L lun hin i v Logistics & Chui cung ng

K t khi c pht hin vo nhng nm 1980 n nay, vic pht trin rng ri cc hot ng kinh doanh logistics v vic nghin cu cc vn l lun v logistics c nhiu hc gi trn th gii quan tm. Cho n nay, ngi ta c nhng cch nhn nhn ton din hn, su sc hn v nht l logic hn v l lun, c s khoa hc ca logistics, xut hin nhng nghin cu nhm xy dng nhng c s l thuyt ca logistics nh mt mn khoa hc (xem Introduction to Logistics Engineering nhiu tc gi, London, New York 2008). Ngy nay, ngi ta nhn thy vai tr ca logistics rt ln, khng ch trong kinh t m cn i vi cc t chc, trong c cc cng ty, do vy i hi phi c cch nhn nhn tng qut hn v logistics. Trong th k XXI, trn th gii, logistics c nhn nhn nh l mt phn ca cng tc qun tr, v c bn (4) phn ngnh sau: -Logistics trong kinh doanh (business logistics thng gi chung l logistics) - Logistics trong qun s (military logistics): hoch nh, hp nht mi phng din ca s h tr cho kh nng tc chin ca qun i (trong vic trin khai qun hoc ng qun) v cc thit b qun s m bo sn sng, tin cy v hiu qu. Nhiu ti liu nu hot ng ca ng mn H Ch Minh nh l mt in hnh ca cng tc logistics trong cuc chin tranh chng M cu nc ca Vit Nam , m cc ti liu gi l chin tranh Vit nam ( xem Introduction to Logistics Engineering -sd). - Logistics s kin (event logistics): mt mng gm cc hot ng, phng tin v con ngi cn thit t chc, lp k hoch v trin khai cc ngun lc trn cho mt s kin din ra v kt thc mt cch hiu qu. - Logistics dch v (service logistics) : cung cp, ln k hoch v qun tr cc phng tin/vn ling, nhn lc v vt t h tr hoc m bo cho mt tc nghip dch v hoc kinh doanh. (xem Langley/Coyle/Gibson/Novack/Bardi - Managing Supply Chains A Logistics Approach xut bn ln th 8, nm 2008, SOUTH-WESTERN, CENGAGE Learning, gio trnh dng cho sinh vin ti c, Braxin, Nht, Hn quc, Mexico, Singapore, Ty ban nha, Lin hip Anh, v M) Trong bi ny chng ti ch xem xt logistics kinh doanh, thng gi l logistics.

Logistics v cc hot ng logistics trong kinh doanh Nghin cu v logistics l nghin cu v vic qun tr cc dng hng ha, vt t, thit b, sn phm, ti chnh... trong iu kin c th. c th nm bt c nhu cu, cng nh cch thc ginh c th phn trong th trng cung ng dch v logistics, xc nh kh nng sinh li, chng ta cn xem xt nhng quan nim v logistics hin i ra sao. Logistics l g? Nu nh trc , ngi ta ch yu tp trung vo vic nghin cu t chc vn chuyn v phn phi sn phm (outbound) th nay ngi ta phi kt hp ng thi nghin cu lun c dng vt t, nguyn vt liu trang bit b... cho u vo (inbound). Chnh s kt hp ny trong mt chng trnh qun tr to ra logistics. Chng ta xem hnh v sau:

Hnh v trn m t logistics trong mt cng ty. Nu nh trc 1980 ngi ta cha kt hp gia hai phn inbound v out bound th khi hp nht vo mt chng trnh qun tr chng ta c mt h thng logistics. Nh vy, bn cht ca logistics l qun l cc dng vt t (u vo) v sn phm (u ra) ca mt n v sn xut kinh doanh. Ngoi hai dng logistics trn, c th cn tn ti mt dng th ba l dng ti s dng. Dng ti s dng ny thng l vt cha hng dng li (v chai bia..), hoc cc cng c mang hng (palet, container..). Mt iu ht sc lu l trong mt chui logistics (nh trong hnh v trn) chng ta thy vn ti tham gia vo mi dng, nhng vn ti l i tc ca logistics, ch khng phi l mt thnh phn ca logistics, v khi nim vn ti trong mt chui hot ng logistics l c th, ch khng phi l vn ti chung chung. Trong chin lc pht trin logistics ngi ta ht sc quan tm ti vic chn la i tc vn chuyn. Hin nay, vn tn ti nhiu nh ngha v logistics, chng ti ch gii thiu mt nh ngha tng qut v logistics: Logistics l mt qu trnh tin lng nhu cu v yu cu cu khch hng; lo liu vn, vt t, nhn lc, cng ngh v thng tin cn thit c th lm theo nhu cu v yu cu ca khch hng; ti u ha mng li hng ha , dch v lm tha mn yu cu ca khch hng; v tn dng mng li ny lm tha mn yu cu ca khch hng ng hn. (sd, trang 36). nh ngha tng qut ny c th dng chung cho c 4 nhm logistics ni trn, ch khc i tng phc v. Tm ti, nu nh trc kia ngi ta ch quan tm n vic lu thng phn phi sn phm hng ha, th logistics cp c vic sn xut hnh thnh hng ha qua vic cung ng vt t k thut, lao ng, thng tin,... lm ra sn phm hng ha , v nht l im bt u v kt thc ca qu trnh logistics l tha mn nhu cu ca khch hng. Ngy nay ngi ta cng nhn logistics l ngnh dch v to ra gi tr gia tng, nhiu nghin cu xem xt c s to ra gi tr gia tng ca n.

Chng ta bit rng, gi tr ca sn phm do cc yu t sau to nn: vic hnh thnh (lm ra) sn phm, s lng tin vn b vo sn phm v tin ch a im, tin ch thi gian. Nh vy hin nay phn gi tr ca hng ha (thng qua gi c) c 2 yu t l thi gian v a im trao i (thc hin hng ha) c xem xt. Logistics ng gp phn gi tr gia tng ca mnh vo sn phm thng qua cc yu t hnh thnh nn sn phm, tin ch a im v thi gian. Vic to ra tin ch a im v thi gian ca sn phm l kh r rng, cn xem xt thm logistics tham gia vo vic hnh thnh sn phm (lm ra sn phm) ca logistics nh sau: Hin nay, khng phi mi sn phm u c lm ra ton b ti mt nh my, m sn phm c hnh thnh t nhiu nh my v n c hon thnh ti mt ni cui cng m thi. Th d, mt my tnh ca hng Dell c th c lp rp ti Malaysia trn c s nhp rt nhiu b phn, th d mn hnh (monitor), bn phm t Hongkong, phn cng t i Loan.., sau mi c chuyn v M hon thin v ci t phn mm, hon thnh sn phm giao cho khch hng. Qu trnh sn xut nh vy i hi c s tham gia ca logistics. Vic qun l logistics l ht sc cn thit i vi cc nh sn xut, cung ng, thm ch trong bi cnh ton cu ha hin nay, th gii tr nn phng hn, n tr thnh vn tn ti hay khng khng tn ti i vi cc cng ty. Cc hot ng logistics a li nhiu dch v cho cc nh cung ng dch v logistics. y l iu m nhng ngi lm vn ti v cc dch v lin quan ht sc quan tm. Yu cu cn bn ca logistics l tnh ton h thng, hay cn th hin qua quan nim v gi thnh ton b. Ngha l ton b cc hot ng logistics phi c gn kt cht ch thnh mt tng th, vi gi thnh tng cho ton tng th , ch khng xt ring r, c lp. iu ny ht sc quan trng v thng thng c nhiu n v khc nhau tham gia vo tng hot ng ca chui logistics. Do vy, khi xem xt ring tng hot ng, chng ta cn lu tnh h thng ny. Trong thc t, chng ta cung ng mt dch v no , th d cho thu kho bo qun hng ha c th ca mt chui cung ng (logistics) no , chng ta s phi chp nhn nhng iu kin ca chui (h thng) . Cc hot ng chnh m logistics phi qun tr bao gm: Dch v khch hng/D bo nhu cu/Qun l d tr /Lin lc logistics/Mua sm vt t/X l n hng/ng gi/Dch v hu mi (bo hnh, cung cp ph tng..)/La chn kho/Lu kho bi, bo qun hng ha/Qun l vn ti v theo di hnh trnh hng ha vt t...

Ngoi ra, mt s ti liu cn gii thiu thm mt s cng vic nh: Tm kim cc nh cung ng v vt t quan trng cho di hn (procurement), logistics hng tr li v ph liu.. (reverse logistics).. (xem Jame R. Stock & Douglas M. Lambert Strategic Logistics Management, Nxb McGraw Hill International Edition, ti bn ln th 4, 2001) Chui cung ng Khi nim v chui cung ng xut hin t nhng nm 60 ca th k XX, ngha l c trc khi bt u xut hin khi nim logistics (business logistics). Khi , chui cung ng l n l, nhng khi ngi ta kt hp c vic cung ng vt t, k thut, nguyn vt liu.. vi vic phn phi sn phm, vic xy dng cc chui cung ng mang mt b mt khc, n l mt phn khng th thiu c khi nghin cu, p dng logistics.

Chui cung ng c th hnh dung nh mt ng ng hoc mt ci mng dng cho dng chy ca sn phm/vt t, dch v, thng tin v ti chnh t nh cung ng qua nhiu t chc, cng ty trung gian cho n tn ngi tiu dng. Nh vy mt chui cung ng s bao gm cc n v tham gia vi nhng dch v logistics c th. Khi logistics ra i v pht trin nhiu cng ty m dng n gin nht ca logistics l s st nhp cung ng vt t (inbound logistics) vo phn phi sn phm (outbound logistics), cng vi quan im gi thnh tng th, quan im chui gi tr cng c a vo xem xt. Quan nim ny c bit quan trng trong qun tr logistics. Nhng nm 90 ca th k XX, vi s pht trin ca logistics, cc chui cung ng hin i hnh thnh v pht trin mnh nhiu cng ty. Mt chui cung ng hp nht hin nay c th m t theo nh hnh v di y.

Hnh v - chui cung ng hp nht. Theo hnh v trn, mt chui cung ng hp nht ni lin t ngi cung cp n ngi bn l-ngi tiu dng thng qua mt lot cc n v lin quan nh nh phn phi, ngi sn xut (nh my), ngi bn bun, nhm qun tr ba dng l: sn phm dch v (hng ha lu thng), thng tin lin quan v c v mt ti chnh. Hin nay, vic thit k v p dng cc chui cung ng c th l nhng i tng ca nghin cu v ng dng. Trong vic thit k chui cung ng, ngoi vic thit lp l trnh c th ca hng ha dch v cn cung ng, ngi ta phi thit lp nhng mi lin h chi tit gia cc n v tham gia vo chui vic cung ng phi p ng c nhu cu ca khch hng, trong vic giao ng hn (in time) l ht sc quan trng. Vic tnh ton, xc nh chi ph ton b cho sn phm qua chui cng l nhng vn mu cht ca qun tr chui, v li ch m logistics em li l nh mt phn vo vic ny. lm c nhng vic trn cn phi theo di v qun l thng tin trn ton chui mt cch h thng.

o lng kt qu thc hin v phn tch ti chnh ca chui cung ng l nhng vic lm ht sc quan trng trong qun tr chui, v lp chin lc, k hoch ca chui. Ngi ta c th tin hnh o lng cng vic ca chui cung ng thng qua nhng ch tiu thuc 4 nhm sau: thi gian, cht lng, gi thnh v b tr khc. C th chi tit nh sau: Thi gian: Giao- nhn hng ng hn (c th tnh bng %)/Thi gian x l mt n hng (quay vng)/S bin ng thi gian x l mt n hang/Thi gian p ng/Thi gian quay vng theo d kin- k hoch. Cht lng: S tha mn hon ton ca khch hang/Tc nghip chnh xc/Hon thnh n hang/Lm ng vi lch trnh. Gi thnh: Quay vng d tr thnh phm/Thanh ton chm/Chi ph phc v/Thi gian chu k xut tin-thu tin (lin quan n dng tin cash flow- ca chui)/Tng chi ph giao hng /Chi ph khc. Ch tiu khc-b tr:Tiu chun loi b n hng/Kh nng thng tin.

Trn y l mt s tiu ch c Hip hi qun tr chui cung ng M chp nhn. V ti chnh, ngi ta cng da vo nguyn l ton h thng gi thnh ton b ca logistics tnh ton v phn tch. Tiu ch c th ra quyt nh cho chui cung ng v mt ti chnh l da trn ch tiu hon vn. Lng hon vn c tnh bng s vn b ra cng vi li pht sinh. T sut li nhun tnh c s cho thy quyt nh lm c hay khng. Mt khc, khi nh gi hot ng ca chui, ngi ta cng cn c theo nhng tiu ch ny. ng thi, ngi ta cng phn tch nh hng ca chui cung ng i vi doanh s bn hng, s cn i ti chnh (qua bng cn i - balance sheet),.. v xy dng cc m hnh li nhun chin lc ca chui cung ng ca cc cng ty. Hin nay ngi ta ang i su vo nghin cu cc vn thuc cc lnh vc ln l: - Xc nh h thng tt nht, hn ch ti a s li c th xy ra trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng logistics v chui cung ng, tc l xy dng h thng ti u, ng thi nghin cu thit k mng li (a im cung ng, kho hng, i tc vn ti..) tt nht. - Cc vn lin quan n cng ngh logistics, chui cung ng. l cc vn qun tr yu cu v dch v khch hng, qun tr vn ti vi t cch l i tc, cc quyt nh v d tr hng ha, vt t, lu kho- bo qun hng ha,... - Vic p dng cc phng php ton vo nghin cu v p dng nng cao tnh khoa hc ca ngnh logistics, c nhng kt qu nh vic xc nh l trnh (ng i) ti u, xc nh d tr ti u, phng php six-sigma p dng trong logistics...

Trn y l mt s vn c bn c gii thiu mt cch khi qut hy vng c th gip bn c c thm nhng thng tin tng qut, v xu hng nghin cu v ging dy logistics.

Theo: TS L Bch Chn. Theo: VLR