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D NG THU T NG

V DANH PHP HO H C H U C TRONG NH TR NG

Ti li u tham kh o 1. H i Ho h c Vi t Nam, Danh php v thu t ng Ho h c Vi t Nam, NXBKH v KT, 2010. 2. Trn Quc Sn, Trn Th Tu. Danh php hp cht hu c. NXB Gio dc, 2003 - 2008. 3. Bo co tng kt ti xy dng h thng danh php v thut ng ho hc Vit Nam (d tho). H Ni 1999. 4. Trung tm bin son sch CCGD v Vin Ngn ng hc Vit Nam. Chun ho chnh t v thut ng. NXB Gio dc, 1984. 5. G.J.Leigh, H.A.Favre and W.V.Metanomski. Principles of Chemical Nomenclature. A Guide to IUPAC Recommendations. Blackwell Sci. Pub. 1998. I. Danh php ho hc 1. S lc v tnh hnh s dng danh php ho hc Vit Nam - Tnh hnh trc nm 1975. - Tnh hnh sau nm 1975. - Tnh hnh hin nay. 2. Phn loi chung v danh php hp cht hu c - Danh php h thng: L danh php trong mi b phn u c ngha h thng VD: Hexan Hex(a) (su Hi Lp) + an (hu t ca hirocacbon no) - Danh php thng (thng thng): L danh php c hnh thnh da theo ngun gc tm ra hoc theo tnh cht b ngoi (mu, mi...) VD: ure (Ting Php ure) c ngun gc t urine (Ting php c ngha l nc tiu) - Danh php na h thng: y l danh php trung gian gia hai loi trn, n c 1 b phn c tnh h thng. VD: stiren tch ra c t loi cy c nha tn l stirax. ui en cho bit n cha ni i (anken). 3. V cc loi danh php ho hc hu c dng trong nh trng ph thng - Tn thay th (substitutive name): Tc l tn c to nn nh s thay th mt hay nhiu nguyn t H b phn chnh (gi l hirua nn) bng mt hay nhiu nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t khc. Tn thay th: Tn hirua nn v tn nhm th VD: C2H5OH etanol gm etan (tn hirua nn) + ol (tn nhm OH di dng hu t) CH3CHClCH3 2-cloropropan gm tn ca Cl dng tin t l cloro hay clo + propan (tn hirua nn).

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- Tn loi chc hay tn gc chc (functional class name): c to nn bng thao tc cng tn ca gc (hay l nhm) vi tn ca chc hu c. VD: CH3CH2-Cl CH3COBr CH3COOC2H5 CH3CH2OH etyl clorua axetyl bromua etyl axetat etyl ancol hay ancol etylic

- Tn thng thng (v tn na h thng): l tn ca mt s hirocacbon mch h, mch vng, nhm (gc) hirocacbon, dn xut hiroxi, hp cht cacbonyl, axit cacboxylic, d vng... c chia thnh 3 nhm: + Nhm 1: Gm cc tn c dng khi khng c nhm th v khi c nhm th bt k v tr no. Th d etan, axetilen, benzen, phenol, anilin, axit benzoic... + Nhm 2: Gm cc tn c dng khi khng c nhm th v khi c nhm th 1 s v tr nht nh (thng l mch vng). Th d: toluen, stiren... + Nhm 3: Gm cc tn c dng ch khi khng c nhm th. Th d isopentan, isopren, glixerol, axit lactic... 4. Cc loi danh php khc: Mt s danh php t dng trong trng ph thng. a) Danh php trao i (replacement name): c hnh thnh bng cch trao i nguyn t (hay nhm nguyn t) khc vi H ca hirua nn bng nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t khc. + Trao i khung: CH3CH2OCH2OCH2OCH3 2,4,6-trioxanonan + Trao i nhm chc: CH3-SH thioancol metylic b) Danh php kt hp (conjunctive name): i vi hp cht hu c cha ng thi mt b phn mch h c nhm chc chnh v mt b phn vng ngi ta c th kt hp tn ca vng vi tn ca b phn mch h.
CH2CH2OH

VD: xiclohexan Etanol Tn kt hp: Xiclohexanetanol Tn thay th: 2-xiclohexyletanol

CH2COOH

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Naphtalen Axit axetic Tn kt hp: Axit naphtalen-1-axetic Tn thay th: Axit (1-naphtyl)axetic c) Danh php phan Danh php ny p dng cho h siu vng
3 2 1 13 12 11 10 9 7 8 4 5 6

Tn IUPAC: Bixiclo [9.2.2]pentaeka-1,13,15-trien Danh php phan: 1(1,4)-benzenaxicloecaphan

3 2 4 5 1 7 10 9 8 6

Danh php phan (hay xiclophan tc l h siu vng = superring system) gm 2 b phn th cp c gi l subunit: - Subunit mch vng: Tn = arena (benzena) hetarena (piriina...) xicloankana (xiclohexan hay hexana) - Subunit mch h: Tn = s ni b (s arp) + ch s bi + xiclo...phan

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V d: 2 1 6 5 3 4

1,4(1,3)-ibenzenaxiclohexanphan

2
5

2 1

1(1,2), 5(1,3)-ibenzenaxiclooctaphan-3,6-ien d) Danh php cng: c hnh thnh bng thao tc cng cc hp phn

O
Etilenoxit CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2-OHexyloxi

O
tetrahirofuran e) Danh php tr - Dng cc tin t nh e, anhiro (tch nc), eoxi (bt nguyn t oxi)...

CH=O H H H H OH OH CH2OH
D-2-eoxiriboz Dng cc hu t nh en, in, yl... CH3CH2CH3 propan CH3CCH propin CH3CH=CH2 propen CH3CH2CH2- propyl
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II. Quy tc v vit cc du v ch s trong tn gi hp cht hu c 1. Cc ch s v v tr: Ch s v tr (locant) ca cc nhm th v cc nhm chc - Dng s Arp: 1,2,3... - Dng ch ci Hy Lp: , , - Dng ch ci La Tinh: O, N, P... Nhng k hiu ny c t ngay trc b phn cn ch nh VD: CH2=CH-CH2-CH3 1-buten; but-1-en; buten-1 CH3CH(OH)CH3 2-propanol; propan-2-ol; propanol-2 C6H5N(CH3)2 N,N-imetylanilin Ch tn dng thu gn ca cc gc:

2-naphtyl (khng vit napht-2-yl) l dng rt gn ca naphtalen-2-yl

3-piriyl (khng vit piri-3-yl) l dng rt gn ca piriin-3-yl

2. Du phy v cc du chm a) Du phy (,) : Dng phn cch cc locant VD: ClCH2CH2Cl 1,2-icloroetan Hoc dng phn cch cc ch ci ch v tr ngng t

j i h g f e d

a b c
ibenzo[a,j]antraxen

b) Du chm (.): Dng phn cch cc s ni ln s nguyn t ring mi vng trong h a vng spiro, bixiclo, trixiclo...

Spiro[3.4]octan Trong h spiro s nh c vit trc

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Bixiclo[3.2.1]octan Trong h bixiclo s ln c vit trc 3) Du hai chm (:): Dng phn cch cc cm locant trong mt tn gi
2 1 1' 2' 2" 3"

3'

1"

1,1:3,1-terxiclobutan

4) Gch ni v du cch a) Gch ni (-) dng : - Phn cch locant vi nhng phn cn li lin k ca tn gi. VD: 2-metylbut-2-en - Phn cch cc locant gn nhau m thuc v phn khc nhau ca tn gi (thng dng thm du mc n).

8 7 6 5

1 2 3 10 4
9-(1-naphtyl)antraxen

- Phn cch hai phn ni ln v tr ngng t.

4 3 O a b S 2 c 1

Thieno[3,2-b]furan

- Phn cch cc k hiu lp th nh E, Z, R, S, D, L vi tn ca cht. (E)-but-2-en, D-glucoz... - Phn cch cc tin t cu to nh sec-, tert-, trans- ... v cc tin t ch v tr nh ortho-, meta-, para-... VD : ancol tert-butylic b) Khong trng - Phn cch cc t trong danh php gc chc + Tn axit v cc dn xut nhm chc
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VD : axit axetic, etyl axetat, anhirit axetic + Cc hp cht cacbonyl v dn xut nhm chc VD : etyl metyl xeton, benzanehit oxim + Dn xut halogen v cc hp cht tng t VD : etyl clorua, axetyl clorua, metyl xianua + Cc ancol, ete v cc hp cht tng ng VD : ancol etylic, etyl vinyl ete, imetyl sunfua - Phn cch cc t trong mt s danh php cng VD : stiren oxit, etilen ibromua 5. Cc du mc ng C 3 loi du c dng trong h danh php IUPAC : ngoc n () ; du mc vung [] v du mc xon {}. a) Du mc n c dng trong cc trng hp sau y - Tch ring mt s nhm phc tp c nh s ring v thng t ngay sau cc tin t v bi nh bis, tris... VD : (HOCH2CH2O)2CH-COOH Axit bis(2-hiroxietoxi)axetic - Trnh nhm ln v cu to Cl-CH2-SiH3 (clorometyl)silan CH3-SiH2-Cl cloro(metyl)silan - Dng cho cc k hiu lp th nh R, S, E, Z - Dng cho tn polime m tn monome c hai thnh phn vinyl clorua poli(vinyl clorua) b) Du mc vung -Dng ch s lp i lp li ca nhm lm ko di mch CH3[CH2]8CH3 ecan - Dng cho k hiu (s v ch ci) v v tr ngng t VD : thieno[3,2-b]furan - Dng trong danh php ca hp cht spiro, bixiclo... - Dng cho trng hp dng du mc cong [CH3CH2-O-CO-CH2-CH2-N(CH3)3]+Cl[2-(etoxicacbonyl)etyl]trimetylamoni clorua

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6. Ti n t , hi rua n n v nhm a. Ti n t v b i

c trng

- Ti n t c b n i-, tri- - Ti n t bis, tris, tetrakis Dng ch b i c a ti n t c u t o c ch a nhm th ph v h u t cng ch a nhm th

VD : bis(2-aminoetyl) ; bis(phenylhi razon) Khi c 3 nhm CH2- th g i l tris(metylen) khng vi t trimetylen v nh m v i CH2-CH2-CH2-. Khi c 3 nhm exyl CH3[CH2]9- ph i g i l tris( exyl) m khng vi t l tri exyl CH3[CH2]12- Cc ti n t bi-, ter-, quarter-, Dng ch y u khi ni ln s l ng vng c n i v i nhau. VD : biphenyl
2 1 1' 2' 2" 3"

trnh hi u nh m l nhm

3'

1"

1,1:3,1-terxiclobutan

b. Ti n t v c u t o - Ti n t tch ra c bao g m : + Cc ti n t nhm th n gi n : Th t vi t theo v n a,b,c

Amino-, bromo-, butyl-, Ch l ch ci b i khng c tnh vo ch ci c a ti n t .

VD : etyl-, imetyl- + Ti n t c a nhm th ph c t p VD : iclorometyl Cl2CHCh l tr ng h p ny ch ci VD : iclorometyl-, etyl - Ti n t khng tch ra c + Ti n t xiclo-, bixiclo-, spiro- + Ti n t a nh sila-, oxa-, aza- + Ti n t tr nh ehi ro, emetyl, anhi ro.. + Ti n t c ng nh ihi ro, tetrahi ro b i c tnh vo ch ci hon ch nh c a ti n t .

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c. Hi rua n n L nh ng c u trc khng c nhnh, c th m ch h ho c m ch vng v ch c hi ro n i v i c u trc . d. Nhm c trng c trng c a m t lo i h p ch t h u c.

Hay cn g i l nhm ch c, l nhm nguyn t hay nguyn t quy t nh tnh ch t - Cc nhm c trng ch c tn d ng ti n t (nhm A)

G m : -Br : Brom(o) -Cl : clor(o) -F : fluor(o) -I : io o (iot) -NO : nitroso -NO2 : nitro -OR : (R)- oxi -SR: (R)-sunfanyl - Cc nhm TT 1 c trng c th d ng ti n t ho c d ng h u t (nhm B) Ti n t - Cacboxi H ut Axit -oic Axit -cacboxylic 2 -COOR Este (R)oxicacbonyl R -oat R-cacboxylat 3 -COHal Axyl halogenua Halogenocacbonyl -oyl halogenua -cacbonyl halogenua 4 Amit -CONH2 Aminocacbonyl -amit ...-caboxamit 5 6 Nitrin -CN Xian(o) Oxo ho c fomyl -nitrin -al -cacban ehit 7 8 Xeton Ancol Phenol 9 10 Thiol Amin -SH -NH2 Sunfanyl (mecapto) Amino -thiol -amin
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Nhm

Lo i h p ch t

-COOH Axit cacboxylic

An ehit -CHO

-CO-OH

Oxo Hi roxi

-on -ol

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u tin c a cc nhm

c trng

Axit cacboxylic > anhi rit axit > este > halogenua axit > amit > an ehit > xeton > ancol v phenol > amin > ete 7. Quy t c chung c a vi c g i tn theo danh php th c a IUPAC a. V i hi rocacbon - Xc nh hi rua n n

- nh s m ch cacbon - G i tn: Locant c a nhnh + tn nhnh + hi rua n n + locant c a lin k t b i + tn c a lin k t b i b. V i d n xu t c a hi rocacbon - Xc - Xc nh cc nhm nh hi rua n n c trng (lo i A hay B)

- nh ch s m ch chnh - G i tn: Locant + nhm th v nhm ch c bo ho + Locant + Nhm ch c d ng h u t d ng ti n t (theo th t ch ci) + Hi rua n n + Locant + cha

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