Tiu lun Ho sinh thc vt

A. T VN

th k XIX, khi m ho hc pht trin nh v bo th ranh gii gia sinh hc v ho hc xut hin mt lnh vc khoa hc mi nhm nghin cu thnh phn ho hc ca c th sng v nhng qu trnh chuyn ho ho hc ca cc cht v ca nng lng trong qu trnh hot ng sng xy ra trong c th ca chng. Lnh vc khoa hc ny c gi l ho hc sinh vt hoc vn tt hn- ho sinh hc (biochemistry). C th ni rng, ho sinh hc l mt phn lnh vc ca khoa hc cuc sng, Nhim v ca chng nhm nghin cu cc hin tng sng bng cc phng php ho hc, trong l nhng nghin cu su rng trong lnh vc nghin cu c bn ca Khoa hc Nng lm ng nghip, lm c s, phng php lun cho cc nghin cu chuyn ngnh v khoa hc ng dng trong sn xut Nng nghip. Tuy vy ch mi gn y, tt c mi qu trnh sinh hc ny mi c nghin cu mt cch khoa hc v c gii thch mt cch y . Tnh cht v phng hng ca ho sinh hc l nghin cu trn c th sng, tm ngha chc phn ca tt c mi thnh phn, mi sn phm chuyn ho, trn c s , tm hiu su v: - Mi lin quan gia qu trnh ho hc v sinh vt hc. - Mi lin quan gia cu trc v chc nng sng ca cc c quan trong c th. - C ch iu ho ton b qu trnh sng: Trong ni ln l nhng vn lin quan n s trao i, chuyn ho cc cht trong c th sng ca thc vt. Trong khun kh tiu lun thuc hc phn Ho sinh thc vt chng trnh Cao hc Nng nghip, chng em xin c bo co tng hp, nh gi v a ra mt s kin nhn xt v ch Mi lin quan gia cc cht trong qu trnh trao i cht trn c s kin thc c tip thu qua mn hc. Rt mong s gip , gp ca TS. Trn Th L - Ging vin mn hc, chng em c b sung, hon thin thm kin thc.

Cao hc Trng trt K14

Tiu lun Ho sinh thc vt

B. NI DUNG Trong c th sinh vt s trao i cht lun lun din ra khng ngng.

Cc hp cht hu c c mi quan h mt thit vi nhau, chng c th chuyn ho qua li ln nhau.

Mi lin quan tng h ca cc hp cht c th hin trn hai mt

Nguyn liu Nng lng Nh kh nng chuyn ho tng h gia cc cht m c th sinh vt pht trin n nh cng nh c kh nng thch ng vi iu kin mi trng nghin cu mi lin quan ny ta xt s trao i ca tng cp hp cht sau: Gluxit Lipid

Protein I. Mi lin quan gia carbohydrate v lipid

S chung ca s chuyn ha gia Glucid v Lipid

Cao hc Trng trt K14

Tiu lun Ho sinh thc vt

Carbohydrate d dng chuyn thnh lipid thng qua hai hp cht trung gian l dihydroxyacetonphosphate v acetyl-CoA dihydroxyacetonphosphate glycerolphosphate carbohydrate glucose Glyceraldehydphosphate acetyl-CoA acid bo - Ngc li Glycerine c th bin i thnh Phosphodioxylaxeton

Phn ng 1: do enzyme glycerolkinase xc tc. Phn ng 2: do enzyme dehydrogenase xc tc. - Phosphodioxiacetone di tc dng ca enzyme trioso(P)-isomerase s chuyn thnh aldehydphosphoglyceric

- Aldehydphosphoglyceric s i ngc qu trnh ng phn to nn Glucose (Hnh I.1) - Glycerine hoc glyceraldehydphosphate c th bin i thnh fructose -1,6 - diphosphate (Hnh I.1)

Cao hc Trng trt K14

Tiu lun Ho sinh thc vt

Hnh I.1 - Acetyl-CoA thng qua chu trnh Krebs khng th tng hp c carbohydrate v hai nguyn t carbon ca n b loi thnh CO2 trc khi to ra hp cht oxaloacetic l cht c vai tr tng hp mi carbohydrate (qu trnh gluconeogenese). Khi m c b mt mi c hin tng l chu trnh Krebs khng th tip nhn tt c cc phn t pyruvate to ra t qu trnh ng phn. Pyruvate c kh thnh lactate, cht ny c tch lu v khi m c ngh ngi chng li c oxy ho thnh pyruvate.

COOH Pyruvate CO CH3

NADH + H+

COOH HCOH CH3 Lactate

Sau pyruvate vo trong ty th v c carboxyl ho nh enzyme pyruvatcacboxylase to thnh oxaloacetate. Pyruvate vo trong ty th v c th tham gia vo 2 ng hng phn ng khc nhau. N c th c bin i nh enzyme pyruvatdehydrogenase v sau i vo chu trnh Krebs. Pyruvate cng c th c carboxyl ho to oxaloacetate v chu s bin i theo con ng
Cao hc Trng trt K14

Tiu lun Ho sinh thc vt

gluconeogenese. Theo ng hng no l tu thuc vo nng acetyl-CoA, cht c kh nng hot ho enzyme pyruvatcarboxylase theo c ch bin cu, trong khi ADP li c ch enzyme ny.
CO2 ATP COOH C=O CH3 Pyruvate Pyruvat-carboxylase ADP + Pi COOH CH2 C=O COOH Oxaloacetate

Trong t bo cht malate c oxy ho thnh oxaloacetate nh NAD+

COOH CH2 HCHO COOH Malate Malat-dehydrogenase NADH+H+ NAD
+

COOH CH2 C=O COOH Oxaloacetate

Oxaloacetate c bin i tip tc thnh photphoenolpyruvate nh enzyme quan trng ca gluconeogenese l phosphoenolcarboxykinase. Phn ng ny gm 1 phn ng kh carboxyl ho v 1 phn ng phosphoryl (phn ng kinase). Phn ng cn 1GTP, tng t ATP.

GDP+CO2 COOH C=O CH2 COOH Oxaloacetate PEP PEP-carboxykinase GTP COOH C-O~ CH2 P

Cao hc Trng trt K14

Tiu lun Ho sinh thc vt

PEP l 1 cht c to ra trong qu trnh ng phn. T cht ny i ngc li nhng phn ng ring l ca qu trnh ng phn cho n fructozo1,6-diphotphate. Cht ny c kh phosphoryl ho v ng phn ho cho n glucose cng nh glucose-1-phosphate. Cc nguyn t C trong lactate c s dng tng hp nn glucose hoc glycogen nh ATP v NADH. S phosphoryl ho trc tip pyruvate to thnh PEP l khng thc hin c v l do nng lng, ngha l mc nng lng ca pyruvate thp hn nhiu so vi mc nng lng ca PEP. Nh hnh I.2 s bin i ny c thc hin qua oxaloacetate, nhm i quanh dc ng gia pyruvate v PEP. Con ng ny i hi mt nng lng b sung, l 1 ATP cho carboxyl ho pyruvate v 1 GTP cho to thnh PEP. Hai ngun nng lng ny tng hp PEP, lin kt cao nng ca chng gii phng 62 kJ/mol.

Glucose 1,6 Fructosediphosphate Triosephosphate GDP+CO2 Oxaloacetate NADH+H+ Pyruvate NAD+ Pyruvate Malate NAD+ CO2+ATP ADP+Pi GTP Phosphoglycerate PEP

T bo cht

Acid bo

Acetyl-CoA

NADH+H

Oxaloacetate -oxoglutarate NH3 Chu trnh Krebs

Glutamate NH3

Aspartate

Hnh I.2 S Gluconeogenes

Cao hc Trng trt K14

Ty th

Tiu lun Ho sinh thc vt

Nh trn nu enzyme pyruvatcarboxylase c iu khin theo c ch bin cu. S iu khin ny l mt c ch c ngha. Khi nng acetyl-CoA cao th khng cn to acetyl-CoA b sung theo con ng kh carboxyl ho bng cch oxy ho. Trong trng hp ny pyruvatcarboxylase c hot ho nh acetyl-CoA v pyruvate c s dng to oxaloacetate. Ngc li khi nng ADP cao, ngha l nng ATP thp th pyruvatcarboxylase b c ch. Pyruvate c thc hin kh carboxyl ho bng cch oxy ho cung cp acetyl-CoA cho chu trnh Krebs, l chu trnh cng vi chui enzyme h hp ti to ATP. thc vt v mt s vi sinh vt c chu trnh glyoxilate xy ra glyoxisome, cu trc ny cha enzyme -oxy ho peroxesome. y acetylCoA c ngun gc acid bo s to thnh oxaloacetic acid, sau l phosphoenolpyruvate, ri t to glucose.

C mi vng chu trnh glyoxilate ( t 2 phn t acetyl-CoA to ra c 1 phn t succinic acid. Acid ny b oxy ho to ra oxaloacetic acid. Oxaloacetic acid s b kh carboxyl ho bin thnh phosphoenolpyruvic acid. Cht ny s chuyn thnh glucose-6-phosphate.
Cao hc Trng trt K14

Tiu lun Ho sinh thc vt

Nh vy t 4 phn t acetyl-CoA to ra 2 phn t succinic acid, sau 2 phn t oxaloacetic acid. Cc bin i tip theo s cho ra 2 phn t phosphoenolpyruvic acid. Cui cng thu c 1 phn t glucose. II. Mi lin quan gia trao i Protein v Lipit. a. S chuyn ho Lipid thnh cc a. amin tham gia tng hp nn Protein. - Acid bo l sn phm c bn ca s phn gii lipid. Trong qu trnh trao i cht, acid bo l tin cht ca mt s amino acid.

S II.1

Cao hc Trng trt K14

Tiu lun Ho sinh thc vt

A xit bo t phn gii Lipit cng xc tc ca emzim Lipase to thnh AxetylcoA, AxetylcoA sau khi i vo chu trnh Glyoxylate s chuyn ho thnh a. citric v a. iso citric, sau t a. sucsinic s to thnh a. fumaric v a. malic, im cui l a. oxalo axetic i vo qu trnh ngc ng phn tr v dng cacbonhydrate. S chuyn ho AxetylcoA thnh cc amino acid c th c trnh by qua s II. 1. b. S chuyn ho Protein thnh Lipid.

Cao hc Trng trt K14

Tiu lun Ho sinh thc vt

Chuyn ho Protein thnh Lipid c biu din qua s trn, trong c mi lin quan gia a. piruvic v A.xetyl co A trong Chu trnh Kreb. Mt s aminoacid (leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan) khi phn gii s to thnh acetylCoA, t tng hp nn acid bo. Mt s aminoacid khc (alanine cysteine, serine) b phn gii thnh pyruvic acid. Theo con ng tng hp mi glucose, pyruvic acid s to thnh 3- phosphoaldehydglyceric (ngc qu trnh ng phn). Tng hp mi lin quan gia a. bo v Protein c th hin qua s sau (Hnh II. 2)

Lipid

Glycerin

Nhng cht khc

A. bo

Glycerol - P

ycerol - P
ALP APEP a. Piruvic

Acetyl co.A

AOA

a. ceto Glutaric a. Glutamic

Fruc. 1,6 dP

Phenyl Serin Gly, Xyl

Ala, Val, Leu

ASP

Rib. 5 P

His

Tre, Met, Ile, Cys

Arg, Pro.

Protein
10

Cao hc Trng trt K14

Tiu lun Ho sinh thc vt

III. Mi lin quan gia Cacbonhydrate v Protein. - Th hin trong qu trnh ng phn: (Hnh III.1) + Qu trnh bin i t 2-phosphoglycerate thnh PhosphoenolPyruvate: (S III.2)

`
Cystein synthase

Cystein

Acetyl

OAcetylserine

CoA

CoA O-Acetylserine

Glycin e

Serin

2- phosphoglycerate thnh PhosphoenolPyruvate:

Cao hc Trng trt K14

11

Tiu lun Ho sinh thc vt

(S III.2)

- Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) s phn ng vi Enzim Erythrose 4phosphate (EP) to thnh DAHP (3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7phosphate)

- T DAHP c th chuyn ho thnh Shikimate:

Cao hc Trng trt K14

12

Tiu lun Ho sinh thc vt

Shikimate

- T Shikimate chuyn ho thnh Chlorimate:

Cao hc Trng trt K14

13

Tiu lun Ho sinh thc vt

- T Chorimate tip tc chuyn ho thnh Tyrosine v Phenylalanine:

- T 2 phn t acid pyruvic trong qu trnh ng phn s tip tc c hng chuyn ho th 2 cho ra 2 amino acid l Valine v Leucine:
Cao hc Trng trt K14

14

Tiu lun Ho sinh thc vt

+ Qu trnh chuyn ho trn c mi tng quan cht ch vi vic hnh thnh a. Glutamic v Alanine acid vi s tham gia ca Glutamate alanine aminotransferase.

Cao hc Trng trt K14

15

Tiu lun Ho sinh thc vt

- Con ng tip theo l t chu trnh Kreb, acid oxaloacetic c chuyn ho thnh a. aspactic, a. aspactic vo chu trnh Ornithine v s dng 1 ATP ng thi gii phng ra AMP v PPi to thnh asparagine

NH
3

H2 O

Chu trnh Ornithine

Acid aspartic

NADH
2

NAD

Asparagine + ng thi Acid Aspartic qua nhiu bc chuyn ho to thnh threonine v t threonine chuyn ho thnh Isoleucine, Leucine v Valine (S III.3); Acid aspartic cng tip tc chuyn ho theo ng hng khc to thnh Lysine (S III.4).

Cao hc Trng trt K14

16

Tiu lun Ho sinh thc vt

Cao hc Trng trt K14

17

Tiu lun Ho sinh thc vt

(S III.3)

Cao hc Trng trt K14

18

Tiu lun Ho sinh thc vt

(S III.4) - T chu trnh Kreb acid ketoglutaric s amin ho cng 1 NADPH 2 chuyn ho thnh acid Glutamic

Acid Glutamic
Cao hc Trng trt K14

19

Tiu lun Ho sinh thc vt

C. KT LUN V MT S KIN NGH 1. Kt lun: - Nghin cu mi quan h, s chuyn ho ca cc cht nhm lm sng t mi lin quan gia Cacbonhydrate v Protein, Lipid, thng qua gip chng ta nm vng c ch chuyn ho cc cht nhm trang b nhng kin thc ti u cho nghin cu cng nh gii thch nhng vn pht sinh trong thc nghim v thc t ng rung. - Qua cc s chuyn ho, cho thy gia cc cht c mi lin quan v mt nguyn liu l kh nng chuyn ho mt cht ny thnh mt cht khc thng qua mt s sn phm trung gian. V d, carbohydrate c th chuyn ho thnh aminoacid bng cch amine ho mt s cetoacid. Ngc li mt s aminoacid c th chuyn thnh carbohydrate bng cch loi nhm aminoacid thnh cc cetoacid, ri t tng hp carbohydrate. Mi lin quan v mt nng lng th hin ch: khi phn gii mt hp cht no nng lng c tch lu trong ATP. Ngun ATP ny c s dng cho cc phn ng tng hp. V d, ATP c to thnh trong qu trnh ng phn, quang phosphoryl ho (quang hp) v ch yu c to thnh trong qu trnh phosphoryl ho oxy ho (h hp). S phosphoryl ho oxy ho qua chu trnh Krebs v chui vn chuyn in t cho thy rng: bt k acetyl-CoA c ngun gc t carbohydrate, hoc acid bo hay aminoacid cng u b oxy ho v tng hp ATP. - Nh kh nng chuyn ho tng h gia cc cht m c th sinh vt thch ng vi mi trng. V d vo ma ng, cy trng xy ra s chuyn ho tinh bt thnh ng v cht bo, nh kh nng chu rt ca cy trng c nng cao. Hoc i vi mt s ng vt ng ng, do d tr lipid ln, nn m bo cung cp nng lng v cc cht cn thit cho c th s dng trong sut thi gian di ma ng; Lm r c ch chuyn ho Glucid trong ht khi ny mm tng hp nn Protein mm; Sc ny mm ca nhng ht ging cha nhiu Lipid cao do tch lu v phn gii nhiu nng lng, nhiu vt cht cung cp cho hot ng sng...
Cao hc Trng trt K14

20

Tiu lun Ho sinh thc vt

2. Mt s Kin ngh: - Cn tip tc tm hiu cc c ch lin quan n s chuyn ho cc cht nhm hon thin hn ch ca ti. - Qua tm hiu v c ch chuyn ho, xut nhin nhiu ng hng chuyn ho lin quan n cc hp cht d vng, cc hp cht th cp cn c nghin cu thy r mi lin quan. TI LIU THAM KHO 1. 2. lm Hu
3.

Trn Th L, V Vn Quang, 2006, Gio trnh ho sinh thc vt, nh xut bn Nng nghip V Vn Quang, Bi ging sinh ho, Trng H Nng Mathews, Vanholde, Ahern, Companion Web Site Nguyn Xun Thng, o Kim Chi, Phm Quang Tng, Nguyn Vn ng, 2004. Ha sinh hc. Nxb Y hc, H Ni http://violet.vn/main http://www.ebook.edu.vn/ www.answers.com/topic/aspartic-acid www.3dchem.com library.thinkquest.org www.uic.edu

4.
5. 6. 7. 8.

9.
10.

Cao hc Trng trt K14

21

Tiu lun Ho sinh thc vt

Cao hc Trng trt K14

22