I.

M u Cng vi vic pht trin cng nghip du m v kh thin nhin, cc sn phm ha cht hu c cng t c s pht trin nhy vt nh s kt hp (danh t thng dng hin nay l s tch hp intergration) nhanh chng vi cng ngh lc du. Sn phm ha hc t du m m ra mt ngnh mi: ngnh ha du. Trong , Nha tng hp l sn phm c sn lng ln v gi tr nht. Polyvinylclorua (PVC) l mt loi nh tng hp c bng cch trng hp vinylclorua monomer (MVC): n CH2 = CHCl (- CH2 CHCl -) n (1) Hin nay PVC l loi nha nhit do c sn xut v tiu th nhiu th 3 trn th gii (sau polyethylen PE v Polypropylene - PP). Hnh 1 cho ta bc tranh tng th v nhu cu cc loi cht do ca th gii nm 2007.
ABS 4% PC 2%

PET 7%

PS 6%

HDPE 17% LLDPE 11%

PVC 19% PP 24%

LDPE 10%

HDPE

LLDPE

LDPE

PP

PVC

PET

PS

ABS

PC

Theo:CMAI

Hnh 1: Nhu cu cht do nm 2007 ca th gii Trong thi i hin nay,chng ta hu nh sng trong mt mi trng b bao quanh bi cc loi nha tng hp. iu lm cho nhiu ngi lm
3

tng l chng ta tiu th qu nhiu du m sn xut cht do. Ngoi ra, mi khi bn lun vn lin quan n cht thi c ngun gc t du m, ngi ta hay li cho cc loi cht do. Thc t khng phi nh vy. Theo s liu nm 1989 ca B Cng Thng quc t Nht Bn, c ti 85% lng du c dng cho cc phng tin vn ti cho cc x nghip, nh my nhit in si m... Cn Naphta, nguyn liu chnh cho cng nghip ha du, ch chim 14% tng sn lng du m tiu th (xem Hnh 2 v 3).
X ng 20.2% Du Diesel 16.4% Naphta 14.50%

Du nng 34.2%

Du cho ng c phn lc 1.6%

Du ha 13%

Hnh 2: T l cc phn on sn phm ca qu trnh lc du

Nng nghip 1.4% Hng khng 1.7% Kh t 0.2% t cc loi 36.4% Dn sinh 8.7%

Sn xut in 11%

Phng tin vn ti 11.5% Khai thc m v sn xut 14.8% Nguyn liu cho ha du 14.3%

Hnh 3: Cc lnh vc ng dng ca du m

Thnh phn PVC c c th m cc loi nh khc khng c: Trong phn t monomer VMC (CH2=CHCl) c ti gn 60% khi lng l t clo (Cl), clo c hnh thnh qua qu trnh in phn mui n (NaCl). Do c th ni rng, PVC c hnh thnh t 60% mui n. Vi sn lng nha hin nay, sn xut PVC ch cn 0,5% tng sn lng du tiu th. iu ny rt quan trng, nht l trong giai on hin nay khi du m ang l mt vn nng trn th gii. Vi gi cao ngt ngng, du m v cc sn phm t du m khng ch cn n thun l vn kinh t. Trong khi , nh c tnh trn, PVC t ph thuc vo s bin i ca du m hn so vi nhng loi polyme c tng hp t 100% du m. Ti mi thi im, gi ca PVC bao gi cng thp hn khong t 20 - 30% so vi cc loi cht do cng c ng dng rng ri khc nh PE, PP v PS, (xem minh ha ti Bng 1):
Thi gian nhp khu PVC HDPE n gi, USD/tn LDPE PP PS

Tun t: 713-760 1089-1120 1030-1180 1050-1195 1080 02-6/5/06 Tun t: 1.030 - 1.040 1.290 - 1.590 1.317 - 1.790 1.315 - 1.540 1.550 - 1.600 21/9-28/9/07 Tun t: 1.000-1.100 1.363-1.450 1.337-1.750 1.370-1.440 2/11-10/11/07 Theo:Tp ch Thng tin thng mi

Bng 1 : Din bin gi nhp khu mt s loi nha thng dng u im th hai l do clo em li cho PVC. l tnh km hm s chy. Cng chnh v c im ny m PVC gn nh chim v tr c tn trong lnh vc xy dng dn dng. V mt ng dng, PVC l loi nha a nng nht.Gi thnh r, a dng trong ng dng, nhiu tnh nng vt tri l nhng yu t gip cho PVC tr thnh vt liu l tng cho hng lot ngnh cng nghip khc nhau: Xy dng dn dng, k thut in, v tuyn vin thng, dt may, nng nghip, sn xut t, xe my, giao thng vn ti, hng khng, y t... bt k u chng ta u bt gp s hin din ca PVC.

II. S lc lch s pht trin 1. PVC trn th gii PVC c qu trnh pht trin hn 100 nm nay. Nm 1835 ln u tin nh ha hc Liebig tng hp c vinylclorua. Vo nm 1872 Baumann ln u tin tng hp ra PVC. n nm 1933, nhiu dng PVC c tng hp M v c. Tuy nhin, n nm 1937 PVC mi c sn xut trn quy m cng nghip hon chnh ti c.Vic tin s ha hc ngi c Waldo Simon v tnh pht hin ra nhng c tnh qu bu ca PVC c th thay th cao su trong hng lot ng dng v nht l nhu cu to ln v nguyn vt liu phc v cho cuc chin tranh th gii th hai cng nh sau l phc v cho vic khc phc hu qu chin tranh, pht trin t nc thc y ngnh cng nghip sn xut PVC pht trin nhanh chng nhiu nc nh M, c,Anh v Nht Bn. C th ly nc Anh minh ha cho nhn xt trn. Nu nh nm 1947 lng PVC tiu th Anh l khong 6.600 tn, th 10 nm sau l 66.000 tn, tc l c sau mi 3 nm lng tiu th PVC gn nh tng gp i. Nm 1979 Anh tiu th hn 440.000 tn PVC, cn nm 1990 l 615.000 tn [1]. S tng trng v pht trin kinh t l yu t quyt nh n nhu cu tiu th PVC. Bc sang th k 21, cc iu kin kinh t trn ton cu c ci thin v v th nhu cu PVC rt ln, ln hn nhiu so vi d bo. Sn lng PVC ca th gii nm 2006 t ti hn 32 triu tn v mc tng trng trong giai on 2001-2006 l hn 5%/nm.D kin n nm 2012, cng sut PVC ca th gii s t 50 triu tn/nm. Khu vc chu c d bo dn u th gii vi mc tng trng nhu cu bnh qun hng nm l khong 7%/nm trong giai on t nay n nhng nm 2010 v n nm 2012 s chim 50% tng cng sut ca th gii, trong cao nht l Trung Quc, tip n Malaysia, Vit Nam v tiu lc a n . Bng 2 l sn lng PVC ca th gii trong cc nm1991, 2001, 2006 v d bo cho 2011. Bng 3 l cng sut PVC ca Chu Thi Bnh Dng giai on 2000-2007, trong Trung Quc vi s nhy vt t bin vn ln v tr dn u th gii.

n v: 1.000 tn TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Khu vc Ty u Trung u CIS NAFTA Nam M Chu Phi- Trung ng Chu - Chu i Dng Cng: Theo: TPC Vina, CMAI v Vinolit 1991 6.030 2.440 6.090 940 830 5.860 22.190 2001 5.500 500 300 6.500 1.100 1.400 10.600 25.900 2006 5.800 700 800 7.300 1.500 2.100 14.600 32.800 2011 6.100 1.000 1.700 7.800 1.600 2.700 19.800 40.700

Bng 2 : Sn lng PVC trn th gii

n v tnh: 1.000 tn Nc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Nht Bn Hn Quc i Loan Trung Quc Thi Lan Malaysia Indonesia Philippines Vit Nam n Pakistan rp X ut Australia Tng cng: 2000 2.685 1.180 1.535 2.665 760 97 621 102 80 791 100 324 240 2001 2.613 1.180 1.566 2.892 795 260 621 100 80 811 100 324 240 2002 2.540 1.240 1.679 3.265 795 260 621 100 115 775 100 324 140 2003 2.523 1.240 1.679 4.623 795 260 621 100 200 775 100 324 140 2004 2.448 1.240 1.698 6.000 795 271 621 106 200 775 100 394 140 2005 2.448 1.240 1.717 8.000 795 280 621 110 200 800 100 394 140 2006 2007

2.448 2.448 1.240 1.240 1.717 1.717 10.000 11.200 795 795 280 280 621 621 110 110 200 200 1.035 1.035 100 100 394 394 140 140

11.180 11.582 11.954 13.380 14.788 16.845 19.080 20.280

Theo: Harriman Report

Bng 3: Cng sut nha PVC ca Chu Thi Bnh Dng giai on 2000-2007
7

2. PVC Vit Nam Vit Nam, cho n nhng nm su mi ca th k trc PVC cng nh cc cht do khc vn cn xa l vi hu ht mi ngi. Trong nhng nm 1959 1962, ti nh my ha cht Vit Tr, Trung Quc gip ta xy dng mt dy chuyn sn xut PVC bng cng ngh i t cc bua canxi (t n CaC2) qua axetylen (CHCH) vi cng sut thit k ban u l 350 tn/nm, sau n nm 1975 nng ln 500 tn/nm. Sau 9 nm vn hnh do cng sut qu nh, cng ngh lc hu, nng sut thit b thp (trung bnh khong trn 30%), sn phm c cht lng khng n nh v nht l gi thnh qu cao (hn nhp khu nhiu ln) ngi ta nh phi dp b. Ngnh cng nghip nha Vit Nam lc y c hiu l cng nghip gia cng ch bin nha. Tt c cc loi nha (trong c PVC) u phi nhp khu. Nhng sn phm nha thi k ny va n iu v mu m li thiu chng loi v s lng. Chnh v vy, trong nhng nm u ca thp k 80, hng nha ca nc ngoi trn ngp th trng Vit Nam.Ch bt u t nhng nm 1990, tc l t khi t nc bc vo thi k i mi, ngnh cng nghip ny mi thc s c s bt ph v hn mi nm tr li y dnh li c th trng trong nc. Khng nhng th hng nha Vit Nam ang tng bc vn ra th trng quc t v khu vc. Nm 2006 kim ngch xut khu cc sn phm nha vt 500 triu USD v d kin s t ngng 1 t USD vo nm 2010.Tuy nhin vi vic hu nh tt c nguyn liu u vo u phi nhp th kh nng cnh tranh ca sn phm nha Vit Nam l rt yu, nht l trong giai on ton cu ha hin nay. Nm 1981 l nm m u cho s pht trin ngnh cng nghip du kh Vit Nam vi vic khai thc m kh huyn Tin Hi tnh Thi Bnh v s ra i ca X nghip Lin doanh du kh Vit X. Theo s liu ca Tp on Du kh quc gia Vit Nam, n ht thng 12 nm 2006, trn 235 triu tn du quy i c khai thc trong du th t trn 205 triu tn v cung cp 30 t m3 kh cho sn xut in v cc nhu cu dn sinh khc. Hin nay, tng lng du kh khai thc hng nm t trung bnh khong 20 triu tn quy i. Du kh c nhng vic s dng ti nguyn qu bu ny nh hin nay (bn 100% du th v lm nhin liu 100% lng kh) th cha thc s hiu qu. Chnh v vy, ngnh Du kh v Ha cht lp cc chin lc pht trin lu di cho bc ch bin v c Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt ti cc
8

Quyt nh 343/2005/Q-TTg ngy 26/12/2005 v 386/2006/Q-TTg ngy 09/3/2006. Cc quyt nh trn l vic c th ha ng li pht trin ngnh ha du Vit Nam. Vit Nam, cng nh tt c cc nc ng Nam khc (k c i Loan), cng ngip sn xut nguyn liu cho ngnh nha u khi u t PVC. S sau cho ta khi qut cc bc pht trin ca qu trnh sn xut PVC t du m v s pht trin ca ngnh ha du Vit Nam:

Hnh 4 : S pht trin ngnh ha du Vit Nam Ngnh sn xut nha PVC Vit Nam bt u vo nm 1998 vi s hin din ca lin doanh TPC Vina (tin thn l Mitsui Vina). y l lin doanh gia Cng ty C phn Nha v Ha cht Thi Lan (TPC), Tng Cng ty Ha cht Vit Nam (Vinachem) v Cng ty Nha Vit Nam (Vinaplast). Nh lin doanh ny lng PVC nhp khu gim t 74.000 tn nm 1997 xung cn 61.000 tn vo nm 1999 v ch cn trn di 50.000 tn vo nhng nm sau ny.Cng sut ca TPC Vina l 100.000 tn/nm. Cui nm 2002, nh my sn xut PVC th hai (Lin doanh gia Petronas Malaysia vi B Ra Vng Tu)
9

c cng sut 100.000 tn/nm cng bt u tham gia vo th trng. Bng 4 l lng tiu th nha ni chung v PVC ni ring Vit Nam trong nhng nm qua v d on n nm 2011 (tnh c sn lng ca dy chuyn sn xut PVC th hai ca Cng ty TPC Vina vi cng sut l 90.000 tn/nm d kin s i vo hot ng vo gia qy 4 nm 2008). Bng 5 cho ta mc tiu th nha PVC tnh trn u ngi ca mt s nc v khu vc.

Nha ni chung Nm Bnh qun Tng cu tiu th (tn) (kg/u ngi) 280.000 420.000 500.000 625.000 780.000 950.000 1.010.000 1.260.000 1.450.000 1.550.000 1.650.000 1.967.000 2.297.000 2.710.000 3.200.000 3.850.000 3,78 5,60 6,60 8,00 9,80 12,20 13,00 15,60 18,70 20,10 21,00 22,00 26,80 31,50 36,40 42,00 12.100 47.600 24.930 78.800 102.100 119.700 127.730 145.200 176.200 195.000 215.000 250.000 290.000 290.000

PVC Sn xut Bnh qun trong Nhp khu Tng cu tiu th nc (tn) (tn) (kg/u ngi) (tn) 58.500 65.000 74.000 92.000 61.800 85.700 52.800 52.900 47.200 51.200 64.300 69.800 65.000 66.000 54.000 40.000 64.400 58.500 65.000 74.000 104.100 109.400 110.000 131.600 155.000 166.900 178.930 209.500 246.000 260.000 281.000 304.000 330.000 356.400 0,81 0,89 1,00 1,38 1,43 1,42 1,67 1,94 2,06 2,18 2,52 2,90 3,04 3,25 3,48 3,74 4.00

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Theo:TPC Vina, Hip hi nha Vit Nam

Bng 4 : Lng tiu th cc loi nha v PVC Vit Nam

10

Ncv khu vc Th gii CIS Trung u Ty u Nht Trung Quc Thi lan Malaysia Vit Nam

2001 4,0 1,0 4,0 14,0 1,67

2006 5.0 3,0 6,0 14,0 11,0 4,0 7,0 6,0 2,9

2011 6,0 5,0 8,0 14,0 4,0

Bng 5 : Tiu th nha PVC trn u ngi mt s nc v khu vc (kg/u ngi) Kh nng cung - cu nha PVC Vit Nam c th hin trong biu sau:
tn 400,000 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 2.00 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Tng cu
Sn xut trong nc
Nhp khu
Bnh qun tiu th

CUNG - CU PVC VIT NAM

kg/u ngi 4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50

1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00

Hnh 5 : Kh nng cung cu PVC ca Vit Nam Nh vy, cho n nm 2010 - 2011 v c cc nm sau , Vit Nam vn cn phi nhp khu PVC nu nh ngay t by gi khng c nh u t no quan tm n lnh vc ny.
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III. Tng hp PVC

1. Nguyn liu

1.1. Mnome vinylclorua (MVC), CH2 = CHCl 1.1.1. S lc v vinylclorua Mc d c bit n t hn 100 nm nhng Vinylclorua (VC) ch tr thnh mt ha cht quan trng vo nhng nm 20 v 30 ca th k trc, khi sn phm trng hp ca VC cho ta Polyvinylclorua (PVC) vi nhiu ng dng khc nhau. Di y l mt vi tnh cht ha l ca MVC: iu kin nhit v p sut thng, MVC l mt cht kh khng mu d chy, d n. Nhit nng chy: Nhit si: T trng hi: -153,7 0C - 13,9 0C 2,15 (khng kh = 1)

thun tin cho vic vn chuyn v bo qun, MVC thng c nn p sut khong 3 kg/cm2 . Ti p sut ny MVC l mt cht lng trong sut, khng mu,c t trng 0,92 g/ml ( 25 0C). MVC tan rt t trong nc,d ho tan trong cc dung mi hu c. 1.2. Mt s thng s k thut ca sn phm thng mi Vinyl clorua, hm lng ti thiu: 99,99% Axit clohydric (HCl), ti a: 1 ppm St (Fe), ti a: Hp cht axetylen, ti a: Hp cht clorua(Cl-), ti a: Nc, ti a: 1,3-Butadien, ti a: Cht c ch, ti a: Cht khng bay hi, ti a : 1 ppm 10 ppm 100 ppm 100 ppm 10 ppm 5 ppm 5 ppm
12

1.3. Tng hp MVC Tng hp MVC c trnh by qua cc phn ng sau: T acetylen: CH CH + HCl CH2 = CHCl (I) T ethylen: Khi i t ethylen (II), qu trnh s xy ra theo 2 bc: Trc tin l clo ha ethylen to ra 1,2- ethylen-diclorua (EDC III), tip theo l nhit phn EDC thnh MVC v axit clohydric (HCl): CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 CH2Cl CH2Cl (II) (III) CH2Cl CH2Cl (3) (2)

CH2 = CHCl + HCl (4)

Nh vy, ch mt na phn t clo tham gia vo phn ng to thnh MVC, na cn li to thnh HCl. Lng HCl ny i khi khng c ni tiu th, i hi phi x l rt tn km. C nhiu hng khc phc vn ny. Mt trong nhng hng l s dng kt hp c acetylen v ethylene. Khi y, HCl hydroclo ha acetylen, tc l kt hp cc phn ng (2), (3) v (4): CH CH + CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 2 CH2 = CHCl (5) S khi ca qu trnh trn:

Hnh 6: Quy trnh tng hp MVC t acetylen v ethylen

13

Ngy nay, do yu t kinh t trong qu trnh tng hp acetylen (i t than cc, vi vi bc trung gian l ccbua can xy - CaC2 - cn rt nhiu nng lng) nn hu ht cc nh sn xut s dng HCl d ny oxy - clo ha ethylen vi s c mt ca xc tc: CH2 = CH2 + 2HCl + O2 CH2Cl CH2Cl + H2O Kt hp c 3 phn ng (3), (4) (ly h s 2) v (6) ta c: 2 CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 + O2 2 CH2 = CHCl + H2O S ca qa trnh c th hin trong Hnh 7: (7) (6)

Hnh 7: S qa trnh sn xut MVC kt hp oxyclo ha ethylen a) Qu trnh sn xut MVC t acetylen v HCl c s dng rng ri mt s nc t nhng nm 1950. Ngy nay vi s pht trin ca cng nghip du m, hu ht cc nc chuyn sang s dng ethylen lm nguyn liu ch yu sn xut MVC. Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm gn y, vi vic khng hong nng lng thng xuyn xy ra trn th gii cng vi s gia tng gi c cc phng tin vn chuyn v tn dng nhng thun li ti ch (nh tr lng than di do ti vng Ty Bc v khu vc Ni Mng c th gip pht trin ng thi nhit in yu t chnh quyt nh gi thnh ca acetylen) Trung Quc quay tr li phng php ny. Theo s liu thng k trong tng sn lng nha PVC ca Trung Quc nm 2006 l 6,5 triu tn th 4,2 triu tn c sn xut t ngun acetylen, ch c 2,3 triu tn l i t etylen. Theo s liu mi nht, hin nay Trung Quc t l gia PVC sn xut t acetylen v t etylen l 65:35 (Xem Hnh 8).
14

Theo: Hip hi cng nghip sn xut xut-clo Trung Quc, CCAIA

Hnh 8: Trung Quc sn xut PVC t acetylen nhiu hn t etylen Mt tr ngi ca phng php sn xut MVC t acetylen l vn nhim mi trng. V qu trnh ny s dng xc tc l clorua thy ngn (HgCl2) rt c hi, m n nay cha c bin php x l n trit v hiu qu. b) Trong qu trnh sn xut MVC t etylen v clo ngi ta dng xc tc l clorua st hai (FeCl2), nn t tc ng n mi trng hn so vi phng php trn. Phn ng c th thc hin c hai pha: lng v kh. Trong pha lng ngi ta dng chnh sn phm ca phn ng, etylendicloetan (EDC), lm dung mi ho tan etylen v clo. Phn ng xy ra 50-70oC v p sut 4-5 atm. Hiu sut t 95-96% so vi etylen. Qu trnh trong pha kh c tin hnh 90-130oC v p sut 7-10 atm.V y l phn ng ta nhit mnh nn vic kim sot nhit phn ng trnh xy ra chy n l rt quan trng. trnh chy n, ngi ta thit k thit b phn ng dng ng chm, cho kh i qua khong cch gia cc ng chm c lm lnh bn trong. Ngoi ra cn c th dng kh tr lm gim kh nng gy n hoc dng lng etylen d Do nhiu yu t k thut thun li nh nu di y nn phng php tng hp trong pha lng thng c p dng rng ri hn:
15

Thit b phn ng n gin; D iu chnh nhit phn ng Khng cn dng lng etylen d hoc kh tr Nhit phn ng c dng ngay un nng dung mi v lm bay hi sn phm to thnh. c) Oxyclo ha etylen: y l phng php ti u v hiu qu nht tng hp MVC. Xc tc s dng l clorua ng trn vi KCl hoc mt s clorua kim loi kim khc. Phn ng c thc hin 250-350oC theo s sau [2]: CuCl2 + CH2 = CH2 CH2Cl CH2Cl + Cu2Cl2 (8) (9) (10)

Cu2Cl2 + O2 CuO.CuCl2 CuO.CuCl2 + HCl 2 CuCl2 + H2O

Khi s dng xc tc l hn hp ca clorua ng I v II, mui kim loi kim cho vo c tc dng lm gim nhit nng chy v c p sut hi ca hn hp mui nng chy. Nn ca xc tc l alumina, silica hoc mt cht rn xp bn vi cc iu kin phn ng.Phn ng c thc hin iu kin p sut 2-10 atm. C 2 loi thit b phn ng c s dng ph bin nht: ng chm v tng si. Nhit phn 1,2 - ethlendiclorua (EDC): sn xut MVC ngi ta tin hnh tch mt phn t HCl t EDC nhit cao (450-600oC), gi l nhit phn - phn ng (4).Qu trnh ny c th thc hin khi dng hoc khng dng xc tc [2]. Qua thc t ngi ta thy mc chuyn ha cng nh hiu sut ca MVC thu c ca hai qa trnh khng khc nhau nhiu. Mt khc, vic ch to thit b nhit phn khng dng xc tc d dng v n gin hn nhiu. V vy, ngy nay trn th gii vic s dng quy trnh nhit phn khng dng xc tc sn xut MVC c ng dng nhiu hn. Hnh 9 l s qu trnh nhit phn EDC thu c MVC:

16

Hnh 9: S nhit phn EDC thnh MVC

2. Clo, Cl2

2.1. Vi nt v cng nghip xt - clo 2.1.1. Trn th gii Hu ht lng clo trn th gii c sn xut bng phng php in phn mui n (NaCl). Mt vi phng php khc c th c s dng iu ch clo nh i t clorua kali (KCl) hay t HCl nhng cho lng khng ng k.ng dng lu i nht v cng l con ng pht hin ra clo (vo gia nhng nm 1760) l dng ty trng vi. Sau ny, ngi ta cn s dng clo ty trng bt g, giy, x l nc, ty trng... T khi nn cng nghip ha du pht trin, lng clo tiu th tng vt. Clo c s dng cho qu trnh clo ha hydrocacbon sn xut dung mi hoc cc dn xut trung gian trong tng hp hu c, dc phm. Tuy nhin lnh vc tiu th clo ln nht chnh l sn xut etylendiclorua (EDC) v MVC. C ti 39% lng clo s dng Ty u l sn xut EDC v MVC. S liu ny M l 33%. Tnh chung trn ton th gii, lng clo s dng cho sn xut EDC v MVC chim 33%
17

tng sn lng. Nm 1990, ton th gii tiu th 35,9 triu tn clo, trong M chim 29%, Ty u 26%, Nht Bn 10% cc nc khc chim 35%. Bng 6 cho ta cn cn cung-cu trong nhng nm gn y.
n v: Tr. tn Nm 2003 2004 2005 2006 Theo: TPC Cng sut 53 54 57 59 Sn lng 46 48 49 51 Nhu cu 46 48 49 51

Bng 6 : Cung - cu clo trn th gii Khi in phn mui n, ngoi clo ta cn thu c xt (NaOH) vi t l clo:xt l 1:1,1. Xt ch yu c dng trong sn xut giy v bt giy, cht git ra, x phng v vi tng hp, ngha l cho nhng sn phm thit yu trong i sng thng ngy ca chng ta. Do nhu cu xt s tip tc tng theo s pht trin kinh t th gii. Nm 2006 sn xut xt trn th gii t khong 65 triu tn quy kh. D kin trong giai on 2007 2010, s tng nhiu m ch yu l Chu . Cng trong nm 2006 nhu cu xt trn ton th gii l 55 triu tn quy kh v d kin s tng ln 64 triu tn vo nm 2010.
Cung - cu xt trn th gii
80 70 60 50 Tr. tn 40 30 20 10 0 2003 Cng sut 2006 Cu 2010 T l vn hnh , % 84.5 84 83.5 83 86.5 86 T l vn hnh,% 85.5 85

Theo: TPC

Hnh10: Cung cu xt trn th gii

18

Hin nay Chu tr thnh th trng xt ln nht th gii k c cung v cu, trong Trung Quc ng vai tr. Nm 2006, Trung Quc sn xut khong 12, 6 triu tn xt quy kh v do s tng trng mnh c v sn xut v tiu th nn trong thp nin u tin ca th k 21, Trung Quc s vt M, hin ang l nc c nhu cu xt ln nht th gii cho n nm 2005. 2.1.2 Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th xt - clo Vit Nam Hin nay c 5 n v ang sn xut xt-clo, vi cng sut xt tng cng t khong 123.000 tn quy kh (Bng 7).
Nh sn xut Vedan Cng ty Ha cht C bn Min Nam Giy Bi Bng Cng ty Ha cht Vit Tr Cng ty giy Tn Mai Tng cng: Lnh vc hot ng Natri glumamat Ha cht c bn Bt giy v giy Cht git ra v ha cht c bn Giy v bt giy Cng sut Sn lng Tiu th ni b Bn ra ngoi (1.000 tn) (1.000 tn) (1.000 tn) (1.000 tn) 80 20 10 10 3 123.000 57 18 10 10 3 98 57 3 10 3 73 15 10 25

Bng 7: Cc nh sn xut xt - clo ti Vit Nam Cng ty Vedan c sn phm chnh l natri glutamat, l nh sn xut xt ln nht Vit Nam tnh theo cng sut (80.000 tn/nm). Nm 2006, Vedan sn xut khong 57.000 tn xt quy kh nhng ch dng ni b. Nh sn xut xt ln th hai Vit Nam l Cng ty Ha cht C bn Min Nam, mt Cng ty con ca Tng Cng ty Ha cht Vit Nam. Vi cng sut 20.000 tn/nm, nm 2006 cng ty ny sn xut khong 18.000 tn quy kh, trong 3.000 tn c s dng ni b, s cn li c bn ra th trng trong nc. Gn 75% sn lng xt (73.000 tn) ca cc nh sn xut trong nc c s dng ni b. Sn lng xt sn xut ra so vi cng sut thit k ch t 80%. l do b hn ch bi cn bng clo. Tc l so vi xt, clo v cc sn phm t clo (axt clohydric HCl, nc Javen) c s dng vi s lng t hn nhiu. Nh ta bit, qu trnh in phn mui n c sn xut ra 1,1 tn xt th thu c 1 tn clo.V khng th cn bng clo m cc nh sn xut trong
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nc khng th chy ht cng sut ca dy chuyn. Nhng x hi khng ngng pht trin, nhu cu xt vn ngy mt tng. iu dn n vic thiu ht xt v phi nhp khu. Hng nm, nc ta phi nhp t 45 50.000 tn xt quy kh phc v tiu dng trong nc. Mt khi nh my sn xut EDC v MVC ra i, nhu cu clo s tng vt, n lc s li phi ng u vi vic d tha xt. 2.2. Sn xut Xt - clo Nh cp trn hu ht lng clo c sn xut bng cch in phn mui n (NaCl) v khi ta lun thu c cng lc hai sn phm l xt v clo vi t l 1,1: 1. Trong qu trnh in phn, dung dch NaCl c phn ly trc tip bng dng in sn phm thu c l kh clo, kh hydrogen v dung dch NaOH theo s sau: 2NaCl + 2 H2O Cl2 + H2 + 2 NaOH 2 Cl Cl2 + 2 e (11) (12) Clo c sinh ra anot (in cc dng) ca t bo in phn: Tu thuc vo loi t bo in phn, hydrogen v ion hydroxyl (OH) c sinh ra trc tip hoc gin tip catot (in cc m) ca t bo: 2H2O + 2 e H2 + 2 OH Ion hydroxy s tc dng vi ion Na+ to thnh xt: Na+ + OH NaOH C 3 loi cng ngh c bn sn xut clo: T bo in phn thy ngn: Thy ngn ng vai tr catot. Xt c to thnh bn ngoi ca hn hng natri thu ngn v c tinh khit cao T bo in phn bng mng ngn: Dng mng ngn aming tch ring anot v catot. Xt thu c c tinh khit thp. Mng t bo: Dng mng bng nha tng hp tch ring cc ngn. Xt to thnh c tinh khit cao v m c hn. (xem thm Bng 8)
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(13) (14)

T bo thu ngn c dng ch yu Ty u, cn t bo in phn bng mng ngn c dng M. Nht bn dng mng t bo sn xut xt - clo nh l mt hnh ng thc t trnh sau thm ha ng c thu ngn nh xy ra Minamata11. Ngy nay hu nh tt c nh my sn xut xt clo mi xy dng u s dng cng ngh ny. C rt nhiu nghin cu ci tin mng t bo: T n cc n lng cc, t tng mt dng in, thay i cu trc t bo n tng bn ca mng...vi mc ch tng cng cht lng sn phm, nng cao hiu qu ca thit b v tnh cnh tranh ca mi cng ngh. Vic la chn cng ngh lun l s kt hp cc yu t kinh t vi yu t mi trng cng nh tim lc kinh t ca ch u t. Bng 8 so snh mt s c tnh ca cc cng ngh in phn nu trn.
n v Mc tinh ch mui Nng xt Tiu th in nng Gi vt t (khng k mui,in, hi nc) Yu t mi trng Hm lng tp cht % Mwh/tn H s T bo thu ngn Trung bnh: phn triu (ppm) 50 3,36 - 3,60 1,0 thu ngn hao ht T bo mng ngn Mng t bo

Trung bnh: Cao: phn triu (ppm) phn t (ppb) 12 2,75 mng aming 32 2,5 1,4 - 1,8 thn thin

Bng 8 : So snh mt s c tnh ca cc cng ngh in phn mui n Ngoi thit b chnh l t bo in phn, qu trnh sn xut xt v clo cn c nhng cng trnh ph cc cng on: Cng on tinh ch nc mu Cng on c c xt
1

Vo u nhng nm 50 ca th k trc, nhiu ngi dn khu vc Minamata mt khu vc chuyn v nh bt thy sn min Nam Nht Bn b mc nhng chng bnh l nh run ry chn tay, bi lit, mt tr nh, mt s trng hp b t vong. Cc nh chc trch pht hin ra, cht thi cng nghip c cha thy ngn ca Cng ty sn xut ha cht Chisso lm cho cc loi hi sn vng bin ny b nhim c. Ngi dn y nh bt v s dng cc loi hi sn b nhim c theo. 21

Cng on nn hydrogen Cng on lm kh v nn clo... Hnh 11 di y trnh by tm tt s mt nh my in phn sn xut xt - clo.

Hnh 11 : S tng qut nh my in phn mui n sn xut xt - clo

3. tng hp polyvinylclorua (pvc)

3.1. Phn ng trng hp Trong cng nghip, PVC c tng hp bng cch polyme ha monome vinylclorua (MVC) vi xc tc (phn ng (1)). iu kin phn ng, xc tc s phn hy, to thnh nhng gc t do c mt electron khng cp i. Electron ny c hot tnh cao. N tham gia vo phn ng tch lin kt i ca MVC to ra mt gc t do mi hp thnh bi gc ban u v phn t MVC. n lt, gc t do mi ny li phn ng vi mt phn t MVC khc. Qu trnh lp li nhiu ln to ra mt i phn t bao gm nhiu phn t monome VC c gi l qu trnh trng hp (hay polyme ha. S lng phn t MVC c trong i phn t PVC c gi l trng hp. trng hp ph thuc vo iu kin phn ng trng hp.

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Xc tc qu trnh polyme ha l nhng cht c kh nng to gc t do nh cc peroxit, peraxit, perester, hp cht azo. 3.2. Cc bc ca qu trnh trng hp Qu trnh trng hp gm cc bc sau: Phn ng khi mo Phn ng lan truyn Phn ng chuyn mch Phn ng ngt mch (kt thc)

3.2.1. Phn ng khi mo: Phn ng khi mo xy ra khi cht xc tc hay cn gi l cht khi mo (I*) phn hy thnh gc t do (R.), gc t do ny tc dng vi mt phn t MVC to ra mt gc t do mi. I* 2R. H Cl R C C. H H (IV) (15)

R. + CH2 = CHCl

(16)

3.2.2. Phn ng lan truyn: L phn ng tip theo, trong nhiu n v monome c thm vo gc hot ng (IV) cho mt gc t do mi c mch phn t ln hn (V): H Cl H R C C. + CH2 = CHCl R C C H H H Cl H C C. H H (V) Cl
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3. 2.3. Phn ng chuyn mch: bc chuyn mch, mt gc t do c mch phn t ln (VI) t kt thc phn ng bng cch tc dng vi mt phn t monome cho mt i phn t (VII) v mt gc t do mi (VIII). Gc ny sau khi ng mt phn ng lan truyn khc: H Cl H Cl R C C. + CH2 = CHCl R C C H + CH2 = C.Cl (18) H H H H (VI) (VII) (VIII) hoc: H Cl H Cl R C C. + CH2 = CHCl R C C Cl + CH2 = C.H (19) H H H H (VI) (VII) (VIII) hoc: H Cl Cl R C C. + CH2 = CHCl R C = C H + CH3 .CHCl (20) H H H (VI) (VII) (VIII) v.v... 3.2.4. Phn ng kt thc: Phn ng kt thc khi cc mch ngng pht trin cng vi vic to thnh sn phm cui cng. Qu trnh ny c th xy ra bng: Phn ng bt cn xng:
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RCH2-C.HCl + RCH2-C.HCl RCH = CHCl + RCH2-CH2Cl hoc Phn ng kt hp: RCH2-C.HCl + RCH2-C.HCl RCH2-CHCl - CHCl CH2R 3.3. Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng trng hp Tc phn ng trng hp ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: tinh khit ca monome Bn cht v nng ca cht khi mo Nhit phn ng

(21)

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3.3.1. Nhit phn ng: Qua nghin cu v thc tin, ngi ta rt ra kt lun l khi lng phn t ca polyme c quyt nh bi nhit phn ng. V vy, mt khi khi lng phn t ca PVC c la chn th chng ta t c kh nng thay i nhit . Nhit phn ng cng cao khi lng phn t cng thp v ngc li. Trong thc t nhit phn ng tng hp PVC c la chn trong khong t 35 70oC. 3.3.2. Tc nhn chuyn mch: Nh ni trn, trong trng hp cn polyme c khi lng phn t nh th phi chn nhit phn ng cao. Tuy nhin, nhit cao th kh khng ch tc phn ng v c nguy c gy n do p sut to ra trong qu trnh trng hp. p sut cao cng i hi thit b phn ng phi c dy ln, gy tn km v gi thnh cao. khc phc nhc im trn trong thc t ngi ta thm vo qu trnh phn ng mt s ha cht c tc dng iu chnh khi lng phn t theo mun nhit va phi, gi l tc nhn chuyn mch. l cc hp cht hu c c cha clo hoc mercaptan. Nhng tc nhn chuyn mch khi thm vo cng s lm chm tc phn ng mt cch ng k, thm ch vi nng cao, chng c th lm ngng qu trnh polyme ha. Mt khc cc tc nhn chuyn mch cng lm gim tinh khit ca polyme, do ch nn s dng chng khi tht cn thit.
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3.3.3. Cht khi mo: Mc d phn ng trng hp ca MVC u tin pht hin nh tc dng khi mo ca nh sng, nhng trong cng nghip, ngi ta ch s dng cc tc nhn khi mo l ha cht. Cc nhm cht chnh thng c s dng nht l cc peroxit hu c v cc hp cht azo, v d nh: Benzoyl peroxit Lauroyl peroxit Caproyl peroxit t-Butyl perpivalat 2,4-Dicloobenzoyl peroxit Di-izopropyl peroxydicacbonat 1,1-Azo-bis-isobutyronitril Dimetyl-1,1-azo-bis-isobutyrat Azo-bis(2,4-dimetylvaleronitril)... Cc gc t do t peroxit hu c c hot ng rt mnh so vi t hp cht azo. Cc hp cht azo li c gi cao hn cc peroxit hu c. Chnh v vy trong thc t, peroxit hu c c dng ph bin hn nhiu. Trong mt vi trng hp, do yu cu c th c th dng hn hp cht khi mo cho polyme c khi lng phn t khc nhau. Cc hp cht peroxit d b phn hu trong iu kin bnh thng nn cc c s s dng cn phi c nh kho c bit bo qun (lnh v kn). 3.4. Cc phng php sn xut PVC C 4 phng php trng hp c ng dng trong cng nghip sn xut PVC: Trng hp khi Trng hp trong dung dch Trng hp nh tng

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 Trng hp huyn ph; Trong ph bin v chim sn lng ln nht l trng hp huyn ph, tip n l trng hp nh tng, trng hp trong dung dch v cui cng l trng hp khi. Trng hp trong dung dch tuy d thc hin v d iu khin nhng c bt li l phi s dng lng ln dung mi hu c (v monome khng tan trong nc) nn rt tn km v rt c hi. Chnh v vy phng php ny ch p dng cho nhng trng hp m cc yu t k thut khng cho php dng nhng phng php khc hoc v nhng yu cu c bit, v d nh sn xut cc lai polyme lm cht sn ph b mt. 3.4.1. Trng hp khi: Phng php trng hp khi MVC vi cht khi mo c bit t nm 1930 nhng khng c p dng ph bin. Trng hp khi ch dng cho nhng trng hp cng sut nh v sn xut ra nhng sn phm c t khi thp, t hp th cht ha do. Do phn ng ta nhit mnh nn trong trng hp ny ch nn gii hn mc chuyn ha MVC khong 50-60%. Lng MVC d c thu hi v ti s dng. Phn ng xy ra trong thit b dng ng chm c ng knh nh t song song. MVC c y qua ng chm bng bm p lc. Tc y MVC c iu chnh sao cho khi n on cui ca thit b th 50-60% MVC c chuyn ha thnh PVC.Sau khi qua khi thit b phn ng hn hp c gim p,MVC d c bc hi, lm sch v quay tr li trm bm cao p tip tc s dng. Ngy nay, ngi ta tin hnh qu trnh trng hp khi qua hai giai on c th thu c nhng sn phm c kch thc ht khc nhau, k c loi xp dng cho cc sn phm ha do cng nh loi c t trng cao cho sn phm khng ha do. bc mt, gi l tin trng hp, khong 50% khi lng monome v cht khi mo c np vo thit b phn ng c cnh khuy m neo.Hn hp phn ng c khuy mnh to thnh nhng ht c t trng cao.Mc chuyn ha bc ny l khong 7-10%.
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Bn thnh phm tin polyme trn c chuyn sang thit b phn ng th hai cng vi lng cn li ca monome v cht khi mo.Phn ng c tip tc cho n khi mc chuyn ha t n 65-85%. Trng hp khi c u im l s dng t cht khi mo nn li d trong sn phm cui. Tuy nhin, do kh iu chnh nhit phn ng, kh lm lnh cng nh kh thu hi v lm sch monome d ti s dng. Tng cng sut nha PVC sn xut bng phng php ny trn th gii trong mt nm ch t khong 1 triu tn. 3.4.2. Trng hp nh tng: Trng hp nh tng l phng php c ng dng vo cng nghip u tin tng hp PVC. nc Anh ch duy nht c phng php ny c s dng cho mi n nm 1944. Trong trng hp nh tng, monome c phn tn trong nc di dng nh n nh. Sn phm to thnh cng tn ti di dng nh (hay cn gi l latex) ca nhng ht polyme trong nc. n phi liu phn tn monome vo pha nc cn phi dng cht phn tn (cht to nh) v khuy mnh. T l gia monome v nc ty thuc vo qu trnh trao i nhit la chn. T l ny cng ln th nhit phn ng ta ra cng ln v do , lng nhit cn phi ti ra khi thit b phn ng bng tc nhn lm lnh cng ln nu mun duy tr nhit phn ng khng i. Mt khc, t l ny cn ph thuc vo n nh ca latex polyme to thnh. Cc cht khi mo s dng trong trng hp nh tng thng phi tan trong nc nh cc persulphat ca kim loi kim hoc ca amoni. Chng c kch hot bng cc hp cht nh sulphua dioxit, natri sulphit, natri bisulphit, natri hidrosulphit... to thnh mt h gi l hot ha kh. H khi mo cng nh nng ca chng quyt nh n tc phn ng trng hp ti nhit phn ng chn v nh vy s quyt nh chu k thi gian v cui cng l quy m ca nh my.

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Cc cht hot ng b mt anion l nhng tc nhn to nh c dng ph bin nht. l mui kim loi kim hoc amoni; cc sulphonat hoc sulphat ca cc axit bo mch di nh: natri - hoc amonioleat, palmitat v stearat; cetyl sulphat natri v cc hp cht tng t; mui ca cc axit dialkyl sulphosucinic, alkan- v alkylbenzene-sulphonic;dinonyl-citrat amoni; dialkyl-phosphit v phosphat natri... Nng cht to nh phi ln hn ngng ca nng to mixen. Trn gii hn ny, c ht (ca polyme to thnh) s gim khi nng cht hot ng b mt tng. Thng th c ht polyme nh tng s dng cho cc qu trnh gia cng nng chy l 0,3 m, cn c ht ca polyme dng past th ln hn, c khi vt 1 m. Sau y l v d v n phi liu tng hp PVC nh tng (tnh theo phn khi lng) [2]: Nc Cht to nh Mui m Persulphat amoni Hydrosulphit natri Qu trnh trng hp 100 0,0 1 0,05 0,1 0,050 0,25 0 0,2

Monome vinyl clorua (MVC) 55 90 Trong quy trnh sn xut theo m (khng lin tc), trc tin nc c np vo thit b phn ng (autoclave) sau n cht to nh, cht khi mo, kim v mui m khng ch pH. Khng kh trong autoclave c la ra ht bng kh nit hoc MVC. Sau np MVC di p sut tng ng p sut ring ca MVC (2 10 atm). Nhit ca khi phn ng c nng dn n mc chn bng hi nc qua lp v o ca autoclave.p sut trong autoclave tng dn ln khong 5 15 atm. Khi polyme bt u c to ra p sut trong thit b phn ng s gim dn cng vi s gim lng monome. Qu trnh gim p sut trong autoclave c th c dng lm thng s kim tra tin trnh trng hp. chuyn ha c la chn mc 85 95%. Thi gian phn ng ph thuc vo nhit , nng v bn cht ca h khi mo, thng l khong 6 gi hoc t hn. Tip , autoclave c nng nhit ln
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trong chn khng thu hi lng monome d. Latex sau c lm lnh v a vo bn cha sn phm. Latex thng phm thng c hm kh t 32 n 45%, c ht t 0,05 0,25 m. n nh ca latex c duy tr pH = 10 11, i khi b sung thm cht to nh tng thi gian bo qun. Khi mi trng chuyn sang axit th latex b t. tng hm kh ca latex ln khong 50%, ngi ta dng phng php to kem ging nh cch lm vi latex cao su thin nhin, nh thm vo khong 1% cht lm c. Sau 1 2 ngy hn hp phn thnh 2 lp, pha trn long hn v pha di c hn, c th tch d dng. Cc cht do ha c th c trn vo latex PVC bng my nghin keo hoc cc thit b tng t. Latex PVC hoc cha do ha c th dng trc tip to ra sn phm. Nhng hu ht thng c ch bin tip tc to polyme dng bt. Tch polyme khi latex c PVC nh tng dng bt, ngi ta cho thm cht in ly vo latex ng t. Tip theo l ra, lc v sy kh. Tuy nhin, trn quy m cng nghip th cch ny t c ng dng. Vi cng sut ln, bt PVC nh tng thu c bng phng php sy phun, tng t nh sn xut sa bt. 3.4.3. Trng hp huyn ph V hnh thc, trng hp huyn ph ging trng hp nh tng, trong cc monome c phn tn trong pha nc thnh cc ht rt nh. Tuy nhin, y h phn tn c duy tr bng vic kt hp gia khuy trn v ha cht bo v. Ha cht bo v c th l mt colloit (keo) tan trong nc hoc mt cht v c dng bt mn phn tn trong nc. Mt khc, trong trng hp huyn ph ngi ta s dng cc cht khi mo ho tan c trong monome. Do , v kha cnh no y, c th coi nh trong mi ht polyme nh li ti to thnh din ra qu trnh trng hp khi. n phi liu Nhng cht khi mo ph hp bao gm: Cc peroxit ca benzoyl, lauroyl, caproyl, dodecyl, p-cloo-benzoyl, axetyl-cyclohexane-sulphonyl v
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3,5,5-trimehylhexanoyl; cc peroxy-dicarbonat ca dietyl v di-izopropyl; cc hp cht azo nh 1,1-azobis-izobutyronitril v dimethyl 1,1-azobisizobutyrat. Hin nay thng dng nht l cc peroxy-dicarbonat. Tuy nhin nh cp trn, vic la chn cht khi mo thch hp ph thuc vo nhit phn ng trng hp. Nng ca cht khi mo thng mc 0,010,1% ty thuc vo bn cht ha hc ca cht khi mo, nhit phn ng v mc chuyn ha. Cht to huyn ph thng s dng l nhng cht colloit (keo) tan trong nc nh polyvinyl alcol, gelatin, protein t nhin, cc dn xut xenlulo tan trong nc nh metyl v cacboxymetyl xenlulo, dextran, tinh bt, natri alginat... Mt s loi bt mn v c khng tan trong nc cng c s dng lm tc nhn to huyn ph. Cc cht l bt talc, cao lanh, betonit, bari sulphat v nhm hydroxit. Cht c s dng ph bin nht l polyvinyl alcol (PA).PA c nhiu loi ty thuc vo mc thu phn cng nh khi lng phn t. Lng PA thng chim t 0,05-0,5% khi lung monome. Ngoi nhng cht trn, ngi ta cn s dng cc loi mui m nh natri hydro pht pht hay borax trnh gim pH ca pha nc khi phn ng trng hp xy ra.i khi mt s cht chng to bt nh Ctanol, polyetylen silicat cng c s dng gim thiu s hnh thnh bt khi tch monome d cui giai on phn ng. Sau y l mt v d n phi liu (tnh theo phn khi lng): Nc Colloit to huyn ph Mui m Cht khi mo Cht chng to bt MVC Quy trnh sn xut
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100 0,1-0,5 0 0,1 0,05 0,3 0 0,002 50 70

Hnh 12 l s cng ngh qu trnh trng hp huyn ph.

Hnh 12 : S quy trnh tng hp PVC huyn ph

1. Bn phn ng, 2. Bn thu hi MVC, 3,5. Bn cha va PVC, 4. Thp chng ct, 6. Bn cha MVC thu hi, 7. My li tm, 8. My sy, 9. X l kh thi, 10. My sng, 11. Xil cha bt PVC, 12. My ng bao, 13. My nn kh

Qu trnh trng hp huyn ph theo m c tin hnh trong thit b phn ng c p lc (autoclave) 1. Nc c np vo trc, tip theo l tc nhn to huyn ph, mui m di dng dung dch. Sau khi khng kh c ui ra khi thit b phn ng bng kh tr, MVC v cht khi mo c np vo di p lc.Ch khuy c duy tr sao cho c th ph v pha lng ca MVC to ra nhng ht nh li ti vi kch c mong mun. Qu trnh gia nhit cng nh lm lnh c iu chnh chnh xc theo nhit yu cu sn xut mi loi sn phm (t 50 70oC). Trng hp huyn ph v c bn l nhng chui trng hp khi nh trong pha nc. C ch cng nh ng hc phn ng ging nh trng hp khi.Ngoi ra, cc ht nh li ti c to ra ban u khng nht thit phi tn ti trong sut c thi gian phn ng. Ph thuc vo bn cht v nng ca cht to huyn ph cng nh ch khuy, nhng ht nh li ti c th lin kt
32

li vi nhau v sau li b phn tn. Nhng ht polyme c th c to thnh t mt git hoc t mt s git lin kt vi nhau ti thi im nht nh ca phn ng. Phn ng c xem l kt thc khi p sut trong thit b gim n mt tr s cho trc. Hn hp sau phn ng, c gi l va, khng n nh cha cc ht polyme trong pha nc v monome cha phn ng. Ngng khuy s dn n vic lng t cc ht polyme. Chnh v vy, va PVC vn phi tip tc c khuy cho n khi tho ht sang bnh khc cng c my khuy 2. Lng MVC cn li sau phn ng chim 10-20% khi lng ban u. Phn ln lng MVC s c tch ra bng bay hi v c thu hi ti thit b ngng t v bn cha 6. Do tnh c hi cao ca MVC nn lng MVC d cn phi c tip tc tch trit . V th, va PVC c chuyn sang bn cha 3, gia nhit v chng ct trong thp 4 v lng MVC cn li cng c thu vo bn cha 6. Va PVC sau khi tch MVC d c a n bn cha 5, tch nc ti my ly tm 7, lm kh ti my sy 8. Nhng cht bay hi c dn qua thit b x l kh thi 9, phn cn li khng c hi c thi ra ngoi khng kh. Bt PVC kh sau khi qua my sng 10 loi nhng ht qu c, c kh nn y qua silo cha 11 v c ng bao vi trng lng mi bao l 25 kg ti my ng bao 12. Dy chuyn sn xut S trn Hnh 12 l v d v mt nh my sn xut PVC bng phng php huyn ph. S ny c th s dng cho tng hp PVC nh tng vi vic ch cn thay cng on tch nc bng my ly tm 7 v my sy kh 8 bng h thng sy phun. i cng vi dy chuyn cng ngh trn l cc cng trnh ph tr: kho v bn cha nguyn liu, thit b phc v cho vic pha ch cc cht ph gia, xc tc... Thit b phn ng hay cn gi l autoclave, phi chu c p sut lm vic ti 15 kg/cm2 (1500 kN/m2). Autoclave v hu ht cc thit b khc trong dy chuyn sn xut c ch to bng thp khng g chng n mn v nht l trnh cho polyme thu c b ln tp cht kim loi, nh hng xu ti cht lng cng nh yu cu s dng tip theo ca nha PVC. B mt bn trong cc thit b, nht l ca autoclave, phi lun c gi sch v bng. Bi
33

v cc vt bn, vt lm, vt xc u l nhng ni cc ht polyme to thnh bm vo, rt kh ty ra. Mt khc nhng ht bm vo s li l nhng mm cho nhng ht khc bm theo nu khng c ty ra kp thi. Theo thi gian v di tc ng ca nhit phn ng, nhng ht polyme ny s nh hng n cht lng polyme cng nh n qa trnh gia cng bt to sn phm. trnh hin tng bm dnh trn thng sau mi chu k nht nh, ngi ta dng sng phun nc vi p lc cao ra thnh bn trong thit b phn ng. Mt s ha cht cng c s dng chng hin tng bm dnh trn. Kch thc autoclave cng rt khc nhau v ngy cng ln nh my lun cung cp nha cho nhu cu ngy mt tng. Autoclave nh nht c dung tch 1m3 cn loi ln vi dung tch 100 150 m3. Khi dung tch thit b tng, t l gia din tch b mt v th tch thit b s gim, ng thi din tch trao i nhit c gia thnh thit b v lp v bc bn ngoi cng gim. Mt khc, th tch thit b tng s lm cho dy ca thnh thit b tng theo m bo chu c p sut ca qu trnh. trnh vic gim kh nng truyn nhit c th tng t l gia nc v monome. Nh vy, nu thit b phn ng cng ln th phn th tch dnh cho monome cng nh. H qu l sn lng nha mi m s tng chm hn so vi tc tng dung tch thit b. Mt tr ngi na ca s tng th tch autoclave l vn khuy, tc l kch thc cnh khut, cng sut motor khuy cng phi ln duy tr s ng u mi trng phn ng. Tt c nhng tr ngi trn buc nh thit k ch to phi la chn autoclave ph hp vi thc t ch khng th theo mong mun. Cng chnh v vy, nh sn xut phi cn c vo s lng cng nh dung tch ca mi thit b phn ng la chn cng sut cho nh my. Hin nay c rt nhiu nghin cu ci tin cng ngh sn xut PVC nhm to c sn phm c cht lng ngy cng cao, p ng c ngy cng nhiu nhu cu cng nh nng cng sut thit b, gim gi thnh sn phm. Mt v d ca hng nghin cu ny l ci tin ca Cng ty Vinnolit thuc hng ThyssenKrupp. Cng ty ny ch to autoclave vi thnh bnh pha trong c gn (p) thm mt lp cc na ng trn bng thp khng g (xem Hnh 13) tng kh nng truyn nhit v nh t c nhng kt qu nh trong Bng 9.
34

C Tnh lc

Mi

Thp khng g Nc lm lnh Nc lm lnh Thnh bnh phn ng bng thp cc bon

Hnh 13 : Ci tin thnh thit b phn ng trong cng ngh sn xut PVC-S ca hng Vinnoilt

Cc thng s k thut Din tch lm lnh Mc truyn nhit H s truyn nhit Cng sut

C 100% 100% 100% 100%

Mi 122% 283% 175% 213%

Bng 9 : Nhng tnh nng u vit ca thit b ci tin

4. Tnh cht v ng dng ca pvc

4.1. Tnh cht ca PVC C nhiu kh nng thay i k thut tng hp to ra hng lot loi nha PVC c cc tnh cht khc nhau. Cho n nay, ngi ta thng k c hn 400 loi nha PVC lu thng trn th trng. Nhng tnh cht v c im c bn ca PVC bao gm: Khi lng phn t trung bnh phn t v s phn b n trong polyme
35

Kch c v dng cc ht polyme T trng Nhit chy mm xp bn c hc bn ha cht bn nhit cch in. Tt c nhng tnh cht trn ph thuc vo iu kin k thut ca qu trnh tng hp. Mt trong s nhng tnh cht quan trng lin quan n qu trnh gia cng cng nh s dng sau ny l tnh bn nhit ca PVC.Bt nha thu c t qu trnh trng hp c gi l PVC nguyn thu. T 65oC tr ln nha PVC bt u chy mm v t 100oC, PVC bt u phn hu nhit. Qu trnh phn hy nhit din ra vi s tch axt clohydric (HCl) t nha dn n s chuyn mu (t trng qua vng nht cho n mu en) v s thay i cc tnh cht ha, l v in. Cui cng PVC s b bin cht, ta gi nha b lo ha. Khng ch b lo ha do nhit m PVC cn b lo ha di tc dng ca nh sng (tia t ngai ca nh sng mt tri). Chnh v vy, trong thc t PVC khng bao gi c s dng mt mnh m phi c phi hp vi cc ph gia khc nhau cho sn phm cui. Qua qu trnh c th thay i c chn lc cc c tnh ha l ca PVC nguyn thu, to ra nhng sn phm ph hp yu cu s dng. Cc ph gia bao gm: cht ha do, cht chng lo ha, cht n nh nhit,cht n nh nh sng, cht n, cht mu, cht bi trn... Cc hn hp (bao gm PVC v cc ph gia) c gia cng, bng cc phng php: c p lc (p phun, p n, thi), cn trng, dt, tch lp, nh hnh chn khng... Bng 10 l nhng c tnh k thut chnh ca mt vi loi PVC ph bin c tiu th trn th trng Vit Nam.

36

Tnh cht Gi tr K Khi lng ring, g/ml Cht d bay hi,% trng hp Hm tro,% C ht: - Gi li trn sng 60 mesh,% - Gi li trn sng 270 mesh,%

SG 580 56 - 59 0,50 - 0,60 0,3 max 650 - 720 < 0,1

SG 660 65 - 67 0,48 - 0,55 0,3 max 1000 - 1050 < 0,1

SG 710 70 - 72 0,46 - 0,48 0,3 max 1300 - 1320 < 0,1

0 > 98

0 > 99

0 > 99

Bng 10 : Mt s c tnh k thut ca PVC 4.2. Cc cht ph gia trong gia cng PVC PVC nguyn thy hu nh khng c ng dng thc t. c th gia cng thnh nhng sn phm tiu dng phi dng mt s ha cht b sung duy tr, ci thin hoc to ra nhng tnh nng mi cho nha. Ta gi chung nhng ha cht ny l cc ph gia. Ph gia c th l mt ha cht ring bit hay kt hp 2, 3 ha cht c c hiu ng cao hn (synergic) hay mang tnh chn lc hn... Khi y ta s c mt h cht ph gia.Vic la chn ph gia cn phi ch n mt s yu t sau: Ph gia hoc h ph gia phi c kh nng gim n mc ti a s phn hy ca nha trong qu trnh gia cng; Lnh vc ng dng sn phm; Mi trng s dng sn phm; iu kin gia cng sn phm... Di y gii thiu cc cht ph gia cho sn phm sn xut t PVC:0 4.2.1. Cht n nh Cht n nh gip cc sn phm t PVC chng li cc tc ng bn ngoi nh: nhit , nh sng, s xy ha... Chng c th c phn loi nh sau:

37

Mui kim loi ca axt v c: 3PbO.PbSO4.H2O; 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2; 2PbO.PbHPO3.1/2H2O; Mui kim loi ca axt bo: stearat, laurat, naphthenat,ricinoleat... Phc kim loi: Cc phenat ca Ba/Cd v Ba/Cd/Zn; Hp cht c thic: Thic dibutyl-dilaurat (DBTL), thic dibutyl maleat (DBTM); Hp cht c cha nhm epoxi CH CH O nh: - Glicidyl ether ca resorcinol, di-iso-butylphenol; - Ester epoxi ha ca axt: oleic, lauric... - Du thc vt epoxi ha: du u nnh, du thu du... - Nha epoxi... Cc loi khc:cc chelat, cc cht chng oxi ha, mercaptit... Vic la chn cc cht n nh ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t: mc ch s dng sn phm, iu kin v mi trng s dng sn phm, cc yu t k thut cng nh kinh t...Ngoi ra kinh nghim thc t ca nh sn xut cng ng mt vai tr rt quan trng. V d, i vi sn phm c yu cu cao v tnh khng c bt buc ta phi chn h cht n nh l hn hp ca du u nnh epoxi ha (3-5 phn) v phc Ca/Mg/Zn (1,5-3 phn). i vi PVC sn xut ng dn nc sinh hot v ph kin ta dng sulphat ch trung tnh (3PbO.PbSO4.H2O) vi t l khng qu 2 phn khi lng. 4.2.2. Cht ha do Cht ha do gip cho vic gia cng d dng hn v to ra nhng sn phm c linh hot, mm do. Cng nh cc cht n nh, s lng cht ha do cho nha PVC rt phong ph v a dng. C th phn loi cc cht ha do nh sau:
38

Cc ester ca axit thm, trong ester ca axit phtalic cc phtalate chim n hn 70% tng lng cc cht ha do trn th trng. Bng 11 l mt s phtalate thng dng dng cho cc sn phm PVC.

Phtalat

Khi lng phn t 278 390 390 447 530

T trng ring tng i 25oC 1,045 0,985 0,984 0,966 0,950

Nhit si
o

Hao ht do bay hi %

Lnh vc ng dng

C/Torr

Di-butyl, DBP Di-octyl, DOP Di-iso-octyl,DIOP Di-iso-decyl,DIDP Di-isotridecyl, DTDP

310 185/5 386 230/4 231/4 251/4 285/3,5 1,0 1,0 0,1 0 Cc sn phm c nhit gia cng cao Dng cho mc ch chung

Bng 11: Tnh cht ca mt s cht ha do phtalat Ester ca axit aliphatic: Cc adipat, sebacat, azelat ph hp cho sn xut cc sn phm s dng nhit thp. Cn acetyl-tributyl citrate v mt s dn xut tng t c s dng cho cc sn phm khng c hi. Cht ha do polymer: Nhng cht ha do loi ny thng khng b bc hi v dch chuyn ra khi hn hp nha nn c s dng cho bao b v cc sn phm chu nhit cao.V d nh: adipat v sebacat ca propylene glycol (PPA v PPD). Cc phosphat hu c: Do tnh c hi nn t c dng. Chng ch c s dng khi i hi sn phm c kh nng chng chy cao. V d: tritolyl phosphat (TTP) v trixylyl phosphat (TXP). Cht ha do t epoxy: L cc loi du thc vt epoxy ha v cc eter ca epoxy-axit nh du u nnh epoxy ha, butyl epoxy-stearat
39

Vic la chn chnh xc cc cht ha do cho tng loi sn phm cng tng t nh vic la chn cc cht n nh. 4.2.3. Cc loi ph gia khc a. Cht bi trn: c s dng vi 2 mc ch: Lm gim bm dnh gia cht do trng thi nng vi vt liu lm khun mu. Cc cht loi ny c gi l cht bi trn bn ngoi. V d: Axit stearic v cc mui kim loi ca n (Cd, PB, Ca, Ba), axit myristic, sp parafin. T l dng thng l t 0,25 0,6 phn khi lng. To s trt d dng gia cc phn t polymer vi nhau. Cc ph gia dng ny gi l bi trn bn trong. Chng t c dng cho loi PVC ha do nhng li ph bin i vi PVC cng (khng ha do). V d amit hoc glyceryl ester ca cc axit: stearic, oleic. C th dng ring tng lai hay hn hp ca 2, 3 thm ch 4 loi. T l s dng khng qa 4 phn khi lng. b. Cht n: Cht n s dng cho PVC ni ring hay cho cht do ni chung, khng ch vi mc ch gim gi thnh m cn ci thin tnh nng k thut ca chng. Cht n cho PVC cng: Canxi cacbonat (CaCO3), thch cao; Cht n cho PVC ha do: CaCO3, mui than, t st, canxi silicat c. Cht mu Vic la chn cht mu cn ch n mt s c tnh ca chng nh: Kh nng phn tn vo nha; bn nhit; bn vi mi trng s dng; dch chuyn bn mu Mt s cht mu thng s dng cho PVC c lit k trong Bng 12:
40

Mu en Trng

Ha cht v c Mui than, oxit st en Titan dioxit cadmi, ch molibdat, sulphocromat molibdat Vng crom, vng niken/titan, bismut vanadat Oxit crom, oxit Co/Cr/Zn/Ti

Ha cht hu c en anilin

Azo, perylen, quinacridin, antraquinom Azo,antraquinon, benzidin,

Vng Xanh Tm

Phthalocyanin Dioxazin

Bng 12: Mt s cht mu thng dng cho nha PVC 4.3. Thnh phn n phi liu c sn phm t PVC ta khng ch dng mt mnh nha nguyn thy m cn phi thm mt lot cc cht ph gia.Vic la chn cc cht ph gia ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t. V d trong sn xut ng nc, cc nguyn vt liu chnh chim ti 60-70% gi thnh. Chnh v vy, nh sn xut phi rt ch trong vic la chn cc cht ph gia sao cho vn p ng c yu cu k thut m gi c phi cnh tranh c. Vic la chn chnh xc cc cht ph gia cn gip cho qu trnh gia cng tr nn d dng, thun tin v t c ph phm. Tnh kinh t cao khng c ngha l phi chn nhng loi nguyn liu gi r m l n phi liu phi t hiu qu ti u. C th, mt s cht n nh c thic v antimoan c th gip sn phm ng nc t c tiu chun k thut cao ch vi hm lng t 0,3 0,4 phn khi lng. Vic la chn chnh xc cht bi trn v cn bng gia cht n nh v cht bi trn cng rt quan trng.Ni tm li y l s tng hp hng lot yu t v kinh nghim ca nh sn xut. Sau y l mt v d v thnh phn n phi liu sn xut ng nc (tnh theo phn khi lng) [3]: PVC (loi cho sn xut ng nc) Cht n nh: Thic metyl-mercaptit H bi trn
41

100 0,3

Bi trn ngoi Sp paraffin (Tnc 71oC) PE (Tnc 104oC) Bi trn ni: Canxi stearat Cht b tr gia cng: Acrylic Bt mu: TiO2 Cht n: CaCO3 1,2 0,2 0,8 1,0 1,5 2,5

Mt s v d khc v thnh phn n phi liu nha PVC cho cc sn phm (Tt c u tnh theo phn khi lng) [1]: Cho ng nc: PVC (K66) Ch sulphat trung tnh Glyceryl mono-stearat Ch stearat CaCO3 Cho ph kin ng nc: PVC (K58) Ch sulphat trung tnh Glyceryl mono-stearat Canxi stearat Bc dy cp in: PVC (K71) DOP Parafin clo ha Ch sulphat trung tnh Ch hoc Canxi stearat CaCO3 t st
42

100 5-8 0-2 1 0-10 100 2-8 1-2 0,5-1 100 30-40 0-20 5-8 1 0-30 0-10

Mng ng gi thc phm: PVC (c 6-10% vinyl acetat) 100 Du u nnh epoxi ha Etyl palmitat Phc Ca/Mg/Zn Diphenyltioure Axit stearic Dy cp dng nhit cao: PVC (K71) DIDP,DTDP Ch sulphat trung tnh Cht chng oxy ha Ch stearat CaCO3 Antimoan trioxit Tm tri sn mm: PVC (K51 hoc K66) DOP hoc Butyl-benzylphtalat Du u nnh epoxi ha Canxi stearat Cht n nh Ba/Cd/Zn CaCO3 4.4. Cc phng php gia cng PVC Nhng hn hp PVC vi cc ph gia c chuyn thnh sn phm bng cc phng php gia cng khc nhau ty thuc vo loi sn phm.
43

3 1 1 0,5 0,5 100 50-70 5-8 0,5 1 0-30 5 100 35-50 3-5 1 2-3 100-300

4.4.1. Phng php p n: Cc loi sn phm c di ln c sn xut bng cch gia nhit PVC n nhit chy mm hoc nng chy, ri dng p lc y vo khun nh hnh m hoc kn. Phng php p n cng cho php sn xut nhng sn phm c khi lng ln nh vn nhn to, khung ca, tm trn, cc loi ng v bc cc loi dy v cp in. 4.4.2. Phng php p phun: Nha nng chy uc phun vo khun. Phng php ny sn xut nhng sn phm phc: v my tnh, v tivi, van, cu dao in... 4.4.3. Phng php cn trng: Dng sn xut cc loi mng mng, cc tm vi kch thc v dy khc nhau (cc loi vi bc, giy dn tng, vi o ma, bao b ng thc phm...). 4.4.4. nh hnh nhit: Nha chy mm c p trong khun thnh nhng tm cng. T cc tm ny nh hnh sn phm bng nhit. Phng php ny dng sn xut cc loi sn phm nh: bn tm, vi hoa sen v bao b xp c ti kh. 4.4.5. Phng php thi: to cc sn phm rng bn trong bng cch dng p sut khng kh thi cc ng phi chy mm trong cc khun nh hnh. Phng php ny ch yu sn xut cc loi chai l. 4.4.6. Phng php nhng v ph: Nha PVC c ha tan thnh dung dch. Nhng khun vo dung dch ny to ra cc loi sn phm nh gng tay y t, chi, dng c th thao. Phng php ph ph cc sn phm nh: mt sau tm thm, tm tri sn, cc ro, gi ng chn, bt, tay da ca gh... 4.5. ng dng ca PVC 4.5.1. PVC trong ngnh xy dng. Lnh vc xy dng l ni m PVC c s dng nhiu v rng ri nht. Trong , cc loi ng dn v ph kin chim n hn mt phn 3 tng sn lng PVC trn ton th gii. Nm 2007, con s ny l 39% trong tng s 33,5 triu tn nhu cu PVC trn th gii. Vit Nam, cc s liu tng ng l 47% ca 240.000 tn (xem Hnh 14 v 15).

44

Ngun: CMAI,2007

Hnh 14: Cc lnh vc ng dng ca PVC trn th gii

Theo: TPC Vina,2007

Hnh15: Cc lnh vc ng dng ca PVC ti Vit Nam ng PVC c s dng trong nhng iu kin k thut cng nh mi trng kht khe chng t l mt loi vt liu c bn v tin cy cao. Chng c dng rng ri cp thot nc sinh hot, thu li, lu chuyn ha cht, bo v cp in v cc loi cp trong ngnh bu chnh vin thng
45

ng PVC khng b g, b xy ha hay n mn. Do chi ph bo tr thp, nc trong ng khng b nhim bn. ng PVC cng khng nh hng n mi v ca nc, khng c phn ng ha hc ngay c vi nhng cht lng c hot tnh mnh. ng PVC d un, chu c s va chm v cc chn ng. Hi ng nghin cu quc gia Canaa c tnh gy ca ng PVC trn 100km bng 0,5 im, trong khi ca ng gang l 32,6 v ca ng thp l 7,9. Khi c lp t, tui th ca ng c th ln ti hn 100 nm. ng PVC cng l s la chn ti u trn phng din gi thnh. ng PVC nh nn chi ph vn chuyn thp v cng lp t thp (ch bng 60-70% so vi cc loi ng khc). Ngoi ng dn, PVC c s dng cho xy dng nh ca v trang tr ni ngoi tht. Vt liu PVC dng trong lp t v trang tr nh ca hin nay cha ph bin Vit Nam (ch chim khong 24% tng nhu cu). Nhng trn th gii, nhiu nc t l ny rt cao. V d nh M 60%. iu l do bn lu, kh nng lp t d dng, d bo tr v tnh hp dn ngi tiu th ca cc sn phm PVC. Trong nhiu khu, cc sn phm PVC thay th nhng vt liu truyn thng nh g, ng v nhm. M c c mt hip hi gm hn 100 nh sn xut v nh kinh doanh vn nhn to t PVC v cc cht do khc. H chuyn nghin cu, sn xut v cp chng ch k thut cho cc loi vn sn, vch ngn, tm trang tr... Theo Hip hi ny, trang tr ngoi tht cho nh bng tm PVC l r nht (Bng 13).
n v: USD Vn PVC Vt liu Cng lao ng Sn/T mu Cng:
Ngun: VSI

Vn g 113 63 42 218

Tm Fibro ximng 94 97 46 237

Va stuco 75 253 40 368

Gch 385 437 0 822

620 891 0 1.511

78 81 0 159

Bng13 : So snh gi lp t tm trang tr ngoi tht

46

Ngoi nhng ng dng trn, PVC cn c dng lm mng, mng thy li, mng mng phc v nng nghip, hng ro, mi che Mt v d: Ton b phn mi che pha ngoi (khong 60.000 m2) ca sn vn ng hin i nht nc Php (sn Stade de France), vi sc cha ln ti 80.000 ngi, c ph bng mng PVC. 4.5.2. PVC trong k thut in v in t y chnh l lnh vc m nh n PVC pht trin mt cch nhanh chng v t ph. Nh trn ni, cch y hn 50 nm, ngi ta pht hin ra PVC c nhng tnh cht khng nhng ging m cn vt tri cao su trong vic bc dy cp in. Ngy nay, PVC chim gn 50% th phn lnh vc sn xut in v in t. Mt s lnh vc sn xut ph bin cn dng PVC: My iu ha khng kh Dng c gia nh My tnh Cp quang a mm cho my vi tnh a mm cho my vi tnh Bn phm Dng c in My git My lnh

4.5.3. PVC trong sn xut t, xe my PVC ng mt vi tr to ln trong ch to t, mt hin i. N c s dng thay th kim loi v vt liu khc ch to cc b phn sn xe, tm chn gi, tm lt sn, tm chn bn v nhiu chi tit khc. Theo ti liu ca Hi ng cc nh sn xut PVC chu u (ECVM), hin nay mt chic t mi sn xut cn 16kg PVC. Nh dng PVC thay th mt phn kim loi trong ch to t m hng nm Ty u tit kim c khong 800 triu Euro, cn c th gii tit kim c ti 2,5 t Euro. Vic s dng PVC s lm cho: Tui th ca xe di hn: Do bn ca PVC, tui th ca xe tng t 11,5 nm trong nhng nm 1970 ln 17 nm nh hin nay. Khch hng c nhiu la chn hn: Do PVC r, nn ty thuc vo yu cu ca th trng, nh sn xut c nhiu phng n s dng nguyn vt liu to ra nhiu mu m hp dn khch hng vi gi c hp l; Cc chi tit t PVC c tnh mm do nn ngi s dng xe s an ton hn trong trng hp xy ra tai nn giao thng;
47

Vi nhng b phn v chi tit bng nha, xe s nh hn v nh s tiu th nhin liu t hn, gp phn vo vic tit kim v bo tn ngun ti nguyn nng lng trn th gii ang ngy cng cn kit trn th gii. 4.5.4. PVC trong vic chm sc v bo v sc kho con ngi Nhng thnh tu t c trong cng tc cha tr v d phng ca ngnh y t nh vo nhng sn phm PVC hn 50 nm qua rt ng ghi nhn: T gng tay y t n ti ng mu, t ng truyn dch, truyn mu v chy thn nhn to,bm kim tim dng mt ln, van tim nhn to n rt nhiu dng c y t khc nhau. Chng c s dng rng ri v c tin cy cao nh nhng tnh u vit ca PVC nh: Khng mu v trong sut Mm do, bn v n nh D thanh, tit trng Chu c ha cht. Khng c phn ng ha hc khi tip xc vi nhiu mi trng khc nhau D ch to C th ti sinh Gi r 4.5.5. Nhng ng dng khc Bao b cho thc phm v hng ha tiu dng chi tr em Dy dp o ma Ti xch Cc mt hng tiu dng khc. Nhng sn phm ny c dng ph bin v ngoi nhng tnh u vit nu trn, chng cn d cho nhiu mu sc hp dn, d lp t v lau chi khi lm v sinh.

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IV. Kt lun
HNG TI TNG LAI

gn 80 nm tri qua k t khi nn cng nghip sn xut PVC ra i. Hy nhn quanh ta: in v nc c dn n hu khp gia nh; nhng ti mu cu bnh nhn tot khi t thn, nhng cuc m thoi gip ta nhn c thng tin nng hi xy ra cch xa hng ngn cy s Tt c nhng iu c th s khng tr thnh hin thc hoc ch t cng cha t n trnh nh hin nay nu nh thiu vng PVC. Sn phm t PVC vn cn cn cho cuc sng hin i. Bi v chng ngy cng tr nn: An ton hn, nh gn hn, nhanh chng hn, trong sut hn, sch hn, mm mi hn, bn hn, r hn v tm li l TT HN.

Ti liu tham kho [1] George Matthews, PVC: Production, Properties and Uses, The Institute of Materials, London, 1996. [2] Leonard I. Nass, Encyclopedia of PVC, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York and Basel, 1976. [3] W.V.Titow, PVC Plastics: Properties, processing and Applications, Elsevier applied Science, London and New York, 1990.

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Mc lc Trang
I. M u II. S lc lch s pht trin

3 6 6 8 12 12 12 12 13 17 17 17 19 20 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 25 25 25
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1. PVC trn th gii 2. PVC Vit Nam

III. Tng hp PVC

1. Nguyn Liu 1.1. Mnome vinylclorua (MVC), CH2 = CHCl 1.2. Mt s thng s k thut ca sn phm thng mi 1.3. Tng hp MVC 2. Clo, Cl2 2.1. Vi nt v cng nghip xt - clo 2.1.1. Trn th gii 2.1.2 Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th xt - clo Vit Nam 2.2. Sn xut Xt - clo 3. tng hp polyvinylclorua (PVC) 3.1. Phn ng trng hp 3.2. Cc bc ca qu trnh trng hp 3.2.1. Phn ng khi mo 3.2.2. Phn ng lan truyn 3.2.3. Phn ng chuyn mch 3.2.4. Phn ng kt thc 3.3. Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng trng hp 3.3.1. Nhit phn ng 3.3.2. Tc nhn chuyn mch

3.3.3. Cht khi mo 3.4. Cc phng php sn xut PVC 3.4.1. Trng hp khi 3.4.2. Trng hp nh tng 3.4.3. Trng hp huyn ph 4. Tnh cht v ng dng ca PVC 4.1. Tnh cht ca PVC 4.2. Cc cht ph gia trong gia cng PVC 4.2.1. Cht n nh 4.2.2. Cht ha do 4.2.3. Cc loi ph gia khc 4.3. Thnh phn n phi liu 4.4. Cc phng php gia cng PVC 4.5. ng dng ca PVC 4.5.1. PVC trong ngnh xy dng 4.5.2. PVC trong k thut in v in t 4.5.3. PVC trong sn xut t, xe my 4.5.4. PVC trong vic chm sc v bo v sc khe con ngi 4.5.5. Nhng ng dng khc
IV. Kt lun

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Ti liu tham kho

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