1

M U 1. Tnh cp thit ca ti Vng kinh t trng im pha Nam c tc tng trng kinh t cao nht nc ta, khi lng hng ha vn chuyn bng container chim hn 68% sn lng ca c nc, ang t ra yu cu cp thit v vic pht trin cng. Trong quy hoch pht trin h thng cng bin Vit Nam n nm 2020, nh hng n nm 2030, khu cng Ci Mp c xc nh l cng ca ng quc t ca khu vc pha Nam. Tuy nhin, trn quan im pht trin ca c h thng vn ti container th cn nhng hn ch sau: - Cha xc nh r chc nng v m hnh hot ng ca cng container nn cha c cc tiu ch, yu cu c th pht trin ng b gia cng container vi cc kt cu h tng k thut khc nh h thng giao thng, trung tm phn phi, cng cn nhm khai thc hiu qu v pht huy ht tim nng ca h thng cng container ca khu vc. - Cha xc nh c nhu cu pht trin theo tng giai on gm: tiu chun thit k, qu t cho xy dng cng, s lng cu bn v thit b, nhu cu vn u t. - Cha c quy hoch c th pht trin h thng cc cng cn, trung tm phn phi, c s hu cn logistics. Cha hnh thnh m hnh kt ni cng container u mi vi vng hp dn ca cng v vi cc cng v tinh khc trong mng li ng bin. V vy, vic nghin cu hon thin nhng ni dung nh nu trn pht trin v khai thc hiu qu cng container u mi ca khu vc pha Nam l cn thit. 2. Mc ch nghin cu Nghin cu c s l lun chung v cng container u mi t xc nh lun c khoa hc v pht trin cng container u mi cho khu vc pha Nam. Xy dng m hnh, tnh ton nhu cu, xut gii php c bn pht trin cng container u mi khu vc pha Nam. 3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu

i tng nghin cu l cng container u mi. Phm vi nghin cu l pht trin cng container u mi khu vc pha Nam, tp trung cho VKTT pha Nam. 4. Phng php nghin cu ti s dng tng hp cc phng php nh phng php phn tch thng k, phng php m hnh ha, phng php ton, phng php tng kt v phn tch kinh nghim. 5. ngha khoa hc v thc tin ca vic nghin cu - V l lun: ti tng hp, pht trin c s l lun v vn ti container ni chung v cng container ni ring, qua xc nh nn lun c khoa hc v cng container u mi; nghin cu m hnh, chc nng, tiu ch, iu kin v cc gii php pht trin cng container u mi khu vc pha Nam. ti cng b sung ni dung l thuyt v cng container, im thng quan ni a phc v ging dy v qun l khai thc cng trong ngnh kinh t vn ti bin. - V thc tin: ti lm r thc trng ca h thng cng container khu vc pha Nam; ch ra c nhu cu, iu kin pht trin cng container u mi trong tng giai on; xut cc gii php cho qun l, khai thc hiu qu cng container u mi; gip cc nh qun l khai thc cng c th b sung, hon thin quy hoch, k hoch v cc chnh sch cho pht trin cng. 6. Kt cu lun n Kt cu ca lun n gm: m u, kt lun v 3 chng. Chng 1: Tng quan v c s l lun v pht trin cng container u mi. Chng 2: Thc trng h thng cng container khu vc pha Nam. Chng 3: Cc gii php c bn pht trin cng container u mi khu vc pha Nam. 7. Kt qu t c v im mi ca lun n

- Kt qu t c: ti nghin cu mt cch h thng nhng c s l lun v cng container v cng container u mi; tng hp, phn tch iu kin cn thit pht trin cng container u mi; xy dng m hnh, tnh ton nhu cu, xut cc gii php c bn pht trin cng container u mi khu vc pha Nam. - im mi ca lun n: Pht trin c s l lun v cng container u mi. Nghin cu m hnh, chc nng, tiu ch ca cng container u mi, iu kin pht trin cng container u mi. C th ha cc gii php thc y pht trin v khai thc hiu qu cng container u mi ph hp iu kin thc tin Vit Nam. CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V C S L LUN V PHT TRIN CNG CONTAINER U MI 1.1 Tnh hnh nghin cu v pht trin cng container u mi trong v ngoi nc Nhiu ti liu ca cc trng i hc ti B, H Lan, Nht Bn ang c s dng trong o to, hun luyn nghip v v vn ti container, cng container. Tuy nhin, cha c ti liu no trnh by c th v y v khi nim, chc nng, tiu ch, nguyn l hnh thnh v iu kin pht trin cng container u mi. Quy hoch chi tit pht trin h thng cng bin Vit Nam, cc ti lun n tin s, cng trnh khoa hc ng trn cc tp ch chuyn ngnh cng cha nghin cu v cng container u mi khu vc pha Nam. y l c s tc gi tip tc nghin cu ti lun n ny. 1.2 Qu trnh pht trin vn ti container - S hnh thnh v pht trin ca vn ti container S pht trin ca vn ti container lm thay i cn bn h thng vn ti thng mi quc t. Song song vi vic pht trin i tu container chuyn dng l vic pht trin cc trung tm thu gom, phn phi hng ha, cc cng container hin i trn khp th gii.

- Cc tuyn vn ti container c s thay i ln v cc tuyn vn ti container th gii. l vic hnh thnh cc tuyn lin vng v cc tuyn vn ti trc tip t cc nc ang pht trin ca chu (trong c Vit Nam) n lc a chu u v chu M. - i tu vn chuyn container Nm 1987, i tu container th gii gm 1.502 chic, sc ch trung bnh ca tu l 1.155 TEU. Nm 1997, i tu container trn th gii c 1.954 chic, tng trng ti t 3 triu TEU (tng thm 254%). Nh vy, trng ti bnh qun ca tu tng 36% trong 10 nm. n nm 2010, trn th gii c 4.677 tu container chuyn dng, tng trng ti l 12,8 triu TEU. Tnh trung bnh trng ti tu l 2.742 TEU, tng 4,74% so vi nm 2009. - Cng container trn th gii Trong s 20 cng container hng u th gii, c 15 cng thuc cc nn kinh t ang pht trin ca chu , cn li 5 cng l t cc nc pht trin. Trong 15 cng ca chu th Trung Quc chim 8 cng (k c Hng Kng), cc cng khc l ca Hn Quc, Malaysia, Nht Bn, Singapore... Nm 2009, sn lng thng qua 5 cng hng u ca chu t trn 100 triu TEU, chim 45,8% sn lng container thng qua ca 20 cng ln nht th gii. - Qu trnh pht trin vn ti container ti Vit Nam Nm 1988, lin doanh gia Vinalines v hng CGM ca Php thnh lp Gemartrans, l lin doanh vn chuyn container u tin Vit Nam. n thng 8/2009, Vit Nam c 11 hng tu container vi tng s trn 30 tu, tng sc ch khong 20.000 TEU, phn ln chy trn tuyn ni a hoc tuyn feeder sang cc cng trung chuyn trong khu vc. 1.3 C s l lun chung v cng container 1.3.1 Cng bin v cc giai don pht trin cng

Theo B lut Hng hi Vit Nam, cng bin l ni ra vo, neo u ca tu bin, l ni phc v tu v hng ha chuyn ch trn tu, l u mi giao thng quan trng trong h thng vn ti. Cc giai on pht trin cng - Cng bin th h th nht: Cng thun ty l ni hng ha gp nhau gia vn ti trn t lin v bin. Ngoi xp d hng ha v lu kho bi, cc hot ng khc thng khng din ra ti cng. - Cng bin th h th hai: Cc hot ng ca cng c m rng hn v tr thnh nhng trung tm dch v vn ti, thng mi v cng nghip (ng gi, dn nhn v phn phi hng ha). - Cng bin th h th ba: Cng lc ny c xem nh mt mt xch nng ng trong mt t hp sn xut/phn phi, cng tham gia vo hu ht cc hot ng thng mi quc t. 1.3.2 Khi qut chung v cng container a) Khi nim: Cng container c th ch l mt bn nm trong a phn ca mt cng tng hp, cng c th l mt khu cng ring bit c thit k cho vic tip nhn, xp d hng container. b) Phn loi cng container: Da trn c trng ca dch v chnh m cng thc hin th tt c cc cng container c chia thnh ba loi: - Cng chuyn ti container (ports of transshipment): l u mi ca cc tuyn vn ti quc t vi chc nng chnh l chuyn ti. Cng chuyn ti ng vai tr l mt trung tm tp trung/phn phi container xut/nhp cho cc cng nhnh. - Cng cho tu khai thc trn tuyn chnh, vi min hu phng c quy m hng ha xut nhp khu ln (ports of origin and destination - OD ports/OD container terminal). Do khi lng container thng qua cng ln, cho nn gim bt p lc tc nghn ti cng, cn chuyn bt cc hot ng nh cht cha container rng, ng rt hng cho container, th tc thng quan hng ha xut nhp khu ra khi khu vc cng.

- Cng phc v tu vn chuyn container trn tuyn nhnh (ports for feeder line service), cn gi l Local Ports. Chc nng chnh ca loi cng ny l phc v cc tu khai thc trn cc tuyn feeder, gom hng cho cc cng chuyn ti. c) Mc tiu c bn ca cng container l: ci thin nng sut xp d, tng sc cha ca bi v tng nng lc s dng khu t. 1.4 Nguyn l hnh thnh v pht trin cng container u mi 1.4.1 Khi nim v cng container u mi khu vc pha Nam Cng container u mi khu vc pha Nam l ca ng chnh ca hng ha xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng container cho ton khu vc Nam B v vng ln cn, ng thi cn l ni tp trung/phn phi hng ha t/n cc cng bin v tinh khc ca Vit Nam v cc nc trong khu vc thng qua kt ni vn chuyn ng bin. 1.4.2 Chc nng ca cng container u mi - Chc nng lu thng hng ha xut nhp khu. - Chc nng trung chuyn hng ha. - Chc nng kt ni vn ti a phng thc. - Chc nng phn phi v cung cp dch v logistic. 1.4.3 Nguyn l hnh thnh cng container u mi - S gia tng khi lng hng ha xut nhp khu qua cng l nguyn nhn chnh tc ng n nhng s thay i hnh thnh cng container u mi m trc tin l s thay i kch c v hnh trnh ca tu. - S thay i kch c v hnh trnh ca tu: Khi khi lng container vn chuyn qua cng tng ln, cc hng tu thay th tu trng ti nh bng tu c sc ch ln ng thi thay i hnh trnh ca tu. - S thay i v thng s k thut ca cng: Khi lng container thng qua cng tng ln cng vi yu cu tip nhn tu sc ch ln lm thay i thng s k thut ca cng nh su lung tu v vng nc trc bn, tm vi ca cn trc, din tch cng.

- Chuyn dch mt s hot ng nh th tc thng quan, cht cha container rng, ng/rt hng, kho CFS... vo cc ICD hay cc cng nhnh. Hot ng ca cng container u mi thc cht c m rng v mt khng gian trong mi lin h khng th tch ri vi cc ICD v cng nhnh. Khi , ngoi cc hot ng h tr cng bin, ICD cn l ni thc hin cc dch v phn phi hng ha v dch v logistics. 1.4.4 Tiu ch c bn ca cng container u mi - Tiu ch v quy m ca cng: Quy m ca cng c nh gi bng khi lng hng ha thng qua cng trong mt n v thi gian. Trn thc t, lng hng thng qua ca mt cng container u mi t nht cng phi t trn 1 triu TEU/nm. Bi v, vi mc sn lng ny th mt bn container mi c th khai thc 2 chuyn tu/tun (trng ti 4.000 6.000 TEU), l mc ti thiu hng tu v cng hot ng hiu qu. - Tiu ch v kh nng tip nhn tu: Yu cu ca mt cng container u mi l kh nng tip nhn tu trng ti ln. V vy, cng phi tha mn cc iu kin v su, kch thc lung tu, dao ng thy triu. Mt tu Panamax chun 65.000 DWT cn mn nc su -12m (40 feet). Th nhng, tip nhn c tu Post Panamax, cn su ca cng v lung mc -14 -16 m. - Tiu ch v kh nng pht trin ca cng: Vic pht trin cng container u mi gn lin vi s pht trin ca cc khu cng nghip, khu th v cc vng kinh t. V vy, bn cnh qu t d tr m rng cc cng trnh ca cng, cn phi d tr tim nng pht trin cc c s vt cht khc trong vng hp dn ca cng nh cc cng cn, cc trung tm phn phi v logistics, nhm to ra nhng im tp kt v phn phi hng cho cng, gp phn gii quyt vn ch tc ti cng bin v pht trin kh nng cung cp cc dch v logistisc.

- Tiu ch v tit kim chi ph u t v chi ph vn ti: V tr xy dng cng phi thun li cho vic xy dng cc cng trnh nh lung tu, cu cng, bi container. c bit phi gim chi ph no vt cng nh chi ph duy tu lung tu. Ngoi ra, vic u t cho h thng kt cu h tng lin quan khng qu kh khn, khng i hi chi ph qu ln. Cng phi lm tt vai tr u mi giao thng, hnh thnh nn cc chng vn ti hp l, c ly ngn gim chi ph vn ti, gp phn to nn sc cnh tranh ca hng ha. - Tiu ch v khai thc c cc c s vt cht k thut ca h tng x hi hin c, khng ph v cc quy hoch v pht trin cc khu cng nghip, khu th, quy hoch giao thng, m bo mi trng sinh thi trong khu vc. 1.4.5 iu kin pht trin cng container u mi a) V tr xy dng cng: V tr xy dng cng phi c din tch cho pht trin cng v cc dch v hu cn trong di hn v tha mn cc tiu ch c bn: - L u mi vn ti ca c vng kinh t, kt ni thun tin vi cc KCN tp trung, rt ngn thi gian v tit kim chi ph vn chuyn; - Gn cc trc ng chnh ca h thng vn ti ni a nhm to ra s lin kt gia cc a phng v gia cc vng kinh t; - C v tr chin lc trong mng vn ti, nm gn cc trc vn chuyn chnh ca th gii; - Chi ph u t cho xy dng cng l hp l. b) Tim lc kinh t ca vng hp dn ca cng Tim lc pht trin ca min hu phng ca cng phi sc to nn nhng nhu cu giao thng hng ha, tr thnh yu t thc y mang tnh tt yu kinh t v l tin quyt nh cho s ra i v pht trin ca cng. Khu vc hu phng hin c hoc s hnh thnh phi m bo to nn mt tim nng pht trin bn vng lu di cho cm

cng. Mt khc vng hp dn ca cng phi rng ln v c sc vn xa, k c ti cc nc lng ging. c) Pht trin vn ti ni a v kt ni vn ti a phng thc Cn tp trung pht trin h thng kt cu h tng giao thng ng b vi cc loi hnh vn ti: ng b, ng st, ng sng, hng khng, hng hi. y l trch nhim ca Chnh ph, song do yu cu vn u t cho xy dng kt cu h tng giao thng rt ln nn Nh nc khng th p ng v phi cn s tham gia ca khu vc t nhn. d) Pht trin h thng ICD ICD c vai tr quan trng trong h thng vn ti container. N l im ni gia mt bn l ni sn xut, tiu th hng ha xut nhp khu vi mt bn l cng bin. ICD phi c quy hoch hp l v a im, kt ni thun tin vi cc cng bin thng qua h thng vn ti ni a, c t chc v phi hp hot ng mt cch ng b vi cc khu khc ca h thng nh cng, vn ti ni a, vn ti bin, trung tm phn phi. 1.5 Kinh nghim pht trin cng ca mt s nc - V chnh sch: Cn lp k hoch di hn, pht trin cng theo cc vng trng im, thnh lp cc Tng cng ty pht trin cng thuc Chnh ph, cho thu c s h tng cng bin khai thc, pht trin ng b h thng vn ti ni a, h thng ICD kt ni vi cng. - V m hnh cng: Cn m rng phm vi nh hng ca cng thng qua kt ni vn ti ng st, ng sng v cung cp dch v gi tr gia tng. Tiu chun xy dng mi cho cc cng container l m bo kh nng tip nhn tu trng ti ln. KT LUN CHNG 1 - Khi lng hng ha vn chuyn bng container tng cao thc y xu hng khai thc tu container sc ch ln. iu ny dn n s thay i hnh trnh vn chuyn ca tu, thng s k thut v chc nng ca cng.

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- Cng container u mi c thit k cho php tip nhn tu trng ti ln, c nng lc thng qua cao, l ca ng chnh ca hng ha xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng container, ng thi cn l ni tp trung/phn phi hng ha t/n cc cng bin v tinh khc thng qua kt ni vn chuyn ng bin. - c th pht trin v khai thc hiu qu cng container u mi, cn c cc iu kin c bn: v tr xy dng cng, c s vt cht k thut ca cng, tim lc kinh t ca min hu phng, m rng dch v cng, pht trin h thng vn ti ni a v h thng ICD. CHNG 2. THC TRNG H THNG CNG CONTAINER KHU VC PHA NAM 2.1 Gii thiu chung h thng cng bin Vit Nam - Vai tr ca h thng cng bin Vit Nam c th hin qua Ngh quyt ca ng; cc ch th ca Chnh ph; Chin lc pht trin vn ti bin, Quy hoch pht trin h thng cng bin VN n nm 2020, nh hng n nm 2030. - Cc nhm cng bin ca Vit Nam: Theo quy m, chc nng nhim v gm c: cng tng hp quc gia; cng a phng, v tinh; cng chuyn dng. Theo vng lnh th chia lm 6 nhm: t nhm 1 n nhm 6. - Thc trng h thng cng bin Vit Nam: H thng cng bin Vit Nam cn lc hu so vi cc nc trong khu vc v th gii. S lng cng bin nhiu nhng li thiu cu bn cho tu trng ti ln, c bit l cng container. nhiu cm cng, lung tu cha ph hp vi quy m v yu cu ca cu bn. H thng h tng k thut sau cng cha ng b v khng p ng c yu cu lu thng rt hng. Nm 2009, sn lng hng thng qua cng tng so vi nm 2008 l 27,8%, l mc tng trng cao nht trong vng 10 nm tr li y.

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Tuy nhin, nm 2010 c t l tng trng thp do nh hng ca lm pht v khng hong kinh t. 2.2 Cc cng container khu vc pha Nam a) Cc bn container trn sng Si Gn v sng ng Nai - Ct Li: thuc Tng cng ty Tn Cng Si Gn, l bn container ln nht Vit Nam hin nay, sn lng container thng qua nm 2010 chim khong 58% ca ton b khu vc pha Nam v gn 40% tng sn lng ca c nc. - Cng VICT (Vietnam International Container Terminal): do cng ty Lin doanh pht trin tip vn s 1 qun l khai thc, l cng chuyn dng xp d container. Ngoi ra, cng Si Gn, Bn Ngh, Lotus va xp d hng tng hp va xp d container. ICD Phc Long khai thc container theo hnh thc chuyn ti bng s lan ti phao. b) Khu cng Hip Phc Bn container SPCT (Saigon Premier Container Terminal): l lin doanh gia tp on DP World v Tan Thuan Industrial Promotion Co.(IPC), hot ng t ngy 30/01/2010. c) Khu cng Ci Mp Bn container Tn Cng Ci Mp trc thuc Tng cng ty Tn Cng Si Gn, hot ng t 6/2009. Bn container SP-PSA l lin doanh gia cng Si Gn - Vinalines v PSA Vit Nam, khai thc t cui nm 2010. Bn container SITV (Saigon International Terminal Vietnam) l lin doanh gia tp on Hutchison Port Holdings (Hongkong) v cng ty TNHH u t Thng mi Si Gn, khai thc giai on I t thng 10/2010. Bn container CMIT (Cai Mep International Terminal) l lin doanh gia cng Si Gn v APM Terminal. SSIT Terminal l lin doanh gia SSA Holding International vi cng Si Gn v Vinalines. Gemalink Terminal l lin doanh gia Gemadept v CMA-CGM. Cai Mep Container Terminal & Thi Vai

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International General Terminal c u t bng ngun vn ODA trn tng din tch 70 ha. 2.3 nh gi chung v c s vt cht k thut ca cc cng container khu vc pha Nam - Nhm bn container Ct Li, VICT, Si Gn, Bn Ngh Nhm cng ny c chiu rng mt cu hp, khng th lp t c cc cn trc ln c Post Panamax. Hn ch ln nht ca nhm cng ny l khng mt bng cho vic xy dng bi cha container. Thit b xp d l cn trc loi Panamax, tm vi 35 m, ch c kh nng xp d cho tu chiu rng 12 hng container. - Nhm bn container Tn Cng Ci Mp, SP-PSA, SITV v SPCT su trc bn t -14 -15m; cn trc loi Post Panamax, xp d c tu chiu rng 18 hng container; lung tu kh nng tip nhn tu trng ti 50.000 80.000 DWT. 2.4 nh gi hot ng khai thc ca cc cng container a) Sn lng thng qua
Bng 2.8 Sn lng thng qua cc bn container TP.HCM
Cng Ct Li VICT Si Gn Bn Ngh Phc Long Khc Tng
Tng so vi nm trc

V: 103 teu
2009
2.357,63 (64,11%) 306,83 (8,34%) 378,23 (10,28%) 140,99 (3,83%) 450,25 (12,24%) 43,17 (1,17) 3.677,10 (100%) 0,33% 2010 2.563,2 (58,0%) 350,0 (7,92%) 404.6 (9,15%) 210,5 (4,76%) 393,0 (8,9%) 498,4 (11,27%) 4.419,7 (100%) 20,19%

2003
730,48 (46,9%) 298,17 (19,15%) 239,53 (15,38%) 88,91 (5,71%) 179,69 (11,54%) 20,22 (1,3%) 1.557,0 (100%) -

2004
879,64 (45,08%) 347,93 (17,83%) 300,29 (15,39%) 129,05 (6,61%) 268,09 (13,74%) 26,22 (1,34%) 1.951,22 (100%) 25,32 %

2005
1.086,24 (48,74%) 376,70 (16,9%) 284,51 (12,77%) 163,81 (7,35%) 269,55 (12,09%) 47,82 (2,14%) 2.228,63 (100%) 14,22 %

2006
1.474,67 (55,14%) 447,21 (16,72%) 220,57 (8,25%) 191,05 (7,14%) 266,90 (9,98%) 74,08 (2,77%) 2.674,48 (100%) 20,0 %

2007
1.844,26 (54,18%) 572,53 (16,82%) 349,34 (10,26%) 218,01 (6,40%) 395,56 (11,62%) 24,25 (0,7%) 3.403,95 (100%) 27,27 %

2008
2.018,10 (55,06%) 540,12 (14,74%) 510,49 (13,93%) 188,82 (5,15%) 405,15 (11,05%) 2,43 (0,06%) 3.665,11 (100%) 6,67 %

Ngun: Tng hp t kt qu hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca cc cng

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b) nh gi ch tiu nng sut Nng sut xp d ti Ct Li, VICT t trung bnh 50 cont./tugi (tnh cho thi gian tu u bn), tng ng 72 TEU/tu-gi. Nng sut thc t lm hng t trung bnh 59 cont./tu-gi. Cng Si Gn, Bn Ngh va kt hp lm hng bng cu tu v cu b nn nng sut thp hn. Ti Tn Cng Ci Mp v SP-PSA, nng sut lm hng thc t t t 60 80 cont./tu gi, nng sut cu bn t 53 62 cont./tu gi, tng so vi Ct Li khong 20 30%. c) H s lm vic ca cu tu i vi cng Si Gn v Bn Ngh, h s s dng cu tu ca vo khong 0,35-0,4. Nm 2007, h s s dng cu tu ti Ct Li v VICT t 0,65 0,7. Nm 2010 l 0,58 ti Ct Li. d) Kh nng thng qua ca cng Cng sut thit k ca cng Ct Li l 3 triu TEU/nm, hin ti ang hot ng vi 93%. Cng sut cu bn ca cng VICT l 1 triu TEU/nm, hin mi khai thc gn 50%. Tuy nhin, cng VICT hn ch nng lc ca bi cha hn l nng lc ca cu tu. e) Cc ch tiu khai thc tng hp Gm cc ch tiu nh nng sut thng qua ca mt n v din tch cng, nng sut thng qua ca mt cn trc, nng sut thng qua ca 1 m cu tu. 2.5 nh gi h thng cng container khu vc pha Nam theo tiu ch pht trin cng container u mi
TT Tiu ch nh gi Quy m cng Khu cng Ct Li Ngun hng qua cng cao (3 triu TEU/nm). Cng khai thc ht cng sut. Ch tip nhn tu 3 vn DWT, hay 2.000 TEU. Khu cng Hip Phc Ngun hng qua cng t. Cng sut cng nm 2015 l 1,5 triu TEU. Hin ch tip nhn tu 3 vn DWT. Nu no vt lung Soi Rp > -12m th c th tip nhn tu 5-7 vn DWT Khu cng Ci Mp Ngun hng qua cng c tim nng ln. Cng sut ca khu cng nm 2015 l 12 triu TEU. Tip nhn c tu 8 10 vn DWT.

Kh nng tip nhn tu

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Tim nng pht trin ca cng C tim nng trong tng lai C kh nng kt ni vn ti st, thy, b vi min hu phng. C tim nng pht trin thnh cng container u mi. C kh nng kt ni vn ti st, thy,b vi min hu phng; ng bin vi cc cng v tinh v ng hng khng. ang c khai thc, c nhiu tim nng.

Rt t C kh nng kt ni vn ti st, thy, b vi min hu phng ang c khai thc. Quy m hn ch.

Kh nng kt ni vn ti.

Cc c s khc ca h tng x hi.

Cha hon chnh.

2.6 nh gi v c ch, chnh sch pht trin cng container trong giai on va qua Cng tc d bo trong quy hoch khng chnh xc. S phi hp gia cc c quan chuyn ngnh v vn ti v a phng ni c cng cha ng b. Chnh sch v qu t cho pht trin cng cha hp l xut pht t c ch chia t xy dng cng. Cha c mt c quan qun l cng chu trch nhim qun l thng nht t khu quy hoch, xy dng n vic cho thu c s h tng cng bin. Vn ngn sch cha tp trung u tin u t c s h tng cho nhng cng bin quan trng m cn u t dn tri, thiu chiu su. KT LUN CHNG 2 Cc bn container trn sng Si Gn v sng ng Nai khng th tip nhn tu trng ti ln. Cc cng ny khai thc gn ht cng sut, khng cn khng gian pht trin m rng nn khng th pht trin thnh cng container u mi. Khu cng Hip Phc mi ch c duy nht bn container SPCT hot ng, nhng sn lng t do kh nng tip cn min hu phng gp kh khn. H thng kho bi, ICD v cc trung tm phn phi cha kt ni c vi SPCT nn hn ch hiu qu khai thc v kh nng pht trin ca cng. Hin ti, khu cng ny cha c cc iu kin cn thit pht trin thnh cng container u mi.

15

Khu cng Ci Mp c nhiu bn container a vo hot ng. Lung hng hi sc tip nhn cc tu trng ti ln. Sn lng container thng qua ngy cng tng, l tin cc hng tu thit lp nhng hnh trnh vn chuyn trc tip ti cc cng ca nc M m khng cn phi qua chuyn ti. Mt khc, pha sau khu cng Ci Mp cng c mt h tng x hi sc hp dn cc nh u t, cc nh phn phi, cc hng tu t tr s kinh doanh. V quan trng hn l c tin cho vic pht trin ti ni y mt h thng kt cu h tng giao thng ng b vi loi hnh vn ti. l tim nng cho pht trin vn ti a phng thc v dch v logistics. Khu cng ny tha mn nhng tiu ch ca cng container u mi. CHNG 3. GII PHP C BN PHT TRIN CNG CONTAINER U MI KHU VC PHA NAM 3.1 iu kin pht trin cng container u mi khu vc pha Nam a) iu kin t nhin khu vc xy dng cng Khu vc Ci Mp c v tr hi t yu t c th pht trin mt h thng cng container u mi ca khu vc pha Nam. b) iu kin giao thng - Lung hng hi Ci Mp-Th Vi no vt ti su -14 m th tu 50.000 DWT c th ra vo 24/24, v li dng triu ln cho tu 80.000 DWT. - V ng b: ang nng cp m rng cc ng kt ni vi cng, d n ang trin khai l: ng cao tc TP.HCM-Vng Tu, ng cao tc TP.HCM - Long Thnh-Du Giy. - ng thy: T Ci Mp, cc tuyn ng thy ni a, ng ven bin c th i n khu vc TP.HCM, min ng Nam B, BSCL v Nam Trung B. - Mng ng st c quy hoch gm: tuyn ng st TP.HCM - Bin Ha - Vng Tu, TP.HCM - Lc Ninh - Cmpuchia

16

c) Tnh hnh KT-XH vng kinh t trng im pha Nam VKTT pha Nam l ni c tc tng trng kinh t ln nht Vit Nam, cng ng thi l vng m ng cho cng cuc pht trin cng nghip v thng mi. S lng cc KCN trong VKTT pha Nam l 95, tng din tch gn 37.000 ha, tp trung ch yu ti TP.HCM, tnh ng Nai, Bnh Dng, B Ra-Vng Tu v Long An. Qui hoch tng th pht trin KT-XH vng ng Nam B v VKTT pha Nam l tr thnh trung tm kinh t, ti chnh, thng mi ln nht ca t nc v khu vc. Quy hoch pht trin h thng cng bin Vit Nam n nm 2020, nh hng n nm 2030: nhm cng B Ra-Vng Tu l cng tng hp quc gia, ca ng quc t. d) D bo nhu cu - D bo sn lng container thng qua cng bin Bao gm d bo sn lng container thng qua h thng cng bin Vit Nam; d bo sn lng thng qua nhm cng bin s 5 (bao gm c hng qu cnh v trung chuyn) tng ng vi cc phng n sn lng thp, phng n c bn, phng n cao. - D bo sn lng container thng qua cc khu cng
Bng 3.4 D bo sn lng container thng qua cc khu cng V : triu teu
Khu cng Ci Mp Ct Li Hip Phc S. Si Gn B. SCL Cng 2010 0,48 2,6 0,15 1,1 4,33 2015 PA thp 2,51 3,0 1,0 1,0 0,05 7,56 PA cao 4,49 3,0 1,0 1,0 0,07 9,56 PA thp 7,05 3,0 1,5 0,5 0,08 12,13 2020 PA cao 12,0 3,0 3,37 0,5 0,12 18,99 PA thp 15,0 3,0 6,68 0,5 0,17 25,35 2030 PA cao 30,0 3,0 17,5 0,5 0,35 51,33

Ngun: Tng hp v tnh ton theo s liu d bo

3.2 Xy dng m hnh cng container u mi khu vc pha Nam 3.2.1 M hnh cng (hnh 3.2) - S kt ni cng container u mi vi vng hp dn ca cng

17

Hnh 3.2 S kt ni cng container u mi vi vng hp dn ca cng

Ch thch s :
: Cng container u mi : Cng bin v tinh : Cng sng : ICD : Cc im nhn/gi hng : Tuyn chnh : Tuyn nhnh : ng st : ng b : ng thy ni

- Cu trc ca cng container u mi (hnh 3.3)

Hnh 3.3 S cu trc cng container u mi

18
Ch thch: : cu tu. : bn cho s lan. : khu vc vn phng. : cng giao nhn container. : khu bi container chuyn tip. A: cng vo cho xe container B: cng vo cho xe ti : bi container chuyn ti. : bi container giao nhn trc tip. : xng v khu bi k thut. : cn trc container. : cn trc lm hng cho s lan : ng st : ng t

3.2.2 Tnh ton nhu cu cho khu cng container u mi Ci Mp - Nhu cu din tch bi container, din tch khu cng, s cu tu, cc thit b chnh (bng 3.11)
Bng 3.11 Tng hp nhu cu din tch cng, bi container, cu tu v cc thit b chnh ca khu cng Ci Mp
2015 Ch tiu
Tng din tch

2020 SL cao SL thp SL cao SL thp

2030 SL cao

n v

SL thp

52 92 145 245 307 614 Ha 34 60 94 160 200 399 Bi container Ha Cu tu 6 11 17 28 35 70 S cu tu 1.800 3.300 5.100 8.400 10.500 21.000 Chiu du cu m Thit b chnh 18 32 50 84 105 210 Cn trc b Chic 34/12 61/21 96/32 163/55 204/68 408/136 RTG/Reach. Chic 94 169 266 450 563 1.125 Xe u ko Chic Ngun: Tng hp v tnh ton (T l xe nng khong trong tng s thit b bi)

- D tnh nhu cu vn u t
Bng 3.12 D tnh nhu cu vn u t cho khu cng Ci Mp
Hng mc u t 2015 SL SL thp cao 136,0 246,0 85,2 156,2 17,0 30,0 59,8 279,0 192,0 61,0 7,4 18,6 525,0 2020 SL thp 382,7 241,4 47,0 94,3 436,5 300,0 96,0 11,2 29,3 819,2 SL cao 636,9 397,6 80,0 159,3 735,8 504,0 163,0 19,3 49,5 1.372,7 SL thp 796,6 497,0 100,0 199,6 919,7 630,0 204,0 23,8 61,9 1.716,3
V: 106 USD.

2030 SL cao 1.592,6 994,0 199,5 399,1 1.839,3 1.260,0 408,0 47,6 123,7 3.431,9

1. u t xy lp - Cu tu - Bi container - Cng trnh 33,8 chung 2. Thit b chnh 156,5 - Cu trc b 108,0 - Khung cu RTG 34,0 - Xe nng 4,2 - u ko 10,3 Cng (1+2) 292,5 Ngun: Tng hp v tnh ton

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3.3 xut m hnh cng container u mi Tn Cng Ci Mp 3.3.1 iu kin p dng - Quy m ca cng: Tuy mi a vo khai thc nhng sn lng container thng qua Tn Cng Ci Mp ngy mt tng. Nm 2010 l 283.000 TEU, 6 thng u nm 2011 l 170.000 TEU. Hin nay, mi tun cng tip nhn 7 chuyn tu, sn lng trung bnh ~30.000 TEU, chim 58,5% tng sn lng container thng qua khu cng Ci Mp. - Kh nng tip nhn tu: Cng c thit k vi su trc bn l -15,8 m, c kh nng tip nhn tu trng ti 80.000 DWT (6.000 TEU). Giai on 2 hon thnh s nng ln 100.000 DWT. - Kh nng pht trin ca cng: Hin nay, Tng cng ty Tn Cng Si Gn ang dn u h thng cng bin Vit Nam v th phn container qua cng. Ngoi 2 bn container hin i l Tn Cng Ci Mp v Ct Li, cn c h thng cc ICD v cc cng v tinh kt ni vi cng. y l im mnh ca Tn Cng Ci Mp so vi cc cng khc. - Kh nng kt ni vn ti: Tn Cng Ci Mp thun li trong kt ni vn ti bng ng b, ng st, ng sng, ng bin vi cc vng min ca Vit Nam v cc nc trong khu vc.
- ICD Tn Cng 128 - Tn cng Sn : Tuyn nhnh ng st ng b ng sng

Phnom Penh

Tn Cng Quy Nhn

ICD Tn Cng Sng Thn ICD Tn Cng Long Bnh ICD Tn Cng Ci Mp

Cng Ct Li Tn Cng Hip Phc Cng Cn Th Ci Mp Hongkong Yantian Los Angeles Oakland Tokyo Xiamen Hongkong Leam Chabang Ci Mp

Hnh 3.5 S kt ni Tn Cng Ci Mp

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3.3.2 M hnh hot ng cng container u mi Tn Cng Ci Mp

a) Hot ng ca cng u mi Tn Cng Ci Mp - Xp / d container cho tu; - Nhn container t cc phng tin vn ti ni a, tp kt container vo bi trc khi xp xung tu. Tp kt container nhp t tu vo bi. Giao container cho cc phng tin vn ti ni a vn chuyn v kho ring, ICD, cng sng hay vn chuyn qu cnh; - Tc nghip container lnh; cht cha tm thi container rng xut nhp tu; x l hng ha trong cc trng hp c bit. - Thc hin tc nghip chuyn ti container. b) Hot ng vn chuyn container - Vn chuyn container n ICD Long Bnh, ICD Sng Thn bng ng b, trong tng lai s kt hp c ng b v ng st. - Vn chuyn container n cng Ct Li, cng Lotus, ICD Transimex, Phc Long... bng s lan. Sau vn chuyn ti nh my trn a bn tnh Bnh Dng, ng Nai... bng ng b. - Vn chuyn container ti cc cng trn sng Tin, sng Hu hay qu cnh sang Cm-Pu-Chia bng s lan. Trong tng lai, vn chuyn container n cc cng bin khu vc Trung Trung B, Nam Trung B v ng bng sng Cu Long bng tu bin loi feeder. - Vn chuyn container bng t t cng, ICD n nh my hay kho ca ch hng v ngc li. c) Hot ng ca ICD - Cht cha, bo qun container hng v rng, tp kt bo qun hng trong kho, ng rt hng cho container, gom hng l; - Thng quan hng ha xut nhp khu; - ng gi, ti ch, dn nhn hay k k m hiu cho hng ha; - Dch v khai bo v lm th tc hi quan, ng k ch trn tu; cp chng t vn ti, dch v vn ti a phng thc; - Dch v kho ngoi quan, kho phn phi, kho lnh;

21

- Dch v logistics khc; - Sa cha v v sinh container, gim nh container. 3.3.3 Cc phng n giao nhn container ti Tn Cng Ci Mp a) Giao nhn vn ti ni a - a im giao nhn ti TP. H Ch Minh, Bnh Dng: vn chuyn container t Ci Mp v cc cng v ICD khu vc TP. H Ch Minh bng s lan; vn chuyn tip ti nh my bng t. - Khu vc tnh B Ra-Vng Tu v ng Nai gn Ci Mp th phng n giao nhn trc tip ti Ci Mp s c la chn. - Cc a im khc thuc tnh ng Nai, Bnh Dng, Ty Ninh, Long An: vn chuyn t Ci Mp n ICD Sng Thn, ICD Long Bnh bng ng st, vn chuyn tip ti nh my bng t. b) Giao nhn vn ti ng bin Giai on u, vn chuyn container gia Ci Mp v BSCL bng s lan, giai on sau vn chuyn bng tu bin sc ch 300 500 TEU. Ti Nam Trung B, c th kt hp vn chuyn v Tn Cng Ci Mp trn cc tu ni a. Tip n l vn chuyn t Hi Phng, gh Nng, Qui Nhn gom container v Tn Cng Ci Mp v ngc li. 3.4 Gii php c bn pht trin cng container u mi khu vc pha Nam a) Pht trin kt cu h tng giao thng v h thng ICD trong min hp dn ca cng - Pht trin kt cu h tng giao thng: y nhanh tin xy dng cc tuyn ng cao tc, ng vnh ai v ng st trong vng. Tin hnh no vt lung Ci Mp Th vi. Hnh thnh cc tuyn vn ti ven bin. - Nng cp v khai thc cc cng sng: Nng cp cc cng sng khu vc TP. H Ch Minh, tn dng v khai thc cc cng trn sng ng Nai, sng Tin v sng Hu.

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- Pht trin h thng ICD: Cn pht trin thm ICD ti Bnh Dng, ng Nai, Long An, B Ra- Vng Tu. b) Pht trin vn ti a phng thc v dch v logistics - Vn ti ng st: Tuyn ng st phi u tin kt ni vi cc khu cng nghip, cc ICD, cc trung tm phn phi v logistics. - Vn ti thy ni a: Tuyn Ci Mp n cc cng bin TP.HCM vn chuyn bng s lan 100 150 TEU. M cc tuyn mi ni vi cc tnh khc ng Nam B. - Vn ti ven bin: Tuyn Ci Mp ti cc cng trn sng Tin, sng Hu, vn chuyn bng tu container trng ti t 300 500 TEU. Hnh thnh cc tuyn gom hng t cc cng bin v tinh khc cho cng container u mi Ci Mp bng ng bin. - Pht trin dch v logistics: Nng cao nng lc h thng kho bi, quy hoch pht trin mt s trung tm logistics quy m ln ti VKTT pha Nam, pht trin cc khu dch v logistics gn lin vi cc cng container u mi. u t pht trin h thng kt cu h tng cng ngh thng tin. n gin ha v vi tnh ha cc th tc hi quan. Nng cao cht lng ngun nhn lc trong hot ng Logistics. Lin doanh, lin kt gia cc doanh nghip trong v ngoi nc. c) Gii php m rng dch v ca cng v ICD - Thit lp h thng thng tin dng chung gia cng v ICD. - M rng dch v giao nhn vn ti ca cng v cc ICD nh cp container rng, ng k ch trn tu, khai hi quan. - M rng v chc nng theo tng cp ca ICD, bt u t cc dch v gi tr gia tng, tip theo l m rng cung cp cc dch v logistics, sau l m rng hn na cung cp dch v ch bin xut nhp khu ng b, cc dch v khu cng nghip d) Hon thin php ch v cc quy nh Nh nc v vn ti container

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- Chnh sch v u t pht trin cng: Huy ng ti a mi ngun lc trong v ngoi nc, y mnh x hi ha vic u t pht trin c s h tng cng bin di nhiu hnh thc. Ngun vn ngn sch tp trung vo u t cc cng trnh cng cng. - V qun l: Xy dng mt cp chnh quyn cng thng nht qun l ton b hot ng ca cng. Hn ch u t cc bn nh l dnh ring cho tng nh my. Ch trng xy dng cc khu bn chuyn dng c th s dng chung, ng thi phi dnh qu t xy dng cc trung tm logistics sau cng. - V th ch lin quan n logistics v vn ti a phng thc: Xy dng v hon thin cc chnh sch ca Nh Nc v qun l hot ng logistics, vn ti container. Thnh lp y ban quc gia v logistics tp trung qun l, xy dng v hon thin cc quy nh, phi hp cc chnh sch nh hng n logistics v vn ti a phng thc. KT LUN CHNG 3 Chng 3 ca ti gii quyt c nhng ni dung theo mc tiu ra l: xc nh iu kin cho pht trin cng container u mi khu vc pha Nam, xy dng c m hnh cng container u mi v tnh ton nhu cu pht trin cng, c th ha m hnh cng container u mi ti Tn Cng Ci Mp, xut cc gii php c bn thc y pht trin cng container u mi khu vc pha Nam. KT LUN V KIN NGH KT LUN Trn c s mc ch ca vic nghiu cu, lun n gii quyt c nhng ni dung c bn l: - Pht trin c s l lun chung v cng container. Nghin cu c s l lun v cng container u mi (khi nim, chc nng, nguyn l hnh thnh, cc tiu ch ca cng container u mi v iu kin pht trin), t xc nh lun c khoa hc v vic pht trin cng container u mi cho khu vc pha Nam.

24

- Lun n tng hp, phn tch nh gi thc trng h thng cng container khu vc pha Nam. Qua thy c nhng hn ch, nhng nn tng c, nhng iu kin cn thiu v nhng tim nng m bo cho s hnh thnh v pht trin cng container u mi nhm p ng nhu cu pht trin kinh t ca ton vng v ca t nc. - Nghin cu cc iu kin, xy dng m hnh cng container u mi ti Ci Mp, trong c th m hnh hot ng ca cng container Tn Cng Ci Mp, ng thi xut cc gii php c bn pht trin cng container u mi khu vc pha Nam. KIN NGH - Cn quy hoch hnh thnh cc t hp cng nghip sao cho c th pht trin v s dng dch v ca cc trung tm phn phi v logistics, trnh tnh trng rt nhiu ngnh ngh, nh my khc nhau trong mt KCN nn khng c cng mc ch s dng dch v tp trung. - Hon thin quy hoch h thng ICD, nh v cc trung tm phn phi, trung tm logistics v c chnh sch d tr qu t cn thit cho vic xy dng cc cng trnh ny trong tng lai. - Cn y nhanh tin thc hin cc cng trnh giao thng quan trng, gii quyt vn ch tc giao thng, ti trng cu ng lin quan n vn ti container. Trin khai u t h thng ng st kt ni khu cng Ci Mp vi cc khu cng nghip trong vng. u t ci to, nng cp cc tuyn ng thy ni a, cc cng sng theo phng n quy hoch c duyt. u tin tuyn kt ni khu cng Ci Mp v cc cng bin v tinh v cng sng u mi. - u t pht trin h thng kt cu h tng thng tin qun l v chia s thng tin gia cng, hng tu, ngi khai thc vn ti, hi quan v cc c quan khc ca Chnh ph. - Xy dng v hon thin cc chnh sch ca Nh nc v qun l hot ng vn ti container, dch v Logistics.