I HC THI NGUYN

KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

NGUYN QUANG SN





NGHIN CU MT S PHNG PHP
PHT HIN BIN

Chuyn ngnh: Khoa hc my tnh
M s: 60.48.01



LUN VN THC S CNG NGH THNG TIN



NGI HNG DN KHOA HC: PGS.TS NG QUC TO











Thi Nguyn - 2008
2


MC LC
Trang
MC LC...................................................................................................................................................... 2
LI CM N............................................................................................................................................... 4
DANH SCH CC HNH NH........................................................................................................ 5
M U......................................................................................................................................................... 7
CHNG I: TNG QUAN V X L NH V BIN................................................ 9
1.1. Tng quan v x l nh............................................................................................................. 9
1.1.1. X l nh................................................................................................................................. 9
1.1.2. Cc bc c bn trong x l nh..............................................................................10
1.1.3. Mt s vn c bn trong x l nh ....................................................................14
1.2. Ton t khng gian vi x l nh ......................................................................................18
1.2.1. Lm trn nhiu bng lc tuyn tnh.........................................................................18
1.2.2. Lm trn nhiu bng lc phi tuyn ..........................................................................21
1.2.3. Lc thng thp, thng cao v lc di thng.........................................................22
1.3. Tng quan v bin......................................................................................................................23
1.3.1. Bin v cc kiu bin c bn.......................................................................................23
1.3.2. Vai tr ca bin trong nhn dng..............................................................................26
CHNG II: CC PHNG PHP PHT HIN BIN C IN...................28
2.1. Phn loi cc k thut pht hin bin...............................................................................28
2.1.1. Phng php pht hin bin trc tip.....................................................................28
2.1.2. Phng php pht hin bin gin tip.....................................................................28
2.1.3. Quy trnh pht hin bin................................................................................................29
2.2. K thut pht hin bin Gradient........................................................................................29
2.2.1. Pixel difference..................................................................................................................30
2.2.2. Separated Pixel Difference...........................................................................................31
2.2.3. Ton t Robert (1965)....................................................................................................32
2.2.4. Ton t Prewitt ..................................................................................................................33
3
2.2.5. Ton t (mt n) Sobel...................................................................................................33
2.2.6. Ton t Frie-Chen............................................................................................................34
2.2.7. Ton t Boxcar ..................................................................................................................34
2.2.8. Ton t Truncated Pyramid.........................................................................................35
2.3 Cc ton t la bn........................................................................................................................36
2.3.1. Ton t la bn Kirsh........................................................................................................37
2.3.2. Ton t la bn Prewitt ....................................................................................................38
2.3.3. Robinson 3 - Level...........................................................................................................39
2.3.4. Robinson 5 - Level...........................................................................................................40
2.4. K thut pht hin bin Laplace..........................................................................................41
CHNG III: CC PHNG PHP PHT HIN BIN NNG CAO..........45
3.1. Phng php Canny..................................................................................................................45
3.1.1. C s l thuyt thut ton.............................................................................................45
3.1.2. Hot ng ca thut ton ..............................................................................................47
3.2. Phng php Shen - Castan ..................................................................................................52
3.2.1. Xy dng b lc ti u...................................................................................................52
3.2.2. Hot ng ca thut ton.............................................................................................54
3.3. Pht hin bin da vo Wavelet ..........................................................................................56
CHNG IV: MT S NHN XT V NH GI CC PHNG PHP
PHT HIN BIN................................................................................................................................62
4.1. Phng php pht hin bin da vo k thut Gradient .........................................62
4.2. Phng php o hm bc nht v phng php o hm bc hai ...................66
4.3. nh gi nhn xt v phng php Canny....................................................................69
4.4. Cc phng php pht hin bin (phng php Gadient, phng php
Laplace, phng php Canny) ......................................................................................................71
4.5. nh gi nhn xt v phng php Wavelet ................................................................73
KT LUN..................................................................................................................................................75
TI LIU THAM KHO.....................................................................................................................76

4




LI CM N

Trc ht ti mun gi li cm n n cc thy c gio Vin cng ngh
thng tin v Khoa cng ngh thng tin - i hc Thi Nguyn quan tm t chc
ch o v trc tip ging dy kha cao hc ca chng ti. c bit ti xin gi li
cm n su sc n thy gio hng dn PGS.TS Ng Quc To v nhng ch dn
khoa hc v tn tnh hng dn cho ti trong sut qu trnh lm lun vn. Nu
khng c s gip ca thy th ti kh c th hon thnh bn lun vn ny.
Cng qua y, ti xin chn thnh cm n lnh o Trung tm ng dng tin
b Khoa hc v Cng ngh - S Khoa hc v Cng ngh Thi Nguyn, ni ti cng
tc, to mi iu kin thun li cho ti trong thi gian hon thnh cc mn hc
cng nh trong sut thi gian lm lun vn tt nghip.
Cui cng, ti xin cm gia nh, nhng ngi lun ng h v ng vin
ti yn tm nghin cu v hon thnh lun vn.

5


DANH SCH CC HNH NH

Hnh 1.1: Qu trnh x l nh.............................................................................................................. 9
Hnh 1.2: Cc bc trong qu trnh x l nh...........................................................................10
Hnh 1.3: Ln cn cc im nh ca ta (x,y) ....................................................................16
Hnh 1.4: ng bin l tng.........................................................................................................24
Hnh 1.5: ng bin dc...................................................................................................................25
Hnh 1.6: ng bin khng trn...................................................................................................26

Hnh 2.1: Bin nh vi Pixel Difference......................................................................................31
Hnh 2.2: Bin nh vi Separated Pixel Difference ...............................................................32
Hnh 2.3: Bin nh vi ton t Robert ..........................................................................................33
Hnh 2.4: Bin nh vi ton t Prewitt .........................................................................................33
Hnh 2.5: Bin nh vi ton t Sobel ............................................................................................34
Hnh 2.6: Bin nh vi ton t Frie-Chen...................................................................................34
Hnh 2.7: Bin nh vi ton t Boxcar .........................................................................................35
Hnh 2.8: Bin nh vi ton t Truncated Pyramid................................................................36
Hnh 2.9: Bin nh vi ton t Kirsh.............................................................................................38
Hnh 2.10: Bin nh vi ton t la bn Prewitt ........................................................................39
Hnh 2.11: Bin nh vi ton t Robinson 3 level..................................................................40
Hnh 2.12: Bin nh vi ton t Robinson 5 level..................................................................41
Hnh 2.13: Bin nh vi k thut Laplace...................................................................................42
Hnh 2.14: B lc Laplace of Gauss ..............................................................................................42
Hnh 2.15: Bin nh vi k thut Laplace of Gauss...............................................................44

Hnh 3.1: o hm hm Gauss theo hai hng (x,y) ............................................................48
Hnh 3.2: Hnh m t cc im bin ln cn..............................................................................50
6
Hnh 3.3: Bin nh theo phng php Canny...........................................................................52
Hnh 3.4: Bin nh theo phng php Shen-Castan ..............................................................55
Hnh 3.5: Dng DWT cho bin i Neurite...............................................................................56
Hnh 3.6 Bin nh ca mt ci hp n.......................................................................................57
Hnh 3.7: Bin nh con ch nm bc thang............................................................................57
Hnh 3.8: S dng 3 tiu chun cho nh con cho nm bc thang....................................58
Hnh 3.9: S dng 3 tiu chun cho nh ca Filopodia........................................................59
Hnh 3.10: S dng lin kt t ng trong nh hp n......................................................59
Hnh 3.11: S dng lin kt t ng trong nh con cho nm bc thang.......................60
Hnh 3.12: S dng lin kt t ng trong nh ca Filopodia ..........................................60

Hnh 4.1: Hnh m phng kt qu tm bin theo k thut Gradient ...............................65
Hnh 4.2: Bin nh theo o hm bc nht v bc hai ..........................................................68
Hnh 4.3: Pht hin bin vi Canny ngng c nh.............................................................69
Hnh 4.4: Pht hin bin vi Canny ngng thay i =1................................................70
Hnh 4.5: Bin nh theo Gradient, Laplace, Canny................................................................71
Hnh 4.6: Pht hin bin theo phng php Wavelet ............................................................72

7




M U

Thi i cng ngh thng tin pht trin nh v bo i vo tng ng ngch
ca cuc sng. Hin nay, bt c s pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip no u c s
hin din v ng gp rt to ln ca cng ngh thng tin. X l nh l mt trong
nhng chuyn ngnh quan trng v lu i ca Cng ngh thng tin. X l nh
c p dng trong nhiu lnh khc nhau nh y hc, vt l, ho hc, tm kim ti
phm, trong qun s v trong mt s lnh vc khc....
Phn ln con ngi thu nhn thng tin bng th gic, c th l cc hnh nh.
V vy x l nh l vn khng th thiu v ht sc quan trng thu c hnh
nh tt hn, p hn, nhm p ng yu cu thng tin khc nhau ca ngi nhn.
Trong x l nh, vic nhn dng v phn lp i tng cn tri qua cc qu
trnh v cc thao tc khc nhau. Pht hin bin l mt giai on rt quan trng v cc
k thut phn on nh ch yu da vo giai on ny. Mc ch ca vic d bin
s nh du nhng im trong mt nh s m c s thay i t ngt v xm,
tp hp nhiu im bin to nn mt ng bao quanh nh (ng bin). Nh c
ng bin m chng ta c th phn bit gia i tng v nn, phn bit gia cc
vng khc nhau v nh v c i tng t m nhn dng i tng. y l c
s quan trng trong vic ng dng phng php ny vo thc tin ca cuc sng,
c bit l trong iu kin t nc ta ang tng bc pht trin v i ln nn vic
nghin cu cc ng dng vn ny cn c quan tm v pht trin.
Xut pht t thc t , lun vn la chn ti " Nghin cu mt s phng
php pht hin bin". Mc ch chnh ca ti l h thng ha kin thc v cc
phng php pht hin bin, t cc k thut d bin ci t chng trnh a ra
cc nhn xt, so snh, nh gi v cc phng php pht hin bin. Qua c ci
nhn tng qut v cc phng php pht hin bin.
8
Ngoi phn m u v kt lun lun vn c chia lm 4 chng, ni dung c
th ca cc chng nh sau:
Chng I: Tng quan v x l nh v bin
Trong chng ny trnh by s lc v x l nh, gii thiu cc bc x l
trong mt h thng x l nh. Mt s thnh phn ct t trong x l nh, nh im
nh, mc xm, bin,c trnh by nh l cc khi nim.
Chng II: Cc phng php pht hin bin c in
Ni dung ca chng ny s cp n mt s phng php pht hin bin
trong phng php o hm bc nht v phng php o hm bc hai.
Chng III: Cc phng php pht hin bin nng cao
Trong chng ny cp n phng php pht hin bin Canny, phng
php Shen-Castan v phng php Wavelet.
Chng IV: Mt s nhn xt nh gi cc phng php pht hin bin
Qua vic ci t th nghim cc phng php pht hin bin trnh by trong
cc chng trc, t cc kt qu m phng thc nghim khi chy chng trnh,
trong chng ny a ra cc nhn xt nh gi, so snh cc phng php pht hin
bin. Ch ra phng php pht hin bin ph hp vi loi nh cn x l.

Tuy nhin, vic nghin cu mt vn khoa hc i n kt qu l mt kh khn
v nhiu thch thc do vy lun vn chc cn nhiu thiu st. Rt mong nhn c
kin ng gpqu bu ca cc thy c v ng nghip.

Hc vin




Nguyn Quang Sn
9




CHNG I
TNG QUAN V X L NH V BIN

1.1. Tng quan v x l nh
1.1.1. X l nh
Con ngi thu nhn thng tin qua cc gic quan trong th gic ng vai tr
quan trng nht. S pht trin nhanh ca phn cng my tnh, x l nh v ho
pht trin mnh m v ngy cng c nhiu ng dng trong cuc sng. X l nh
ng mt vai tr quan trng trong tng tc ngi my.
Qu trnh x l nhn dng nh l mt qu trnh thao tc nhm bin i mt
nh u vo cho ra mt kt qu mong mun. Kt qu u ra ca mt qu trnh x
l nh c th l mt nh "tt hn" hoc mt kt lun.





Hnh 1.1: Qu trnh x l nh

Nh vy mc tiu ca x l nh c th chia lm ba hng nh sau:
- X l nh ban u cho ra mt nh mi tt hn theo mt mong mun ca
ngi dng (v d: nh m cn x l c r hn).
- Phn tch nh thu c thng tin no gip cho vic phn loi v nhn
bit nh (v d: phn tch nh vn tay trch chn cc c trng vn tay).
- T nh u vo m c nhng nhn xt, kt lun mc cao hn, su hn (v
d: nh mt tai nn giao thng phc ho hin trng tai nn).
nh u vo X l nh
nh tt hn
Kt lun
10
1.1.2. Cc bc c bn trong x l nh
Qu trnh x l mt nh u vo nhm thu c mt nh u ra mong mun
thng phi tri qua rt nhiu bc khc nhau. Cc bc c bn ca mt qu trnh
x l nh c th hin thng qua hnh sau:














Hnh 1.2: Cc bc c bn trong qu trnh x l nh

1.1.2.1 Thu nhn nh
y l bc u tin trong qu trnh x l nh. thc hin iu ny, ta cn
c b thu nh v kh nng s ho nhng tn hiu lin tc c sinh ra bi b thu
nh . B thu nh y c th l my chp nh n sc hay mu, my qut nh,
my quay... Trong trng hp b thu nh cung cp cha phi l dng s ho ta cn
phi chuyn i hay s ho nh. Qu trnh chuyn i ADC (Analog to Digital
Converter) thu nhn dng s ho ca nh. Mc d y ch l cng on u tin
song kt qu ca n c nh hng rt nhiu n cng on k tip.


Phn on
nh
Biu din v
m t
Tin x
l nh
Thu nhn nh
(Scaner, sensor,
camera)
Nhn dng v
ni suy
C S
TRI THC
11
1.1.2.2 Tin x l
bc ny, nh s c ci thin v tng phn, kh nhiu, khi phc
nh, nn chnh hnh hc... Vi mc ch lm cho cht lng nh tr ln tt hn na,
chun b cho cc bc x l phc tp k tip sau .
* Kh nhiu: Nhiu c chia thnh hai loi: nhiu h thng v nhiu ngu
nhin. c trng ca nhiu h thng l tnh tun hon. Do vy, c th kh nhiu ny
bng vic s dng php bin i Fourier v loi b cc nh im. i vi nhiu
ngu nhin, trng hp n gin l cc vt bn tng ng vi cc im sng hay
ti, c th kh bng phng php ni suy, lc trung v v trung bnh.
* Chnh mc xm: y l k thut nhm chnh sa tnh khng ng u ca
thit b thu nhn hoc tng phn gia cc vng nh.
* Chnh tn x: nh thu nhn c t cc thit b quang hc hay in t c
th b m, nho. Phng php bin i Fourier da trn tch chp ca nh vi hm
tn x cho php gii quyt vic hiu chnh ny.
* Nn chnh hnh hc: Nhng bin dng hnh hc thng do cc thit b in
t v quang hc gy ra. Do , phng php hiu chnh nh da trn m hnh c
m t di dng phng trnh bin i nh bin dng f(x,y) thnh nh l tng
f(x',y') nh sau:

=
=
) , ( '
) , ( '
y x h y
y x h x
y
x

Trong h
x
, h
y
l cc phng trnh tuyn tnh (bin dng do phi cnh) hay
bc hai (bin dng do ng knh camara).

1.1.2.3 Phn on nh
Phn on nh c ngha l chia mt nh u vo thnh nhiu phn khc nhau
hay cn gi l cc i tng biu din phn tch, nhn dng nh. V d: nhn
dng ch (hoc m vch) trn phong b th cho mc ch phn loi bu phm, cn
chia cc cu, ch v a ch hoc tn ngi thnh cc t, cc ch, cc s (hoc cc
vch) ring bit nhn dng. y l phn phc tp kh khn nht trong x l nh
v cng d gy li, lm mt chnh xc ca nh. Kt qu nhn dng nh ph
12
thuc rt nhiu vo cng on ny.
Kt qu ca bc phn on nh thng c cho di dng d liu im nh
th, trong hm cha bin ca mt vng nh hoc tp hp tt c cc im nh
thuc v chnh vng nh . Trong c hai trng hp, s chuyn i d liu th ny
thnh mt dng thch hp hn cho vic x l trong my tnh l ht sc cn thit,
ngha l nn biu din mt vng nh di dng bin hay di dng mt vng hon
chnh gm tt c nhng im nh thuc v n.
- Biu din dng bin cho mt vng ph hp vi nhng ng dng ch quan
tm n cc c trng hnh dng bn ngoi ca i tng, v d nh cc gc cnh
v im un trn bin.
- Biu din dng vng li thch hp cho nhng ng dng khai thc cc tnh
cht bn trong ca i tng. V d nh vn nh hoc cu trc xng ca n. V
trong mt s ng dng th c hai cch biu din trn u cn thit.

1.1.2.4 Biu din v m t
a) Biu din
u ra nh sau phn on cha cc im nh ca vng nh (nh phn
on) cng vi m lin kt vi cc vng ln cn. Vic bin i cc s liu ny thnh
dng thch hp l cn thit cho x l tip theo bng my tnh. Vic chn cc tnh
cht th hin nh gi l trch chn c trng (Feature Selection) gn vi vic
tch cc c tnh ca nh di dng cc thng tin nh lng hoc lm c s
phn bit lp i tng ny vi i tng khc trong phm vi nh nhn c. V
d: trong nhn dng k t trn phong b th, chng ta miu t cc c trng ca
tng k t gip phn bit k t ny vi k t khc.

b) M t
nh sau khi s ho s c lu vo b nh, hoc chuyn sang cc khu tip
theo phn tch. Nu lu tr nh trc tip t cc nh th, i hi dung lng b
nh cc ln v khng hiu qu theo quan im ng dng v cng ngh. Thng
thng, cc nh th c c t (biu din) li (hay n gin l m ho) theo cc
13
c im ca nh c gi l cc c trng nh nh: bin nh, vng nh. Mt s
phng php biu din thng dng:
Biu din bng m chy: Phng php ny thng biu din cho vng nh
v p dng cho nh nh phn.
Biu din bng m xch: Phng php ny thng dng biu din ng
bin nh.
Biu din bng m t phn: Phng php ny c dng m ho cho
vng nh.

1.1.2.5 Nhn dng v ni suy nh
Nhn dng nh l qu trnh xc nh nh. Qu trnh ny thng thu c bng
cch so snh vi mu chun c lc (hoc lu) t trc.
Ni suy l phn on theo ngha trn c s nhn dng. V d: mt lot ch
s v nt gch ngang trn phong b th c th c ni suy thnh m in thoi. C
nhiu cch phn loi khc nhau v nh. Theo l thuyt v nhn dng, cc m hnh
ton hc v nh c phn theo hai loi nhn dng nh c bn:
- Nhn dng theo tham s.
- Nhn dng theo cu trc.
Mt s i tng nhn dng kh ph bin hin nay ang c p dng trong
khoa hc v cng ngh l: nhn dng k t (ch in, ch vit tay, ch k in t),
nhn dng vn bn (Text), nhn dng vn tay, nhn dng m vch, nhn dng mt
ngi

1.1.2.6 C s tri thc
nh l mt i tng kh phc tp v ng nt, sng ti, dung lng
im nh, mi trng thu nh phong ph ko theo nhiu. Trong nhiu khu x l
v phn tch nh ngoi vic n gin ha cc phng php ton hc m bo tin
li cho x l, ngi ta mong mun bt chc quy trnh tip nhn v x l nh theo
cch ca con ngi. Trong cc bc x l , nhiu khu hin nay x l theo
cc phng php tr tu con ngi. V vy, y cc c s tri thc c pht huy.
14
1.1.2.7 Trch chn c im
Vic gii quyt bi ton nhn dng trong nhng ng dng mi, ny sinh trong
cuc sng khng ch to ra nhng thch thc v gii thut, m cn t ra nhng yu
cu v tc tnh ton. c im chung ca tt c nhng ng dng l nhng c
im c trng cn thit thng l nhiu, khng th do chuyn gia xut, m phi
c trch chn da trn cc th tc phn tch d liu.
Vic trch chn hiu qu cc c im gip cho vic nhn dng cc i tng
nh chnh xc, vi tc tnh ton cao v dung lng nh lu tr gim xung.
Cc c im ca i tng c trch chn tu theo mc ch nhn dng
trong qu trnh x l nh. C th nu ra mt s c im ca nh sau y:
- c im khng gian: Phn b mc xm, phn b xc sut, bin , im
un v.v..
- c im bin i: Cc c im loi ny c trch chn bng vic thc
hin lc vng (zonal filtering). Cc b vng c gi l mt n c im (feature
mask) thng l cc khe hp vi hnh dng khc nhau (ch nht, tam gic, cung
trn v.v..)
- c im bin v ng bin: c trng cho ng bin ca i tng v
do vy rt hu ch trong vic trch trn cc thuc tnh bt bin c dng khi nhn
dng i tng. Cc c im ny c th c trch chn nh ton t Gradient, ton
t la bn, ton t Laplace, ton t cho khng (zero crossing) ..

1.1.3. Mt s vn c bn trong x l nh
1.1.3.1 im nh (Picture Element)
Gc ca nh l nh lin tc v khng gian v sng. x l bng my tnh,
nh cn phi c s ho. S ho nh l s bin i gn ng mt nh lin tc
thnh mt tp im ph hp vi nh tht v v tr (khng gian) v sng (mc
xm). Khong cch gia cc im nh c thit lp sao cho mt ngi khng
phn bit c ranh gii gia chng. Mi mt im nh vy gi l im nh (PEL:
Picture Element) hay gi tt l Pixel. Trong khun kh nh hai chiu, mi pixel ng
vi cp ta (x, y).
15
im nh (Pixel) l mt phn t ca nh s ti to (x, y) vi xm hoc
mu nht nh. Kch thc v khong cch gia cc im nh c chn thch
hp sao cho mt ngi cm nhn s lin tc v khng gian v mc xm (hoc mu)
ca nh s gn nh nh tht. Mi phn t trong ma trn c gi l mt phn t
nh.

1.1.3.2 phn gii ca nh
phn gii (Resolution) ca nh l mt im nh c n nh trn mt
nh s c hin th.
Khong cch gia cc im nh phi c chn sao cho mt ngi vn thy
c s lin tc ca nh. Vic la chn khong cch thch hp to nn mt mt
phn b, chnh l phn gii v c phn b theo trc x v y trong khng gian
hai chiu.

1.1.3.3 Mc xm ca nh
Mt im nh (Pixel) c hai c trng c bn l v tr (x, y) ca im nh v
xm ca n. Di y chng ta xem xt mt s khi nim v thut ng thng
dng trong x l nh.
- Mc xm ca im nh l cng sng ca n c gn bng gi tr s ti
im .
- Cc thang gi tr mc xm thng thng: 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 (mc 256 l
mc ph dng. L do t k thut my tnh dng 1 byte (8 bit) biu din mc
xm. Mc xm dng 1 byte biu din: 2
8
=256 mc, tc l t 0 n 255).
- nh en trng: l nh c hai mu en, trng (khng cha mu khc) vi mc
xm cc im nh c th khc nhau.
- nh nh phn: nh ch c 2 mc en trng phn bit tc dng 1 bit m t 2
1

mc khc nhau. Ni cch khc mi im nh ca nh nh phn ch c th l 0 hoc 1.
- nh mu: Trong h mu RGB (Red, Blue, Green) to nn th gii mu,
ngi ta thng dng 3 byte m t mc mu, khi cc gi tr mu:
2
8*3
= 2
24
16,7 triu mu.
16
1.1.3.4 Quan h gia cc im nh
Mt nh s gi s c biu din bng hm f(x, y). Tp con cc im nh l S,
cp im nh c quan h vi nhau k hiu l p, q. Chng ta nu mt s cc khi
nim sau.

a) Cc ln cn ca im nh (Image Neighbors)
* Gi s c im nh p ti to (x, y). p c 4 im ln cn gn nht theo
chiu ng v ngang (c th coi nh ln cn 4 hng chnh: ng, Ty, Nam, Bc).
{(x-1, y); (x, y-1); (x, y+1); (x+1, y)} = N
4
(p)
trong : s 1 l gi tr logic; N
4
(p) tp 4 im ln cn ca p.

ng x Ty
Nam (x-1,y-1) (x,y-1) (x+1,y-1)
y (x-1,y) (x,y) (x+1,y)
Bc (x-1,y+1) (x,y+1) (x+1,y+1)

Hnh 1.3: Ln cn cc im nh ca ta (x,y)

* Cc ln cn cho: Cc im ln cn cho N
P
(p) (C th coi ln cn cho l 4
hng: ng-Nam, ng-Bc, Ty-Nam, Ty-Bc)
N
p
(p) = { (x+1, y+1); (x+1, y-1); (x-1, y+1); (x-1, y-1)}
* Tp kt hp: N
8
(p) = N
4
(p) + N
P
(p) l tp hp 8 ln cn ca im nh p.
* Ch : Nu (x, y) nm bin (mp) nh, mt s im s nm ngoi nh.

b) Cc mi lin kt im nh
Cc mi lin kt c s dng xc nh gii hn (Boundaries) ca i
tng vt th hoc xc nh vng trong mt nh. Mt lin kt c c trng bi
tnh lin k gia cc im v mc xm ca chng.
Gi s V l tp cc gi tr mc xm. Mt nh c cc gi tr cng sng t
thang mc xm t 32 n 64 c m t nh sau :
17
V={32, 33, , 63, 64}.
C 3 loi lin kt:
* Lin kt 4: Hai im nh p v q c ni l lin kt 4 vi cc gi tr cng
sng V nu q nm trong mt cc ln cn ca p, tc q thuc N
4
(p)
* Lin kt 8: Hai im nh p v q nm trong mt cc ln cn 8 ca p, tc q
thuc N
8
(p)
* Lin kt m (lin kt hn hp): Hai im nh p v q vi cc gi tr cng
sng V c ni l lin kt m nu.
1. q thuc N4(p) hoc
2. q thuc NP(p)

c) o khong cch gia cc im nh
Khong cch D(p, q) gia hai im nh p to (x, y), q to (s, t) l hm
khong cch (Distance) hoc Metric nu:
1.D(p,q) 0 (Vi D(p,q)=0 nu v ch nu p=q)
2.D(p,q) = D(q,p)
3.D(p,z) D(p,q) + D(q,z); z l mt im nh khc.
Khong cch Euclide: Khong cch Euclide gia hai im nh p(x, y) v
q(s,t) c nh ngha nh sau:
D
e
(p, q) = [(x - s)
2
+ (y - t)
2
]
1/2

Khong cch khi: Khong cch D
4
(p, q) c gi l khong cch khi th
v c xc nh nh sau:
D
4
(p,q) = | x - s | + | y - t |
Gi tr khong cch gia cc im nh r: gi tr bn knh r gia im nh t
tm im nh n tm im nh q khc.
Khong cch D
8
(p, q) cn gi l khong cch bn c gia im nh p, q c
xc nh nh sau:
D
8
(p,q) = max (| x-s | , | y-t |)


18
1.2. Ton t khng gian vi x l nh
Thng thng nh thu nhn c c nhiu cn phi loi b hay khng sc nt
b m hoc cn lm t cc chi tit nh ng bin nh. Cc ton t khng gian
dng trong k thut tng cng nh c phn nhm theo cng dng: lm trn
nhiu, ni bin. lm trn nhiu hay tch nhiu, ngi ta s dng cc b lc
tuyn tnh (lc trung bnh, thng thp) hay lc phi tuyn (trung v, gi trung v, lc
ng hnh). T bn cht ca nhiu (thng tng ng vi tn s cao) v t c s l
thuyt lc l: b lc ch cho tn hiu c tn s no thng qua do , lc nhiu
ngi ta thng dng lc thng thp (theo quan im tn s khng gian) hay ly t
hp tuyn tnh san bng (lc trung bnh). lm ni cnh (ng vi tn s cao),
ngi ta dng cc b lc thng cao, lc Laplace.
Trc khi xem xt chi tit cc k thut p dng, cn phn bit cc loi nhiu hay
can thip trong qu trnh x l nh. Trn thc t tn ti nhiu loi nhiu, tuy nhin
ngi ta thng xem xt 3 loi nhiu chnh: nhiu cng, nhiu nhn v nhiu xung.
- Nhiu cng
Nhiu cng thng phn b khp nh. Nu gi nh quan st (nh thu c) l
X
qs
, nh gc l X
gc
, nhiu l , nh thu c c th biu din bi:
X
qs
= X
gc
+
- Nhiu nhn
Nhiu nhn thng phn b khp nh v nh thu c s biu din vi cng
thc:
X
qs
= X
gc
*
- Nhiu xung
Nhiu xung thng gy t bin ti mt s im nh.

1.2.1. Lm trn nhiu bng lc tuyn tnh
Do c nhiu loi nhiu can thip vo qu trnh x l nh nn cn c nhiu b
lc thch hp. Vi nhiu cng v nhiu nhn ta dng cc b lc thng thp, trung
bnh v lc ng hnh (Homomorphie), vi nhiu xung ta dng lc trung v, gi
trung v, lc ngoi (Outlier).
19
a) Lc trung bnh khng gian
Vi lc trung bnh, mi im nh c thay th bng trung bnh trng s ca
cc im ln cn v c nh ngha nh sau:


=
W ) l , k (
) l n , k m ( y ) l , k ( a ) n , m ( v
Nu trong k thut lc trn, ta chn cc trng s bng nhau, phng trnh trn
s c dng:


=
W ) l , k (
) l n , k m ( y
N
1
) n , m ( v
Vi : y(m,m): nh u vo
v(m,n): nh u ra
a(k,l): l ca s lc
vi a
k,l
=
N
1
v N
w
l s im nh trong ca s lc W
Lc trung bnh c trng s chnh l thc hin chp nh u vo vi nhn chp
H. Nhn chp H trong trng hp ny c dng:
(
(
(

=
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
9
1
H
Trong lc trung bnh, thng ngi ta u tin cho cc hng bo v bin
ca nh khi b m khi lm trn nh. Cc kiu mt n c s dng ty theo cc
trng hp khc nhau. Cc b lc trn l b lc tuyn tnh theo ngha l im nh
tm ca s s c thay bi t hp cc im ln cn chp vi mt n.
Gi s nh u vo biu din bi ma trn:
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
2 1 6 7 5
1 7 5 7 5
3 8 1 6 6
1 7 1 7 5
1 7 3 7 4
I
nh s thu c bi lc trung bnh Y = HI c dng:
20
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
11 22 33 35 24
22 34 48 48 36
27 34 49 43 36
27 31 46 39 35
16 19 31 26 23
9
1
Y
Lc trung bnh trng s l mt trng hp ring ca lc thng thp.

b) Lc thng thp
Lc thng thp thng c s dng lm trn nhiu. Trong k thut ny
ngi ta s dng mt s nhn chp c dng sau:
H
tl
=
(
(
(

0 1 0
1 2 1
0 1 0
8
1

H
b
=
(
(
(

+
1 b 1
b b b
1 b 1
) 2 b (
1
2
2

Ta d dng nhn thy khi b = 1, H
b
chnh l H
tl
(lc trung bnh). hiu r
hn bn cht kh nhiu cng ca cc b lc ny, ta vit phng trnh thu nhn nh
di dng:
X
qs
[m,n] = X
gc
[m,n] + [m,n]
Trong [m,n] l nhiu cng c phng sai
2
n
. Nh vy, theo cch tnh lc
trung bnh ta c:
| | | |
| |
w
2
n
W l , k
qs
w
W l , k
qs
w
N
) l n , k m ( X
N
1
n , m Y
n , m ) l n , k m ( X
N
1
n , m Y

+ =
+ =

Nh vy, nhiu cng trong nh gim i N
w
ln.

c) Lc ng hnh (Homomorphie Filter)
K thut lc ny hiu qu vi nh c nhiu nhn. Thc t, nh quan st c
21
gm nh gc nhn vi h s nhiu. Gi ) n , m ( X l nh thu c, X(m,n) l nh gc
v (m,n) l nhiu nh vy:
X(m,n) = ) n , m ( X * (m,n)
Lc ng hnh thc hin ly logarit ca nh quan st. Do vy ta c kt qu sau:
Log(X(m, n)) = log( X ( ,m n) ) + log( (m, n))
R rng, nhiu nhn c trong nh s b gim. Sau qu trnh lc tuyn tnh, ta
chuyn v nh c bng php bin i hm e m.

1.2.2. Lm trn nhiu bng lc phi tuyn
Cc b lc phi tuyn cng hay c dng trong k thut tng cng nh.
Trong k thut ny, ngi ta dng b lc trung v, gi trung v, lc ngoi. Vi lc
trung v, im nh u vo s c thay th bi trung v cc im nh cn lc gi
trung v s dng trung bnh cng ca 2 gi tr trung v (trung bnh cng ca max
v min).

a) Lc trung v
Trung v c vit vi cng thc:
v(m,n) = Trungvi(y(m-k,n-l)) vi {k,l} W
K thut ny i hi gi tr cc im nh trong ca s phi xp theo th t
tng hay gim dn so vi gi tr trung v. Kch thc ca s thng c chn sao
cho s im nh trong ca s l l. Cc ca s hay dng l ca s c kch thc
3x3, hay 5x5 hay 7x7. Th d:
Nu y(m) = {2, 3, 8, 4, 2} v ca s W=(-1, 0, 1), nh thu c sau lc trung
v s l:
v(m) = (2, 3, 4, 4, 2).
do :
v[0]= 2 <gi tr bin>; v[1]=Trungvi(2,3,8)=3; v[2]=Trungvi(3,4,8)=4;
v[3]= Trungvi(8,4,2)=4; v[4]= 2 <gi tr bin>.

22
* Tnh cht ca lc trung v:
- Lc trung v l loi lc phi tuyn. iu ny d nhn thy t:
Trungvi(x(m)+y(m)) Trungvi(x(m)) + Trungvi(y(m)).
- C li cho vic loi b cc im nh hay cc hng m vn bo ton phn
gii.
- Hiu qu gim khi s im trong ca s ln hay bng mt na s im trong
ca s. iu ny d gii thch v trung v l (N
w
+1)/2 gi tr ln nht nu N
w
l.
Lc trung v cho trng hp 2 chiu coi nh lc trung v tch c theo tng chiu.

b) Lc ngoi (Outlier Filter)
Gi thit c ngng no cho cc mc nhiu (c th da vo lc xm).
Tin hnh so snh gi tr xm ca mt im nh vi trung bnh s hc 8 ln cn
ca n. Nu sai lch ln hn ngng, im nh ny c coi nh nhiu. Trong
trng hp , thay th gi tr ca im nh bng gi tr trung bnh 8 ln cn va
tnh c. B lc ngoi c th din t bng cng thc sau:
Y(m,n) =

) n , m ( u
) w ( - n) u(m, khi ) w (

vi (w) l trung bnh cng cc im trong ln cn w; l ngng ngoi
Cc ca s tnh ton thng chn l 3x3. Tuy nhin, ca s c th m rng
n 5x5 hay 7x7 m bo tnh tng quan gia cc im nh. Vn quan trng
l xc nh ngng loi nhiu m vn khng lm mt thng tin ca nh.

1.2.3. Lc thng thp, thng cao v lc di thng
Ton t trung bnh khng gian l lc thng thp. Nu h
LP
(m, n) biu din b
lc thng thp.
FIR (Finite Impulse Response) th b lc thng cao h
HP
(m, n) c th c nh
ngha:
h
HP
(m, n) = (m, n) - h
LP
(m, n)
B lc di thng c th nh ngha nh sau:
H
HP
(m, n)= h
L1
(m, n) h
L2
(m, n)
23
vi h
L1
v h
L2
l cc b lc thng thp.
B lc thng thp thng dng lm trn nhiu v ni suy nh. B lc thng
cao dng nhiu trong trch chn bin v lm trn nh, cn b lc di thng c hiu
qu lm ni cnh. V bin s c trnh by k trong cc phn sau. Tuy nhin, d
nhn thy, bin l im c bin thin nhanh v gi tr mc xm theo quan im
v tn s tn hiu. Nh vy, cc im bin ng vi cc thnh phn tn s cao. T ,
c th dng b lc thng cao ci thin nhiu ngha l c th lc cc thnh phn
tn s thp v gi li cc thnh phn tn s cao. V th, lc thng cao thng c
dng lm trn bin trc khi tin thnh cc thao tc vi bin nh. Di y l mt
s mt n dng trong lc thng cao:

(
(
(

1 - 1 - 1 -
1 - 9 1 -
1 - 1 - 1
) 1 (
(
(
(

0 1 - 0
1 - 5 1 -
0 1 - 0
) 2 (
(
(
(

1 2 - 1
2 - 5 2 -
1 2 - 1
) 3 (
Cc nhn chp thng cao c c tnh chung l tng cc h s ca b lc bng
1. Nguyn nhn chnh l ngn cn s tng qu gii hn ca cc gi tr mc xm (cc
gi tr im nh vn gi c gi tr ca n mt cch gn ng khng thay i qu
nhiu vi gi tr thc).

1.3. Tng quan v bin
1.3.1. Bin v cc kiu bin c bn
Cc c trng ca nh thng bao gm cc thnh phn nh: mt xm, phn
b xc sut, phn b khng gian, bin nh. Bin l mt vn ch yu v c bit
quan trng trong phn tch nh v cc k thut phn on nh ch yu da vo bin.
Hin nay c nhiu nh ngha v bin nh v mi nh ngha c s dng
trong mt s trng hp nht nh. Song nhn chung, ta c th hiu l:
Mt im nh c th coi l bin nu c s thay i t ngt v mc xm.
V d: i vi nh en trng, mt im c gi l im bin nu n l im en
c t nht mt im trng bn cnh.
24
Tp hp cc im bin to thnh bin, hay cn gi l ng bao ca nh
(boundary). Chng hn, trong mt nh nh phn, mt im c th c gi l bin
nu y l mt im en v c t nht mt im trng nm trong ln cn im .
Mi mt bin l mt thuc tnh gn lin vi mt im ring bit v c tnh
ton t nhng im ln cn n. l mt bin Vector bao gm hai thnh phn:
- ln ca Gadient.
- Hng c quay i vi hng Gradient .

1.3.1.1 Bin l tng
Vic pht hin bin mt cch l tng l vic xc nh c tt c cc ng
bao trong i tng. Bin l s thay i t ngt v mc xm nn s thay i cp
xm gia cc vng trong nh cng ln th cng d dng nhn ra bin.
Hnh minh ho im nh c s bin i mc xm u(x) mt cch t ngt:







Hnh1.4: ng bin l tng

Mt bin c coi l bin l tng khi m c s thay i cp xm ln gia
cc vng trong nh. Bin ny thng ch xut hin khi c s thay i cp xm qua
mt im nh.

1.3.1.2 Bin dc
Bin dc xut hin khi s thay i cp xm tri rng qua nhiu im nh. V
tr ca cnh c xem nh v tr chnh gia ca ng dc ni gia cp xm thp
v cp xm cao. Tuy nhin y ch l ng dc trong ton hc, t khi nh c k
u
x
25
thut s ho th ng dc khng cn l ng thng m thnh nhng ng lm
chm, khng trn.







Hnh 1.5: ng bin dc

1.3.1.3 Bin khng trn
Trn thc t, nh thng c bin khng l tng, cc im nh trn nh
thng c s thay i mc xm t ngt v khng ng nht, c bit l nh nhiu.
Trong trng hp khng nhiu (bin l tng), bt c mt s thay i cp xm no
cng thng bo s tn ti ca mt bin. Trng hp kh c kh nng xy ra, nh
thng l khng l tng, c th l do cc nguyn nhn sau:
- Hnh dng khng sc nt.
- Nhiu: do mt lot cc yu t nh: kiu thit b nhp nh, cng nh
sng, nhit , hiu ng p sut, chuyn ng, bi, cha chc rng hai im nh
c cng gi tr cp xm khi c nhp li c cng cp xm trong nh. Kt qu
ca nhiu trn nh gy ra mt s bin thin ngu nhin gia cc im nh. S xut
hin ngu nhin ca cc im nh c mc xm chnh lch cao lm cho cc ng
bin dc tr ln khng trn chu m tr thnh cc ng bin g gh, mp m,
khng nhn, y chnh l ng bin trn thc t.
Ngy nay, nhng phng php pht hin bin hin i thng kt hp nhiu
vo trong m hnh ca bi ton v trong qu trnh pht hin bin cng c tnh
n. Cn khi nim v bin nu trn c s dng xy dng cc phng php
pht hin bin trong qu kh, nhng m hnh v cch ny c coi l n gin v
s si.
u
x
26








Hnh1.6: ng bin khng trn

1.3.2. Vai tr ca bin trong nhn dng
ng bin l mt loi c trng cc b tiu biu trong phn tch nhn dng
nh. Ngi ta s dng ng bin lm phn cch cc vng xm (mu) cch bit.
Ngc li, ngi ta cng dng cc vng nh tm ng phn cch.
Nh cp ti phn tng quan v mt h thng nhn dng v x l nh,
qu trnh nhn dng c hai giai on cn thc hin:
- Giai on hc: Cc c im ca i tng mu c lu tr (gi l hc
mu) v tp cc phn t mu c chia thnh cc lp.
- Giai on nhn dng: Khi c i tng cn nhn dng, cc c im ca i
tng s c trch chn v s dng hm quyt nh xc nh i tng cn
nhn dng thuc lp no.
Nh vy, vic nhn dng s chnh xc nu cc c im c trch chn chnh
xc. Trong thc t, cc c im trch chn phc v cho vic nhn dng thng l
cc bt bin [7,8,18,26,30,38,45], bi v vn c bn trong bi ton nhn dng nh
l xc nh cc i tng khng ph thuc vo v tr, kch thc v hng quay.

* C nhiu loi bt bin c trch chn nh:
- Bt bin thng k: Cc m men, lch chun ca tp nh hay cc o
thng k khc khng ph thuc cc php bin i tuyn tnh.
- Bt bin hnh hc: S o kch thc ca cc i tng nh.
u
x
27
- Bt bin t-p: Biu din cc cu trc t-p ca cc nh nh s im nh, s
l hng v.v..
- Bt bin i s: Chu tuyn, phn b ca cc im nh, v.v.. da vo cc vic
t hp cc h s ca a thc m t i tng nh.
Cc bt bin dng trong nhn dng thng c trch chn t bin, xng ca
i tng [3,5,8,18,33,38,39,45,46,48]. Do vy, vic nhn dng c hiu qu hay
khng ph thuc nhiu vo cch biu din hnh dng v m t ca vt th.



28




CHNG II
CC PHNG PHP PHT HIN BIN C IN

Bin l mt phn c bit quan trng trong x l nh, hu nh trc khi s
dng cc thut ton pht hin bin phi tri qua mt bc tin x l, l qu trnh
loi b nhiu. C s ca cc php ton pht hin bin l qu trnh bin i v gi
tr sng ca cc im nh. Ti im bin s c s bin i t ngt v mc xm.
y chnh l c s ca k thut pht hin bin. Xut pht t c s ny, c hai
phng php pht hin bin tng qut, l phng php pht hin bin trc tip
v phng php pht hin bin gin tip.

2.1. Phn loi cc k thut pht hin bin
2.1.1. Phng php pht hin bin trc tip
Phng php pht hin bin ny nhm lm ni bin da vo s bin thin v
gi tr sng ca im nh. K thut ch yu dng pht hin bin y l k thut
o hm.
- Nu ly o hm bc nht ca nh ta c phng php Gradient.
Phng php ny bao gm k thut Gradient v k thut la bn.
- Nu ly o hm bc hai ca nh ta c phng php Laplace.

2.1.2. Phng php pht hin bin gin tip
L qu trnh phn vng da vo php x l kt cu i tng, c th l da
vo s bin thin nh v ng u sng ca cc im nh thuc mt i tng.
Nu cc vng ca nh c xc nh th ng phn ranh gia cc vng chnh l
bin nh cn tm. Vic pht hin bin v phn vng i tng l hai bi ton i
ngu. T pht hin bin ta c th tin hnh phn lp i tng, nh vy l phn
29
vng c nh. V ngc li, khi phn vng c nh ngha l phn lp c
thnh cc i tng, t c th pht hin c bin cn tm.
Tuy nhin, phng php tm bin trc tip thng s dng c hiu qu v t
chu nh hng ca nhiu. Song nu s bin thin sng ca nh l khng cao th
kh c th pht hin c bin, trong trng hp ny vic tm bin theo phng
php trc tip t ra khng t c hiu qu tt. Phng php tm bin gin tip
da trn cc vng, i hi p dng l thuyt v x l kt cu i tng phc tp, v
th kh ci t, song t hiu qu cao khi s bin thin v cng sng l nh.
Trong khun kh bn lun vn ny ta cp nghin cu ch yu phng php
pht hin bin trc tip.

2.1.3. Quy trnh pht hin bin
Bc 1: Do nh ghi c thng c nhiu, bc mt l phi lc nhiu theo cc
phng php tm hiu cc phn trc.
Bc 2: Lm ni bin s dng cc ton t pht hin bin.
Bc 3: nh v bin. Ch rng k thut ni bin gy tc dng ph l gy
nhiu lm mt s bin gi xut hin do vy cn loi b bin gi.
Bc 4: Lin kt v trch chn bin.

2.2. K thut pht hin bin Gradient
K thut Gradient l k thut d bin cc b da vo cc i ca o hm.
y l php ton ly o hm bc nht trong khng gian hai chiu.
Theo nh ngha Gradient l mt vct c cc thnh phn biu th tc thay
i gi tr ca im nh, ta c:
dy
) y , x ( f ) dx y , x ( f
) y ( f
y
) y , x ( f
dx
) y , x ( f ) y , dx x ( f
) x ( f
x
) y , x ( f
+
=

+
=

Trong dx, dy l khong cch gia 2 im k cn theo hng x, y tng ng
(thc t chn dx= dy=1). y l phng php da theo o hm ring bc nht theo
30
hng x, y.
Theo nh ngha v Gradient, nu p dng n vo x l nh, vic tnh ton s
rt phc tp. n gin m khng mt tnh cht ca phng php Gradient, ngi
ta s dng k thut Gradient dng cp mt n H
1
, H
2
trc giao (theo 2 hng vung
gc).
Vic xp x o hm bc nht theo cc hng x v y c thc hin thng
qua 2 mt n nhn chp tng ng s cho ta cc k thut pht hin bin khc nhau.

2.2.1. Pixel difference
y l b lc c bn da theo k thut Gradient, b lc ny p dng phng
thc so snh gia im nh ang xt vi mt im ln cn n (s khc nhau gia
cc im nh). V th mt n c s dng y l hai mt n H
x
v H
y
biu th
theo hai hng dc (mt n theo hng x) v ngang (mt n theo hng y) nh sau:

(
(
(

=
0 0 0
1 1 0
0 0 0
H
x
(
(
(

=
0 0 0
0 1 0
0 1 - 0
H
y
Nh vy k thut pht hin bin theo phng php ny c thc hin nh
sau: S dng php nhn cun di chuyn 2 mt n trn nh cn tm bin sao cho tm
chnh gia ca mt n trng vi im nh ang xt.
ln Gradient ti im (i,j) c tnh theo cng thc:
| |
2
y
2
x
G G ) j , i ( f G + =

gim thi gian tnh ton v phc tp ta c xp x:
G[f(i,j)] G
x
+ G
y

G[f(i,j)] = f(i,j) - f(i+1,j) + f(i,j) - f(i,j-1)
Ta c kt qu tm bin theo k thut ny nh sau:
31
a) nh gc b) nh bin
Hnh 2.1: Bin nh vi Pixel difference

2.2.2. Separated Pixel Difference
y cng l mt b lc c bn da theo k thut Gradient, song b lc ny c
khc mt cht so vi b lc Pixel diference, n so snh s khc nhau gia cc im
nh v y l hai im nh hai bn ca im nh ang xt.
Ton t ny s dng mt n 3 x 3, bao gm hai mt n H
1
(theo chiu x) v
H
2
(theo chiu y) biu th theo hai hng dc v ngang nh sau:

(
(
(

=
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 0 0
H
x
(
(
(

=
0 1 0
0 0 0
0 1 - 0
H
y
S dng php nhn cun di chuyn 2 mt n trn nh cn tm bin sao cho tm
chnh gia ca mt n trng vi im nh ang xt.
Gi tr im nh mi sau khi thc hin Gradient ti im (i,j) c tnh theo
cng thc:
| |
2
y
2
x
G G ) j , i ( f G + =

G[f(i,j)] G
x
+ G
y

G[f(i,j)] = f(i-1,j) - f(i+1,j) + f(i,j+1) - f(i,j-1)
Ta c kt qu tm bin theo k thut ny nh sau:
32
a) nh gc b) nh bin
Hnh 2.2: Bin nh vi Separated Pixel difference

2.2.3. Ton t Robert (1965)
Trong phng php ny hai mt n c s dng nhn xon l H
x
v H
y
.
Phng php ny gn ging vi phng php Pixel difference nhng phng php
ny thc hin theo hai hng -45 v +45 , ch khng theo hai hng x v y.



(

=
0 1
1 - 0
H
x

(

=
1 0
0 1 -
H
y

Chiu di ng bin nh c th rt ra bng cch dng bt k php x l
tuyn tnh no sau y:
2
2
2
1
) j , i ( y ) j , i ( y ) j , i ( y + =
{ }
{ } ) j , i ( y ) j , i ( y ) j , i ( y
) j , i ( y , ) j , i ( y max ) j , i ( y
2 1
2 1
+ =
=

Trong : y
1
(i,j) v y
2
(i,j) l p ng rt ra t mu H
x
v H
y

Cc phn t trong mt n gi l trng s. Di chuyn ln lt cc mt n trn
nh ang xt sao cho phn t u tin ca mt n trng vi phn t (i,j) ang xt
trn nh. T cho ra kt qu ca nh mi theo phng php ny.
Nh vy, ta c kt qu Gradient ti mt im nh (i,j):
y(i,j)= |y(i,j+1)- y(i+1,j)| + |y(i,j)+y(i+1,j+1)|
Kt qu ca ton t Robert sau khi tin hnh tch bin:
33
a) nh gc b) nh bin
Hnh 2.3: Bin nh vi ton t Robert

2.2.4. Ton t Prewitt
Ton t c Prewitt a ra vo nm 1970 c dng:
(
(
(

=
1 0 1 -
2 0 2 -
1 0 1 -
H
x
(
(
(

=
1 2 1
0 0 0
1 - 2 - 1 -
H
x
a) nh gc
b) nh bin
Hnh 2.4: Bin nh vi ton t Prewitt

2.2.5. Ton t (mt n) Sobel
Ton t Sobel c Duda v Hart t ra nm 1973 vi cc mt n tng t
nh ca Robert nhng khc cu hnh:
34

(
(
(

=
1 0 1 -
1 0 1 -
1 0 1 -
H
x
(
(
(

=
1 1 1
0 0 0
1 - 1 - 1 -
H
y
a) nh gc b) nh bin
Hnh 2.5: Bin nh vi ton t Sobel

2.2.6. Ton t Frie-Chen
Phng php Frie-Chen c thit k xp x o hm Gradient ri rc. Mt n
Frie-Chen x l c hnh dng nh sau:
(
(
(

=
1 - 0 1
2 - 0 2
1 - 0 1
H
x
(
(
(

=
1 2 1
0 0 0
1 - 2 - 1 -
H
y
a) nh gc b) nh bin
Hnh 2.6: Bin nh vi ton t Frie-Chen
2.2.7. Ton t Boxcar
35
Mt hn ch chung i vi ton t Gradient l khng c kh nng pht hin
bin trong mi trng nhiu nhiu. iu ny t ra vn lm gim bt bng vic
m rng thm kch thc ca ton t ra cc khu ln cn thng qua vi phn ng
dc.
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
1 - 1 - 1 - 0 1 1 1
1 - 1 - 1 - 0 1 1 1
1 - 1 - 1 - 0 1 1 1
1 - 1 - 1 - 0 1 1 1
1 - 1 - 1 - 0 1 1 1
1 - 1 - 1 - 0 1 1 1
1 - 1 - 1 - 0 1 1 1
H
x

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
H
y

a) nh gc b) nh bin
Hnh 2.7: Bin nh vi ton t Boxcar

2.2.8. Ton t Truncated Pyramid
Abdou a ra tng dng thao tc hnh chp nn ct cho b lc tuyn
tnh. Ton t c a ra ng vi hai chiu x v y nh sau:
36
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
1 - 1 - 1 - 0 1 1 1
1 - 2 - 2 - 0 2 2 1
1 - 2 - 3 - 0 3 2 1
1 - 2 - 3 - 0 3 2 1
1 - 2 - 3 - 0 3 2 1
1 - 2 - 2 - 0 2 2 1
1 - 1 - 1 - 0 1 1 1
H
x

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 2 2 2 2 1
1 2 3 3 3 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 - 2 - 3 - 3 - 3 - 2 - 1 -
1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 -
1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
H
y

a) nh gc b) nh bin
Hnh 2.8: Bin nh vi ton t Truncated Pyramid

2.3. Cc ton t la bn
Trong phng php Gradient, ngi ta chia nh thnh hai k thut (do dng
hai ton t khc nhau). l k thut Gradient v k thut la bn.
- K thut Gradient nh trnh by phn trc, k thut ny dng ton t
Gradient ly o hm theo mt hng.
- K thut la bn dng ton t la bn ly o hm theo tm hng: Bc, nam,
ng , ty, ng bc, ty bc, ng nam, ty nam.
37
Ton t la bn do Gradient da trn s nh gi tt c cc hng c th ca
mt ng bin nh trong mt nh ri rc. Bi vy thay v ch p dng hai mt n
nh cc ton t trong k thut Gradient trn, tm mt n c dng, mi ci
cung cp mt cnh ng bin dc theo mt trong tm hng c th ca vng.
Nh vy, mi im nh u ra l gi tr ln nht trong tm kt qu nhn xon
ca mt n vi ma trn nh. Sau mi ln nhn xon, ta quay mt n ny i mt gc
45
0
ngc chiu kim ng h : 0
0
, 45
0
, 90
0
, 135
0
, 180
0
, 225
0
, 270
0
, 315
0
.

2.3.1 Ton t la bn Kirsh
Php ton ny c xem nh l cc ton t thun nht. N to ra mt s thay
i nh trong Gradient v to ra cc s so snh ln lt nh cc phng php trn.
Cc mt n c s dng nh sau:
H
ng-Bc
=
(
(
(

3 - 3 - 3 -
5 0 3 -
5 5 3 -
H
Bc
=
(
(
(

3 - 3 - 3 -
3 - 0 3 -
5 5 5

H
ng
=
(
(
(

5 3 - 3 -
5 0 3 -
5 3 - 3 -
H
ng-Nam
=
(
(
(

5 5 3 -
5 0 3 -
3 - 3 - 3 -

H
Nam
=
(
(
(

5 5 5
3 - 0 3 -
3 - 3 - 3 -
H
Ty
=
(
(
(

3 - 3 - 5
3 - 0 5
3 - 3 - 5

H
Ty-Nam
=
(
(
(

3 - 5 5
3 - 0 5
3 - 3 - 3 -
H
Ty-Bc
=
(
(
(

3 - 3 - 3 -
3 - 0 5
3 - 5 5

tm ra bin nh, mi im nh c nhn xon vi tt c cc mt n (tm
ca mt n trng vi im nh ang xt). Kt qu ca ton t ti mi im l gi tr
ln nht trong tm kt qu ca vic nhn xon.
K hiu A
i
; i = 1,2,....,8 l Gradient theo 8 hng nh 8 mt n k trn, khi
bin Gradient ti im nh (x,y) c tnh theo:
A(x,y) = Max(g
i
(x,y)) i = 1,2,...,8
38
a) nh gc
b) nh bin
Hnh 2.9: Bin nh vi ton t Kirsh

2.3.2 Ton t la bn Prewitt
Cng ging nh ton t la bn Kirsh, ton t la bn Prewitt a ra cc mt n
nhn cun theo 8 hng khc nhau. Gi tr ln ca im nh mi c thc hin
nh Kirsh. Cc mt n c dng nh sau:
H
ng-Bc
=
(
(
(

1 1 1
1 - 2 - 1
1 - 1 - 1
H
Bc
=
(
(
(

1 1 1
1 2 - 1
1 - 1 - 1 -

H
ng
=
(
(
(

1 - 1 1
1 - 2 - 1
1 - 1 1
H
ng-Nam
=
(
(
(

1 - 1 - 1
1 - 2 - 1
1 1 1

H
Nam
=
(
(
(

1 - 1 - 1 -
1 2 - 1
1 1 1
H
Ty
=
(
(
(

1 1 1 -
1 2 - 1 -
1 1 1 -

H
Ty-Nam
=
(
(
(

1 1 1 -
1 2 - 1 -
1 1 1 -
H
Ty-Bc
=
(
(
(

1 1 1
1 2 - 1 -
1 1 - 1 -

39
a) nh gc
b) nh bin
Hnh 2.10: Bin nh vi ton t la bn Prewitt

2.3.3. Robinson 3 - Level
Cng ging nh cc ton t la bn trn. Robinson 3 - Level c pht trin
t ton t Prewitt. Cc mt n c dng nh sau:
H
ng-Bc
=
(
(
(

1 - 1 - 0
1 - 0 1
0 1 1
H
Bc
=
(
(
(

1 1 1
0 0 0
1 - 1 - 1 -

H
ng
=
(
(
(

1 - 0 1
1 - 0 1
1 - 0 1
H
ng-Nam
=
(
(
(

0 1 1
1 - 0 1
1 - 1 - 0

H
Nam
=
(
(
(

1 - 1 - 1 -
0 0 0
1 1 1
H
Ty
=
(
(
(

1 1 0
1 0 1 -
0 1 - 1 -

H
Ty-Nam
=
(
(
(

1 0 1 -
1 0 1 -
1 0 1 -
H
Ty-Bc
=
(
(
(

0 1 - 1 -
0 1 1
1 1 0

Do tnh i xng nn trong b mt n trn ta ch cn s dng 4 mt n l .
40
a) nh gc b) nh bin
Hnh 2.11: Bin nh vi ton t Robinson 3 - level

2.3.4. Robinson 5 - Level
Ton t Robinson 5 - Level c pht trin t ton t Sobel. Cc mt n c
dng nh sau:
H
ng-Bc
=
(
(
(

2 - 1 - 0
1 - 0 1
0 1 2
H
Bc
=
(
(
(

1 2 1
0 0 0
1 - 2 - 1 -

H
ng
=
(
(
(

1 - 0 1
2 - 0 2
1 - 0 1
H
ng-Nam
=
(
(
(

0 1 2
1 - 0 1
2 - 1 - 0

H
Nam
=
(
(
(

1 - 2 - 1 -
0 0 0
1 2 1
H
Ty
=
(
(
(

2 1 0
1 0 1 -
0 1 - 2 -

H
Ty-Nam
=
(
(
(

2 0 1 -
1 0 2 -
1 0 1 -
H
Ty-Bc
=
(
(
(

0 1 - 2 -
0 1 1 -
2 1 0

Do tnh i xng nn trong b mt n ny ta cng ch cn s dng 4 mt n l
.
41
a) nh gc
b) nh bin
Hnh 2.12: Bin nh vi ton t Robinson 5 - level

2.4. K thut pht hin bin Laplace
khc phc hn ch v nhc im ca phng php Gradient, trong s
dng o hm ring bc nht ngi ta ngh n vic s dng o hm ring bc hai
hay ton t Laplace. Phng php d bin theo ton t Laplace hiu qu hn
phng php ton t Gradient trong trng hp mc xm bin i chm, min
chuyn i mc xm c tri rng.
Ton t Laplace c xc nh nh sau:
2
2
2
2
2
y
f
x
f
f

=
Ton t Laplace dng mt s kiu mt n khc nhau nhm tnh gn ng o
hm ring bc hai. Cc dng mt n theo ton t Laplace bc 3x3 c th:
) 1 y , x ( f ) 1 y , x ( f ) y , x ( f 2
y
f
) y , 1 x ( f ) y , 1 x ( f ) y , x ( f 2
x
f
2
2
2
2
+ =

+ =

) 1 y , x ( f ) y , 1 x ( f ) 1 y , x ( f ) y , 1 x ( f ) y , x ( f 4
y
f
x
f
f
2
2
2
2
2
+ + =

=
T ta a ra c mt n nhn chp ca phng php o hm bc hai. Kt
qu ny cho ra mt n th ba gi l phng php Four - neighbor Laplace (s dng
bn lng ging).
42
Ton t Laplace dng nhiu kiu mt n khc nhau xp x ri rc o hm
bc hai. Di y l ba kiu mt n hay dng:
H
1
=
(
(
(

0 1 - 0
1 - 4 1 -
0 1 - 0
H
2
=
(
(
(

1 - 1 - 1 -
1 - 8 1 -
1 - 1 - 1 -
H
3
=
(
(
(

1 2 - 1
2 - 4 2 -
1 2 - 1

Gi s c nh I, khi tm bin nh bng cch ly o hm bc 2 ca nh I
(phng php Laplace) ngha l nhn cun nh I vi mt trong 3 mt n trn:
I
kq
= I H
Kt qu m phng c th hin nh hnh sau:

a) nh gc
b) nh bin
Hnh 2.13: Bin nh vi k thut Laplace

Tuy nhin kt qu thc nghim cho thy, do thc hin phng php o hm
bc hai cho nn kt qu rt nhy cm vi nhiu, khc phc nhc im ny
ngi ta m rng ton t Laplace. Dng hm Gauss gim nhiu cho nh (lm
trn nh).
* Phng php Laplace of Gauss:




Hnh 2.14: B lc Laplace of Gauss

Smooth

Laplacian
O(x,y) I(x,y)
43
Phng php ny thc hin nh sau:
- Lm trn nh vi b lc Gauss
- Tm im ct khng (p dng b lc Laplace)
nh kt qu:
)) y , x ( G * ) y , x ( I ( ) y , x ( O
2
=
- Hm Gauss:
+ Trong 1D
2
2
2
x
-
e (x) g

=
o hm bc nht ca Gauss:
2
2
2
2
2
x
2
2
x
2
e
x
xe 2
2
1
- (x) ' g

=
o hm bc nht ca Gauss:
g"(x) =
2
2
2
x
3
2
e )
1 x
(

+ Trong 2D:
g(x,y) =
2
2 2
2
y x
e
2
1

+

log

=
2
2 2
2
y x
2
2 2
4
e
2
y x
1
1

+

Qu trnh thc hin:
Bc 1: Lm trn nh
gim bt nhiu cho nh, ta tin hnh lm trn nh bng b lc Gauss. Vic
lm trn nh c thc hin bng cch tin hnh nhn xon nh vi b lc Gauss.
S = I * g(x,y) = g(x,y) * I
B lc Gauss c th c xp x l cc b lc vi kch thc ma trn khc
nhau vi cc khc nhau.
Nh vy thc hin bc 1: Ta tin hnh nhn xon nh cn x l vi b
lc Gauss ging nh cch thc nhn xon ca cc ton t ta thc hin trn. Kt
qu sau khi tin hnh bc ny nh c lm trn. iu ny c bit c tc dng tt
44
vi nh nhiu, bc ny lm m i nh cn x l, ngha l cc im nhiu cng b
lm m i trong khi nhng cnh chnh th vn tn ti.
Bc 2: Tin hnh o hm bc hai
Kt qu nhn c bc 1 l nh sau khi lm trn loi b bt c
nhiu. thc hin phng php Laplace of Gauss, ta tin hnh o hm bc hai
kt qu bc 1. Vic o hm kt qu ny tng t nh vic ta tin hnh nhn
xon nh kt qu bc 1 vi mt mt n nhn xon c tnh ton t phng
php Laplace.

o hm bc 2 theo hng x o hm bc 2 theo hng y

2
S = S
x
2
2

+ S
y
2
2

2
S =
2
(g* I) = (
2
g)* I

2
g =
2
2 2
2
y x
2
2 2
3
e
2
y x
2
2
1

+

Song bc th nht ta tin hnh nhn nh vi b lc Gauss, nn y ta ch
phi o hm nh S (khng s dng cng thc o hm Gauss). V vy, ta tin hnh
nhn nh sau khi lm trn vi mt trong ba mt n nhn xon ca Laplace.

a) nh gc b) nh bin
Hnh 2.15: Bin nh vi k thut Laplace of Gauss

45




CHNG III
CC PHNG PHP PHT HIN BIN NNG CAO

3.1. Phng php Canny
Phng php ny do John Canny phng th nghim MIT khi xng vo
nm 1986. Canny a mt tp hp cc rng buc m mt phng php pht hin
bin phi t c. ng trnh by mt phng php ti u nht thc hin
c cc rng buc . V phng php ny c gi l phng php Canny.

3.1.1. C s l thuyt thut ton
tng thut ton: tng ca phng php ny l nh v ng v tr bng
cch cc tiu ho phng sai
2
ca v tr cc im ct "Zero" hoc hn ch s im
cc tr cc b ch to ra mt ng bao.
Cc rng buc m phng php pht hin bin Canny thc hin c l:
mc li, nh v v hiu sut. Trong :
- Mc li: c ngha l mt phng php pht hin bin ch v phi tm tt c
cc bin, khng bin no c tm b li.
- nh v: iu ny ni n chnh lch cp xm gia cc im trn cng
mt bin phi cng nh cng tt.
- Hiu sut: l lm sao cho khi tch bin khng c nhn ra nhiu bin trong
khi ch c mt bin tn ti.
Rng buc mc li v nh v c dng nh gi cc phng php pht
hin bin. Cn rng buc v hiu sut th tng ng vi mc li dng.
Canny gi thit rng nhiu trong nh tun theo phn b Gauss v ng thi
ng cng cho rng mt phng php pht hin bin thc cht l mt b lc nhn
xon c kh nng lm mn nhiu v nh v c cnh. Vn l tm mt b lc sao
46
cho tho mn ti u nht cc rng buc trn.
Di y l vic xy dng mt b lc ti u f c xp x bng o hm.
B lc f c gi thit f=0 ngoi on (-w,+ w). Ba rng buc trn tng ng
vi ba iu kin nh sau:
0
n
w
w
2
0
w
dx ) x ( f
dx ) x ( f A
SNR

=
Localization =
0
n
w
w
2
dx f
) 0 ( f A

X
zc
=

|
|
.
|

\
|

dx ) x ( ' f
dx ) x ( f
2
2

Trong :
SNR: (mc li) nhm tm mt hm f(x) phn i xng sao cho t s gia tn
hiu v nhiu l cc i.
Cc gi tr Localization i din cho nghch o chnh lch mc xm gia cc
im trong cng mt bin v cng ln cng tt.
X
ZC
: rng buc ny nhm hn ch im cc tr cc b vi mc ch cung cp
ch mt ng bao.
Canny c gng tm ra b lc f lm cc i tch: SNR * Localization. Nhng
cui cng th mt s sp x c hiu qu ca f li chnh l o hm bc nht ca hm
Gauss.
Khi G c o hm theo c hai hng x v y. S xp x vi b lc ti u
ca thut ton pht hin bin Canny chnh l G v do vy, bng php nhn xon
nh vo vi G ta thu c nh E c tch bin ngay c trong trng hp nh
c nhiu nhiu.
Php nhn xon thc hin mt cch d dng trong khi vic tnh ton kh phc
47
tp, c bit l nhn xon vi mng hai chiu. Tuy nhin mt php nhn xon vi
mng hai chiu Gauss c th c chia thnh hai php nhn xon vi mt n Gauss
mt chiu. Vic vi phn cng c th c thc hin bng php nhn xon mng
mt chiu to nn hai nh: nh mt l vic nhn xon thnh phn ca x vi mng
mt chiu, nh hai l vic nhn xon thnh phn ca y.

3.1.2. Hot ng ca thut ton
a)Thut ton
Thut ton c tin hnh qua bn bc c bn sau:
- c nh I cn x l: tin hnh lm trn nh bng cch nhn xon nh vi b
lc Gauss.
- o hm bc nht kt qu trn theo hai hng x v y:
iu ny tng ng vi vic nhn xon nh kt qu bc 1 theo hai hng
(x v y) vi mt b lc da trn o hm bc nht (cc b lc ca k thut
Gradient).
T a ra kt qu o hm nh sau khi tin hnh nhn xon vi Gauss.
- Cho nh kt qu bc trn tin hnh Non-maximum Suppression Ngha
l loi b bt cc im cnh (loi b bt nhiu), ch gi li im c mc xm cao.
- Tin hnh thc hin p dng ngng (ngng cao v ngng thp) loi
b mt s cnh xu.

b) Gii thch thut ton
Bc th nht : Tin hnh lm trn nh
bc ny chng ta tin hnh nhn nh vi b lc Gauss. Cch thc tin hnh
ging nh tin hnh Laplace of Gauss
Bc th hai: Tin hnh o hm kt qu bc 1
Sau khi lm trn nh nh bc 1 (nhn nh vi b lc Gauss) ta tin hnh o
hm bc nht kt qu . Kt qu o hm S l o hm ca tch nh I v hm Gauss
(x,y). iu ny tng ng vi o hm ca hm Gauss sau nhn vi nh I.
I * ) g ( ) I * g ( S = =
48
Vi:
(

=
(
(
(
(

=
y
x
g
g
y
g
x
g
g
Nh vy, kt qu nh bc hai chnh l s tng hp ca o hm ca Gauss
theo hng x nhn vi nh I v o hm ca Gauss theo hng y nhn vi nh I.
Ngha l ta c th o hm hm Gauss theo hai hng ri mi tin hnh nhn
xon vi nh thay v nhn xon nh vi hm Gauss ri mi o hm.
C th minh ho nh sau o hm hm Gauss theo hai hng x v y nh sau:










Hnh 3.1: o hm hm Gauss theo hai hng (x,y)

Nh vy cch thc thc hin bc th hai nh sau:
Sau khi tin hnh nhn xon nh I vi b lc Gauss bc 1 ta c mt nh
mi S c lm trn. Tin hnh thc hin bc hai bng cch ly o hm nh mi
theo hai hng x v y ri tng hp kt qu li.
g(x,y)
g
x
(x,y)
g
y
(x,y)
49
Nh bit, phng php Gradient l phng php d bin cc b da vo
cc i ca o hm, chnh l phng php o hm bc nht. Chnh v vy ta c
th thc hin vic o hm bc 2 bng cch nhn nh kt qu S bc 1 vi cc
mt n trong phng php Gradient da theo cc ton t nh Sobel, Pixel
Difference.
y ta tin hnh nhn xon nh S vi hai mt n ca phng php Sobel
theo hai hng x v y nh sau:
H
x
=
(
(
(

1 - 0 1
2 - 0 2
1 - 0 1
H
y
=
(
(
(

1 - 2 - 1 -
0 0 0
1 2 1

Sau khi tin hnh nhn xon nh theo hai hng x v y ta c hai nh theo
hai hng l S
x
v S
y
, ta tin hnh tng hp hai kt qu cho ra kt qu cui
cng S':
S' = ) S S (
2
y
2
x
+
Hng ca bin nh sau:
x
y 1
S
S
tan

=
nh S tm c l kt qu ca bc th hai.
Bc th 3: Tin hnh Non-maximum Suppression
Tc l loi b mt s cnh d tha: i vi mi im nh trn nh S ta tin
hnh so snh gi tr ca im vi gi tr ca hai im ln cn im . Hai im
ln cn ny l hai im nm trn ng thng cha hng ca ng bin .
Cng thc tnh hng ca ng bin nm bc 2.
Gi s ta c im bin ang xt l ti v tr (x,y), ta c 8 im bin ln cn
im bin ny nh hnh di:
50




(x-1,y-1)
(x,y-1)
(x+1,y-1)
(x-1,y) (x,y) (x+1,y)

(x-
1,y+1)
(x,y+1)
(x+1,y+1)



Hnh 3.2: Hnh m t cc im bin ln cn

Ti im bin ta tin hnh tnh gi tr gc ca hng ng bin . Nu
hng ca ng bin 22.5
0
hoc > 157.5
0
th t gi tr ca = 0
0
v khi
hai im bin ln cn im bin ny ti v tr (x-1, y) v (x+1, y)
Tng t ta c kt qu hai im bin ln cn theo cc hng bin khc nhau
nh bng di y:
Gi tr Phng hng im nh
22,5
0
hoc > 157,5
0
= 0
0
(x-1,y) (x+1,y)
22,5
0
< 67,5
0
= 45
0
(x-1,y-1) (x+1,y+1)
67,5
0
< 112,5
0
= 90
0
(x-1,y-1) (x+1,y-1)
112,5
0
< 157,5
0
= 135
0
(x,y+1) (x,y-1)

Ta tin hnh thc hin:
- Ti mi im nh ta tin hnh tnh ton hng ca ng bin, sau so
-67,5
0
-112,5
0
-157,5
0
-22,5
0
x

y
22,5
0
67,5
0
112,5
0
157,5
0
51
snh kt qu tm ra hai im bin ln cn.
- So snh gi tr im nh ang xt vi hai im bin trn:
Nu im nh ny l ln nht th gi li im bin ny (nh du im bin
ny), ngc li nu n nh hn mt trong hai im bin ln cn th im bin ny b
loi i (cho gi tr im bin ny bng 0)
Ta c kt qu nh sau khi loi i mt s im bin khng ph hp, Lc
ny s lng bin trn nh nhn thy s t i. iu ny c bit c gi tr tt loi
b mt s bin d tha c bit vi nh c nhiu nhiu.
Bc th t : Tin hnh p dng ngng:
Sau khi tin hnh bc 3 ta tin hnh p dng ngng: s dng hai ngng,
ngng cao T
h
v ngng thp T
l
.
Nhng im bin c nh du (khng b loi) ta tip tc tin hnh p dng
ngng cao v ngng thp:
- Xt im nh I ti v tr (x,y)
- So snh I(x,y) vi hai ngng T
h
v T
l

+ Nu I(x,y) T
h
: nh du v gi li im bin ny (t gi tr bng 1)
+ Nu I(x,y) < T
l
: Loi b im bin ny (t gi tr bng 0)
+ Nu T
l
I(x,y) < T
h
: ta tin hnh so snh gi tr I(x,y) vi gi tr ca cc
ca 8 im ln cn :
Nu mt trong 8 im ln cn c gi tr > T
h
: Tin hnh nh du v gi li
im bin ny.
Ngc li: Loi b im bin ny (t gi tr bng 0)
Sau y l kt qu sau khi thc hin phng php pht hin bin Canny:
52

a) nh gc b) nh bin
Hnh 3.3: Bin nh theo phng php Canny

3.2. Phng php Shen - Castan
Shen v Castan c cng quan im vi Canny v mt mu chung trong vic
tch cc ng bin. l: nhn xon nh vi mt mt n lm mn, sau tm ra
im bin. Tuy nhin trong nhng phn tch ca h li to ra mt hm khc ti
u, l vic xut cc tiu ho hm sau trong khng gian mt chiu:
) 0 ( f
dx ) x ( f . dx ) x ( f 4
C
4
0
2 '
0
2
2
N


=
Ni mt cch khc l hm m lm cc tiu trn l b lc mn ti u cho vic
tch bin. Tuy nhin, Shen v Castan li khng cp n vic thut ton s nhn
ra c nhiu cnh trong khi ch c mt cnh tn ti.

3.2.1. Xy dng b lc ti u
Hm lc ti u c a ra l b lc s m i xng v cng Infinite
Symmetric Exponential Filter (ISEF)
x
e
2
p
) x ( f =

Shen - Castan cho rng b lc ny em li t l gia tn hiu v nhiu tt hn
b lc ca Canny v cung cp s nh v tt hn. iu ny c th l ng bi v
trong thut ton Canny b lc ti u bng xp x o hm ca b lc Gauss, trong
53
khi Shen v Castan li s dng b lc ti u mt cch trc tip, hoc c th do
nhng tiu chun ti u m Canny xut khng c tnh thc t. Tuy nhin Shen -
Castan li khng a ra tiu chun p ng, nn rt c th phng php ca h
s sinh ra nhiu v lm m bin.
Trong khng gian hai chiu, ISEF l :
f(x,y) = a.e
-p(|x| + |y|)

Hm lc ny l hm thc lin tc. Cng thc ny c th c p dng vo nh
theo cch tng t lm vi o hm ca b lc Gauss, nh l lc theo hng x
v theo hng y. Tuy nhin Shen-Castan ci tin thm mt bc khi a ra b
lc ca h nh mt hm lc quy mt chiu.
Trong trng hp khng lin tc, hm hc c dng:
| |
b 1
b ) b 1 (
j , i f
y x
+

=
+

vi b l tham s lc (0<b<1)
nhn xon mt nh cng vi hm lc ny th vic lc quy c lm
trc to r(i,j)
| | | | | | M ... 1 i , N ... 1 j , 1 j , i by j , i I
b 1
) b 1 (
j , i y
1 1
= = +
+

=
| | | | | |
| | | | | | j , i y j , i y j , i r
M ... 1 i , N ... 1 j , 1 j , i by j , i I
b 1
) b 1 (
b j , i y
2 1
1 2
+ =
= = + +
+

=

Cng vi cc iu kin sau:
| |
| |
| | 0 1 M , i y
0 0 , i y
0 0 , i I
2
1
= +
=
=

Sau vic lc c thc hin theo hng y v nhng tnh ton trn r(i,j) s
to ra kt qu y(i,j)
| | | | | | M ... 1 i , N ... 1 j , j , 1 i by j , i I
b 1
) b 1 (
j , i y
1 1
= = +
+

=
54
| | | | | |
| | | | | | j , i y j , i y j , i y
M ... 1 i , N ... 1 j , j , 1 i by j , i I
b 1
) b 1 (
b j , i y
2 1
1 2
+ =
= = + +
+

=

Cng vi cc iu kin sau:
| |
| |
| | 0 j , 1 N y
0 j , 0 y
0 j , 0 I
2
1
= +
=
=

S dng lc quy lm tng tc nhn xon ln nhiu.
Sau khi nhn c nh lc, vn t ra l phi pht hin c cc im bin.
Bin c nhn dng bng vic tm cc giao im khng trong o hm bc hai
(ca ton t Laplace), nhng im nh tai v tr ny c nh du.
Giao im khng ti im nh P c ngha rng hai im lng ging i nhau
qua giao im khng c tn hiu khc nhau. V d, nu bin i qua P l dc th im
nh bn tri P s c tn hiu khc so vi im nh bn phi P. V th, c 4 trng
hp kim tra l: trn/di, tri/ phi v hai ng cho. S kim tra ny c
thc hin bng hm Zezo-cross. Sau qu trnh phn ngng c thc hin.

3.2.2. Hot ng ca thut ton
a) Thut ton
Da trn nhng phn tch trn, ta c th a ta mt thut ton pht hin bin
Shen-Castan gm cc bc x l nh sau:
1. c nh t tp x l
2. Lc nh bng phng php lc quy
3. Tm cc giao im khng sau khi p dng ton t Laplace
4. Thc hin qu trnh phn ngng

b) Gii thch thut ton
c nh cn x l, ri tin hnh lc nh theo bc 2 bng quy hm ISEF.
Vic lc c thc hin theo chiu dc v c theo chiu ngang, gi tr b l tham s
lc v c nhp bi ngi s dng.
55
tm ra c bin nh (bc th 3) ta p dng ton t Laplace ri tm cc
giao im khng. Tuy nhin theo Shen-Castan th s xp x ton t Laplace c th
thu c mt cch nhanh chng bng vic ly nh gc tr i nh c lm mn
v to nh nh phn. Nu S l nh lc v I l nh gc, ta c:
| | | | | | | | j , i f . . j , i I
a 4
1
j , i I j , i S
2
2

nh kt qu B=S-I c nh phn ho bng cch t cc im c gi tr
dng trong nh B l 1 v cc im khc l 0, cc im nm trn ng bin gia
cc vng c th c coi l nhng im cnh.
Tuy nhin, ta c th nng cao cht lng vic nhn dng cc im bin bng
cc phng php khc nhau nh:
- Phng php loi b giao im khng li.
Phng php ny tng ng vi nonmax_suppress trong Canny: ti mi
im c coi l bin, o hm bc hai ti im ny s l giao im khng. Tc l
Gradient ti im hoc l Max hoc Min. Nu ly du o hm bc hai thay i
t (+) sang (-) th giao im khng l giao im khng m, gi thit rng nhng
giao im khng dng s c Gradient dng, nhng giao im khng m s c
Gradient m. Tt c cc giao im khng khc u l sai v khng c coi l im
bin.
- Bc th t trong thut ton l phn ngng: p dng phn ngng tr
tng t nh trong thut ton ca Canny
a) nh gc b) nh bin
Hnh 3.4: Bin nh theo phng php Shen-Castan
56
3.3. Pht hin bin da vo Wavelet
Phng php ny s dng bin i Wavelet ri rc (DWT) phn tch nh
thnh nhiu nh c c im v xp x. Xp x ging nh nh gc, theo t l , hnh
3.5.

Hnh 3.5: Dng DWT cho bin i Neurite.

Xem hnh 3.5 cho thy, c im nh cha thng tin bin. Ngoi ra xp x
cha nhiu thng tin bin hn. Cu hi t ra: Ti sao khng dng xp x nh l nh
v p dng quy DWT hai hoc ba ln, bi xp x cng cha thng tin bin, ta p
dng quy DWT cho su mc phn gii. K thut ni tri nht l a phn gii.
Trong :
output[n] =

=
1 M
0 m
input[n-m] x coefficient[m]
u vo s thng bo, n c th tnh ton vi php nhn v php cng. B lc
lin quan vi mi h s tha mn tiu chun khi phc li y . l, b lc hin
ti hy b bit hiu v khng chia t l cn.
Hng tn hiu bin i chm l duy tr trong knh qua b lc mc thp, trong
khi mt s bin i nhanh l tun theo knh qua b lc mc cao. Bin trong nh
xut hin nh s bin i t ngt, v vy lc ny quy trnh l ring bit, tn hiu c
th khi phc li bi s bin i. Xp x ging nh nh gc, khi ta b sung thm
ni dung, ta quay li ni ta bt u.
57
Vi bin i 2-D, ta c th lc theo hng, thnh hai nh ph tng t, mi
phn l na nh gc. Chiu cao nh nh gc nhng nh ph c rng bng na.
Ta lc nh ph b lc thp v cao dc theo ct, to ra hai nh na thnh bn nh
ph. Ta gn nhn kt qu nh ph t tiu chun ca DWT l LL(xp x), LH, HL v
HH, theo b lc dng to ra nh ph. V d, KL ngha l ta s dng qua b lc cao
theo hng v qua b lc thp theo ct, c th c th lp li vi LL, ta lm vi su
tiu chun, kim tra phng php, c im vi tiu chun tip theo l mt n bn
kch thc ca tiu chun lin trc. Quan st hnh 3.7 l mt hnh ph l tm c
bin ngang, trong khi cn tm mt bin dc na v c im cui nh ph l ng
cho, ta kt hp ba c im nh ph ca mi tiu chun xy dng ton b c
im nh cho tiu chun. Thc hin vic ng dng cha ni dung nh mang li cho
ta ng bin tt ca i tng ni dung nh.
D liu th hin hnh 3.5 bin i t quan st nh ph. Trc ng dng
DWT d liu l khng r rng, khng thay i mc xm th ta thng dng chun
lnh gn gi tr im nh nh hnh 3.6 v hnh 3.7. Mu en miu t nm lnh
chun t gi tr trung bnh v mu trng dng cho gi tr cn li.

Hnh 3.6: Bin nh ca mt hp n

Hnh 3.7: Bin nh con ch nm bc thang
58
Qua thc nghim ta thy rng nm lch chun cung cp kt qu tt, nhng
im nh trong phm vi ln tng ng vi c im nh ph trong tr s ln. Nh
vy, lch chun c gi li phm vi ln.
Khi dng DWT, mt s sng c chn (Ta thay i sng n bng
thay i h s b lc). nh gc nhm mc ch l thc thi DWT v t l lin quan
d tm bin, sau dng sng Daubechies v tm kt qu tt nht, ngoi ra ta s
dng sng Biorthogonal. Bi vy, ta s dng Wavelet h s 4 Daubechies v
Wavelet Biorthogonal.
Bi v vic bin i sng s dng nhiu gii php, cng c cc gii php kt
hp c la chn tm ra gi tr thc ca phng php. iu ny dng nh rt
t nhin tng hp kt qu u ra t nhiu tiu chun. Mt phng php tm ra
bn n-kind: v d thng qua hng ngang, gi 6 tiu chun v tm nhiu hn (n)
hoc trong trng hp ny thng thng l 2 hoc 3 im nh. Nh vy s thu c
bin r nt, hnh 3.8 v hnh 3.9 ch ra kt qu ca phng php ny.



Hnh 3.8: S dng 3 tiu chun cho nh con ch nm bc thang.
59

Hnh 3.9: S dng 3 tiu chun cho nh ca Filopodia

Mt phng php khc c kim nghim th lin kt t ng trong
phng php ny cc bin r nt trong mi nh c phng i, cho php t ng
nhn dng cc vng cn thit. Hnh 3.9, 3.10, 3.11 minh ha nh kt qu t vic kt
hp ba tiu chun s dng lin kt t ng. Phng php ny a ra hu ht cc kt
qu trong cc nh. Bi v sng c phn li trong t nhin, s cc tiu chun c
gii quyt mt cch ph hp. Trong thc nghim, tiu chun u tin cha nhiu
thng tin chi tit nhng ch mt s t c s dng, tiu chun th 2 v th 3 dng
nh ch ph hp ring vi ng dng, t khi chng cha cc thng tin chi tit th n
cha cp ti hu ht cc thay i nh.


Hnh 3.10: S dng lin kt t ng trong nh hp n.
60

Hnh 3.11: S dng lin kt t ng trong nh con ch nm bc thang


Hnh 3.12: S dng lin kt t ng trong ca Filopodia

Thc t, cng vic l bin i DWT thnh 6 tiu chun tuy nhin ch cn 3
tiu chun l . Mi nh c chn c mt nguyn nhn khc nhau, hnh chic hp
n, n c chn bi v thng v phng. N cng c s dng kim tra kt
qu m ngun thc hin c ng v chnh xc khng. Hn na nh hp n a ra
ng bin chnh xc, c hai nh ny c xy dng bi chng trnh. nh hp
n v nh kt qu c kch c 640 x 480 pixel. Khi mt tiu chun ca DWT a ra
4 nh con c chiu cao v chiu rng bng mt na ca tiu chun bn trn, kch c
ph hp ca nh con l 20 x15 ti 6 tiu chun. nh tip theo con ch trn bc
61
thang c chn v n bng v chi tit. ng bin chnh xc ca nh c to
bng tay. nh ny c kch c l 256 x256 v kch c ph hp ca nh con ti 6 tiu
chun l 8 x8.
Hin thi php o c thc hin thng dng cho mt nh. Mt nh sinh vt
hc a ra nh tr li chnh xc. Trong nh ny ch c filopodia ph hp c
th hin. nh tr li c kch thc l 480 x 640 pixel.
Trong tt c cc nh c s dng bi 6 tiu chun th cc thng tin hu ch
l nh m hon chnh. Trn thc t, ta tm thy bng thc nghim kt qu tt ch
bng ba tiu chun u tin. Thng tin bin dng nh l tn hiu ca nhng bin
i chnh trong nh n c a ra trong cc tiu chun trc .




62




CHNG IV
MT S NHN XT V NH GI
CC PHNG PHP PHT HIN BIN

c c nhng nh gi mt cch khch quan, c nhng minh chng c
th bng hnh nh, t cc phng php pht hin bin trnh by ta tin hnh ci
t chng trnh th nghim cc phng php pht hin bin. Trn c s a ra
cc nhn xt nh gi v phng php trnh by trong lun vn.
Bng cch tm hiu nhng li m thut ton pht hin bin c th mc phi ta
c th rt ra phng php pht hin bin ph hp nht. Thng thng nhng li m
mt thut ton pht hin bin c th phm phi l:
Li m: Mt thut ton pht hin bin c th khng thng bo mt cnh trong
khi n tn ti.
Li dng: Mt thut ton pht hin bin c th thng bo v mt cnh trong
khi n khng tn ti. iu ny c th do nhiu hoc do vic thit k thut ton s
si hoc do qu trnh phn ngng.
V th v tr ca mt im bin c th b nhm.
Sau y s l nh gi v mt s phng php pht hin bin da theo cc kt
qu thc nghim:

4.1. Phng php pht hin bin da vo k thut Gradient
Cc phng php s dng trong k thut Gradient ging nhau v cch thc
thc hin song cc ton t dng nhn xon li khc nhau.
So snh cc kt qu t cc phng php:
K thut ny s dng nhiu ton t o hm khc nhau vi cc kch thc ma
trn khc nhau.
63
a) nh gc khng nhiu b) nh gc nhiu

c) Kt qu pht hin bin vi Pixel Difference

d) Kt qu pht hin bin vi Separated Pixel Difference

e) Kt qu pht hin bin vi Robert
64

f) Kt qu pht hin bin vi Sobel

g) Kt qu pht hin bin vi Prewitt

h) Kt qu pht hin bin vi Frie -Chen

i) Kt qu pht hin bin vi Boxcar
65

j) Kt qu pht hin bin vi Truncated-Pyramid
Hnh 4.1: Hnh m phng kt qu tm bin theo k thut Gradient

Qua hnh nh kt qu m phng trn ta thy:
- Phng php Pixel Difference: Phng php ny cho kt qu xu nht trong
cc kt qu.
y l phng php pht hin bin c bn nht trong cc phng php. Do
ma trn dng nhn xon trong phng php ny c kch thc nh v i vi
mi im nh ch s dng trung bnh cc b ca im vi hai im ln cn (mt
theo hng x v mt theo hng y). Chnh v th m phng php ny cho kt qu
km.
- Phng php Robert: Cng ging nh phng php pht hin bin Pixel
Difference, phng php ny cng s dng ma trn nhn xon nh, song cho kt
qu tt hn phng php trn l do phng php ny nhn xon nh vi hai ma trn
theo hai hng +45
0
v -45
0
(hai ng cho ca ma trn 2*2). Ngha l gi tr ti
mi im nh s l kt qu trung bnh cc b ca bn im nh (im nh v 3
im ln cn).
V th, phng php pht hin bin ny cho kt qu tt hn phng php pht
hin bin Pixel Difference.
Phng php pht hin bin Separated Pixel Difference cho kt qu tt hn
phng php Pixel Difference. Cng ging nh phng php Pixel Difference,
nhng phng php ny s dng hai im ln cn.
- Cc phng php pht hin bin nh Sobel, Prewitt, Frie-chen cho kt qu
66
tng i nh nhau v tt hn ba phng php trn. Ba phng php ny s dng
mt n 3* 3 nhn xon.
- Tuy nhin cc phng php va nu trn (Robert, Pixel, Sobel...) u cho
kt qu khng tt i vi nh nhiu. Cn phng php Boxcar v Truncated
Pyramid li cho kt qu rt tt i vi nh nhiu.
Nhng i vi nh t nhiu (khng nhiu) th hai phng php pht hin bin
ny li cho kt qu khng c tt lm .
Hai phng php Boxcar v Truncated Pyramid s dng mt n nhn cun l
7*7. y l ma trn tng i ln, mt im nh phi xt n 48 im ln cn n.
Chnh v th m i vi nh khng nhiu th s lng cc bin trong nh s tng
ln, bin nhn thy thng ln hn bnh thng v ta thng thy nh nho i. Cn
i vi nh c nhiu th chnh nh xt n 48 im nh ln cn im nh ang xt
m cc im nhiu b lm m i, do m nh thu c t phng php ny cho
kt qu rt tt, cc im nhiu b loi bt.
- Tuy nhin, mi phng php c nhng u v nhc im ring.
Mc d phng php Robert, Pixel Difference.. cho kt qu khng tt nhng
li th ca n li l c tc x l nhanh.
Cn hai phng php Boxcar v Truncated Pyramid th cho kt qu tt vi
nh nhiu nhng li c tc x l chm hn.
Chnh v vy tu iu kin cht lng nh u vo, tu yu cu v cht lng
hay tc x l m ta c s la chn cc phng php pht hin bin ph hp.

4.2. Phng php o hm bc nht v phng php o hm bc hai
So snh s khc nhau ca phng php o hm bc nht (Sobel) v phng
php o hm bc hai (Laplace) ta c:
nh di y bao gm mt nh tt (c th coi l khng nhiu), v mt nh
b nhiu.
67
a) nh gc khng nhiu b) nh gc nhiu

c) Kt qu pht hin bin vi Pixel Difference

d) Kt qu pht hin bin vi Sobel

e) Kt qu pht hin bin vi Four - Neighbor Laplace
68

f)Kt qu pht hin bin vi Eight - Neighbor Laplace
Hnh 4.2: Bin nh theo o hm bc nht v bc hai

nhn xt s khc nhau ca hai phng php, i vi o hm bc nht ta
chn kt qu ca phng php Pixel Difference (l phng php cho kt qu km
nht trong cc phng php o hm bc nht) v Sobel (l phng php cho kt
qu rt tt trong phng php o hm bc nht), cn i vi phng php o hm
bc hai th ta s dng hai kt qu ca Four - Neighbor Laplace v Eight-neighbor
Laplace.
* i vi nh khng nhiu:
- Cc kt qu c hai phng php cho kt qu tng i tt. Tuy nhin c
hai phng php c s khc nhau. Cc bin pha ngoi, sng thay i r nt th
phng php Gradient lm vic kh tt, cn bin pha bn trong, mc xm thay
i chm, min chuyn tip tri rng th phng php o hm bc hai cho bin r
nt hn.
- Ngoi ra, ta nhn thy nh kt qu nhn c phng php o hm bc
hai cho kt qu bin mnh hn phng php o hm bc nht. Nguyn nhn ca
iu ny l trong k thut Laplace, im bin c xc nh bi im ct im
khng, v do y l phng php o hm bc hai nn im khng l duy nht, do
k thut ny cho ng bin mnh.
* i vi nh nhiu:
- Kt qu cho thy c hai ton t ta s dng trong phng php Gradient cho kt
qu tt hn trong hai kt qu ca phng php Laplace (mc d phng php Pixel
Difference hot ng rt km), phng php Sobel cho kt qu tt nht, cn hai kt
qu ca phng php Laplace th cho kt qu rt xu, hu nh khng nhn thy bin.
69
Phng php o hm bc hai rt nhy cm vi nhiu v to nn bin kp v
th i vi nh nhiu th phng php o hm bc nht hot ng hiu qu hn.
i vi nh khng nhiu, mc xm thay i t ngt th c hai phng php
o hm bc nht v o hm bc hai u cho chnh xc cao. Cn khi mc xm
tri rng th phng php o hm bc hai hot ng tt hn.
i vi nh nhiu: Phng php o hm bc hai cho kt qu khng tt.
Trong trng hp ny, ta nn s dng phng php o hm bc nht (phng
php Sobel)

4.3. nh gi nhn xt v phng php Canny
Phng php Canny c s dng rt nhiu trong cc ng dng ca x l nh
do y l phng php c kh nng loi b nhiu rt tt.
y ta nh gi phng php Canny vi lch tiu chun khc nhau v
cc ngng khc nhau:
Khi ta thay i , ngng cao v ngng thp vn gi nguyn: T
h
=100 v T
l
=30
ta c kt qu :
a) nh gc b) = 0,8
c) = 1 d) = 1,4
Hnh4.3: Pht hin bin vi Canny ngng c nh T
h
=100 v T
l
=30
70
Qua kt qu trn ta c th a ra mt s nhn xt sau:
- Khi ta thay i lch tiu chun th nh kt qu cng thay i. nh kt
qu (b), (c), (d) vi lch tiu chun tng ng l 0,8; 1,0 v 1,4 cho ra cc im
bin khc nhau. nh (b) c s lng im bin cao nht, cn nh (d) c s lng
im bin thp nht.
- Cng tng ln ca lch tiu chun th s lng cc im bin xc nh
c ngy cng gim. Ngha l i vi nh c nhiu nhiu th cng tng lch tiu
chun th s lng im nhiu cng gim i, khi ch nhng bin r nt mi pht
hin ra.
a) T
h
=50; T
l
=30 b) T
h
=200; T
l
=100
c) T
h
=200; T
l
=30 d) T
h
=250; T
l
=200
Hnh 4.4: Pht hin bin vi Canny ngng thay i, = 1

- Khi thay i ngng thp v ngng cao th s lng bin c pht hin
cng thay i. Do cc im nh c gi tr nh hn ngng thp th loi im v
ln hn ngng cao th xc nh l im bin (gia hai ngng th cn tu thuc
71
vo cc im bin ln cn). Nn ta thy:
- Khi ngng thp v ngng cao u thp th s lng bin pht hin ra rt
nhiu .
- Khi c hai ngng u cao th s lng im bin c pht hin l rt t, ch
nhng im c mc xm cao mi c th thnh bin.
Khi ngng rt thp v ngng rt cao, tc l khong cch gia hai ngng l
ln th im bin ph thuc vo cc im ln cn.
Tu tng nh c th v tu tng cch ly ngng khc nhau m ta c cc kt
qu khc nhau.

4.4. Cc phng php pht hin bin (phng php Gadient, phng php
Laplace, phng php Canny)
Sau y l nh gi tng hp v cc phng php pht hin bin:
so snh s khc nhau gia cc phng php pht hin bin, chng ta s
dng kt qu ca phng php pht Sobel i din cho phng php o hm bc
nht, s dng kt qu ca Eight-neighbor Laplace i din cho phng php pht
hin bin Laplace (phng php o hm bc hai) v s dng =1,4; T
h
=100,
T
l
=50 i din cho phng php Canny. T cc kt qu thu c hnh trn, ta c
mt s nhn nh v cc phng php pht hin bin nh sau:
* i vi nh khng nhiu:
C ba phng php u cho kt qu tt. Song phng php pht hin bin
Sobel cho bin r nt nhng ln, cn phng php Laplace cho kt qu r nt, bin
mnh. Ring phng php Canny do qu trnh lm trn nh nn t mt nh khng
nhiu, cc bin m bt i v to ra. Do vy bin nh trong phng php Canny ln
nhng li khng y . i vi loi nh ny khi tm bin nn p dng phng
php Laplace, tip n l phng php o hm bc nht (Sobel, Kirsh, Prewitt...).
Khng nn s dng phng php Canny trong trng hp ny.


72
a) nh gc khng nhiu b) nh gc nhiu

c)Kt qu pht hin bin vi Sobel

d) Kt qu pht hin bin vi Laplace

e) Kt qu pht hin bin vi Canny =1,4; T
h
=250; T
l
=200
Hnh 4.5: Bin nh theo Gradient, Laplace, Canny
73
* i vi nh c nhiu cnh:
Khi pht hin bin, cc cnh khng quan trng nn c loi b.
y, phng php Sobel vn pht hin c bin nhng cc bin m, khng
c r nt, do trong nh c nhng vng c mc xm thp, s thay i gia cc
mc xm nh .
Chnh v vy m nh qua phng php Laplace cho kt qu r nt hn (do
phng php ny s dng phng php o hm bc hai, cc im bin l cc im
ct khng). Tuy vy do nh c rt nhiu im bin nh nn cc bin nh trn qua
phng php ny rt nhiu v ri, chng ta nn loi b cc im bin tha.
Cn i vi phng php Canny, do qu trnh Non-maximum Suppression
v do qu trnh p dng ngng m cc im bin ph b loi bt i, cc bin chnh
c gi li nn bin r nt hn.
i vi nh c nhiu c mc xm nh, s bin thin cc mc xm l thp ta
nn s dng phng php Laplace, song nu nh c qu nhiu bin th ta nn s
dng phng php Canny loi b bt cc cnh khng cn quan tm i.
* i vi nh c nhiu nhiu:
Phng php o hm bc nht cho bin nh vi nhiu im bin ph. Cn
phng php Laplace th to bin kp nn hon ton khng xc nh c bin.
Cn i vi phng php Canny th do qu trnh lm trn nh cho bt nhiu v qu
trnh Non-maximum Suppression gim bt cc bin ph nn nh kt qu ca
phng php ny rt r nt.
V vy i vi nh c nhiu nhiu th ta nn s dng phng php Canny
loi b nhiu v cc im bin ph khng cn quan tm, ch gi li cc im bin
chnh theo mc ch s dng khc nhau.

4.5. nh gi nhn xt v phng php Wavelet
Chng ta to ra phng php c miu t trong phn ny so snh vi cc
phng php pht hin bin. Cc nh kt qu chnh xc thu c bng cch bt u
t cc nh gc v c nh du cc cnh bng tay bi con ngi. Tt c cc t l
c ly t cc im nh chnh xc ny. S quyt nh c tc l rt chi tit
74
bi v chng ta cn cc thng tin tha hn l thiu thng tin. Bt c thng tin kt
qu ny tha bn ngoi nh c th cc tiu ha bng cch nh v nhiu v loi b
n. Chng ta s khng li cho thut ton khi kt qu tm c khng nm trong
vng m chng ta mong mun.
* nh du ng bin
Nh trnh by, pht trin mt chng trnh s dng DWT tm bin ca
mt nh. Do , nh kt qu ca cng vic ny, mt thut ton nh du ng
bin c pht trin thit lp bin xung quanh i tng. Sau chng ta xc
nh i tng c quan trng hay khng (thng qua mt hm ngng). Mt s im
nh c tm thy v chng trnh s nh du mt cch cn thn theo cc bin.
Khi mt im c nh du xong, mi lin h kch c ca i tng c xc
nh t ng bin ny.

Hnh 4.6: Pht hin bin theo phng php Wavelet

Vi vic pht hin bin s dng phng php Wavelet v s kt hp gia
chng t c kt qu rt tt. Khi s dng chc nng lc n cn bng vi vic
nhn ra bin ca phng php Canny. Thut ton ca s bin i Wavelet ging s
bin i bin ca Canny. Bng nhng hnh nh thc t ta thy pht hin bin s
dng Wavelet c th thu c rt nhiu thng tin v bin.
Bn cnh vic pht hin tm ra bin tt th phng php ny cng b l nhc
im l mc tnh ton phc tp. Tc x l chm hn so vi cc phng php
trnh by.

75

KT LUN

Trong qu trnh nghin cu ti liu v thc hin lun vn di s nh hng
ca thy hng dn lun vn t c mt s kt qu nh sau:
- Tm hiu c mt cch tng quan cc vn v XLA v pht hin bin nh.
H thng ho cc phng php pht hin bin. a ra nhn xt, nh gi cc
phng php pht hin bin v c la chn phng php ph hp vi tng loi nh.
- c bit vic pht hin bin s dng phng php Wavelet v s kt hp
gia chng phn no t kt qu tt hn trong vic pht hin bin nhng chng
vn cn bc l mt s nhc im cn phi khc phc.
- Bng cch hiu bn cht ca tng phng php, ti ci t v chy th
nghim i vi mt s phng php pht hin bin.
- Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh nghin cu ti cng t tch ly thm cho mnh cc
kin thc v ton hc, v k thut lp trnh,V quan trng l rn luyn k nng
thc hin mt nghin cu khoa hc. Tuy mi ch l bc u, nhng nhng kt qu
ny s gip ch cho ti trong nhng nghin cu sau ny thu c nhng kt qu
tt hn
Da trn nhng kt qu bc u t c trong lun vn, tip tc nghin
cu xut mt s ci tin phng php pht hin bin hiu qu hn trong tng
lai.
- i vi phng php Wavelet s tip tc nghin cu gim phc tp
tnh ton ca phng php Wavelet. Vn ny c th c gii quyt bi vic ch
s dng nhng cp im lin quan nht trong qu trnh so snh. Tip tc nghin cu
cc c im v hnh dng, cc c im mu sc v kt cu tng hiu qu cho
nh du tm ng bin.
- Xy dng mt ng dng x l nh hon chnh da theo cc phng php
pht hin bin trnh by trong lun vn.


76
TI LIU THAM KHO


Ting vit
[1] Lng Mnh B, Nguyn Thanh Thu (1999), Nhp mn x l nh s, Nxb
KH&KT.
[2] Phm Vit Bnh (2006) "Phng php x l bin v ng dng trong nhn dng
i tng nh", Lun n tin s.
[3] V c Khnh, Hong Vn Kim. "Gio trnh x l nh s". Nh xut bn i
hc Quc gia Thnh ph H Chi Minh.
[4] Hong Kim, Nguyn Ngc K v cc tc gi (1992), "Nhn dng cc phng
php v ng dng", Nh xut bn thng k .
[5] K yu hi tho quc gia (2000), Mt s vn chn lc ca cng ngh thng
tin, Nxb KH&KT.
[6] Nguyn Kim Sch (1997), "X l nh v Video s", Nh xut bn Khoa hc v
K thut.
[7] Ng Quc To (1996), Nng cao hiu qu ca mt s thut ton nhn dng
nh, Lun n Ph tin s.
[8] Ng Quc To (2003), Bi ging mn X l nh, dnh cho lp Cao hc Cng
ngh Thng tin, Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin - i hc Thi Nguyn.
[9] Ng Quc To, Nng Ton (2001), Tch bng da trn tp cc hnh ch
nht ri rc, chuyn san Cc cng trnh nghin cu v trin khai Cng ngh
thng tin v vin thng, Tp ch Bu chnh vin thng.
[10] Nng Ton (2000), "Mt thut ton pht hin vng v ng dng ca n
trong qu trnh vc t ho t ng", Tp ch Tin hc v iu khin hc.
[11] Nng Ton (2002), "Bin nh v mt s tnh cht", Tp ch Khoa hc Cng
ngh, Tp 40, s B, tr 41-48.
[12] Nng Ton, Ng Quc To (1998), "Kt hp cc php ton hnh thi hc
v lm mnh nng cao cht lng nh ng nt", Tp ch Tin hc v iu
khin hc, Tp 14, s 3, tr 23-29.
77
[13] Nguyn Quc Trung (2004), "X l tn hiu v lc s", Nh xut bn Khoa hc
v K thut.
[14] Mt s a ch khc trn internet...

Ting Anh
[15] Adnan Amin, Stephen FischerTony Pakinson and Ricky Shiu (1998), Fast
Algorithm for skew detection, School of Computer Sience and Engineering
University of New Shouth Wales, NSW, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
[16] Anil K. Jain (1989), Fundamental of Digital Image Processing. Prentice Hall,
Engwood cliffs.
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[19] Lu Y and C L Tan (2003), A nearest-neighbor-chain based approach to skew
estimation in document images, Pattern Recognition Letters, vol.24,
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