n khi m trong nguyn liu t yu cu th kt thc qu trnh sy. Tuy nhin, ty theo ch sy ( ts = 35 500 C) m thi gian sy di ngn khc nhau, lng nc trong nguyn liu gim khc nhau, m gim khc nhau dn n cht lng sn phm cng khc nhau. D ti tin hnh o nghin cu chn ra ch nhit sy thch hp nht m bo cht lng sn phm l tt nht. Sau y l kt qu s bin i hm lng m v tc sy c ti cc nhit sy khc nhau ( t0s = 35 500C).

- 50 -

Bng 3.1: Bng hm lng m c trc v sau khi luc. Mu C ti C sau khi luc G(%) 200 100 W(%) 77,6 72

Bng 3.2. Bng bin i m v tc sy c theo nhit sy. T 350C G1 (g) 0 160 W1 V1 G2 (g) 160 400C W2 V2 G3 (g) 160 Nhit sy 450C W3 V3 G4 (g) 160 500C W4 V4

(%) (%/h) 72 0

(%) (%/h) 72 0

(%) (%/h) 72 0

(%) (%/h) 72 0

1 109,66 59,14 12,56 106,31 57,86 14,14 106,34 57,87 14,11 109,70 59,16 12,84 2 87,10 48,56 10,58 86,92 48,46 9,12 3 76,02 41,07 7,49 4 68,70 34,79 6,28 5 64,19 30,20 4,59 6 60,46 25,90 4,3 74,50 39,86 8,60 65,90 32,04 7,82 59,77 25,04 7,00 56 20 5,04 86,40 48,15 9,72 73,38 38,94 9,21 64,92 30,99 6,24 59,66 24,90 6,09 56 20 4,9 83,79 46,53 12,63 70,19 36,17 10,36 62,25 28,03 8,14 56 20 8,03

7 57,55 25,15 3,75 8 56 20 2,15

T bng kt qu ti cc th nghim v s bin i hm lng m v tc sy c ti cc nhit sy khc nhau ( t0s = 35 500C) ta s thy r hn nh s th hin di cc dng th sau.

- 51 -

80 70 60 50 40
m W ( % )

W1 W2 W3 W4

30 20 10 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Thi gian sy (h)

th 3.1: Bin i m ca c theo thi gian cc nhit sy khc nhau

th 3.2: ng cong tc sy ca c cc nhit sy khc nhau Nhn xt: T kt qu nghin cu bng 3.2 v th 3.1, th 3.2 cho thy m v tc sy c c s bin i kh ln cc nhit sy khc nhau. Nhit sy cng tng th tc sy cng nhanh v thi gian sy cng ngn. Nhit sy thp th tc sy chm v thi gian sy ko di.

- 52 -

Theo bng kt qu nghin cu ti cc th nghim sy nhit 350C th thi gian sy l 8h, sy 400C th thi gian sy l 6 gi, sy 450C th thi gian sy cng l 6 gi, sy 500C th thi gian sy l 5 gi v c t m yu cu l 20%. th 3.1 cho thy dc ca cc ng biu din m ca c tng dn theo nhit sy. nhit sy 350C th dc ca ng biu din l t nht v nhit 500C th dc ca ng biu din l nhiu nht. th 3.4, cho thy tc sy c tng dn theo nhit sy. nhit sy 350C th tc sy l nh nht v giai on sy ng tc ko di (khong 5h). Khi sy nhit sy 500C th tc sy l ln nht v giai on sy ng tc ngn nht ( khong 3h). Tuy nhin da vo cc kt qu t bng v cc th cho thy nhit sy 400C th hm lng m ca c gim u theo thi gian sy, ng biu din gn nh mt ng thng th hin t l sy gim u v ph hp theo tng thi gian sy ( th 3.1); v thi gian sy ng tc 400C l 4h khng qu nhanh, cng khng qu chm so vi 350 v 500C. Nh vy, ch sy 400C l nhit sy ph hp nht cn c chn sy c m bo cht lng cho sn phm v thi gian sy ph hp (6h). Gii thch: Sy nhit cng thp th hm lng m trong nguyn liu gim chm do s chnh lch p sut trn b mt nguyn liu v p sut ring phn trong khng kh b nn tc thot m chm lm ko di thi gian sy, do sy nhit 350C thi gian sy l di nht (8h). Khi tng nhit sy ln th tc lm kh cng tng ln do lc ny nguyn liu c nng nhit, qu trnh khuch tn m ra bn ngoi tng, m thot ra u hn nn thi gian sy ngn do sy nhit 500C th thi gian sy ch mt 5h. Qua thc nghim cho thy nhit l yu t quyt nh rt ln, nh hng n qu trnh sy. Tuy vy, trong qu trnh sy, nhit qu thp hoc qu cao cng u nh hng khng tt cho cht lng sn phm, v khi nhit sy cao

- 53 -

th qu trnh khuch tn ngoi thi gian u nhanh to thnh lp mng cng cho b mt c ngn cn khng cho n c cc lp bn trong di chuyn ra bn ngoi ko di, giai on sy gim tc nh hng n cht lng sn phm. Nu nhit sy qu thp th tc lm kh chm, to iu kin cho cc enzyme trong ni ti ca c v enzyme ca vi sinh vt hot ng thc y qu trnh phn gii cht lm tin cho qu trnh thi ra, nh hng n cht lng sn phm. Do ta chn sy nhit 400C l ph hp v thi gian sy l ph hp khng qu di cng khng qu ngn, thi gian sy ng tc v gim tc hp l, qu trnh m thot ra bn ngoi u n theo thi gian sy trnh c s to mng cng cng nh to iu kin cho m thot ra bn ngoi d dng hn, thi gian sy hp l ngn chn qu trnh h hng ca sn phm ( do enzyme ni ti v vi sinh vt) m bo cht lng sn phm l tt nht. 3.3. SO SNH CH SY THCH HP NHT (400C) CA PHNG PHP SY HNG NGOI KT HP SY LNH VI PHNG PHP TRUYN THNG ( PHI NNG) I VI SN PHM C CM SN. Bng 3.3:Bng bin i m nhit sy 400C v phi nng. T0s = 400C T G1 (g) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 160 106,31 86,92 74,50 65,90 59,77 56 W1 (%) 72 57,86 48,46 39,86 32,04 25,04 20 G2 (g) 160 117,72 97,03 84,23 77,67 70,82 58,00 56 Phi nng W2 (%) 72 61,94 53,83 46,81 42,32 36,74 22,75 20

- 54 -

80 70 60 50 40
m W ( % )

W1 W2

30 20 10 0 0 2 4 Thi gian sy (h) 6 8

th 3.3. Bin i m ca c ch sy 400C Nhn xt: T kt qu nghin cu bng 3.3 v th 3.3 cho thy c s khc bit ln v bin i hm lng m ca c ch sy 400C vi phng php sy hng ngoi kt hp sy lnh so vi phng php truyn thng (phi nng). ch sy 400C th thi gian sy l 6h, cn phi nng mt 7h th sn phm mi t yu cu ( m 20%). ng biu din nhit sy 400C l mt ng cong u th hin s gim lng m ca nguyn liu l u n. Cn ng biu din phng php phi nng l ng cong li lm khng u th hin s gim lng m thay i tht thng vo tng thi im khc nhau s khng m bo c cht lng cho sn phm. Nh vy, so vi phng php truyn thng th phng php sy hng ngoi kt hp vi sy lnh thi gian lm kh ngn hn, cht lng sn phm c m bo hn do em li hiu qu kinh t hn. Gii thch: Vi phng php truyn thng l phi nng do ph thuc vo thi tit v mi trng lm cho thi gian lm kh ko di, nguyn liu chu tc ng trc tip ca nh sng mt tri lm cho nguyn liu khng m bo cht lng v

- 55 -

chu tc ng ca mi trng nn khng m bo v mt v sinh an ton thc phm. Phng php sy hng ngoi kt hp sy lnh l phng php dung tia bc x pht ra t n hng ngoi lm nng c lm cho hi m bay ra khi nguyn liu v sy vi nhit n nh trong t sy c ci t sn, nguyn liu trong t sy trnh c tc ng ca mi trng bn ngoi m bo cht lng sn phm v v sinh thc phm; phng php ny khng ph thuc vo iu kin thi tit cng nh mi trng nn khng b gin on trong qu trnh sn xut. Ni chung, phng php sy hng ngoi kt hp sy lnh em li hiu qu v cht lng cng nh s lng sn phm hn so vi phng php truyn thng v cn c ng dng vo thc tin sn xut trong ngnh cng ngh thc phm, c bit l thc phm thy sn kh.

3.4. T L HT NC PHC HI CA SN PHM. Trong cng ngh ch bin sn phm kh th phng php lm kh c hiu qu phi l phng php lm gim thiu c s bin dng, co rt ca sn phm. S bin dng co rt ca sn phm lm gim gi tr cm quan v gim cht lng. V sao vic co rt v bin dng li lm gim gi tr cm quan v cht lng sn phm? V: Khi sn phm sau khi lm kh c tht b co rt qua mc s lm cho cc mao qun b teo li. Khi nguyn liu em nu chin chng s gy cn tr nc t bn ngoi xm nhp vo nguyn liu. Do vy sn phm khi n c cm gic kh xc, kh tiu ha. Tuy nhin, nu chng ta p dng phng php lm kh bng chiu bc x tia hng ngoi kt hp sy lnh th sn phm c trng thi bong xp, t b bin dng v gim c s co rt do sn phm khi n s cm gic mm mi, d tiu ha hn. Chnh v vy kh nng ht nc phc hi cng l mt ch tiu quan trng nh gi cht lng sn phm kh v ng thi khng nh tnh u vit ca cng ngh ch bin kh ny.

- 56 -

nh gi kh nng ht nc phc hi ca sn phm c cm sn c lm kh ti tin hnh ly mu ca sn phm c cm sn sy kh bng phng php hng ngoi kt hp sy lnh ( ly 4 mu ca mi ch nhit t 35 500C) v mt mu ca sn phm c cm sn v cn trn cn in t. Sau khi ly 5 mu trn ( mi mu mt con c cm sn kh) cho vo 5 cc thy tinh cha 250 ml nc ct. Sau mi gi th dung a gp c ra, ro nc, dung khn sch thm ht nc trn b mt sn phm, em cn trn cn in t. Tin hnh n khi khi lng c khng tng ln na th dng li. Sau y l kt qu kho st t l ht nc phc hi ca sn phm.

- 57 -

Bng 3.4. Kh nng ht nc phc hi ca c cm sn kh Mu sy T (gi) 0 1 2 3 4 350C 0,73 1,42 1,50 1,56 1,69 400C 0,78 1,61 1,75 1,78 1,87 450C 0,73 1,12 1,25 1,3 1,36 500C 0,80 1,20 1,40 1,45 1,50 Mu phi 0,75 0,95 1,03 1,05 1,10

Nhn xt: Qua bng 3.4 ta thy vi cc mu sy bng bc x hng ngoi kt hp vi sy lnh th t gi u tin lng nc thm vo rt ln, v tng chm dn cc gi tip theo. nhit 400C, mu sy c kh nng ht nc phc hi ln nht so vi cc mu sy cc nhit khc. iu ny cng khng nh ch nhit sy 400C th sn phm t cht lng tt nht, sn phm c rng xp rt ln to iu kin nc d dng thm thu vo. So vi cc mu sy bng hng ngoi th cc mu phi nng kh nng ht nc phc hi km hn, trng lng c ch tng rt t sau mi gi, chng t sn phm phi nng cht lng km hn sn phm sy hng ngoi, hay n cch i khc phng php sy hng ngoi kt hp sy lnh c nhng c tnh u vit vt tri so vi phng php truyn thng th cng ( phi nng) em li hiu qu v m bo cht lng sn phm. T l ht nc phc hi ca sn phm c tnh bng cng thc. G2 G1 W= G2 Trong : W: T l ht nc phc hi ca sn phm (%). G1: Khi lng sn phm kh trc khi ngm nc (g). 100 %

- 58 -

G2: Khi lng sn phm sau khi ngm nc n khi lng khng i(g). Da vo cng thc trn ta c bng t l ht nc phc hi cu sn phm i vi cc mu. Bng 3.7. T l ht nc phc hi ca c cm sn sy kh. Mu W T l ht nc phc hi Nhn xt: Qua bng 3.7 cho thy t l ht nc phc hi ca mu sy 400C l ln nht v mu phi l thp nht. Vy, sn phm sy bng hng ngoi kt hp sy lnh th kh nng ht nc phc hi ln hn nhiu so vi sn phm phi nng do sn phm khi s dng s c cm gic mm mi v d tiu ho hn. 3.5. NH GI CM QUAN SN PHM. Phng php cm quan dng nh gi v mu sc, mi v v trng thi ca sn phm do n phn nh tng i chnh xc v cht lng sn phm. Sau y l kt qu nh gi cc ch tiu cm quan ca cc mu sy v phi nng. Bng 3.8. im nh gi cm quan i vi cc mu sn phm c cm sn kh Mu im ch tiu Trng thi Mu sc Mi V Tng im 350C 4,55 5,30 4,15 4,70 18,7 400C 4,60 5,65 4,80 4,90 19,95 Sy 450C 4,20 5,20 4,55 4,70 18,65 500C 3,95 4,55 4,65 4,20 17,35 Phi nng 2,50 3,95 3,55 3,00 13 350C 56 % 400C 58 % Sy 450C 46 % 500C 46 % Phi 32 %

- 59 -

Nhn xt: Qua bng 3.7 cho thy im cc mu sy cao hn nhiu so vi mu phi. iu chng t cc sn phm c cm sn kh sy c gi tr cm quan hn hn so vi sn phm c cm sn kh phi nng, v c bit trong cc mu sy th mu sy nhit 400C l c im cm quan cao nht. iu ny c th nh gi mt cch tng quan nh sau: Phng php sy bng bc x hng ngoi kt hp sy lnh cho kt qu sn phm khng ch v mt cht lng vt tri m v mt cm quan sn phm hn rt nhiu so vi phng php truyn thng (phi nng), v t c hiu qu ti u trong phng php sy ta nn chn nhit sy thch hp nht l sy nguyn liu nhit 400C. 3.6. MT S CH TIU CHT LNG HA HC (PROTEIN, AXIT BO) CA SN PHM BNG PHNG PHP SY ( TOS = 400C) SO VI PHNG PHP PHI NNG. 3.6.1. So snh ch tiu protein. Bng kt qu phn tch hm lng protein ca mu sy (t0s= 400) v mu phi nng ti Vin nghin cu v ng dng cng ngh Nha Trang.

TT 1

K hiu mu Mu sy kh (t0s =400) Mu phi kh

Ch tiu phn tch Protein(%)

Kt qu 57.68

Protein(%)

48.19

Nhn xt T kt qu trn cho ta thy mu sy c hm lng protein cao hn rt nhiu so vi mu phi kh, iu ny chng t sn phm sy bng phng php hng ngoi kt hp sy lnh c gi tr dinh dng cao hn nhiu so vi phng php phi nng.

- 60 -

3.6.2. So snh ch tiu axt bo. C cm sn nh gi cht lng sn phm th mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng l axit bo v n chim mt lng ln trong c ch sau protein. thy r u im ca phng php sy hng ngoi kt hp sy lnh vt tri phng php phi nng, ngoi so snh ch tiu protein ti tin hnh ly mu i phn tch so snh ch tiu axit bo. Sau y l k qu phn tch ti Vin t nghin cu v ng dng cng ngh Nha Trang. 3.7. NGHIN CU CH TIU VI SINH CA SN PHM. Ch tiu vi sinh l mt ch tiu rt quan Trng nh gi cht lng v sinh an ton thc phm. V vy, kim tra vi sinh ca sn phm c cm sn kh sy bng phng php hng ngoi kt hp sy lnh ti chn mu sy nhit 350C. y l mu sy vi thi gian di nht (8h). Nu kt qu kim tra vi sinh ca mu ny t yu cu, iu c ngha l cc mu sy khc cng t yu cu v cht lng v sinh an ton thc phm. Mu c kim tra ti Vin nghin cu v ng dng cng ngh Nha Trang. Kt qu kim tra vi sinh cho thy c cm kh t tiu chun v mt v sinh theo tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 5287-1994.

- 61 -

KT LUN V XUT KIN

KT LUN Qua thi gian thc tp tt nghip hon thnh n Nghin cu nh hng ca nhit sy n cht lng c cm sn bng phng php hng ngoi kt hp sy lnh ti phng th nghim trng i hc Nha Trang, ti rt ra c kt lun nh sau: 1. Tnh u vit ca cng ngh sy bc x hng ngoi kt hp sy lnh so vi phng php truyn thng trong cng nghip ch bin cc sn phm thy sn kh ni chung v i vi sn phm c cm sn kh trong ti ni ring. 2. Xy dng c quy trnh sy c cm sn trn my hng ngoi kt hp sy lnh. 3. Kho st v xc nh c ch nhit sy thch hp nht m bo cht lng sn phm tt nht. Nhit sy: ts= 400. Thi gian sy l 6 gi. 4. Phn tch mt s thnh phn ha hc cng nh cc ch tiu nh gi cht lng ca sn phm sy nhit 400C so vi sn phm phi nng. 5. Phn tch mt s ch tiu vi sinh v sinh an ton thc phm. 6. Vi ch sy nh trn v vic nh gi cc ch tiu cm quan, phn tch cc ch tiu ha hc, ch tiu v sinh an ton thc phm ti a ra mt s kt qu nh sau: Nhit sy : 400C. Thi gian sy: 6 gi. m cui cng sn phm t 20%. Hm lng protein: 57,68. Tng hm lng cc axit bo: 16% Sn phm c mu sng p, thn thng, kh u. Sn phm c mi c trng ca c kh. Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh c trong sn phm l 4,5.103 cfu/g.

- 62 -

S nm men, nm mc trong sn phm l 0. XUT KIN Cng nghip ch bin thy sn kh nc ta hin nay cn rt th s v cha t tiu chun xut khu. Vic p dng cng ngh sy bc x hng ngoi kt hp sy lnh vo sn xut sn phm thy sn kh mang tnh t ph v cng ngh mang li hiu qu v nng sut, cht lng, kinh t. Tuy cc kt qu nghin cu trong lun vn ca ti ch mang tnh thc nghim, thc hin trn cc thit b th nghim nhng mt ln na cho thy u im vt tri ca cng ngh sy ny. Do , ti c mt s xut sau: 1. Xy dng quy trnh cng ngh chung p dng sy kh cho cc sn phm thy sn. 2. Tin hnh nghin cu nhit ng lc hc qu trnh sy v cc php ton thit k cc thit b sy quy m ln p dng vo sn xut. 3. Nghin cu trn cc i tng khc m rng phm vi ng dng. 4. Ngoi bc x hng ngoi, cn nghi n cu thm cc tia sng khc c bc sng thch hp ng dng vo cng ngh sy kh kt hp sy lnh em li kt qu tt hn v cht lng sn phm.