Giao Nhan Van Tai Quoc Te

GIAO NHAN VAN TAI QUOC TE
BAI 1: TONG QUAN VE GIAO NHAN VAN TAI QUOC TE 1. Khai niem ve giao nhan 2. Lch s hnh thanh va phat trien 3. Pham vi hoat ong cua NGN quoc te 4. Quyen, nghia vu va trach nhiem cua NGN quoc te 5. Moi quan he gia NGN vi cac ben tham gia BAI 2: GIAO NHAN VAN TAI HANG HOA BANG NG BIEN 1. Mot so dch vu cua NGN oi vi hang hoa van chuyen bang ng bien 2. Mot so chng t van tai s dung trong giao nhan hang hoa ng bien BAI 3: GIAO NHAN VAN TAI HANG HOA BANG NG HANG KHONG 1. Mot so dch vu cua NGN oi vi hang hoa van chuyen bang ng hang khong 2.Mot so chng t van tai s dung trong giao nhan hang hoa ng hang khong BAI 4: GIAO NHAN VAN TAI A PHNG THC VA DICH VU GOM HANG 1. Giao nhan van tai a phng thc 2. Dich vu gom hang
GV. THS NGO TH HAI XUAN
BAI 1: TONG QUAN VE GIAO NHAN VAN TAI QUOC TE 1. Khai niem ve giao nhan 1.1 Dch vu giao nhan (DVGN) - Freight Forwarding Service
Theo Quy tac mau cua Hiep Hoi Giao Nhan Quoc Te - FIATA
(Federation Internationale de Associations de Transitaries et Assimilaimes) ve dch vu giao nhan, DVGN la bat ky loai dch vu nao lien quan en van chuyen, gom hang, lu hang, boc xep, ong goi hay phan phoi hang hoa cung nh cac dch vu t van hay co lien quan en cac dch vu tren, ke ca van e hai quan, tai chnh, mua bao hiem, thanh toan, thu thap chng t lien quan en hang hoa.
Theo Luat Thng mai Viet Nam, DVGN la la hanh vi thng
mai, theo o ngi lam DVGN nhan hang t ngi gi, to chc van chuyen, lu kho, lu bai, lam cac thu tuc giay t va cac dch vu khac co lien quan e giao hang cho ngi nhan theo s uy thac cua chu hang, cua ngi van tai hoac NGN khac. 1.2 Ngi giao nhan (NGN) - Forwarder / International Freight Forwarder Cha co mot mot nh ngha chuan tac cua quoc te ve thuat ng NGN hang hoa quoc te. cac nc khac nhau, ngi kinh doanh DVGN c goi ten khac nhau: ai ly Hai quan (Customs House Agent), Moi gii hai quan (Customs Broker), ai ly gi hang va giao nhan (Shipping and Forwarding Agent), mot vai trng hp la Ngi uy thac chuyen ch, tc Ngi Chuyen ch chnh (Principal Carrier),
Theo Hiep Hoi Giao Nhan Quoc Te - FIATA th, NGN la ngi lo
toan e hang hoa c chuyen ch theo hp ong uy thac va hanh ong v li ch cua ngi uy thac ma ban than NGN khong phai la ngi van tai, NGN cung am bao thc hien moi cong viec lien quan en hp ong giao nhan nh bao quan, lu kho, trung chuyen, lam thu tuc hai quan,.v.v.
Theo Luat Thng mai Viet Nam, ngi lam DVGN la thng nhan co giay chng nhan ang ky kinh doanh dch vu giao nhan hang hoa. 2. Lch s hnh thanh va phat trien : 2.1 The gii: DVGN ra i t nhu cau trao oi cua con ngi. S phat trien cua DVGN gan lien vi s phat trien thng mai va khoa hoc ky thuat cua the gii.
Cuoi the ky 15 au the ky 16, vi nhng phat kien ia ly,
ra i may hi nc nhieu quoc gia co nhieu oi thng thuyen phat trien manh.
The ky 16, 17 trng phai Chu Nghia Trong thng, Hoc thuyet Adam Smith (1723-1790) c cac quoc gia van dung triet e, thng mai Au - A, Au - My phat trien manh. Thu Sy, c , Anh c xem la nhng cai noi cua nghe giao nhan. Nam 1522, Hang E. Vansai ra i Badilay, Thu Sy ay la hang giao nhan au tien tren the gii. trien manh lam lng hang hoa trao oi gia cac chau luc tang cao. Cac Lien oan, Hiep hoi cac cong ty giao nhan cac quoc gia, chau luc ra i. ac biet la Hiep Hoi Giao Nhan Quoc Te - FIATA ra i nam 1926.
Nhng nam au the ky 20, san xuat cong nghiep phat
2.2 Viet Nam: Trc nam 1976, mien Nam a co cong ty giao nhan (trong va ngoai nc) T 1960 tr ve trc, Mien Bac hau het do cac n v XNK t am nhiem Sau 1976, hoat ong giao nhan tap trung Tong cong ty giao nhan kho van ngoai thng
Sau 1986, hoat ong giao nhan c phat trien manh manh me vi cac cong ty trong va nc ngoai. 18/11/1993, Hiep hoi Giao nhan Kho van Viet Nam (VIFAS) c thanh lap Nam 1994, VIFAS tr thanh hoi vien chnh thc cua FIATA 3. Pham vi dch vu cua NGN: NGN co the t van hoac thay the cho ngi gi hang hay ngi nhan hang thc hien moi khau trong qua trnh to chc thc hien hp ong mua ban:
3.1T van, co van ve: - ong go : La chon nguyen lieu e s dung - Tuyen ng : Chon hanh trnh va phng tien van chuyen - Bao hiem : Loa bao hiem can cho hang hoa - Thu tuc hai quan: Khai bao hang xuat nhap - Chng t van tai: Nhng chng t i kem - Cac quy nh ve thanh toan: Yeu cau cua ngan hang 3.2 Thay mat cho ngi gi hang / nhan hang
To chc Hang nhap

Khai bao hai quan D hang Giam sat hang nhan Van chuyen noi ia ...
Nhng lo hang xuat nhap va qua canh Gom hang van tai, hang nang, hang cong trnh Hang xuat
Lay hang ong go va anh ky ma hieu Lu cc / lu khoang Cap chng t van tai, chng t cc ph i kem Giam sat hang giao Thong bao giao hang cho khach hang Khai bao hai quan ...
Hang qua canh

Lay mau ong go lai Lu kho hai quan Gi tiep
4. Quyen, nghia vu va trach nhiem cua NGN 4.1 Nhng can c luat phap luat ve a v phap ly cua NGN: mot so nc co luat tap tuc (Common law): a v phap ly cua NGN da tren khai niem ve ai ly. NGN la ai ly cua ngi uy thac (tc la ngi gi hang hoac ngi nhan hang) trong viec thu xep van chuyen hang hoa cho ho, va NGN phu thuoc vao nhng quy tac truyen thong ve ai ly, nh viec phai man can thc hien nhiem vu cua mnh, phai trung thc vi ngi uy thac, phai tuan theo nhng ch dan hp ly va phai co kha nang tnh toan cho toan bo qua trnh giao dch. Mat khac, NGN c hng nhng quyen bao ve va gii han trach nhiem phu hp vi vai tro ai ly. Trong trng hp, NGN am nhiem vai tro cua mot ngi uy thac (tc la ben chnh Principal), t mnh ky ket hp ong s dung nhng ngi chuyen ch va cac ai ly, th NGN khong c hng nhng quyen bao ve va gii han trach nhiem noi tren, NGN phai chu trach nhiem cho ca qua trnh van chuyen hang
GV. THS NGO TH HAI XUAN 5
hoa ke ca khi hang hoa trong tay ngi chuyen ch va cac ai ly khac ma anh ta s dung. cac nc co luat dan s (Civil law): a v phap ly cua NGN theo the che ai ly hng hoa hong: ho va la ai ly cua ngi uy thac (ngi gi hang hay ngi nhan hang), va la ngi uy thac (ngi chuyen ch hay ai ly khac). Nh vay, NGN co bon phan cua ngi ai ly va cung co quyen han cua mot ben chnh e oi hoi thc hien cac hp ong NGN ky ket e chuyen ch hang cua khach hang. Tuy nhien, luat dan s cua moi quoc gia co nhng iem khac biet, dan en quyen va ngha vu vua NGN quy nh moi quoc gia cung co s khac nhau. Hiep hoi Giao nhan quoc te FIATA a soan thao mot mau ieu kien kinh doanh tieu chuan e cac nc tham khao xay dng ieu kien cho nganh giao nhan cua mnh. Ban mau co mot so iem chnh sau: - NGN phai thc hien uy thac vi s cham lo can thiet nham bao ve li ch cua khach hang - NGN ieu hanh va lo lieu van chuyen hang hoa c uy thac theo s ch dan cua khach hang va vi cach thc thch hp cho khach hang - NGN khong am bao hang en vao mot ngay nhat nh, co quyen t do chon la ngi ky hp ong phu, co quyen quyet nh s dung nhng phng tien van tai va tuyen ng van tai thong thng, co quyen cam gi hang e am bao nhng khoan n cua khach hang. - NGN ch chu trach nhiem ve loi lam ban than va ngi lam cong cua mnh, khong chu trach nhiem ve sai sot cua ben th ba, mien la a to ra can man thch ang cho viec la chon ben th ba o. Trong trng hp, NGN la ben uy thac, th phai chu them trach nhiem ve sai sot cua ben th ba. 4.2 Quyen, nghia vu va trach nhiem cua NGN theo quy nh cua luat Viet Nam:
Theo quy nh ieu 167, Luat Thng mai Viet Nam quy nh:
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GIAO NHAN VAN TAI QUOC TE - NGN c hng tien cong va cac khoan thu hp ly
khac Thc hien ay u nghia vu cua mnh theo hp ong Trong qua trnh thc hp ong, neu co ly do chnh ang v li ch cua khach hang th co the thc hien khac vi ch dan cua khach hang, nhng phai thong bao ngay cho khach hang Sau khi ky ket hp ong, neu thay khong thc hien c ch dan cua khach hang phai thong bao cho khach hang biet e xin c ch dan them. Phai thc hien nghia vu cua mnh trong thi gian hp ly neu trong hp ong khong thoa thuan ve thi gian thc hien nghia vu vi khach hang.
Khi NGN la ai ly: se phai chiu trach nhiem ve nhng s
suat, loi lam va thiet sot nh: - Giao hang khong ung ch dan - Thieu sot trong viec mua bao hiem hang hoa mac du a co hng dan - Thieu sot trong khi lam thu tuc hai quan - Ch hang sai ni en quy nh - Tai xuat khong theo nhng thu tuc can thiet hoac khong hoan lai thue - Giao hang ma khong thu tien t ngi nhan hang. - Chiu trach nhiem ve nhng thiet hai gay ra cho ngi th ba trong hoat ong cua mnh. Nhng khong cjhiu trach nhiem oi vi nhng thiet hai do ngi th ba gay ra.
Khi NGN la ngi chuyen ch:
- Chiu trach nhiem cung cap nhng dch vu ma khach hang yeu cau - Chiu trach nhiem ve nhng thiet hai do ngi th ba gay ra - la ngi, anh ta thue e thc hien hp ong vi khach hang ieu 170, Luat Thng mai Viet Nam gii han trach nhiem cua NGN: - Trong moi trng hp khong vt qua gia tr hang hoa, tr khi cac ben co thoa thuan khac trong hp ong; - Khong c mien trach nhiem neu khong chng minh c viec mat mat, h hong hoac cham giao hang khong phai loi cua mnh gay ra
- Tien boi thng c tnh tren c s gia tr hang hoa ghi tren hoa n va cac khoan tien khac co chng t hp le. - Ngi lam DVGN khong phai chiu trach nhiem trong cac trng hp sau ay: + Khong nhan c thong bao khieu nai trong vong 14 ngay lam viec, ke t ngay giao hang + Khong nhan c thong bao bang van ban ve viec b kien tai Trong tai hoac toa an trong thi gian 9 thang, ke t ngay giao hang. ieu 169, Luat Thng mai Viet Nam quy nh Ngi lam DVGN khong chiu trach nhiem trong nhng trng hp sau: - Do loi cua khach hang hoac ngi c khach hang uy thac - Khach hang ong go va ghi ky ma hieu khong phu hp -Do noi ty hoac ban chat cua hang hoa - Do chien tranh, nh cong - Do cac trng hp bat kha khang -... 5. Moi quan he gia NGN vi cac ben tham gia:
Cang, san bay, ca khau
C quan Hai quan
Kiem soat XNK Giam sat ngoai hoi / cap giay phep y te, Kiem dch, kiem nghiem C quan lanh s Giam nh
Chnh phu va cac nha ng cuc khac Ngi gi Ngi nhan NGI GIAO NHAN
Ngi bao hiem
Ngan hang
Ngi chuyen ch va cac ai ly khac Chu tau Ngi kinh doanh van tai bo / ng sat / van tai noi thuy / Hang khong Ngi gi kho To chc ong goi ai ly
5.1 Chnh phu va cac nha quan ly ng cuc: C quan cang, san bay, ca khau Hai quan Bo Y te, C quan kiem dch C quan giam nh hang hoa Bo Thng mai (Phong Thng mai) Cac Bo, ban nganh co lien quan khac Cac c quan lanh s 5.2 Cac to chc ngoai thng: ong vai tro la cac chu hang oi vi hang tau, ai ly van tai va cang. 5.3 Cong ty bao hiem: bao hiem hang hoa xuat nhap khau, phng tien van chuyen 5.4 Ngi chuyen ch hay cac ai ly khac: - Chu tau, ngi kinh doanh van tai bo, ng sat, hang khong - Ngi kinh doanh van tai noi a - Ngi boc xep, to chc ong goi, lu kho
- ai ly cua NGN, hay chi nhanh, ai dien cua ho nc ngoai 5.5 Ngan hang: thc hien viec thanh toan hp ong mua ban, cc ph CAU HOI ON TAP: 1. Trnh bay khai niem, pham vi cua ngi giao nhan 2. Quyen, nghia vu va trach nhiem cua NGN theo quy nh cua luat Thng Mai Viet Nam 3. Trnh bay moi lien he gia cac ben co lien quan trong hoat ong giao nhan Yeu cau hoc vien xem quy nh cua Luat Thng Mai Viet Nam, Hiep hoi Giao Nhan quoc te (www.fiata.com)
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BAI 2: GIAO NHAN VAN TAI HANG HOA BANG NG BIEN
1. Mot so dch vu cua NGN oi vi hang hoa van chuyen bang ng bien: Tuy vao noi dung hp ong giao nhan vi chu hang (nha xuat khau hay nha nhap khau) ma NGN co the thc hien cac cong viec sau: 1.1 Dch vu thue tau cho chu hang: Thue cho (booking / booking space): ay la dch vu ma NGN thay mat cho chu hang, thue cho tren tau con c goi la dch vu lu cc hoac lu khoang, co ngha la ch thue cho u cho hang cua mnh co san ma khong thue ca tau. ac iem tau ch: - Hoat ong tren tuyen ng (hay luong tau) thng xuyen (regular line) theo lch trnh (sailling schedule) - Gia cc an nh trc - Khong co hp ong van tai - Hang hoa c van chuyen theo phng thc nay thong thng la hang bach hoa (General Cargo) hoac hang container vi so lng nho. Thue tau chyen (Voyage charter): ay la dch vu thue tau ma NGN ai dien cho chu hang, yeu cau chu tau hoac ngi chuyen ch cho thue toan bo chuyen tau theo cac ieu kien a thoa thuan gia 2 ben trong hp ong thue tau e thc hien chuyen ch hang hoa. Dch vu thue tau chuyen ch thc hien khi chu hang co u lng hang cho mot hay nhieu chuyen tau. Hang trong trng hp nay thng la:than, quang, go, san pham dau mo, ngu coc, ng cac loai, ciment, phan bon, dau thc vat, hoa qua cac loai, ac iem tau chuyen: - Khoi lng hang hoa chuyen ch ln
- Lch trnh tau chay c an nh tren c s nhu cau cua ngi thue - Cc ph c hnh thanh tren c s thoa thuan - Quan he chuyen ch c thiet lap tren c s hp ong thue tau chuyen (voyage charter party), va theo mau in san do cac cong hoi hang hai soan thao 1.2 Dch vu giao nhan hang hoa xuat nhap khau: oi vi hang khong ong trong container: * Hang xuat: - ong goi bao b hang hoa - Van chuyen hang hoa t kho ra cang gi - Lu kho, bai - Xep hang tai cang i * Hang nhap: - Nhan hang tai cang d - ong goi bao b - Van chuyen hang t cang ve kho cua chu hang oi vi hang container: * Hang xuat: - Van chuyen hang hoa t kho ra cang gi - ong hang hoa vao container (ke ca xep, chen lot) tai bai hay tram lam hang le (Container freight station CFS) tuy theo phng thc gi nguyen container (FCL/FCL Full container load) hay phng thc gi hang le (LCL/LCL Less than container load) - Xep hang tai cang i * Hang nhap: - Nhan hang tai cang d - Rut hang tai bai hoac CFS - Van chuyen hang t cang ve kho cua chu hang 1.3 Dch vu khai thue hai quan: Dch vu khai thue co a t lau, nhng ch thc s c xem la loai hnh dch vu kinh doanh chnh thc cua NGN Viet Nam khi co quyet nh so 15/1999/Q-TCHQ ngay 08/01/1999 cua Tong cuc
hai quan ve Quy che tam thi quan ly dch vu khai thue hai quan. NGN se ai dien cho chu hang thc hien thu tuc hai quan cho hang hoa xuat nhap khau theo ung quy nh tai cac ca khau. Hien nay, tai Viet Nam co hai hnh thc khai bao thu tuc hai quan: thu tuc hai quan truyen thong va thu tuc hai quan ien t. 1.4 Dch vu kho bai: NGN cung cap he thong kho bai va trang thiet b phuc vu cong tac kho hang cho chu hang khi co yeu cau. Co mot so loai kho sau ay: Kho ngoai thng: co cac ac em chnh nh sau: - La kho trung chuyen nen khong cho phep cha hang lau ngay; - La kho d tr, tap ket hang hoa lam thu tuc kiem nghiem, tai che, sa cha bao b, thu tuc hai quan ch tau en e giao hang trong thi gian sm nhat. Kho lam hang le CFS: lam ni lu tr, lam ni tap trung cac lo hang le e ong chung vao container, ong thi giup cac nha san xuat, thng mai trong va ngoai nc tap trung cac n hang xuat nhap khau ln. Kho hang ngoai quan (Bonder warehouse): la ni gi hang hoa cua nc ngoai e nhap khau vao trong nc hay chuyen khau i nc th ba hay hang hoa trong nc e xuat khau nhng cha lam thu tuc hai quan. 2. Mot so chng t van tai s dung trong giao nhan hang hoa ng bien: Bang ke khai hang hoa (Cargo list) La chng t cua chu hang gi cho hang tau hoac ngi chuyen ch e lam c s lap Manifest, va la c s xep hang vao container. Chng t lu cc (Booking note):
La van ban the hien s thoa thuan cua ngi thue mot phan con tau va ngi cho thue ve viec ong y xep hang len tau. Khi ky vao booking note, chu tau hay ngi chuyen ch a ong y cung cap cho ngi gi hang dien tch ham hang hoac so lng container ma chu hang ang ky. Lenh xep hang (Shipper Order S/O): La chng t cua ngi gi hang, neu cac yeu cau cu the ve lo hang se xep e hang tau / ngi chuyen ch nam c va thc hien, va la c s e lap van n. Lenh cap container rong ( Delivery order of empty container) La chng t do hang chuyen ch cap cho ngi gi hang da tren c s booking note, trong trng hp hang gi nguyen container. Theo lenh nay, hang chuyen ch se cung cap container rong cho chu hang ong hang. 2.5 Hp ong thue tau chuyen (Charter Party / CP): La van ban c ky ket gia ngi thue tau va chu tau hoac ngi chuyen ch khi thue tau chuyen. Do tap quan hang hai quoc te, khi giao dch thue tau chuyen ngi ta s dung hp ong mau. Co hai loai hp ong mau chnh: - Loai tong hp: GENCON, NUVOY, - Loai chuyen dung(Tanker CP - dau, Grain CP thoc lua,): NOGRAIN 89, MOBILVOY 96, SHELLVOY 5, CEMECO, CUBASUGAR, Noi dung hp ong(C/P), bao gom: - Cac ieu khoan in san (co the thoa thuan xoa bo hoac thay oi hoac bo sung them). - Cac ieu khoan thoa thuan bo sung: c tap hp trong phu kien kem theo C/P. Ban Lc Khai (Manifest): La ban liet ke tom tat tat ca hang hoa ch tren tau, do ngi van tai lap ra. Co hai loai manifest: Manifest chnh do hang tau lap (Masterr Manifest) Manifest cua NGN (House Manifest)
Trng hp s dung: - Thong bao cua tau cho ngi nhan hang biet ve hang hoa - Lam chng t e thuyen trng khai bao hai quan - Lam c s thanh toan vi cang hay ai ly tau bien ve cac loai chi ph co lien quan en hang hoa - Lam can c lap bien ban giao nhan hang hoa gia tau va cang Thong Bao San Sang (Notice Of Readiness): La van ban do thuyen trng gi cho ngi gi hang hay ngi nhan hang e thong bao ve viec tau a san sang xep hay d hang, nham muc ch thong bao cho chu hang hay ngi nhan hang chuan b xep d Noi dung: Bao tin ngay gi tau en cang va san sang boc d loai hang nhat nh vi so lng nhat nh. Ngay gi ma chu hang chap nhan thong bao, ghi ro ten va chc vu Lch Trnh Boc D (Time-Sheet): La ban thong ke tong hp viec s dung thi gian boc d nham tnh toan tien thng phat boc d do hang tau / ngi chuyen ch lap Tac dung: la c s cu the tnh tien thng boc d nhanh (dispatch) hay tien phat boc d cham (demurrage) Bien lai thuyen pho (mates receipt): La bien lai nhan hang e ch do thuyen pho ky, lam can c e thuyen trng / hang tau ky phat van n ng bien. Bien lai thuyen pho khong phai la chng t ve quyen s hu hang hoa c boc len tau. Noi dung: ten tau, ten cang en, ngay thang ky bien lai, ten hang, ky ma hieu, so lng, trong lng, tnh trang hang hoa khi boc Van n ng bien (Bill of Lading B/L):
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La mot chng t van tai ng bien do ngi chuyen ch or ngi ai dien cua ho cap phat cho ngi gi hang sau khi hang a xep len tau or sau khi ngi chuyen ch nhan hang. Chc nang: - La bien lai nhan hang e chuyen ch - La bang chng cua hp ong chuyen ch - La giay chng nhan quyen s hu cua hang hoa - La mot chng t khong the thieu trong buon ban hang hoa bang ng bien quoc te Phan loai: Can c tnh chat xep hang len tau:(2) - Van n a xep hang (Shipped on board B/L) - Van n nhan hang e xep (Receipt on board B/L) Can c cach thc chuyen nhng van n: (3) - Van n theo lenh (to order B/L) - Van n ch danh (Straight B/L) - Van n vo danh (van n xuat trnh to bearer B/L) Can c phng thc van chuyen: (3) - Van n i thang Van n trc tiep (Direct B/L) - Van n chuyen tai Van n i suot (Through B/L) - Van n lien hp (Combined B/L) Cach phe chu tren van n: (2) - Van n sach (Van n hoan hao Clean B/L) - Van n khong sach (Van n khong hoan hao Unclean B/L) Sea way bill: la chng t thay the van n truyen thong. Khi tau cap cang, ngi nhan hang mang giay t chng minh mnh la ngi nhan hang. Loai chng t nay giong van n ch danh, nhng khac la ngi nhan trong van n ch danh phai xuat trnh van n. * Van n theo hp ong thue tau (Bill of Lading to be used with charter-party): ay la chng t van tai do hang tau/ngi chuyen ch cap cho mot lo hang khi a boc len tau theo phng thc thue tau chuyen.
Noi dung van n: - Thong tin ve hang hoa - Ten ngi gi hang / ngi nhan hang / ben thong bao nhan hang - Ky ma hieu van chuyen - So van n - So container, so seal - Ten tau, so chuyen, cang xep - d - Ni va ngay phat hanh van n Thong Bao Hang en (Notice Of Arrival): La chng t do hang tau hoac ai ly gi cho ngi thue chuyen ch hoac ngi nhan hang khi tau en cang d. Tac dung: Cung cap thong tin ve tau, ngay cap cang, cang d kien, tnh hnh lo hang, thi gian nhan lenh giao hang va nhan hang cho ngi thue hoac ngi nhan hang. 2.12 Lenh Giao Hang (Delivery Order - D/O): La chng t giao hang do hang tau hoac ai ly cap phat cho ngi thue chuyen ch hoac ngi nhan hang e en cang nhan hang. La can c cho ngi phu trach kho bai giao hang cho ngi nhan. Co hai loai lenh giao hang: - D/O chnh do hang tau lap (Masterr D/O) - D/O cua NGN cap pat cho chu hang thc s CAU HOI ON TAP: 1. Trnh bay nhng dch vu giao nhan van tai ng bien chnh 2. Trnh bay khai niem, chc nang, phan loai van n ng bien 3. Trnh bay nhng chng t van tai ng bien chnh 4. Phan biet phng thc thue tau ch va tau chuyen 5. Trnh bay quy nh thu tuc hai quan Viet Nam oi vi hang xuat nhap khau theo hp ong mua ban, hp ong gia cong 6. Trnh bay quy trnh giao nhan bang ng bien Yeu cau hoc vien xem Chng III: Chuyen ch hang hoa ngoai thng bang phng thc van tai bien Van tai va bao hiem quoc te, Trieu Hong Cam, PhD, NXB Thong Ke 2005
BAI 3: GIAO NHAN VAN TAI HANG HOA BANG NG HANG KHONG 1. Mot so dch vu cua NGN oi vi hang hoa van chuyen bang ng hang khong: ai ly hang IATA: (Air Cargo Agency) To chc hang khong dan dung quoc te ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization): do LHQ thanh lap tai Chicago 1944, nham muc ch phat trien nhng nguyen tac va ky thuat cua van chuyen hang khong dan dung quoc te. ICAO co 185 thanh vien (Viet nam la thanh vien cua ICAO t nam 1980). Muc tieu cua ICAO la: + Bao am an toan va phat trien co trat t nganh hang khong dan dung quoc te tren toan cau. + Khuyen khch cac ky thuat thiet ke va khai thac tau bay nham muc ch hoa bnh. + Khuyen khch phat trien ng hang khong, cang hang khong, va cac phng tien bao am khong lu cho nganh hang khong dan dung quoc te. + ap ng nhu cau ve van tai hang khong mot cach an toan, hieu qua, + Tranh phan biet oi x + ay manh phat trien chung cua nganh hang khong quoc te ve moi mat. ICAO co tru s tai Montreal, va cac van phong tai Paris, Dakar, Cairo, Bangkok, Lima, Mexico. Hiep hoi van tai hang khong quoc te IATA (International Air Transport Assosiation): la to chc t nguyen phi chnh tr cua cac hang hang khong thanh lap 1945. Thanh vien la nhng hang cua cac nc khong la thanh vien cua ICAO. ai ly hang IATA la mot ai ly giao nhan hoat ong nh ai dien cua cac hang hang khong IATA. Vi t cach la ai ly IATA, NGN cung cap nhng dich vu sau:
Dch vu lu khoang: NGN thu xep van chuyen va lu khoang may bay vi hang hang khong va nh lch trnh giao hang tai san bay Tao phng tien cho viec tiep nhan hay thu gom nhng chuyen hang xuat khau cua khach hang am bao va chng nhan ong goi do ngi xuat khau cung cap phu hp vi the le cua IATA va Nha nc Chuan b chng t hang khong ke ca nhng chi ph trong o va am bao la hoa n va cac chng t thng mai ap ng c moi yeu cau cua viec van chuyen hang khong cua c quan hang khong va cua hai quan. Lo thu xep viec bao hiem cho khach hang Theo doi viec di chuyen hang. Trng hp NGN lam ai ly vi ieu kien Hang san sang van chuyen cho hang hang khong e hng hoa hong, th NGN con thc hien cac cong viec sau: Cap van n hang khong phu hp vi ch dan cua ngi gi hang Ghi ky ma hieu ve ten, a ch cua ngi nhan hang tren tat ca cac kien hang cua tng lo hang. ong goi tng lo hang thch hp cho viec van chuyen cua tng loai hang (hang thng, hang nguy hiem,) Dan bao b, nhan hieu loai hang gom nhng nhan hieu tieu chuan oi vi nhng lo hang ac biet (hang mau hong, suc vat song, hang nguy hiem,) Trach nhiem ai ly hang hoa IATA ket thuc oi vi hang hang khong khi anh ta giao hang va chng t cho hang hang khong san sang chuyen ch. NGN hang khong: Ngoai nhng dch vu cua mot ai ly hang IATA, lam cac dch vu: NGN con
Gom hang: la tap trung mot so lo hang nho, le thanh mot so lo hang ln gi i cung mot a iem theo cung mot van n hang khong. Khi hang en iem ch, ai ly cua anh ta lo lieu nhan lo hang, d ra va chia le (Break Bulk Agent).
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Thc hien dch vu gom hang, NGN co li la thu c khoan chenh lech ang ke do hang hang khong danh gia thap hn cho nhng lo hang ln. Nhng dch vu khac: - Hang xuat khau: + Giam sat viec di chuyen hang bao gom viec chuyen tai va chuyen tiep hang en ai iem giao hang cuoi cung. + Cung cap chuyen hang ln e thue ch toan bo, mot phan hay thue tng phan nho cua may bay. + Dan nhan. + Xep hang vao container cua may bay e giao cho hang hang khong nhan ch. + Thu xep viec hoan lai cac khoan thue, ph a thanh toan cho hang, hay hang tai xuat. - Hang nhap khau: NGN cung co the cung cap nhng dch vu lien quan en hang nhap khau thong qua chi nhanh cua ho nc ngoai hay thao luan vi ai ly ban x nhng dch vu: + Thu xep d hang va chia le + Khai bao hai quan va giao hang + ng tien e thanh toan cac khoan thue, ph cho hang nhap khau + Thc hien viec lap lai chng t ve hang tai xuat + Thc hien viec trung chuyen trong nc en iem khai bao cuoi cung. + Lo thu xep xin giam cac khoan thue, ph cho hang nhap khau trc ay a xuat (hang tai nhap). Quyen han, ngha vu, va trach nhiem cua ngi chuyen ch: Co nhieu cong c quoc te quy nh ve quyen han, ngha vu va trach nhiem cua ngi chuyen ch hang khong nh Cong c Warsaw 1929 va cac ngh nh th sa oi, bo sung 1955, 1975, theo o: + Quyen: - oi thanh toan tien cc ph, va cac chi ph khac ma ho a chi thay cho ngi gi hang (neu co).
- cam gi hang khi ngi gi / nhan khong thanh toan tien cc (cho en khi tra xong) + Ngha vu: - cham soc chu ao hang hoa: giam sat boc d, sap xep hang, co nhng bien phap bao quan oi vi nhng loai hang hoa co yeu cau rieng neu khong thc hien ung, ngi chuyen ch buoc phai hoan lai tien cc. Neu viec thc hien khong ung hp ong khong phai do nhng ly do hp ly gay ra th anh ta cung phai chu trach nhiem ve nhng ton that do viec khong thc hien ung hp ong o. - thong bao cho ngi nhan ngay khi hang en a iem nhan hang tr phi co thoa thuan khac trong hp ong. + Trach nhiem: - oi vi van chuyen hang khong, ngi chuyen ch chu trach nhiem ve hang hoa trong suot thi gian hang hoa san bay, tren may bay. - Chu trach nhiem ve h hong, mat mat hang hoa trong qua trnh chuyen ch Presumed Faults (tr khi ngi chuyen ch va ai ly cua anh ta chng minh c ho a tien hanh nhng bien phap bao quan phong nga can thiet); hoac h hong xay ra do giao hang cham. - Viec van chuyen hang hoa khong bao gom thi gian ma ngi chuyen ch chu trach nhiem ve hang hoa du la san bay hay tren may bay hay bat c cho nao. - Tuy vay thi gian nay khong m rong ra cho viec van chuyen bang ng bo, ng song hay ng bien c thc hien ngoai khu vc san bay tr phi viec van chuyen nh the phu hp vi hp ong chuyen ch bang ng hang khong. * Trong trng hp may bay la may bay cho thue can phan biet ngi chuyen ch thc s va ngi thau chuyen ch: - Ngi thau chuyen ch: la ngi thue may bay, a ky hp ong van tai vi ngi gi hang/ngi giao nhan va cap chng t van tai. - Ngi chuyen ch thc thu: la chu may bay.
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GIAO NHAN VAN TAI QUOC TE 2. Mot so chng t van tai s dung trong giao nhan
hang hoa ng hang khong: Chng t lu khoang (Booking note): La chng t xac nhan viec ac cho tren may bay a c chap nhan. Moi hang hang khong co mau chng t lu khoang rieng. Noi dung: ngi gi hang, ngi nhan hang, ni i ni en, thong tin ve hang hoa, so hieu may bay, ngay gi bay,... Ban ke khai gi hang cua ngi gi hang (Shippers Letter of Instruction for issued Airwaybill) ay la chng t do ngi gi hang ke khai theo mau cua hang hang khong van chuyen, nham uy quyen cho ai ly thay mat mnh lap van n va xac nh noi dung lo hang van chuyen c ke khai ay u. 2.3 Hng dan gi hang (Shipper instructions of despatch) ay la chng t c lap khi tien hanh kiem tra va can hang tai san bay. Muc ch la kiem tra thc te lo hang co ung vi khai bao hay khong va xac nh trong lng tnh cc chuyen ch. Theo quy c cua IATA, trong lng tnh cc Chargeable weight) se c tnh theo: + Trong lng ca b thc te (Gross weight) + The tch (Volume ) Cach quy oi the tch sang trong lng theo the tch (volume weight) theo IATA: 6,000 cm3 = 1kg oi vi nhng loai hang hoa ac biet: ngi gi hang phai ke khai chi tiet ac iem hang hoa, cach ong goi bao quan theo mau rieng. - T khai cua ngi gi hang ve hang nguy hiem (Shippers Declaration for Dangerous Goods)
- Giay chng nhan ve suc vat song (Shippers Certification for Live animals) - Giay chng nhan ve vu kh, an dc Danh muc hang hoa chuyen ch (Air cargo Manifest) La ban liet ke tom tat tat ca cac lo hang hoa ch tren may bay, do ngi van tai lap ra. Co hai loai manifest: - Manifest chnh do hang hang khong lap (Master AirManifest) - Manifest cua NGN (House AirManifest) Van n hang khong (Airwaybii) La mot chng t van tai ng hang khong do ngi chuyen ch or ngi ai dien cua ho cap phat cho ngi gi hang sau khi hang a xep len mam va len may bay + + + + + + Chc nang: Hp ong chuyen ch Bang chng viec nhan hang Hoa n cc ph Giay chng nhan bao hiem Giay hai quan La hng dan oi vi nhan vien hang khong Cac loai van n hang khong: * Van n chu va van n nha: + Hang hang khong se cap van n chu (Master Airway Bill MAWB) cho ca lo hang cho ngi giao nhan hang hoa, a ch ngi nhan hang la ai ly chia le (Break Bull Agent). + Ngi giao nhan lap van n rieng cho mnh van n nha (House Airway Bill HAWB) cho tng lo hang le, va giao cho ngi gi hang. Loai van n nay do hang hang khong cap cho ngi giao nhan lam dch vu gom hang (Consolidation). * Van n cua hang hang khong (Airline AWB)
* Van n trung lap (Neutral AWB) Noi dung van n: Ten ngi gi hang / ngi nhan hang Mo ta ve hang hoa chuyen ch Ky ma hieu van chuyen So van n so chuyen bay, ngay bay Ni i ni en Hanh trnh yeu cau So tien bao hiem khai bao Gia tr ke khai Nhng yeu cau phuc vu Cc ph va phu ph, cach thc thanh toan cc
Thong bao hang en (Notice Of Arrival): La chng t do hang hang khong hoac ai ly gi cho ngi nhan hang khi may bay en san bay en, nham giup ngi nhan hang chuan b nhan hang, lay van n va lenh giao hang. Lenh giao hang (Delivery Order - D/O): La chng t giao hang do hang hang khong hoac ai ly cap phat cho ngi nhan hang e en san bay nhan hang. La can c cho ngi phu trach kho bai giao hang cho ngi nhan. CAU HOI ON TAP: 1. Trnh bay nhng dch vu giao nhan van tai ng hang khong chnh 2. Trnh bay nhng chng t van tai ng hang khong chnh 3. Mot lo hang xuat khau bang ng hang khong gom 5 kien hang, co trong lng ca b la 120kg. Kch thc cua cac kien nh sau: Kien 1: 35x42x41 (cm) Kien 2 va3: 46x35x42 (cm) Kien 4: 36x40x45 (cm) Kien 5: 22x30x36 (cm) Hay tnh trong lng tnh cc cua lo hang. 4. Trnh bay quyen, trach nhiem va ngha vu cua ngi chuyen ch hang khong
GIAO NHAN VAN TAI QUOC TE 5. Trnh bay quy trnh giao nhan bang ng hang khong
Yeu cau hoc vien xem Chng IV: Chuyen ch hang hoa ngoai thng bang phng thc van hang khong Van tai va bao hiem quoc te, Trieu Hong Cam, PhD, NXB Thong Ke 2005
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BAI 4: GIAO NHAN VAN TAI A PHNG THC VA DCH VU GOM HANG
1. Giao nhan van tai a phng thc:
1.1 Khai niem: Van tai a phng thc (Multimodal Transport) con goi la van tai lien hp (Combined Transport) la mot cach thc van tai trong o hang hoa c chuyen ch bang t nhat hai phng thc van tai khac nhau, tren c s mot chng t van tai, mot che o trach nhiem va ch mot ngi chu trach nhiem ve hang hoa trong suot hanh trnh chuyen ch t mot a iem nhan hang e ch nc nay en mot a iem giao hang nc khac. 1.2 ac iem: - S dung t hai phng thc van chuyen tr len - S dung mot chng t van tai - Ngi kinh doanh VTPT chu trach nhiem ve hang hoa trong suot qua trnh chuyen ch - Cc ph tra cho ca hanh trnh - Thng s dung cac cong cu van tai nh container, pallet, trailer... 1.3 Li ch: - Tao ra mot au moi duy nhat van chuyen hang hoa Door to Door - Rut ngan thi gian giao hang, giam rui ro, ton that hang hoa. - Giam cc ph van tai - n gian hoa chng t va thu tuc Cac hnh thc VTPT: Van tai ng bien - hang khong (Sea/Air): ay la kieu ket hp gia tnh kinh te cua van tai bien va toc o cua van tai hang khong. Hnh thc nay thng dung e chuyen ch nhng hang co gia tr cao nh hang ien t, may tnh, thiet b, ; nhng hang co tnh thi vu nh quan ao o chi. Van tai ng bien ng sat (Seatrain):
ay la kieu ket hp gia tnh kinh te cua van tai bien va tnh an toan va toc o cua van tai ng sat. Hnh thc nay s dung nhieu Chau Au va My. Van tai ng sat - oto (Rail/Road): Hnh thc nay con c goi la Piggy back (Mooc lng dung). ay la s ket hp gia tnh an toan va toc o cua van tai ng sat va tnh c ong cua van tai oto. Hnh thc nay c s dung nhieu Chau Au va Chau My. Van tai ng oto - hang khong (Road/Air): Dch vu nhat va giao (Pick up and Delivery) cua van tai oto thng gan lien vi van tai hang khong. Van tai oto ng dai ngay cang c s dung nhieu Chau Au va My nham phuc vu cho cac hang hang khong co cac tuyen bay ng dai qua Thai bnh dng, ai tay dng hoac noi lien cac luc a. Van tai ng sat - ng bo - thuy noi a - ng bien (Rail/Road/Inland WaterWay/Sea): Kieu ket hp nay thng c s dung khi hang hoa c van chuyen bang ng bien t mot nc nay en mot nc khac. Cac phng thc van tai khac nh ng bo, sat, c s dung e chuyen ch hang hoa t mot trung tam noi a cua nc i ra cang va t cang cua nc en ve cac trung tam tieu thu trong noi a. Mo hnh cau luc a (Land Bridge): Theo hnh thc nay, hang container c van chuyen gia hai vung bien (ai dng) qua mot luc a nh la mot cau noi lien hai vung bien o. Ngha la theo hnh thc, ng bien - ng bo ng bien. Cac tuyen quan trong: - Gia Chau Au hoac Trung ong va Vien ong qua lanh tho cua cac nc thuoc Lien Xo cu. - Gia Chau Au va Vien ong qua lanh tho cua My - Vien ong Mehico Mo hnh Mini - Bridge: Hnh thc van chuyen cac container bang tau t mot cang cua nc nay en mot cang cua nc khac, sau o tiep tuc van chuyen bang ng sat en mot thanh pho cang th hai
cua nc en theo mot van n i suot cho ngi chuyen ch ng bien cap. Hnh thc nay thng dung e chuyen ch hang hoa gia My va vung Vien ong, gia My va Chau au, gia My va Australia, Mo hnh Micro - Bridge: Hnh thc nay cung tng t nh Mini-Bridge, nhng ch khac la ni ket thuc hanh trnh khong phai la thanh pho cang ma la thanh pho thng mai, cong nghiep noi a. 1.5 Ngi kinh doanh VTPT: Khai niem: Ngi kinh doanh VTPT - MTO (Multimodal Transpor Operator) la ngi t mnh hoac thong qua ngi khac thay mat cho mnh, ky ket mot hp ong VTPT va hoat ong nh mot ngi uy thac ch khong phai la mot ngi ai ly hoac ngi thay mat ngi gi hang hay nhng ngi chuyen ch tham gia cong viec VTPT va am nhan trach nhiem thc hien hp ong. Phan loai: MTO co tau (Vessel Operators - VO-MTOs ) Operating Multimodal Transport
Bao gom cac chu tau bien, kinh doanh khai thac tau, ong thi nhan them dch vu VTPT tc lam vai tro MTO. Cac chu tau loai nay thng khong s hu va khai thac cac phng tien van tai ng bo, hang khong, sat, ma phai ky hp ong vi cac chu phng tien tren e thue ch han tren cac oan ng o. MTO khong tau (Non Vessel Operating Multimodal Transport Operators - NVO-MTOs ), bao gom nhng ngi sau: - Chu s hu mot trong nhng phng tien van tai khac khong phai la tau, nh oto, may bay, nhng lai cung cap dch vu ch suot. Neu khong co tau bien, hay phng tien van tai khac hoac phai i thue. - Nhng ngi kinh doanh cac dch vu co lien he en van tai nh xep d, kho hang - Nhng ngi van tai cong cong khong co tau (Non Vessel Operating common carrier NVOCC): ho khong kinh doan tau bien
nhng lai cung cap dch vu VTPT thng xuyen, ke ca viec thu gom hang (consolidator) tren cac tuyen ng cu the. 1.6 Mot so Cong c ve VTPT: Trach nhiem cua MTO oi vi hang hoa van tai c quy nh trong: - Cong c LHQ ve hang hoa VTPT quoc te (Cong c Geneve 24/5/1980) - The UNCTAD/ICC Rules for Multimodal Transport Documents, so 481, 11-1992 Tuy nhien hien nay, Cong c LHQ ve hang hoa VTPT quoc te cha co hieu lc, nen trach nhiem cua MTO hoac da tren che o trach nhiem thong nhat theo quy nh cua Ban Quy tac ve chng t VTPT cua UNCTAD/ICC, hoac da tren che o trach nhiem tng chang ng van tai: Ban Quy tac ve chng t VTPT cua UNCTAD/ICC: - Quy tac 4.1: MTO co trach nhiem oi vi hang hoa t khi nhan hang en luc hang c giao. - Quy tac 4.2: MTO se chu trach nhiem ve nhng hang vi thieu sot cua ngi lam cong hoac ai ly cua mnh, khi ho ang hanh ong trong pham vi cong viec c giao; hoac cua bat ky ngi nao khac ma MTO s dung e thc hien hp ong, nh the la nhng hanh vi thieu sot cua ban than. - Quy tac 5.1: MTO se chu trach nhiem ve nhng mat mat hoac h hong hang hoa cung nh cham giao hang, neu s co gay mat mat hoac h hong hang hoa cung nh cham giao hang xayra khi hang hoa con nam trong s trong nom cua MTO; tr phi MTO chng minh c mnh, ngi lam cong hoac ai ly cua mnh, hoac bat ky ngi nao khac nh e cap quy tac 4.2 khong co loi. - Quy tac 6: Gii han trach nhiem cua MTO 6.1: 666,67 SDR cho moi mot kien hoac n v; hoac 2SDR cho moi kilogram hang hoa ca b b mat hoac h hong, tuy theo cach tnh nao cao hn. 6.2: Container, pallet hoac cong cu van tai tng t c coi la mot kien hoac mot n v 6.3: Neu VTPT trong hp ong khong bao gom viec van chuyen hang hoa bang ng bien hoac ng thuy noi a, th gii
han boi thng khong v qua 8,33 SDR cho moi kilogram hang hoa ca b b mat hoac h hong 6.4: Neu ton that xay ra mot chang ng cua VTPT, ma chang ng o co mot Cong c quoc te c ap dung hay luat quoc gia bat buoc, neu co hp ong van tai ky ket rieng cho chang ng o, gii han trach nhiem cua MTO se c xac nh bang cach tham khao Cong c quoc te c ap dung hay luat quoc gia bat buoc o. 6.5:Neu MTO chu trach nhiem ve thiet hai do cham giao hang hoac nhng mat mat thiet hai la do hau qua ch khong phai la mat mat hoac h hong cua ban than hang hoa, trach nhiem cua MTO c gii han mot so tien khong vt qua mot khoan tng ng vi so tien cc theo hp ong VTPT 6.6: Tong trach nhiem cua MTO se khong vt qua gii han trach nhiem trong trung hp hang b mat toan bo Neu ap dung che o trach nhiem tng chang ng, khi co ton that hang, se co 2 trng hp xay ra: - Neu ton that chang van tai nao th se ap dung che o trach nhiem cua phng thc van tai tng ng. - Neu khong xac nh c ton that xay ra chang nao, hai phai thoa thuan trc trong hp ong VTPT (hoac quy inh san trong chng t VTPT) la se ap dung che o trach nhiem cua phng thc van tai nao (luat phap, quy tac nao,) Che o trach nhiem cua MTO oi vi hang hoa theo tng phng thc van tai: Van tai bien: + Quy tac Hague Rules, Hague - Visby Rules, va Hamburg Rules 1978 Van tai hang khong: + Cong c Warsaw 1929 va cac ngh nh th sa oi, bo sung 1955, 1975 + Cong c Guadalazara 1961; Hiep nh Montreal 1966; Ngh nh th Guatemala 1971 va cac ngh nh th bo sung khac,... Van tai ng bo: + Cong c ve hp ong van tai ng bo quoc te (CMR Conven tion de Transport des Marchandises par Router) 1956 Van tai ng sat:
+ Cong c quoc te ve van tai ng sat COTIF 1980 va CIM 1996 Ngoai ra, con co mot so cong c lien quan en van e thu tuc hai quan oi vi VTPT, nh: - Cong c ve qua canh cua cac nc khong co bien 1965 - Cong c ng bo quoc te Chau Au (Transport International Routier) 1959, sa oi 1975,... - Cong c hai quan ve hang hoa qua canh quoc te 1971 - Cong c hai quan ve container , 1972 - Cong c Quoc te ve n gian hoa va hai hoa thu tuc hai quan Kyoto 1973 1.7 Chng t VTPT Do Cong c LHQ ve hang hoa VTPT quoc te cha co hieu lc, nen thc te cha co mau chng t VTPT chung cho cac nc s dung. Tuy nhien can c vao Ban Quy tac ve chng t VTPT cua UNCTAD/ICC, nhieu to chc quoc te ve van tai va giao nhan a soan thao mot so mau chng t VTPT e cac nc s dung, nh: Van n FIATA (FBL FIATA negotiable mutimodal transport Bill off Lading) La loai van n ch suot do FIATA soan thao e dung cho nhng ngi giao nhan quoc te ong thi ong vai tro MTO. Khi cap FBL, ngi giao nhan khong nhng phai chu trach nhiem thc hien hp ong VTPT ma con phai chu trach nhiem ve cac hanh vi loi lam cua ngi van tai va cac ben th ba lien he khac a c MTO s dung dch vu cua ho. Chng t van tai lien hp (Combined Transport Document COMBIDOC) do Uy ban Hang hai quoc te - BIMCO (Baltic International Maritime Chamber Organization) chu yeu cho cac VO MTO s dung, a c ICC thong qua. Chng t VTPT (Multimodal Transport Document - MULTIDOC): Chng t nay do Hoi ngh cua LHQ ve mau dch va phat trien (UNCTAD) soan thao da tren Cong c LHQ ve hang hoa VTPT, nhng do Cong c cha co hieu lc nen t c s dung.
Chng t va dung cho van tai lien hp va dung cho van tai ng bien (B/L for Combined Transport Shipment or Port to Port Shipment): Loai van n nay do cac hang tau phat hanh. 2. Dich vu gom hang (Consolidation hay Groupage): 2.1 Khai niem: Gom hang co ngha la tap hp nhng kien hang le cua nhieu ngi gi thanh mot lo hang ln mot a iem gi a en cho nhieu ngi nhan mot a iem khac thong qua ai ly cua ngi gom hang ni en e giao le cho tng ngi nhan. NGN khi lam nhiem vu cua ngi gom hang, se giao cho ngi chuyen ch nhng container xep ay hang gom nhieu lo hang le (LCL) gop lai va c hng gia cc nguyen container. Cac hnh thc thu gom hang le ng bien: co hai hnh thc - Gom hang qua tng chang: Nhng lo hang le co ch en khac nhau c ong chung trong mot container roi gi cho ai ly NGN cua mnh tai iem gom hang. Tai ay container c d ra va ket hp ong chung vi hang cua ai ly o t cac nc khac trong vung chuyen en e ong chung mot container khac co cha cac lo hang cung chung mot cang ch roi tiep tuc gi i. - Gom hang suot: la nhng lo hang le co cung mot ni en c ong chung vao mot container va gi thang t cang i en iem ch, khong phai d ra va ong lai tai mot iem chuyen tai. 2.2 Vai tro cua mot NGN khi lam ngi gom hang: Trong van tai thu gom hang, NGN hoat ong nh la ngi mua buon khoang cha hang ln e ban le cho khach hang: - oi vi nhng ngi co hang gi le, nhan le th ngi gom hang la ngi chuyen ch. NGN se lay danh ngha cua mnh thc hien dch vu va cap Van n gom hang (House B/L) cua mnh cho nhng ngi gi hang le:
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+ Ngi xuat khau khi co lo hang khong u xep ay mot container, se s dung hnh thc gi le e giam cc ph chuyen ch. + Ngi nhap khau khi mua nhieu lo hang nho cua nhieu ngi ban, se s dung dch vu gom hang, thong qua NGN gom hang lai va gi cho mnh. - oi vi ngi chuyen ch thc s (Actual Carrier), NGN la ngi gi hang. Do cap van n cua chnh mnh, NGN ong vai tro cua mot ngi chuyen ch va chu trach nhiem thc hien toan bo viec van tai t luc nhan hang da iem i cho en khi giao hang ni en. Noi cach khac, NGN chu trach nhiem ve nhng mat mat h hong co the xay ra khi hang nam trong s trong gia cua ngi chuyen ch thc s. 2.3 Chng t van tai chu yeu trong dch vu gom hang cua NGN: Viec chuyen ch hang le do NGN am nhiem, gom hang t cac chu hang le va thu xep to chc chuyen ch, th co 2 loai van n c ky phat: + Van n cua ngi giao nhan gom hang (House B/L): do ngi giao nhan ng tren danh ngha ngi thau chuyen ch cap phat. Van n nay theo mau rieng cua ngi giao nhan hoac theo mau cua FIATA. Chng t nay cap cho moi chu hang le e khi hang en ngi nhan hang xuat trnh cho ai ly NGN cang d (Breakbul agent) giao hang. + Van n chu (Master Ocean B/L): sau khi nhan container cha hang t ngi ai ly giao nhan, ngi chuyen ch thc s se ky phat cho Forwarder van n theo cach gi tron FCL/FCL. Tren van n se ghi ngi gi hang la ai ly giao nhan tai cang gi va ngi nhan hang la ai ly/ ai dien cua ngi ai ly giao nhan tai cang en. Loai van n nay ch c dung vao van chuyen giao nhan hang va ieu chnh phap ly gia ngi chuyen ch va ngi ai ly giao nhan ma khong co chc nang thanh toan.
2.4 Container:
nh ngha: Theo To chc quoc te ve tieu chuan hoa goi tat la ISO ( International Organization for Standardization) nh ngha th container la mot dung cu van tai: - Co tnh ben chac, ap ng c yeu cau s dung nhieu lan. - Co cau tao rieng biet thuan li cho chuyen ch hang bang mot hoac nhieu phng thc van tai ma khong phai d hang ra va ong goi lai doc ng. - c thiet ke thuan tien, de dang cho viec ong hang va rut hang ra khoi container. - Co the tch cha hang ben trong 1m3 hoac hn. Container tong hp hay thong dung (General Purpose Container) co dang hnh ch nhat, chu c anh hng thi tiet, dung e chuyen ch va cha ng mot so hang co bao b c ong thanh kien, goi hoac loai hang ri khong co bao b. No gi gn va bao ve hang hoa , chong mat mat h hong. No co the tach ri khoi phng tien van tai nh mot n v chuyen ch va c chuyen tai ma khong can phai d hang ra ong goi lai. Cau truc cua container tong hp: * Bo khung (frame): ay la bo phan quan trong nhat e chu ng toan bo cau truc va vat tai, chong lai ap lc t ben ngoai. * Khung ay (base Frame): e tien boc d bang xe nang, ngi ta co the thiet ke them tai canh khung ay khe tiep xuc cang nang (Fork Lift Pockets) dung cho container 20, hoac ng ong co ngong (Goose neck tunnel) dung cho container 40 tren gia xe co thiet b boc d kieu co ngong. * Mat san container (Floor): La mat ay container, thng c lat go nhng oi khi cung c lat bang vat lieu hon hp go / thep. * Khung mai (Roof frame) va mai (Roof) * Khung doc (Side Frame) va Vach doc (Side Walls)
* Khung mat trc (Front end Frame) va Vach mat trc (End Wall) * Khung mat sau (Rear End Frame) va Ca doc (Door) * Goc lap ghep (Coerner Fittings): gom 8 goc Cac loai kieu container: Container dung trong van tai bien (Marine Container) c phan loai theo nhieu cach: * Phan theo cach s dung: gom co - Container bach hoa (General cargo container): - Container bao on (Thermal Container): c thiet ke chuyen ch hang hoa oi hoi co s khong che nhiet o ben trong container mc nhat nh. Co 3 loai container bao on: + Container lanh (Refrigerated container): + Container cach nhiet (Insulated container): + Container thong gio (Ventilated Container) - Container ac biet (Special Container): dung e ch mot so hang ac biet, bao gom cac loai container sau: + Container hang kho ri (Dry Bulk Container): + Container bon (Tank Container): + Container mai m (Open top container): + Container mat bang (Platform Container): + Container mat bang co vach hai au (Platform Based Container) + Container vach doc m (Side open container): + Container ch oto (Car container) + Container ch suc vat (Livestock / Pen chuyen ch): + Container ch da song (Hide Container) * Phan theo vat lieu che tao: Container c che tao t 2 vat lieu tr len nh: hp kim nhom hoac thep khong r, thep thng hoac thep cao cap, go thanh hoac go dan, nhc tong hp hoac nha gia co si thuy tinh (FRP Fibre glass reinforced plastics). Container co the chia lam 3 loai chnh: container thep, container nhom va container nha tong hp hoac FRP/go dan. * Phan theo kch c, trong tai:
Hien nay, co hai loai container c s dung pho bien nhat la container 20 feet va 40 feet vi kch c va trong lng c quy nh nh sau: Loai Container Chieu dai Chieu ngang Chieu cao Tong trong lng toi a 20,320 tone 30,320 tone
20 feet 20 feet 8 feet 8 feet 40 feet 40 feet 8 feet 8 feet Ft = foot = 0,3047 m In = inch = 0.0254m Ngoai ra, con co Container sc ch ln (High cubic container) loai 20 feet hoac 40 feet. Mot so van e can lu y khi ong goi hang vao container: - Tnh hnh, ac iem cua hang hoa chuyen ch - Tnh hnh, ac iem cua loai, kieu container can s dung - Thong thao ky thuat chat xep, chen lot hang hoa trong container Tnh hnh, ac iem cua hang hoa chuyen ch: Trong van chuyen, hang hoa thng c phan lam 2 loai: + Loai hang khong ch c bang container + Loai hang c ch bang container: Loai hang thong thng Loai hang co ac tnh ly hoa ac biet: hang de hong, hang ong lanh, suc vat song, hang sieu nang, hang nguy hiem, oc hai, Tnh hnh, ac iem cua loai, kieu container can s dung: + Kiem tra: ben ngoai container , ben trong container, ca container, tnh trang ve sinh cua container . + Kiem tra cac thong so ky thuat cua container. Chu y: He so xep hang cua container (W/M) Cach chat xep, chen lot hang hoa trong container: Tuy vao tng loai hang hoa, bao b khac nhau: + hang ong trong hom go (Wooden Cases) + hang ong trong hop giay b cng (Carton/Cardboard Boxes)
+ hang ong bang: bao vai, nha (Baled Cargo); bao giay, ay det (Bagged Cargo) + hang ong trong thung tron (Drum) + hang ong thanh cuon (Rolled and Coiled Cargo) + hang ong theo chieu dai (Long length Cargo) + hang ong pa-let (Palettized cargo)
2.5 Quy trnh giao nhan hang theo phng thc gom hang le (LCL/LCL): 1. Ngi gi hang le giao hang tai kho CFS cua ngi ai ly giao nhan cang xep hoac ngi giao nhan se nhan hang tai kho cua ngi gi a ve kho CFS. 2. ai ly giao nhan cap van n House B/L cho ngi gi hang le. 3. ai ly giao nhan xep hang vao container roi giao cho ngi van tai tai bai cha hang xuat cang. 4. ai ly hang tau tai cang xep co the cap van n nhan hang e xep cho ai ly giao nhan. 5. Xep container len tau. 6. ai ly tau cap van n chu (Master Ocean B/L) cho ai ly giao nhan. 7. Ngi gi hang le gi House B/L cho ngi nhan hang le. 8. ai ly giao nhan cang gi gi Master B/L cho ai ly giao nhan cang en.
9. Tau en, d container khoi tau. 10. ai ly giao nhan cang d trnh Master B/L cho ai ly hang tau. 11. ai ly hang tau cap lenh giao hang A cho ai ly giao nhan. 12. ai ly giao nhan gi thong bao hang en cho ngi nhan hang 13. Ngi nhan hang le se trnh House B/l cho ai ly giao nhan. 14. ai ly giao nhan cap lenh giao nhan B cho ngi nhan hang le. 15. ai ly giao nhan trnh lenh giao hang A cho bo phan quan ly container cang en. 16. ai ly giao nhan lay hang a ve kho CFS. 17. Ngi nhan hang le trnh lenh giao hang B cho kho CFS. 18. Nhan hang. 2.6 Cac tuyen ng van chuyen Container : 2.6.1 Cac tuyen ng van chuyen container chu yeu tren the gii bang ng bien: - T bac My (b bien pha Tay) i Chau Au / vung a Trung Hai (North Atlantic Trades): - T Vien ong (ke ca Nhat) i Chau Au/ Vung a trung hai (Far East/Europe Mediteranean Route)
- T Vien ong i Bac My (Far East / North America Route): - Cac tuyen ng t Chau au, Bac My, Vien ong en Chau ai Dng (Uc va Newzealand) - T Chau Au / vung ai Trung Hai i Trung ong gom Tho Nh Ky, Xyri, Liban, Ai Cap, Coet, Irak, Israel (Europe Mediteranean / Middle East Route) - T Vien ong i Trung ong (Far East / Middle Easr Route) Hien nay, mang li van chuyen container c m rong en cac vung Caribe Trung va Nam My, en b ong / Tay va Nam Chau Phi. Tuy nhien khoi lng van chuyen bang container tren cac tuyen ng nay con rat thap. Loai tau container s dung khong phai la hien ai, chu yeu la loai tau semi-container, tau Ro-RO container hoac tau Container nho (Feader ship) do trang thiet b va cang khau ay con yeu kem. 2.6.2 Cac tuyen ng van chuyen Container t Viet Nam i the gii: - Tuyen en cac cang Chau Au va cac cang b Tay Chau My - Tuyen ng en Bac Au va vung bien Baltic - Tuyen ng i cac cang pha ong a trung hai, Hac hai va Bac phi - Tuyen ng i Tay a trung hai, Ai cap va Adriatic - Tuyen i cac cang nam mien Tay nc My, cac ao vung bien Caribe, Trung va Nam My CAU HOI ON TAP:
Trnh bay khai niem, ac iem VTPT Trnh bay cac hnh thc VTPT Trnh bay nhng chng t VTPT Trnh bay khai niem dch vu gom hang, chng t van tai gom hang 5. Trnh bay quy trnh dch vu gom hang Yeu cau hoc vien xem - Chng VI: Chuyen ch container trong van tai quoc te Van tai va bao hiem quoc te, Trieu Hong Cam, PhD, NXB Thong Ke 2005 - The UNCTAD/ICC Rules for Multimodal Transport Documents, so 481, 1-1-1992
1. 2. 3. 4.
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TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Thong Ke
1. Van tai va bao hiem quoc te, Trieu Hong Cam, PhD, NXB
2. Van tai - Giao nhan hang hoa xuat nhap khau - PGS.TS Hoang van Chau, NXB Giao Duc 3. Giao nhan van tai hang hoa quoc te - PGS. TS inh Ngoc Vien, NXB Thong Ke 4. Cong bao 5. Mot so Websites: Hiep hoi giao nhan quoc te: www.fiata.com Hiep hoi van tai ng hang khong quoc te: www.iata.com Hiep hoi van tai bien Baltic: www.bimco.com www.forwarder.com. www.exim-pro.com.vn
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Giao Nhan Van Tai Quoc Te

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GIAO NHAN VAN TAI QUOC TE