PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

GII THIU CHUNG u nnh c coi nh "tht khng xng" nhiu quc gia Chu. Ti Nht bn, Trung Hoa 60% m tiu th hng ngy u do u nnh cung cp. m ny rt tt thay th cho tht ng vt v c t m v cholesterol. u nnh c nhiu m cht hn tht, nhiu calcium hn sa b, nhiu lecithin hn trng. Cc amino acid cn thit m c th khng to ra c th u c trong u nnh. Khi u nnh n chung vi mt s ng cc nh ng bp th n s b sung mt s amino acid m ng khng c.

Cy u tng l cy thc phm c hiu qu kinh t li d trng. Sn phm t cy u tng c s dng rt a dng nh dng trc tip ht th hoc ch bin thnh u ph, p thnh du u nnh, nc tng, lm bnh ko, sa u nnh,... p ng nhu cu m trong khu phn n hng ngy ca ngi cng nh gia sc.

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

NI DUNG I. Ch bin sa u nnh II. Ch bin nc tng III. Ch bin u ph IV. Ch bin ph mai V. Ch bin tng ht VI. Ch bin m tng VII. Ch bin du n VIII. Ch bin chao IX. Ch bin thc n gia sc

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

I.

Ch bin sa u nnh Sa u nnh bao gm cc cht dinh dng nh m, cht bo, ng v cc vi lng nh st, canxi, mt s vitamin nhm B. Khi u nnh ch bin thnh sa c th hp th cht dinh dng ca u nnh t 90%.

1. Nguyn liu - Ht u nnh - Nc - ng ct - Mui n

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

2. Quy trnh ch bin sa u nnh

a. Sn xut sa u nnh ti gia nh:

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Sn xut sa u nnh theo quy m gia nh

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b. Quy trnh ch bin sa u nnh quy m cng nghip: Loi sa u nnh sn xut theo quy trnh cng nghip, vi dng chai hoc ng hp, cng thm ngon, thu ht mt lng khch hng kh ln nh tnh tin dng v kh an ton. Mt s nh sn xut cn thm canxi, cc loi vitamin v hng v nh vani, chocolate vo sn phm sa u nnh lm phong ph thm sn phm ca mnh. Khuyt im ca cc loi sa u nnh sn xut cng nghip l thng khng gi c hng v t nhin v lun c cht bo qun.

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

Sn xut sa u nnh theo quy m cng nghip

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

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3. Yu cu k thut Trong giai on nu sa cn ch khng sa si mnh s d b tro.

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

II. Nc tng Tng l mt loi nc chm c truyn, va ngon li va thm, d sn xut. Tuy nhin tng ch c ch bin bng phng php th cng, quy m nh li s dng mc t nhin nn cht lng ca sn phm khng n nh v ph thuc vo thi tit. Ngy nay sn xut tng c m rng v nng cao v cht lng bng vic c gii ha. Nn sn phm ngy cng phong ph v a dng.

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

1. Nguyn liu

- Go np - Go t - Go m - Ng - u nnh - Mui - Nc

u tng Vo

Go, ng mnh hoc go m

Rang chn gi
Xay hoc nghin Ngm Cht Tinh bt u Nc u

Ngm Hp chn Nui mc mc tng Ng tng Nc Mc ging trung gian Nc

2. Quy trnh ch bin

ngu (Ln men ph)

Tng long thnh phm

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

Qu trnh ln men nc tng Nc tng thnh phm

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III. Quy trnh ch bin u ph u h c khm ph t Trung Hoa hn 2000 nm v trc, v l mt trong nhng mn n quan trng nht trong gia nh u nnh. Hin nay u h rt thng dng ti Hoa K. u h tr thnh mt vt liu khng th thiu trong nhiu mn n Ty phng. u h c rt t nng lng (calories), cht bo bo ha, v cht ng li khng c cht m trong mu (cholesteral), v cung cp rt nhiu cht m trong nhng mn n chay, v c bn vi gi kh r.

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

1. Nguyn liu - u nnh - Nc - Cht ph bt - Dung dch NaOH

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2. Quy trnh ch bin u ph a. Phng php xay t

Ngm

u ph
Xay

Lc

Gia cng nhit kt ta

p nh hnh u v ngm nc

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b. Phng php xay kh

u ph Vo v hong kh

Nghin

p nh hnh u v ngm nc

Ha bt vo dd NaOH

Lc

Gia cng nhit kt ta

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

3. Yu cu k thut Bt nghin nn mn, nu khng s lm gim hiu sut thu hi protein, gim phm cht ca u ph, u s khng dai mn. Nu bt nh qu lm gim nng sut, my b mn nhanh, protein b bin tnh gy kh khn cho vic kt ta sau ny.

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u ph thnh phm

Mn n ch bin t u ph

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IV. Quy trnh ch bin ph mai t u nnh

Nhm nghin cu do TS L Chin Phng, Vin Sinh hc nhit i TP H Ch Minh, ch tr thnh cng trong vic sn xut ph mai t u nnh. Bng cch dng nhng chng vi khun khc nhau cho vo chao (sn phm t u nnh) ln men t nhin, kn v bo qun, nhm thu c nhng loi ph mai khc nhau.

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

Ty vo nhng chng vi khun khc nhau c cho vo, sn phm c mu sc khc nhau. Theo , ba loi ph mai thu c bao gm: ph mai mu vng ng, trng bng v trng ng. iu c bit ca nhng loi ph mai ny l c mi thm c trng, v bo, khng ng v thnh phn dinh dng ca cc loi ph mai u nnh ny c kim nghim tng ng vi loi ph mai lm t sa b ang c bn trn th trng.

Ph mai t u nnh

Bnh ph mai sa u nnh chanh

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

1. Nguyn liu - u nnh. - Ph mai. - Nc t: l mt loi nc cn li sau khi sa chua ng li, c th dng nc t ca loi sa bt khng bo hoc sa c c lm ng, bt nc t, sa nguyn kem. Cc loi acid thc phm: acid lactic, acid citric, acid acetic. - Mui bo ha: monosodium phosphate, disodium phosphate, dipotassium phosphate,

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

2. Quy trnh ch bin

S : Quy trnh ch bin ph mai u nnh trng do nhm nghin cu Vin Sinh hc Nhit i TP.HCM sn xut.

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

Cch 1 Protein ca u nnh, nc t, nc, trn u hn hp p sut t 1500 - 5000 psi to thnh th nh (1). Trn hn hp (1) vi ph mai t nhin c hn hp (2). un nng hn hp (2) trong khong nhit t 165OF 180OF, cho thm mui bo ha vo hn hp ri un sn phm ph mai vn gi c lng protein trong u nnh. ng gi sn phm.

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

Cch 2 Trn u hn hp: Protein u nnh, nc t, nc v sa nguyn kem p sut khong 1500 5000 psi hnh thnh th nh u tin (1). Trn mt loi protein sa, sa nguyn kem, acid lactic v nc hnh thnh th nh th 2 (2). Trn hn hp (1) v (2) vi ph mai t nhin c hn hp (3). un nng hn hp (3) vi mui bo ha khong 165OF 180OF to thnh sn phm ph mai vi hm lng protein u nnh cao nht. ng gi sn phm.

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

V. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut chao Chao l sn phm ln men t u nnh. C ngun gc t Trung Quc, gi l Sufu. Chao c s dng nhiu trong thc phm c gi tr dinh dng cao. Chao l sn phm n va beo, thm li chng c to bn v giup cho s tiu ha tt. 1. Nguyn liu - u nnh - Mui n - Ru trng - CaSO4 hay MgSO4 nng 0.03 - 0.04N

2. Quy trnh ch bin

u nnh
Ngm nc Xay vi nc

Lc

(Xc u h)

Kt ta bng nc chua hoc CaSO4

Lng p

Ln men

Vo nc mui

Ngm ru 12% Ru mui

chn

cha Chao o

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3. Yu cu k thut a. sn xut chao c cht lng tt cn ch - Khi c sa u bng nc chua, lu t l khong 6% mui n gip ngn nga vi sinh vt tp nhim pht trin lm ung thi chao. - Nn dng CaSO4 hay MgSO4 nng 0.03 - 0.04N thay cho nc chua. - Nhng trc khi mc, phi nhng ming chao vo dung dch nc mn (6% mui n v 2.5 axit citric) khong 1 gi c pH 3 - 4 cho mc chao pht trin tt.

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

b. Yu cu thnh phm - Ming chao cn nguyn, b mt nhn mn, c mu vng ng c trng. - Nc chao khng qu c. - Chao c mi chua c trng, c v bo, thm, khng ng hay c mi kh chu.

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

Chao thnh phm

Mn n ch bin t chao

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VI. Quy trnh ch bin m tng

m tng thc phm ln men c sn xut nc ta khong hn 30 nm tr li y. m tng c gi tr kinh t cao. Sn phm ca m tng dng nho, c th bao gi trong ti polyetylen v vn chuyn d dng.

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

Nguyn liu ch yu sn xut u tng l u nnh. Ton b c thnh phn ha hc c gi tr c chuyn thnh phm ca m tng, ngoi ra di tc dng ca thy phn ca cc enzym trong nm mc, protein s chuyn ha thnh cc peptit c trng lng phn t thp v cc axit amin. m tng c th dng ch bin nhiu loi mn n ph bin khc nh: cc loi nc chm, cc loi nc st, canh, sp, cc loi ch

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

1. Nguyn liu - u nnh - Bt m - Mc ASP Orizae - Mui - Nc

2. Quy trnh ch bin

u tng
Loi rc bn Rang Xy tch v Ngm

Hp
Mc ASP Orizae Cy ging Nui mc Mui Thy phn Ln men ph Nc Bt m rang

Bao gi
Bo qun

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VII. Quy trnh ch bin du thc vt

1. Nguyn liu u nnh Cht mu

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2. Quy trnh ch bin

Bc tch v

Nghin

Du th

Chng sy bt nghin p du Lm sch X l du th

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3. Yu cu k thut Bt chng sy phi ng nht v m, do, n hi phu hp vi yu cu ca cng ngh (ph thuc vo c cu ca my ep v nguyn liu).

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

VIII. Quy trnh ch bin tng ht Tng ht l mt trong nhng sn phm t u nnh rt c a chung trong ba n ca ngi Vit. N c th c dng nh l nguyn liu chnh trong cc mn kho, xo, chng, chin, nc chm, hoc dng trc tip. Ngy nay vi s pht trin kinh t x hi sn phm tng ht ngy cng c tng thm hng v v c mt trong hu ht cc ca hng bch ha ln, nh vi mu m, bao b bt mt, m bo v sinh gn lin vi tn tui nhiu thng hiu.

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

1. Nguyn liu - u nnh - Bt bp rang chn - Mui - Gng lt - Nc

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

2. Quy trnh ch bin

u nnh

Ngm

Lt v Tng ht Nu

ro nc

Gng

ln men

Nu vi nc mui

Cho vo h

Phi nng

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

3. Yu cu k thut - Nu khng mui th tng s b chua. - Cn m bo v sinh trong qu trnh ch bin. - Khng nn phi nng qu lu.

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

Tng ht thnh phm

Mn n ch bin t tng ht

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IX. Quy trnh ch bin cc loi thc n hn hp t ph liu ca u nnh Thc n hn hp c sn xut t cc ph liu ca u nnh bao gm: - Thc n hn hp khng hon chnh di dng bt kh hay bnh. - Thc n hn hp di dng bt kh - Thc n hn hp ln men - Ch phm enzim th

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

* Loi thc n cho gia sc khng hon chnh y l loi thc n hn hp ch s dng nhng loi ph phm c sn trong nh my ch bin. Di y l quy trnh cng ngh sn xut thc n gia sc ca nh my p du v sn xut nc chm:

Kh du u nnh

B u nnh

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

B nc chm
p bt nc V u, kh u, kh lc,

V lc
V u

Trn thm cht n Sy Nghin nh Nguyn liu nghin nh

Nghin nh
Nguyn liu nghin nh Phi liu Trn u Bao gi

Thnh phm

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

Yu cu ca tng cng on - Cng on chn b v x l nguyn nguyn liu + B nc chm sau khi trch li ly kit nc thng c m 55 - 70%. Vi m ny nu em sy ngay s gy lng ph nguyn liu. Bi vy ta cn phi tin hnh p loi bt nc. Sau khi p xong m ca b nc chm cn 4045%. + Phn nc p c th tn dng bng cch trn v kho lc, kh u

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

+ n khi m cn thit l 30 - 32% ta tin hnh a vo sy. + Sn phm sau khi sy c m 10 - 14% l thch hp. Song song vi khu x l b nc chm, cc ph liu. cng phi c nghin nh qua my nghin phi t yu cu: + Cc loi kh phi lt qua ry 3 - 6mm + Cc loi v phi lt ry 1 -2mm

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

- Cng on phi liu Nguyn liu sau khi chun b v qua giai on x l ta em phi liu. Khi phi liu nn c cc bn cha t trn b phn cn c th xc nh mt cch chnh xc t l cc loi nguyn liu cn dng theo yu cu t ra. Nguyn liu sau khi c xc nh ung t l ta a vo my trn. Trn u xong cho nguyn liu hn hp vo bao gi cn bn ra th trng.

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

* Loi thc n gia sc hon chnh y l loi thc n khng nhng da vo nhng ph liu, ph phm sn c trong nh my m cn c cc nguyn liu c ly t bn ngoi. Di y l quy trnh:

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

- S ch chun b nguyn liu ring l + Ng ht em nghin ta c cc loi: ng bt, ng mnh l, ng mnh ln. + V lc em nghin ta c bt v lc mn. + Kh lc em nghin ta c bt kh lc. + Kh u em nghin ta c bt kh u. + Kh cm em nghin ta c bt kh cm.

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

+ Kh phi ng em nghin ta c bt phi ng. + V trai, v s em nghin ta c bt trai, s. + B nc chm en p loi nc ri em trn thm cc cht n nh v lc. + B u ph cng em s ch nh b nc chm ta c mt loi bn thnh phm.

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

- Cng on chun b phi liu Ta c th dng thm cc nguyn liu khc nh: cm go cm m, bt c vitamin

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

- Cng on hon chnh cng ngh

Bn thnh phm hn hp

Thc n gia sc hn hp hon chnh

Sy li

Nghin li

Sng chn la

Tch tp cht

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

Yu cu ca tng cng on: - Cn ch tiu chun bn thnh phm ca cc loi nguyn liu u phi t nh bn thnh phm trong khu s ch ca quy trnh sn xut thc n hn hp khng hon chnh. - Ring i vi b nc chm v b u ph th tiu chun m l 15 - 17% v trong quy trnh cng ngh cn c khu sy li ln th hai.

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

- Trong cng on chun b phi liu khi em nh lng cn phi da vo phiu cng ngh xc nh t l cc loi nguyn liu cn phi em phi liu. - Bn thnh phm sau khi sy li v nghin li ln th hai s c a qua sng phn loi. Nu nhng ht to khng t yu cu s c a qua b phn kh t tch tp cht st ri em bao gi.

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

* Loi thc n hn hp ln men Loi thc n hn hp ln men l loi thc n c da trn cc ph liu v ph phm sn c ca cc c s ch bin, ng thi c tng cng thm mt s nguyn liu bn ngoi m ch yu l cc cht bt v thm cng on ln men tng gi tr dinh dng ca thnh phm. Loi thc n ln men thng c bt u t b nc chm hay b u ph.

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut thc n hn hp ln men:

B nc chm Phi liu Hp Mc ging Nc Cy mc Thy phn Bt ng

B u ph

Thnh phm

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

Yu cu ca tng cng on - Cng on x l nguyn liu: Cn trn thm bt ng vo gim m xung cn 50%. Sau khi trn bt ng vo nguyn liu trong 4 - 6 gi cho bt ng ht nc chm hoc b u ph v trng n y ri mi em hp. m 50% l ph hp vi hp th cng hoc hp bng hi khng c p lc.

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

- Cng on cy mc: khu nui mc ch yu l ly enzim amila thy phn phn bt ng mi trn thm vo. - Cng on thy phn: Ta trn thm phi liu vi nc vi t l 25 - 30% so vi trng lng ton phi liu ri a vo thit b thy phn. Nhit thy phn gi mc 60OC, vi nhit th c enzim protea v amila u hot ng.

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

* Thc n ch phm enzim th Loi thc n ny ngy cng c ch ng dng trong chn nui nhm mc ch thc y cc qu trnh sinh l, sinh ha, gip cho gia sc sinh trng v pht trin tt Ch phm enzim th dng trong chn nui thng l phc h enzim bao gm: Amylum Amylase, Protein - Proteinase (enzym phn gii protein),... Cc enzim ny s l nhim v thy phn tinh bt, xenlulozo, protein c trong thnh phn thc n nhm to iu kin cho c th ng vt d dng tiu ha.

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

B nc chm B u ph
Tru Phi liu Bt ng

Hp

Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut thc n ch phm enzim th:

nh ti v lm ngui

Cy mc ging
Nui mc Sy kh Ch phm enzym th Thnh phm

Cy ging

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

Yu cu ca tng cng on: - Cng on x l nguyn liu: B u ph, b nc chm c em trn ln vi bt ng v tru. Tru trc khi em trn ty vo m ca hai loi b ni trn khi phi liu xong phi t mc 50 - 55%. Trn u cc nguyn liu xong ta trong 4 - 6 gi cho cc ht bt ng ngm nc v trng n cn thit - Cng on hp: Hp p lc bnh thng trong thi gian 2 - 3 gi. Hp xong ta a phi liu qua my nh ti v lm ngui n 35 36OC tin hnh cy ging

PHNG PHP CH BIN U NNH

- Cng on cy ging: Ging mc dng cy l ASP. Oryza t l 1 - 2%. iu kin nui cy nm mc Oryza phi m bo: + m mi trng 50 - 55%. + m, tng i khng kh 85 - 95%. + Nhit nui cy 30 - 32%. + Thi gian nui cy 38 - 42 gi. Kt ta qu trnh nui cy ta thu c ch phm Orizin c m 25 - 30%. Sau khi thu c mc, em sy nhit 38 40OC sao cho khi kt thc qu trnh sy sn phm c m 12 - 14%. Sy xong ngui v bao gi sn phm. Thi gian bo qun c th c 12 thng.