Bo co th nghim thc phm 2

GVHD: c Nguyn Quc Thc Phng

Bi 7:

Cng ngh ch bin Tr xanh

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

97

Bo co th nghim thc phm 2

GVHD: c Nguyn Quc Thc Phng

Tr xanh ng chai l loi thc ung ngy cng ph bin. Ngoi tc dng gii kht gii nhit rt hiu qu, tr xanh cn em li nhiu li ch cho sc khe. c chit xut t l tr xanh, tr xanh ng chai cha nhiu vitamin C, vitamin E v EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate) mt hot cht chng oxy ha, c tc dng chng lo ha, gim stress, ngn nga ung th v tng sc khng cho mi la tui. Tr xanh hin nay c nhiu loi sn phm a dng nh tr xanh khng ng, tr xanh hng chanh, hng to 1. Tng quan v tr 1.1 Khi qut v tr: Tr c tn khoa hc l Camellia sinensis, thuc ngnh Ngc Lan (ht kn), c dng thn ng (n thn), c kh nng phn nhiu cnh v a mm. Camellia sinensis c ngun gc khu vc ng Nam v c lch s trng trt lu i nht (trn 4000 nm), nhng ngy nay n c trng v tiu th nhiu ni trn th gii (trong cc khu vc nhit i v cn nhit i). Tr l mt loi thc ung lu i, c dng sm nht Trung Quc (nm 2737 trc Cng Nguyn), k n l Nht Bn vo 2000 nm sau v sau cng l cc nc Chu u vo th k 17. c bit, vi ngi dn Chu , ung tr c nng ln thnh ngh thut thng thc snh iu m cht th v tn gio, ni bt nht l Tr o Nht Bn. V mt dinh dng, tr l mt sn phm c li cho sc khe. Trong tr cha nhiu polyphenol c bit l cc hp cht flavonoid gip gim nguy c ung th, phng trnh bnh tng huyt p, gim lng ng trong mu, c tnh dit khun v chng lo ha. Caffeine trong tr gip lm tng s tnh to tp trung. Ngoi ra cn c mt hm lng ln vitamin v khong cht gip tng sc khng, gim stress, tng s chuyn ha thc n, nga su rng, phng bnh long xng Vit Nam cng c coi l mt trong nhng ci ni ca cy tr - nhng cy tr vng bin gii Vit - Trung c cu trc di truyn c xa nht. Hin nay, Vit Nam ng th 7 th gii v quy m sn lng v l nc xut khu tr ng th 6 th gii vi gi tr xut khu t 21 triu USD trong qu I/2007. Chng ta ang khai thc nhng loi tr sau: loi Shan, loi Trung du, loi TB14, ngoi ra cn c cc loi tr khc t gp hn nh Manipuri, Kimin vi thi gian thu hi nhiu nht vo thng 9 v thng 10 hng nm. 1.2 Thnh phn sinh ha ch yu ca tr: Nc: Hm lng nc trong l tr gim dn t tm n cc l gi, (tm 76,6%; l mt 75,6%; l hai 75,6% v l ba 74,26%) thay i ph thuc vo tui th, s phn b a l ca cy tr, cc bin php canh tc, thi im thu hoch (thi im trong ngy, theo thng, theo ma). Cht ho tan: L mt hn hp gm nhiu cht khc nhau, c kh nng ho tan vi nc si v l ch tiu cht lng quan trng ca tr nguyn liu v tr sn phm. Trong thnh phn hn hp ny,

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

98

Bo co th nghim thc phm 2

GVHD: c Nguyn Quc Thc Phng

khong 50% l hp cht phenol, cn li gn 50% l glucid tan, protein, acid amin, alcaloid (ch yu l caffeine), sc t, vitamin, enzym... Tanin: c tnh ca tanin c v cht. N l cht trng yu trong nguyn liu, nh hng nhiu n phm cht ca tr, v tr, hng thm v cc c tnh khc u do tanin quyt nh. Cht tanin trong tr cng nhiu th phm cht tr cng cao. Tuy nhin cn ty thuc vo lng tanin c th ho tan trong Oxydietyl. Cn lng tanin nhiu nhng trng thi kt hp th phm cht km hn. Lng tanin trong ch nhiu hay t ph thuc vo tui, thi k hi, ging tr, iu kin ngoi cnh, phng php ch bin.... Lng tanin phn b khng ng u trn cng mt bp tr, tp trung nhiu nht tm (39.9%), ri n l non (l mt 36.8%; l hai 36.1%; l ba 29.25%; cng gi 25%, l bnh t, l gi... Cht tanin c kh nng kt hp vi Albumin to thnh cht khng ha tan. Tnh cht ny quan trng i vi qu trnh ch bin tr. Tanin kt hp vi caffeine thnh cht khng ho tan ng vng trn mt nc khi nc ch ngui. Protein v Acid amin: Chim 22% - 26% cht kh. Qua ch bin, hm lng protein va acid amin c thay i: lng protein gim cn lng acid amin tng ln. S d do qu trnh thy phn, mt phn protein tr to thnh acid amin trong qu trnh ch bin. Acid amin t do tc dng vi dn xut cathechin ca tr to thnh aldehyt c mi thm d chu cho tr. Albumin (protein n gin): Albumin l mt loi cht hu c c cha Nit, l thnh phn cu to ch yu ca cc sinh vt. Hm lng Albumin trong tr ln, thay i ph thuc nhiu iu kin nh thi k hi, l non hay gi, iu kin ngoi cnh. E. Alkaloid (ch yu l caffeine): Caffeine chim 3 - 5% trng lng tr. Lng caffeine trong tr nhiu gp 04 ln trong c ph (theo Muler). Caffeine c tc dng kch thch c th con ngi, trc ht l kch thch thn kinh trung ng, to cm gic hng phn, d chu, nng cao nng l lm vic ca xng, c, gip thng tiu. Lng caffeine trong tr bin i ph thuc hon cnh bn ngoi, k thut bo qun, ging tr, thi gian hi, v tr a l. Caffeine t do tn ti trong l tr ti nhiu hn tr thnh phm. Trong qu trnh sn xut, mt s caffeine kt hp vi mt s cht khc lm gim lng caffeine t do. Do tnh cht thng hoa nhit 100 - 110oC, caffeine b tn tht 10% khi sy tr.

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

99

Bo co th nghim thc phm 2

GVHD: c Nguyn Quc Thc Phng

Caffeine trong sn xut do qu trnh ln men phn ng vi cc sn phm oxi ho ca Cathechin to ra caffeine - oxy teonat gi tt l tanat - caffeine (ch yu tr en). Sn phm ny c th b kt ta nhit thp, to thnh lp vng trn nc tr nhit thng, ho tan khi nhit ln n 60oC. Tanat - caffeine lm cho tr c c tnh ring v mi, v, mu sc. Enzym: Trong l tr c 2 nhm enzym quan trng l nhm enzym oxi ho kh v nhm enzym thy phn. Nhng nhm khc tn ti vi s lng khng ng k. Mt s trong nhm enzym oxi ho kh c vai tr quan trng trong ch bin tr. Di tc dng ca polyphenol - oxydaza, sn phm l thearubigin v cc cu t to mu sc v hng v nc tr. Gluxicid trong tr (tnh theo % cht kh): Ty theo ging cy v hm lng thu hi m hm lng glucid thay i t hay nhiu. Trung bnh c: - Monoza : 1 - 2%. - Saccaroza : 0.5 - 2.5% - Polysaccarit : 10 - 20% - Tinh bt : 0.1 - 0.3%, l tr cng gi lng tinh bt cng tng. - Pectin : 2 - 3%. Cht mu (sc t): Mu nc tr l mt ch tiu cm quan quan trng ca tr thnh phm. Mu nc tr do 2 loi sc t to nn: sc t c sn trong nguyn liu ban u v sc t to ra trong qu trnh gia cng ch bin. Sc t t nhin ban u gm ch yu l clorofin A, clorofin B; pheophytyl A, B; careteonit, xantofin, viocxantin, neocxantin... Qua gia cng ch bin, cc sc t mi ca tr cng c to thnh. Tu theo yu cu ca sn phm, nh cng ngh to iu kin ti u c mu sc mong mun. V d: o Tr en: cn to iu kin ti u cho enzym oxy ho tanin thnh hp cht quinol v ph hy clorofin, to thnh mu en sm cho tr thnh phm. o Tr xanh: cn v hot tnh enzym oxy ho gi c ti a lng tanin v clorofin to mu xanh "h phch" cho nc tr. Sc t caretonoid cn c vai tr nht nh trong qu trnh to hng thm cho tr, v khi oxy ho chng s to hp cht thm nh aldehyt khng no v cc xeton... Cht thm: Hng thm cng l mt ch tiu rt quan trng ca tr thnh phm. hng thm ca tr c to nn t 2 ngun cht thm khc nhau: cht thm c sn trong nguyn liu l tr ban u (tinh du), v cht thm to ra qua qu trnh ch bin.

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

100

Bo co th nghim thc phm 2

GVHD: c Nguyn Quc Thc Phng

Tinh du t nhin c trong l tr hm lng rt thp. Qua qu trnh ch bin, mt s cht thm mi c to ra. Theo quan im ca cc nh sinh ho thc phm th aldehyt gi vai tr quan trng trong to hng cho tr. Trong qu trnh gia cng ch bin, hng thm mi c to ra do s tng tc gia acid amin v ng n, gia acid amin vi tanin di tc dng ca nhit caoxc tc bi enzym..., thng to ra cc aldehyt c mi thm hoc chuyn ho tip to cc cht thm khc. Cht tro: S lng tro trong l tr non v trong thnh phm c khong t 4 - 7%. Tr cng non tro cng t. Cht tro trong tr gm nhiu cht khc nhau. Mi cht u c quan h mt thit vi s sinh trng ca cy tr. Nhng cht ny c trong t, c cy tr hp th lm cht dinh dng nui cy. Cc cht ch yu l kim loi, cacbon, assen, kali, canxi, photpho, lu hunh, silic... Sinh t (vitamin): Trong tr c nhiu loi sinh t: A, B, C, E, PP, F, D, K, P..., nh m tr c gi tr dc liu cng nh gi tr dinh dng cao. 1.3 Mt s sn phm tr xanh Vit Nam: Theo TCVN 1455 93, tr xanh c sn xut gm cc loi: c bit, OP, P, BP, BPS, F. vi cc ch tiu cm quan trong bng 2 Tn ch tiu Loi tr
Cnh tr xon u, mu xanh vng, c tuyt Vng xanh, trong, snh Thm mnh t nhin, thong cm m du, r hu ngt Vng xanh, mm, u Vng xanh, mm Vng xanh, hi cng

Ngoi hnh

Mu nc

Mi

c bit

OP

Cnh tr xon tng i u, mu xanh en Cnh tr ngn hn OP tng i xon, mu xanh en, thong cng

Vng xanh, sng

Thm mnh t nhin

m du c hu ngt m du, c hu

Vng, sng

Thm t nhin

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

101

Bo co th nghim thc phm 2

Mt tr nh, tng i u, mu xanh en Tr mnh nh, tng i u, mu vng xanh Mt tr nh u, mu vng xanh Vng, hi m

GVHD: c Nguyn Quc Thc Phng

Thm, thong cao la Cht du, hi m Vng, mm

BP

Vng m

BPS F

Thm nh, thong mi tr gi Km thm, thong cao la

Cht hi xt

Vng xm

Vng m, hi ti

Cht

Vng m

2. Quy trnh cng ngh:

Tr xanh T = 72-750C t 5 pht B T = 15-20 oC

Nc mm ng, Glycine, sodium citrate Vitamin C Ha tan

Trch li Lc Lm lnh Phi trn nh mc ln 1l

Chai, np

Rt chai Thanh trng Lm ngui T 90 oC t = 15 ph

Sn phm http://www.ebook.edu.vn 102

Bo co th nghim thc phm 2

GVHD: c Nguyn Quc Thc Phng

Nguyn liu: Tr xanh: 9g ng: 100g Glycine:0.3g Sodium citrate:0.2g Vitamin C:0.5g Nc mm:1lt Trch ly: o Mc ch: Nhm mc ch trch ly cc cht c trong tr nh cc hp cht polyphenol, caffeine, cc sc t, mt s acid aminvo nc nh s khuych tn gia cc cht c nng khc nhau. o Cc bin i xy ra: - Vt l: c s thay i mu sc ca nc trch ly, nc t mu trng chuyn sang mu nu nht c trng ca tr. - Ho hc: S ho tan ca 1 s thnh phn c trong tr vo nc nh cc hp cht polyphenol, caffeine, cc vitamin, sc t. Nng cht kh tng - Vi sinh: S tiu dit 1 s vi sinh vt o Cch tin hnh: Cho 400ml nc mm vo ca1l, dng Na2CO3 chnh n pH 7.5 8. Cho nc mm chnh pH vo ni1l em i gia nhit. Khi nhit t khong 72-750C ta cho tr kh vo v un trong khong 5 pht. o Ch : Ta cn phi gi nhit n nh trong thi gian trch ly. qu trnh trch ly hiu qu khi b tr kh vo ta nn khuy nh khong 30 giy, sau y np li khong 3 pht ri li gi ra khuy nh khong 30 giy, y li khi t 5 pht th chuyn qua cng on k tip. Ta khng nn ko qu di thi gian v lc ta thu c dch trch c mi khng tt, ngc li th ta s khng thu c dch trch ly hiu qu. Lc: o Mc ch: Nhm loi b b v cc huyn ph rn l lng trong hn hp sau qu trnh trch ly o Cc bin i xy ra: . - Vt l: mu sc ca tr m hn sau qu trnh lc b. - Ho hc, sinh hc: khng c nhng thay i ng k o Cch tin hnh: Dng ca 1lt bn trn c ti lc, dch tr va trch ly trong ni vo ti lc. Dng a p cht ti cho nc chy xung ht v ly ti lc em i b b. Dch trch thu c s c em i lm ngui.

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

103

Bo co th nghim thc phm 2

GVHD: c Nguyn Quc Thc Phng

o Ch : Cc thao tc phi c tin hnh nhanh hn ch qu trnh oxy ho cc cht va c trch ly t tr vo dung dch. Lm lnh: o Mc ch: Nhm lm cho dch trch khng b sm mu do b oxy ho, ng thi cho dch trch t trng thi n nh. o Cc bin i xy ra: - Vt l: c s lng cn ca 1 s huyn ph - Ho hc: c din ra qu trnh oxy ho ca 1 s cht nhng khng ng k - Sinh hc: khng c s bin i o Cch tin hnh: Cho vo trong thau nha c 1 t nc chun b cho qu trnh lm lnh. Dch sau khi qua lc s c b sung 0.5g Vitamin C ri cho vo thau nc c chun b. o pH ca dung dch ta c pH = 4.9. Phi trn: o Mc ch: Nhm to mt dung dch ng nht, t Bx v pH cn thit, to gi tr cm quan cho sn phm. o Cc bin i: - Vt l: c s hnh thnh mi v, mu sc cho sn phm, cht kh trong dung dch tng ln. - Ho hc: c s ha tan v tip tc oxy ha ca 1 s cht. - Vi sinh: c th nhim thm 1 s vi sinh vt o Cch tin hnh: Cn lng ng, glycine, sodium citrate vi lng tnh ton trn cho vo ni, trn kh vi nhau ri ho tan 400ml nc mm nhit thng. Sau cho vo ca ng dch trch ly c lm lnh ri nh mc ln 1l. Trong giai on ny c b sung thm acid citric t chua theo khu v v cho cht to hng to vo. Dng pH k o pH ca dung dch sau khi phi trn xong, ta o c pH = 3.85. o Ch : Sau khi phi trn ta khuy u dung dch ln t c hn hp ng nht ng chai: o Mc ch: Nhm mc ch d bo qun, di chuyn sn phm d dng. o Cch tin hnh:

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

104

Bo co th nghim thc phm 2

GVHD: c Nguyn Quc Thc Phng

Chai thu tinh sau khi ra s c trng qua nc si v cho kh m bo sch chun b cho giai on rt dung dch vo chai. Dung dch sau khi phi trn s c rt vo chai. Sau tin hnh ng np. o Ch : Khi rt thao tc nhanh trnh vi sinh vt xm nhp v pht trin. Thanh trng: o Mc ch: Nhm mc ch tiu dit cc vi sinh vt cn xt li trong sn phm ko di thi gian bo qun sn phm. o Cc bin i: - Vt l: nhit dung dch tng - Vi sinh: 1 s vi sinh vt b tiu dit o Cch tin hnh: Sau khi ng np sn phm s c em i thanh trng. Cho sn phm vo ni nc vo cho ngp cc chai, bt ln bp un cho nc thanh trng t nhit 900C. Ta thanh trng trong khong thi gian 15 pht. o Ch : Ta phi theo di nhit thanh trng, kim sot nhit khng ln qu cao v thi gian phi thch hp v y l loi nc gii kht c pH thp. Lm ngui: Ging nh khi lm ngui nc yn ngn nh 3. Nhn xt: Sn phm lm ra c mu hi sm v sau 1 thi gian yn th c lng cn do trong qu trnh lm cc thao tc hi chm v ch qua qu trnh lc th ch khng thc hin qu trnh lc tinh. Sn phm lm ra khi ung vo c v khng hi ha, khng ging vi sn phm tr xanh trn th trng c l do khi phi trn ta khng c s gia nhit. Gia cc nhm c s khc bit r rt v mu sc ch yu l do nguyn liu tr s dng. C tham gia th nghim vi cc lng tr khc nhau th e thy vi lng tr 9g vi thi gian trch ly nh trn s cho tr c mu p hn v 8g th mu lt nhng 10g th qu m, c mi tr thong nh c trng v v th khng qu cht.

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

105