VI SINH CCH NUI VI SINH 1. LIU LNG VI SINH a.

Khi ng mi hon ton nui cy li h thng (cho b k kh v hiu kh): Dng vi liu lng 2 10ppm/ngy tu theo nng . COD, BOD trong nc thi , tnh da vo th tch hiu kh, nui cy trong thi gian 20 ngy. Tnh da vo cng thc sau: A=( m x V)/ 1000 Trong : A: Khi lng vi sinh nui cy trong 1 ngy (kg/ngy) m: 2 10 ppm (li lng vi sinh da vo nhim ca cht thi cch tnh chung thng thng l 3ppm) V: Th tch b sinh hc (m3) (hiu kh hay k kh ) - Cy vi lng A vi sinh mi ngy lin tc trong 20 ngy. (t l cy hay cch tnh M s thay i tu thuc vo lu lng , thi gian lu nc thi trong h thng cng nghip v mc nhim ca ngun thi Luu : - Dng t 5 - 10% bn hot tnh cho vo thtch b sinh hc lm c cht tng trng (dng b SBR hay aeration). i vi m hnh dng qu trnh sinh hc bm dnh (Trickling Biofilter hay RBC), tng nhanh qu trnh to mng vi sinh vt hn hp nc thi c cha bn pha long (2-5%) nn c s dung 5 cho giai on khi u Sau khi khi ng mt mng vi sinh vt thnh trn b mt vt liu lc - Cho trc ti vi sinh (sn phm m Bio-Systems) vo h thng m khng cn pha long trc khi cho vo h thng - pH = 6 8, hot ng pH trtt nht PH trung tnh - Trong thi gian nui cy ban u hay hay ci to li h thng , b phi c khi ng li ti trong thp hoc nng COD khong 2kg/m3 - Cht dinh dng m bo t l BOD:N:P = 100:5:1 b. Duy tr h thng : Dng vi sinh b sung vi liu lng t 0,5ppm/ngy hoc theo nng COD, BOD trong nc thi v n nh ca h thng . Lu lng cy duy tr s c tnh vo lu lngnc thi /ngy b sung mt phn vi sinh tri ra ngoi v yu dn i .Tnh theo cng thc sau: A=( m x Q) / 1000 Trong : A: Khi lng vi sinh b sung theo ngy, cch ngy ho theo tun ty vo n nh ca h thng (kg/ngy) m: 0,5 ppm Q: Lu lng nc thi u vo (m3/ngy) 2. LU LNG S DNG CHT DINH DG N100 a. kHI NG LI H THNG hon ton nui cy li h thng v duy tr h thng : cung cp N100 nhm b sung cht dinh dng v khong cho vi sinh thay th Ure v DAP. Lu lng c tnh da vo ti lng BOD/ngy. tnh nh sau: Ti lng BOD( kg/ngy )= (a x Q) / 10 m 3 Trong : a: Thng s BOD u vo (mg/l) Q: Lu lng nc thi u vo (m3/ngy) Liu lng N100 s dng hng ngy s bng 1/1000 ti lng BOD/ngy. -> Lng N100 cung cp cho h thng = Ti lng BOD (kg/ngy)/1000 Cn b sung cht dinh dng t c t l C:N:P = 100:10:1 3. HNG DN NI CY th sunh vo h thng sinh hc 5-10% th. tch bn, sau bt u qu trnh nui cy h thng - Gai on nui cy h thng mi : 1. Ngy thng 1: Cho nc thi vo y 1/3 b sinh hc c sc kh + 2/3 b nc x l .tun hon li hay nc sch gi tilng nhim, sao cho ti lng COD trong thi gian nui cy < 2kg/m3, cho sn phm vi sinh tnh ton kt hp cht dinh dng vob vi sinh bt u tng trng sinh khi Ngy th 2 chon nc lng 2h sau cho nc trong ra, cho lng nc thi mi vo , sc kh va tip tc cho sn phm vi sinh v N100 vo b ., ngy th 3 li cho nc lng 2h v cho nc trong ra khi b v c nh vy cho ti ngy th .20; 3. Sau khi nui cy n ngy 20 th cho nc trong lng ra ngoi; 4. Np nc thi mi vo v bt u h thng bnh thng , lc ny lng sinh khi tng ln n mc n nh s l cht hu c , - Giai on b sung vi sinh

Nu h thng n nh ch cn cho trc tip lng vi vi sinh (0,5ppm/ngy da vo lng nc thi /ngy) mi ngy hoac5 mi tun vo h thng ty vo n nh ca h thng vi sinh lun c n nh v s l tt . Cng ngh x l nc thi thy sn Tc gi: Nguyn Vn Vinh 31/01/2009 Kho st v phn tch mu nc thi cha qua h thng x l ti mt s nh my ch bin thy sn cho thy hm lng nhim hu c (BOD) cao gp 20 n 40 ln; hm lng vi sinh (coliform) vt gp ngn ln v hm lng cht rn l lng trong nc (SS) vt hn 100 ln tiu chun nc thi cng nghip cho php thi vc nc dng lm mc ch sinh hot (TCVN 5945:2005 ct A). Kt qu phn tch nc thi u vo v so snh vi TCVN 5945:2005 ct A (nng u ra sau khi qua h thng x l): Tn ch tiu n v Kt qu TCVN 5945:2005 ct A pH - 5,5 - 9 6 - 9 Cht rn l lng mg / l 400 - 800 50 COD mgO/l 1.500- 2500 50 BOD mgO/l 700 1.200 30 Coliform tng MPN/100 ml .105 - .106 3.000 Nh vy, yu cu i vi h thng x l nc thi phi t c hiu sut loi b ti thiu 90% cht rn l lng, 96-97% i vi COD, BOD v hn 99% vi sinh c hi. Cng ngh x l: Quy trnh x l nc thi la chn theo phng n x l 3 bc nhm hn ch n mc ti a hm lng cht thi Bc x l Qu trnh x l S b Tch rc, lng ct, cn bng, tuyn ni Bc 1 X l k kh trong b UASB Bc 2 X l hiu kh Aeroten Bc 3 Keo t, lng lc, kh trng Bao gm cc cng on nh sau: - Lc rc bng my lc rc t ng - Thu gom, cn bng nc thi v tch du m - X l bc 1 bng phng php sinh hc ym kh trong b UASB - X l bc 2 bng phng php sinh hc hiu kh trong b AEROTEN - X l bc 3 bng phng php ha l: keo t, lng lc v kh trng. Bn lng t c ht vo ngn cha bn, b phn hy bn v cui cng c ht thi vo bi rc hoc dng bn cy. S dy chuyn cng ngh: Nc thi Li tch rc B gom B tuyn ni B iu ha B sinh hc k kh c vt liu m B sinh hc bn hot tnh B lng Ngn kh trng Nc sau x l (TCVN 5945-2005 loi A). Din gii cng ngh: Nc thi trc khi i vo b gom c tch cc cht rn th bng li chn rc. T b gom, nc thi c gom qua thit b tuyn ni ri chy vo b iu ha (thng p dng phng php tuyn ni vi s tch khng kh t dung dch: to dung dch qu bo ha khng kh v khi gim p sut th cc bt khng kh s tch ra khi dung dch, lm ni cht bn. Do trang b my nn kh v bn cha vng m). B iu ha c tc dng iu ha lu lng v nng . T b iu ha nc thi c bm lin tc vo b sinh hc k kh c vt liu tip xc, sau nc thi chy thy lc vo b bn hot tnh. Ti y cc cht hu c c trong nc thi phn hy bng cc vi khun hiu kh tn ti dng l lng vi mt cao (bn hot tnh) trong iu kin sc kh. Tip n nc thi c dn qua b lng trc khi x vo ngn kh trng. Nc thi c kh trng bng Chlorine, ri c lc p lc trc khi thi ra mi trng. Bn ti b lng c dn vo b cha bn. Ti y mt phn bn c tun hon li b bn hot tnh. Phn bn d c ht nh k. x l nc thi thy sn, nht l c tra c nhiu mu, nhiu m vi nng cht gy nhim cao phi ng thi p dng nhiu phng php nh trn: phng php ha l (tch rc, tch m bng tuyn ni, lng t, kh trng, lc p lc); phng php ha sinh (nguyn tc k kh: thit b lc sinh hc c vt liu m; nguyn tc hiu kh: b aerotank sc kh vi bn hot tnh c cy men vi sinh).

Cng trnh x l bao gm cc hng mc xy dng v thit b nh sau: - B gom, my bm nc thi - B tuyn ni, my nn kh, bm cao p, motor truyn ng - B iu ha, my bm - B phn hy k kh, bm nc thi - B bn hot tnh, my thi kh - B lng, motor gim tc - B cha bn, bm bn tun hon - B kh trng, bm nh lng, ha cht X l nc thi Dt Nhum Ngnh cng nghip dt nhum nc ta ang pht trin a dng vi nhng quy m khc nhau. Trong qu trnh hot ng sn xut, cc c s dt nhum to ra lng ln cht thi c mc gy nhim cao. Nc thi sinh ra t dt nhum thng c nhit cao, pH ln, cha nhiu loi ha cht, thuc nhum kh phn hy, mu cao. Nu khng c x l tt, nc thi do dt nhum s gy nhim mi trng, c bit l nhim ngun nc mt, nc ngm. Gp phn hn ch v khc phc tnh trng nhim mi trng do nc thi dt nhum, Cng ty TNHH Cng ngh K Thut X l nc Trung Dip Tn nghin cu phng php x l v quy trnh cng ngh x l nc thi ngnh dt nhum quy m cng nghip v a vo ng dng. Cc cng trnh x l nc thi dt nhum p dng kt hp cng ngh x l ha hc, sinh hc v c l. Qu trnh x l ha hc nhm iu chnh, trung ha PH ca nc thi; dng keo t, to bng loi b cc loi thuc nhum kh phn hy sinh hc sau khi x l sinh hc. Qu trnh x l sinh hc din ra nh s phn hy hiu kh ca bn hot tnh l lng phn hy cc cht hu c trong nc thi. Quy trnh cng ngh x l nc thi dt nhum do cty nghin cu p dng cho cc Cng ty dt nhum Thanh Cng v Cng ty dt len SanHung ViNa, cng ty nhum DOO SOL VINA trn a bn Thnh ph H Ch Minh v tnh Bnh Dng. Nc thi sau x l ti cc cng ty trn u t loi B theo Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 5945-1995. Cc k s cng ty X l nc Trung Dip Tn ang tip tc nghin cu hon thin cng ngh x l nc thi dt nhum nhm nng cao cht lng nc sau x l, bo m h gi thnh, tit kim nng lng v ha cht s dng ( chi ph cho 500/m3). Cng ngh x l nc thi dt nhum c kh nng p dng rng ri trong cc c s dt nhum c nc, p ng cc iu kin cho php v ch tiu mi trng nc ta. MNG SINH HC MBR Mng MBR ph bin rng ri trn th gii. Mng sinh hc MBR c cc ng nh (mng si rng) khong 1mm to thnh mt mng li cc xc tu siu nh (0.001 micromet)nhm loi b cc tp cht hu c l lng hiu qu nht hin nay, thay th ho cht kh trng, duy tr nng BOD nh hn 2mm/lt, SS nh hn 1mm/lt (xem hnh sn phm) mt gii php x l nit m lu nay nc ta vi cng ngh truyn thng kh t c. Chi ph vn hnh r bng 1/3 cng ngh truyn thng (gi t 500-700 /m3) H thng b sinh hc MBR c thit k c 2 kiu: kiu t ngp mng MBR vo trong b v kiu t ngoi. Vi kiu t ngp, mng MBR hot ng bng cch ht bng bm p lc; vi kiu t ngoi, mng MBR hot ng theo nguyn tc tun hon li b phn ng p sut cao... Theo , nc r rc i vo b, chy qua dng tun hon vi 5 bc lc, cc cht cn tch s c gi li, nc thi sau x l s c x ra ngoi. c bit, hiu sut ca vic lc ni t v ammonia theo phng php ny ln n 85%. B sinh hc mng MBR c th ph hp x l rt nhiu loi nc thi khc nhau nh nc thi sinh hot, nc thi th, nc thi nh my, nc r rc, nc thi thy hi sn... Hin nay mng MBR rt ph bin cc nc pht trin, cng ty ang tip tc nghin cu lc cc kim loi nng, kh mu, phi hp cng mng RO x l nc cp.(xem thuyt minh phn hnh sn phm) X L NC THI SINH HOT BNG MBR (CNG SUT 90 M3/NGY.M) I. MC TIU THIT K: Phng n nhm xy dng, lp t thit b v chuyn giao cng ngh x l nc thi khch sn vi cng sut khong Q = 90m3/ngy m. H thng x l c thit k theo cng ngh mi nht, tin tin nht ca Nht Bn v ang c ng dng rng ri trn th gii vo cui nm 2007, cng nh Vit Nam phng php s dng mng lc sinh MBR ch mi bt u c p dng vo gia nm 2008 cho h thng x l nc thi cho nh my in t VINA SAMSUNG ti KCN Yn Phong Tnh Bc Ninh do Cng ty chng ti trc tip lp t v vn hnh h thng, nc thi sau khi x l t theo TCVN 6772 2000 mc II. Phng n s dng cng ngh mi MBR so vi cc cng ngh c s dng gi th vi c nhng u, nhc im sau:

PHNG N MBR PHNG N GI TH VI SINH - Din tch xy dng nh gn, chi ph xy dng thp. - Cng ngh, thit b n gin, d t ng ha hon ton. - Khng cn s dng ha cht kh trng. - Chi ph u t thp. - Chi ph vn hnh thp. - Tui th thit b cao( 15 20 nm mi thay mng MBR). - Din tch xy dng ln, chi ph xy dng cao. - Cng ngh, thit b phc tp, kh t ng ha hon ton. - S dng ha cht kh trng. - Chi ph u t ban u cao hn so vi phng n MBR. - Chi ph vn hnh cao. - Tui th thit b khng cao. Phng n nhm cc mc ch sau: - Xy dng h thng x l nc thi cng sut 90 m3/ng theo phng php lc sinh hc qua mng MBR m khng cn s dng bt k mt loi ha cht no. - Hng dn, chuyn giao cng ngh v o to cn b k thut ca cng ty vn hnh h thng x l nc thi theo ng quy trnh cng ngh. Phng n nhm cc mc ch sau : - Xy dng h thng x l nc thi cng sut 90 m3/ng theo quy trnh ho, l v sinh hc. - Hng dn v o to cn b k thut ca cng ty vn hnh h thng x l nc thi theo ng quy trnh cng ngh. II. PHNG N X L: 1. Qua nghin cu thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc thi sinh hot, chng ti rt ra nhng nhn nh sau : Tc nhn chnh gy nhim nc thi, l : cc cht hu c, v c c th b phn hu, c biu hin qua thng s : BOD5 trung bnh 400mg/ml, COD = 500mg/l, SS = 150mg/l. - Phng n x l c tnh ton vi cc thng s nh sau : Thng s u vo: - Lu lng : 90 m3/ng - PH : 5 9 - BOD5 : 400 mg/l - COD : 500 mg/l - SS : 150m/l - N-NH4 : 2 mg/l - Tng N : 20 mg/l - Tng Coliform : 108 MPN/100ml - Cc vi trng gy bnh khc. Tiu chun ca nc thi sau khi x l : Nc thi sau khi x l phi t tiu chun TCVN 6772 2000 mc II: Thit k ca chng ti sau y t hiu sut x l 97% i vi BOD, 98% i vi COD, 95% i vi SS, gn 99% i vi Coliform, v 100% i vi cc vi trng gy bnh khc. III. M T CNG NGH C LA CHN. Nc thi t khch sn Li tch rc H Thu B cn bng B x l ty tin B lc mng MBR B cha trung gian.thi vo mi trng(t tiu chun 6772 2000 mc II. 1. H thu, chn rc : Nc thi sn xut s theo h thng mng dn chy v b gom, qua li chn rc n b iu ho. Li chn rc (inox) s gi li rc c kch thc ln, tp cht th. Chn rc vi h thng ly rc bng th cng c ngh s dng, rc c tp trung ti b thu rc v hp ng vi cng nhn v sinh chuyn rc n bi v sinh thch hp. 3. B cn bng. Nc thi sau khi c tch rc s c dn vo b x l vi sinh ty tin bng t chy. Trong b x l vi sinh ty tin c s dng h vi sinh k kh phn hy cht hu c c trong nc thi, gim qu trnh to bt trong x l qu trnh tip theo. 4.B x l ty tin. Nc thi sau khi c phn hy k kh, c t chy vo b iu ha, ti y kh c sc vo t my

thi kh nhm cn bng nng cht nhim, nh pH, n nh lu lng x l. 5. B lc sinh hc MBR. B x l sinh hc hiu kh vi mng lc sinh hc MBR, Mng c cu to t cht Polypropylen c kch thc l cc nh c 0.001 micron ch c th cho phn t nc i qua v mt s cht hu c, v c ha tan i qua, ngay c h vi sinh vt bm dnh cng khng th i qua c do vy nc sau khi i qua mng MBR khng cn phi dng ha cht kh trng. Khng kh c a vo tng cng bng cc my thi kh c cng sut ln qua cc h thng phn phi kh y b, m bo lng oxi ho tan trong nc thi >2 mg/l. Nh vy ti y s din ra qu phn hu hiu kh trit , sn phm ca qu trnh ny ch yu s l kh CO2 v sinh khi vi sinh vt, cc sn phm cha nit v lu hunh s c cc vi sinh vt hiu kh chuyn thnh dng NO3- , SO42- v chng s tip tc b kh nitrate, kh sulfate bi vi sinh vt. Phng trnh din ra nh sau : (CHO) nNS CO2 + H2O + T bo vi sinh + Cc sn phm d tr Cht nhim + NH+4 + H2S + Nng lng NO- 3 SO-24 Qu trnh phn hy sinh hc hiu kh t yu cu th ti y s khng c mi hi, b khng y kn tng qu trnh tip xc ca nc thi trn b mt b vi khng kh v d qun l trong vn hnh. Vi thi gian lu ca nc trong b ny khong 10 12 gi th hiu qu x l trong giai on ny t 90 n 95% theo BOD. 6.B n nh. Trc khi thi vo mi trng nc sau khi x l cn trung gian trc khi i vo mi trng, mt khc nc thi cn c dng tr li ra mng MBR theo nh k. 7. H thng x l bn: Bn trong qu trnh x l t b lng, mt phn d. Bn c phn hu k kh bi vi sinh. M T TB/CN: * Nc thi t b iu ha v lng bc 1 c bm ti vo thp lc sinh hc (Bio-Tower). Thp c y cc gi th c cu to c bit, vi sinh vt c th lu tr v pht trin. Khng kh c cha oxy c my nn kh (Air-Compressor) a ngc dng t di ln. Vi sinh vt hiu kh n cc cht hu c trong nc thi v cho ra dng sau x l c cc ch tiu BOD va COD t yu cu, c thi vo mi trng bn ngoi sau khi kh trng nc * Cng sut: 10 2000m3/ngy m * Cc ch tiu kinh t k thut khc: * Nc thi u vo c ch tiu nhim: BOD ~ 250mg/l, COD ~ 550mg/l * Nc thi u ra c: BOD 50 mg/l, COD 100 mg/l LNH VC P DNG * X l nc thi sinh hot cm dn c, khch sn, bnh vin U IM * Hot ng n nh, ra vt liu d dng * Tng lu lng x l Polime Polime lm trong nc lm kh bn Vichemfloc Mt trong cc bin php c hiu qu cao ca ha hc x l nc v bn l dng polime kt tch (Flocculant). Tnh hiu qu cao ca chng th hin ch ch cn mt lng rt nh polime ( vi phn triu) nc c tr nn trong v lm kh mt tn bn, ch cn mt vi trm gam polime. Loi polime ny cng mang li hiu qu cao cho cc qu trnh lc ra, lng tch khi thu luyn cc loi sn phm, c bit l tinh ch cc oxit kim loi v tuyn khong. Do chi ph thp, cch lm n gin, cht lng nc thnh phm cao, phng php dng polime kt tch c mt v tr hng u trong cng ngh lm sch v lm trong nc. Lm kh bn li l mt lnh vc ng dng rt hiu qu trong x l bn, cng nh trong cc cng ngh lm kh cc loi va. Bn cht ha hc ca polime kt tch tng hp l poliacrylamit v copolime ca n. Chng c phn thnh 3 nhm in tnh: C - Cationic A - Anionic N - Nonionic C - Cationic : tan trong nc phn t polime tch in dng. A - Anionic : tan trong nc phn t polime tch in m.

N - Nonionic : tan trong nc phn t polime khng mang in hoc lng in phn cc. C ch ca qu trnh kt tch l s trung ho in tch ca cc ht l lng nh in tch tri du ca polime trong dung dch. Khc vi phn nhm sunphat v polinhmclorua (PAC) do khng c s thu phn to ra axit nn polime khng lm bin i pH ca nc. Trong mi nhm polime in tnh (C,N,A) cc polime cn khc nhau ch yu cc ch s: Phn t lng hay trng hp. nht ca dung dch copolime. T l cc monome trong phn t copolime. S khc nhau v in tnh v cc ch s ny to cho poliacrylamit c tnh kt tch chn lc, hiu qu rt cao, cc mt hng ca n phong ph v chng loi v do c th lm trong v lm sch c rt nhiu cc loi nc v vt nc ca rt nhiu loi bn va nu bit chn ng v bit phi hp tt cc loi poliacrylamit vi nhau v vi cc ho cht khc. Tm ng dng ca poliacrylamit rt phong ph, a dng c th nu tm tt nh sau : Lm trong nc thi: Nc c trong + Cn Th kh + Nc trong,Vt nc va bn: Bn va Tr lc: Dch d lc. Dch kh lc Tr tch: H huyn ph nh tng kh tch pha - Nc trong + Bn . Poliacrylamit cn c s dng cho cc mc ch: ci to t, ph lng giy, cc tng v cc thnh phm xenlul khc nh cht h vi si bng, dch khoan ging du m. v.v... Ch phm x l nc PAC-P 1.Cng dng ca PAC-P trong x l nc cp v nc thi: a) X l nc cp: - PAC-P c tc dng tch cc tp cht l lng gy ra c ca nc , lm trong nc. - Tr lng cho cc bng hydroxit. - Khng c, t lm gim pH ca nc, thch hp cho x l nc cp. b) X l nc thi: - Dng trc b lng t 1 tch nhng tp cht l lng, hp ph mu, v than, khi mun than khi hp ph kh thi - X l nc tun hon trong cc khu sn xut. - C hiu qu cao trong x l ngun nc nhim du, m khi dng phng php tuyn ni (D.A.F). 2. So snh PAC-P v phn (alum): PAC-P PHN NHM Cao phn t n phn t Liu lng 15 20 ppm Liu lng 20 30 ppm Khong cch thch hp pH = 5.5 9.5 Khong pH = 4.8 5.7 Thi gian lu 15 pht Thi gian lu 20 30 pht t b ni vng bt To vng bt nhiu hn Kh nng hp th mu cao Kh nng hp th mu km Thnh phn oxit nhm 30 31% Thnh phn oxit nhm khong 15% Tnh axit yu, t lm gim pH Tnh axit mnh, lm gim pH 3. Kt lun: So vi nhng cht keo t khc nh phn nhm, st th PAC-P c nhng u im sau: - C kh nng tuyn ni cao. - Dng tt cho nc cp. - C kh nng hp th mu nn t hiu qu cac trong x l nc c m2u cao nh: dt nhum, giy - Hm lng s dng t nn lng cn thi ra t hn. - C thnh phn oxit nhm cao (30 31%). - C tnh axit yu nn trnh lm n mn thit b v t lm gim pH ca nc. - L dng cao phn t nn kh nng to bng cao hn v lng polymer s dng s t hn.