Professional Documents
Culture Documents
T Th Hng
LI CAM N!
Vi lng knh trng v bit n su sc, em xin by
t li cm n chn thnh ti PGS.TS. Quang Huy, ging
vin khoa Mi trng, i hc Khoa hc T nhin, i hc Quc
gia H Ni. Thy giao ti v hng dn em tn tnh,
cho em nhng kin thc v kinh nghim qu bu, to iu
kin thun li cho em trong qu trnh thc hin v hon
thnh lun vn ny.
Em xin gi li cm n ti cc thy c gio khoa Mi trng nhit tnh truyn th cho em nhng kin thc b
ch trong sut qu trnh hc tp ti trng. Bn cnh
cng xin chn thnh cm n s cng tc nhit tnh ca
C nhn Nguyn Th Hng Linh K 51 Cng ngh Mi trng i hc Khoa hc T Nhin.
Em cng xin c gi li cm n chn thnh ti Ban
lnh o v cn b cng nhn vin Trung tm Gio dc v
Pht trin sc k kh i hc Bch Khoa H Ni, Trung
tm Phn tch Th nghim a cht B Ti nguyn v
Mi trng to iu kin thun li cho em c c hi c
hc hi v hon thnh lun vn ny.
Xin by t lng bit n v hn ti gia nh v cc bn
b lun l ch da tinh thn v l ngun ng vin to
ln i vi ti trong cuc sng v trong qu trnh hc tp.
T Th Hng
H Ni, thng 12 nm
2010
Hc vin
T Th Hng
DDT
Diclodiphenyltricloetan
DDD
Diclodiphenyldicloetan
DDE
Diclodiphenydicloetylen
ECD
EPA
FAO
FID
GC
Sc k kh (Gas Chromatography)
HCBVTV:
Ha cht bo v thc vt
IARC
T Th Hng
POPs
ppb
ppm
WWF :
T Th Hng
Kt lun...............................................................................74
Khuyn ngh........................................................................76
TI LIU THAM KHO............................................................................................77
PH LC.................................................................................................................80
T Th Hng
Kt lun...............................................................................74
Khuyn ngh........................................................................76
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
M U
Theo s pht trin ca nhn loi, cc nh khoa hc tm thy hng chc
nghn loi ha cht c gi tr s dng trong sn xut, to ra nhiu sn phm c ch
phc v cho i sng sinh hot hng ngy ca con ngi. Khi to ra mt loi cht
mi ni chung v cc loi ha cht bo v thc vt (HCBVTV) ni ring, ngi ta
thng xem xt n tc dng c ch trong vic chng li cn trng, bo v cc kho
cha lng thc, chng dch bnh, nng cao nng sut cy trng, m cha quan
tm ng mc ti nhng mt tri, cng nh h ly m chng li cho mi trng
sng sau ny. V vy vn mi trng v ang tr thnh mi quan tm hng u
ca cc quc gia, cc t chc x hi v cc nh khoa hc trn th gii. Bo v mi
trng sng trn tri t t ra trc mt loi ngi nhng thch thc cho c hin ti
v tng lai.
Vit Nam, cng nh nhiu nc khc trn th gii ang tn ti cc vn v
nhim bi mt s ha cht bo v thc vt thuc nhm POPs, in hnh l Diclo
Diphenyl Tricloroetan (DDT). Vit Nam, DDT c s dng vi khi lng ln,
ch yu dng lm thuc tr su v thuc dit mui. Theo kt qu t d n iu tra
ca Trung tm cng ngh x l mi trng, thuc B T lnh Ho hc, kim k ban
u v tng lng thuc bo v thc vt tn ng, qu hn cn tiu hu hin nay
trn phm vi ton quc l khong 300 tn, trong c khong 10 tn DDT. Lng
ha cht ny , ang v s tip tc gy nhim mi trng nhiu khu vc gy
nh hng c hi ti sc khe ca ngi dn.
Bc Ninh, mt lng ng k DDT vn cn tn lu trong cc kho thuc
bo v thc vt trc y, tip tc gy nhim mi trng, c bit l mi trng
t. DDT tn ti trong mi trng t, chuyn ha thnh dng DDD, DDE v cui
cng b trm tch ha v tch ly lu di trong mi trng nc. DDD, DDE l cc
sn phm bin i t DDT c c tnh cao hn, do vy cc cht ny lun c tm
thy cng vi DDT trong cc thnh phn ca mi trng. Bi vy, sinh vt sng
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
CHNG 1
TNG QUAN
Theo Cng c Stockholm, thng qua ngy 22/5/2001 ti Stockholm, Thy
in, c 12 h cht hu c c xp vo loi cc cht gy nhim mi trng
nghim trng n mi trng. Cc cht l Aldrin, Cloran, Diclodiphenyl
tricloetan,
Dieldrin,
Endrin,
Heptaclo,
Mirex,
Toxaphen,
Hexaclobenzen,
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
1991
loi
Khi
lng
Thuc
tr su
Thuc
tr bnh
Thuc
dit c
Thuc
khc
Tng s
1992
Khi
lng
1993
Khi
lng
1994
Khi
lng
17590
82,20
18100
74,13
17700
69,15
20500
68,33
2700
12,60
2800
11,50
3800
14,84
4650
15,50
500
3,30
2600
10,65
3050
11,91
3500
11,70
410
1,90
915
3,75
1050
4,10
1350
4,50
24415
100
25600
21400
100
100
30
100
T Th Hng
Cl
Cl
H
+ Danh php
- Tn ha hc thng gi: Diclodiphenyltricloetan (DDT)
- Tn theo Lin hip hi ha hc v ng dng quc t
(IUPAC - International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry):
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane
- Tn thng mi: Intox, Esxit, Dicophane, Neocid...
DDT gm c cc ng phn o,p-DDT (hoc 2,4-DDT) chim 24-25%, p,pDDT (hoc 4,4-DDT) chim 75-76%; v o,o'-DDT (lng vt). Trong s ny ch c
p,p-DDT l c tc dng dit tr su bnh [18].
T Th Hng
H Cl
C
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
o,p-DDT
p,p-DDT
T Th Hng
thng c nng cao hn DDT, DDD trong mi trng. DDT chuyn ha thnh
DDD, DDE nh kh nng phn hy ca vi sinh vt. Bi vy sinh vt sng thng b
nhim c ng thi cc cht trn. Mi cht li c 3 ng phn do v tr khc nhau
ca nguyn t Cl trong cng thc cu to, trong cc ng phn ph bin nht l
p,p DDT; p,p DDE; p,p DDD. S phn hu DDT trong t c th m t theo
s sau:
Cng thc cu to ca DDE, DDD
H
C
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
H
DDE
DDD
T Th Hng
p,p DDT
p,p DDE
109
89
109 - 110
1,385
0,98 0,99
p,p DDD
0,35
0,025
0,12
0,09
lg Kow
6,91
6,51
6,02
lg Koc
5,18
4,70
5,18
p sut hi bo ha
1,6.10-7
6,0.10-6
1,35.10-6
(mmHg)
200C
250C
250C
8,3.10-6
2,1.10-5
4,0.10-6
Trong :
- Kow: h s phn b ca cht nghin cu gia hai pha n octanol v nc.
- Koc: h s phn b cacbon hu c. Koc c trng cho t s nng cht
phn b gia pha cacbon hu c trong t vi pha lng trong t.
T Th Hng
1.2.3. iu ch
Trong cng nghip DDT c iu ch theo phn ng gia cloral (CCl3CHO)
v clobenzen (C6H5Cl) trong mi trng axit H2SO4 c [18].
Cl
Cl
Cl
+
Cl3CCHO
H+
Cl
Cl
+
Cl H O
2
H
Trong Cl3CCHO thng gi l cloral hay triclorandehyd axetic cht ny
ln u tin c xc nh bi Justus von Liebig vo nm 1832 da vo phn ng
clo ha ru etylic theo phng trnh phn ng sau:
4Cl2
C2 H5 OH
Cl3CCHO + 5HCl
T Th Hng
(thng l trn tng nh), s lng mui gim mt cch r rt. Hiu qu ca DDT
trong vic dit mui v gim t l t vong v bnh st rt mt cch trit . iu
quan trng l khi DDT ngng dng, hay c thay th bng mt ha cht khc, th
s ngi b st rt v cht v st rt li tng ln mt cch r rt. Mt s trng hp
tiu biu v hiu qu ca DDT c th hin r cc nc nh sau:
n : Trc thp nin nhng nm 1960, c nc c khong 800 nghn
ngi cht v st rt hng nm. Sau khi c chng trnh dng DDT, s lng ngi
cht v st rt gim xung cn 100 nghn ngi. Nm 1999-2000, khi gim dng
DDT, c 3 triu ngi b st rt.
Sri Lanka: Trong thi gian t 1934 - 1935, c khong 2 n 3 triu ngi b
st rt, v 80 nghn ngi cht v bnh ny hng nm. Nm 1963, khi DDT c a
vo s dng phng chng mui, s ngi b st rt gim xung ch cn 17 trng
hp. n nm 1994, khi DDT c thay th bng organophosphates v pyrethroids,
s ngi b st rt tng ln 360 nghn ngi.
Italia: Nm 1939, c 55 nghn ngi b st rt. Nm 1940, khi DDT c
dng, khng c trng hp st rt no c ghi nhn.
Nga v Lin X c: Nm 1940, c 3 triu trng hp b st rt bc
Moscow v Siberia. n nm 1950 1960, khi DDT c a vo phng chng
mui, st rt hu nh b xa khi danh sch bnh tt. Nhng nm 1996 khi DDT
khng cn dng, s ngi b st rt tng ln 15 nghn trng hp.
Nam Phi: Nm 1931 - 1932, c 22 nghn ngi cht v st rt. Trong thp
nin nhng nm 1940 v 1950, khi DDT c a vo chng trnh phng chng
st rt, bnh ny hu nh khng cn. Nhng n thp nin nhng nm 1990, khi
DDT c thay th bng organophosphates v pyrethroids, s ngi b st rt l
khong 7 nghn ngi.
Sn phm DDT c nhiu dng: dng bt, dng ht v dng sol kh. Chng c
nhiu tn thng mi ty vo tng quc gia s dng. Cc tn thng mi ph bin
gm Agritan, Anofex, Arkotine, Clorophenotoxum, Citox, Clofnotane, Delelo,
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
To
0,5 - 1
Rau xanh
0 - 14,8
Ng cc
0,7 - 0,8
3,6
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
R2CHCl
3
DDT
ga
ga
R2CHCHCCl
R2C=CCl
n 2
DDE
[ R2-C
CHCl
ga
n
D
DDD
R2C=CHCl
DDMU
ga
n
O
R2CHCH2C
l
DDMS
DDM
R2C=CH2
DDNU
R2CH-CH2OH
DDOH
[R2CH-CHO]
DDCHO
[R2CH-COOH]
DDA
T Th Hng
tc hi
Qua tiu ha
Cht rn
Cc c
Qua da
Cht lng
Cht rn
Cht lng
20
10
40
20 100
40 - 400
c tnh cao
5 50
20 - 200
c tnh trung
50 500
200 - 2000
> 500
> 2000
100 - 1000
400 - 4000
bnh
c tnh nh
> 1000
> 4000
Chut
150 - 250
Ch
150 - 300
Ln
300 - 500
Th
300 - 500
Loi
T Th Hng
Kh
>200
>300
Cu
1000
1000
Con ngi
Khong 500
H s tch ly
Nc
0,000003
Thc vt tri ni
0,0005
166
ng vt tri ni
0,04
13000
C nh
0,5
166000
C ln
667000
Chim n c
25
8500000
T Th Hng
thi gian ngn c th b nh hng trc tip ln h thn kinh. Ngi b nhim c s
run ry, co git mnh ko theo i ma, m hi, nhc u chng mt. Nu bnh
nhn khng c cp cu kp thi s dn n t vong.
- Mn tnh: Khi b nhim c trong mt thi gian di gy s gan (dn
necrosis). C th b nhim c vo khong 20-50 mg/ngy.kg c th nh hng n
vic sinh sn, n cc tuyn ni tit nh tuyn gip trng, nang thng thn, Nu
b nhim lu hn na c th a n bnh ung th. Nu nng DDT nh th ngi
b nhim c cm thy b nhc u mt mi, khng mun hot ng, b t cc u
ngn tay ngn chn, b chng mt,Nu nng DDT cao lm cho ngi b nhim
b mt tr nh, sng trong tm trng hi hp, bp tht ngc b co tht, khng kim
sot c ng tiu, th kh khn v b ng kinh.
Nu ngi b nhim c ang mang thai th tr s sinh c th b sinh sm v
c nhng triu chng pht trin chm v thn kinh. Tr con b sa m hay sa ti
b nhim c DDT trc tip qua s hin din ca DDT trong sa ti hay gin tip
v thc n ca ngi m c th gy ra cc hin tng: nhc u, cm thy ngi yu
dn, t cc u ngn tay ngn chn, thng hay b chng mt; nu nng c th gy ra
mt tr nh, sng trong tm trng hi hp thng xuyn, b co tht c ngc, khng
kim sot c ng tiu, th ra rt kh khn v i khi b ng kinh. T hi hn
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
tranh, DDT cng c dng nhiu phng chng st rt. Theo thng k, phc
v cho mc ch chng st rt, t nm 1957 n 1994, Vit Nam nhp khu
khong 447 tn DDT.
DDT cng tng c s dng lm thuc tr su ti Vit Nam vi khi
lng ln. Bt u t nm 1956, DDT c s dng trong nng nghip x l t
trc khi gieo trng, dit tr su hi, bo qun nng sn sau thu hoch. Lng DDT
cn tn ng n nm 2004 khong 10 tn
Cht ny b cm s dng v nhp khu t nm 1994. Tuy nhin kh nng
nhp lu cht ny qua ng bin gii vo Vit Nam vn cn rt ln. Mt s lng
ng k DDT cn tiu hy cn c lu gi trong mt s kho cng vi mt s loi
thuc bo v thc vt khc ti mt s a phng, gy nn nguy c r r, pht tn ra
mi trng. V d, ti Thi Bnh, n nm 2002, vn cn mt s kho thuc bo v
thc vt c khng cn s dng song do d lng thuc bo v thc vt cn ln,
trong c DDT nn gy ra nhim cho mi trng xung quanh. Chng hn nh
kho Hng H cha 300 kg, kho V Th cha 1700 kg, kho Kin Xng cha
1300 kg thuc bo v thc vt [11].
Tnh hnh cng tng t nh vy ti mt s kho thuc bo v thc vt c
khng cn s dng ca Vnh Phc. V phng din bo qun, lu gi cc loi thuc
ny hin nay xung cp, hu ht l cc nh kho c c tui th vi ba chc nm,
mi dt nt, nn t. C mt s kho nn gch hoc xi mng thuc ngm xung nn,
gy nn nhim nn kho v khu vc ln cn. Nhng loi kho cha ny hu ht l
cha cc loi thuc kh phn hy, c tnh cao rt nguy him cho ngi, ng vt v
mi trng xung quanh [11].
Theo s liu nh gi s b ca Phng kim sot - Cc nhim mi trng
n thng 11 nm 1997 c nc cn tn 3640 kg HCBVTV cm s dng Vit
Nam bao gm DDT, trong 66,6% thuc nhm cc cht hu c kh phn hu, v
trn 5000 kg HCBVTV ngoi danh mc khng c php s dng Vit Nam. Nm
2004 s lng thuc c xem nh c hiu lc phng tr i vi su bnh nhng c
T Th Hng
c tnh cao gim 27%. Tuy nhin mi nm li xut hin thm nhiu loi thuc mi
c b sung.
Hin nay, nhiu khu vc trn c nc ang b nhim nghim trng bi cc
kho cha thuc tr su DDT t thi chin tranh cn tn li. Theo iu tra ca cc c
quan chc nng qun l mi trng Ngh An, DDT vn cn trong mt nh kho hot
ng t nm 1965 n nm 1985. Nng DDT thay i t 3,38 - 960,6 mg/kg
trong cc mu t. Hin nay trn a bn tnh vn cn mt s "im nng" nhim
mi trng bi DDT, e do sc kho con ngi, vt nui khu vc dn c. C ni
d lng HCBVTV tn lu trong t gp 223 ln so vi tiu chun cho php. Xm
Mu Hai, x Kim Lin, huyn Nam n l mt "im nng" cn tn lu HCBVTV.
Khu vc ny b nhim bi cc loi HCBVTV: Lindan, DDT,... Hin ti mt s
vng t l nn mng ca cc kho HCBVTV v cc khu vc xung quanh cc kho
vn cn nhng cc mu trng c mi DDT nng nc. Ngoi Ngh An ra, nc ta
cn mt s ni cng b nhim DDT thuc vng tnh Qung Tr, H Tnh, Ph Th,
Bc Ninh,...
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
chu Phi tip tc s dng DDT nhng dn dn chuyn sang dng cc loi thuc khc
hoc dng mn c tm thuc. Nhiu t chc cu tr c ch trng khng cung cp
ti chnh cho cc chng trnh c s dng DDT. Tuy nhin, hin nay WHO ni
khng c loi thuc no hiu qu nh DDT v cng dng dit mui.
Thng 9/1999, Hi ngh gm 110 quc gia hp ti Geneva di s bo tr ca
Chng trnh Mi trng Lin hp quc, tho lun v vn tng bc ngng s
dng 12 cht hu c gy nhim kh phn hy (POPs). Mt trong nhng vn gy
tranh ci nhiu nht l liu c nn cm hay tip tc cho php s dng DDT cho mc
ch chng dch st rt n khi tm c cc bin php thay th tng t v t tn
km.
Qu ng vt hoang d th gii (World Wildlife Fund - WWF) v nhiu nc
cng nghip thuyt phc hi ngh ban hnh lnh cm ton b vic s dng DDT
bt u t nm 2007. Tuy nhin, c nhiu nhm bo v sc khe cng ng v mt
s nc ang pht trin li mun tip tc s dng DDT chng dch st rt. Bi v
ph qut t 400 g n 600 g DDT ln vch trong cc bc tng nh s chng c
mui t 6 thng n 1 nm. Sau 6 thng khong mt na lng DDT bong ra v i
vo mi trng, nhng khi lng ny l rt t so vi hng tn DDT s dng cho
nng nghip. WWF cng khuyn co dng mn tm thuc pyrethroid hay phun
pyrethroid mt cch hn ch trong nh dit mui. Pyrethroid phn hy nhanh hn
DDT. Tuy nhin, hng triu ngi khng c tin mua mn v phun pyrethroid v n
t gp 3 ln so vi vic ph qut DDT ln tng nh.
Tuy nhin, vi vic hn ch hoc cm s dng DDT c tc dng ng k,
hm lng DDT trung bnh trong ngi nm 1970 l 12 ppm n nay gim xung
cn 7 ppm.
Hin nay, DDT vn c s dng trn nhng cnh ng trng ng Chu
Phi, n , Trung Quc. Cch gii quyt vn POPs tt nht l cm tuyt i vic
dng DDT trong nng nghip v trong ngnh y t khi tm ra c cc cht thay th
c hiu qu.
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
CHNG 2
I TNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
2.1. i tng v ni dung nghin cu
2.1.1. i tng nghin cu
- Cc cht DDT, DDE v DDD
- Cc mu t v trm tch c ly ti mt s khu vc c cc kho thuc bo v thc
vt (c) thuc huyn Tin Du, tnh Bc Ninh:
+ Kho M, thn Hng Vn, x Lc V;
+ Kho ng Cha, thn H V, x Lc V;
+ Kho i Lim, th trn Lim.
Cc mu c ly vo thng 2 v thng 7 nm 2010
Trong khun kh thi gian ca lun vn, chng ti la chn cc khu vc trn
ly mu lm nghin cu.
Thn Hng Vn l mt trong 6 thn ca x Lc V, huyn Tin Du, do iu
kin a hnh l i ni thp nn kinh t cn nhiu kh khn, thn Hng Vn c
tng din tch t t nhin l 43 ha, t th c l 56.000 m2, vi s dn l 672 ngi;
thu nhp ch yu ca ngi dn t hot ng nng nghip. Nm 1966 B Nng
nghip c s tn vt t nng nghip v a phng vi mt lng ln HCBVTV
cha trong cc kho xy dng trn ni. Nm 1968 kho thuc c chuyn i ni
khc. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn v thi gian lu li ti y nhiu thng b , r r,
ngi dn ly v s dng, lm cho t v nc ti khu vc ny b nhim cc loi
HCBVTV trong c DDT.
Kho thuc ti i Lim, th trn Lim, huyn Tin Du (Bc Ninh) b khng
hn 10 nm nay nhng ngi dn khu vc ny vn phi sng chung vi mi thuc
tr su, thuc bo v thc vt. Ti y, hin vn cn 2 dy cha thuc bo v thc
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
a hnh - a cht
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
- QCVN 15: 2008/BTNMT: Quy chun K thut Quc gia v d lng ha cht bo
v thc vt trong t [9].
- TCVN 5297 1995: Cht lng t Cch ly mu Cc yu cu chung [5].
- TCVN 5960 1995: Cht lng t Cch ly mu: Hng dn v thu thp, vn
chuyn v lu gi mu t nh gi cc qu trnh hot ng ca vi sinh vt hiu
kh trong phng th nghim [6].
Tng cng c 12 mu c ly vo thng 2 nm 2007 (10 mu) v thng 7
nm 2007 (12 mu) ti x Lc V v th trn Lim, i din cho huyn Tin Du, tnh
T Th Hng
M22
M12
M52
M32
M42\ M62
M51
ng
M41
M11
ChaM21
M61
M31
M5
M4
M1
M2
M3
M6 Hng
Vn
M9
M7
M10
M8
Ky
hiu
mu
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
M7
M8
M9
M10
T Th Hng
Vi tri ly mu
Mu t ly chn i, ti ni cha kho HCBVTV ( su 5 cm)
Mu t ly chn i, ti ni cha kho HCBVTV ( su 10 cm)
Mu t ly chn i, ti ni cha kho HCBVTV ( su 20 cm)
Mu t ly sn i ( su 5 cm)
Mu t ly chn i (cch kho HCBVTV 15m, su 5cm)
Mu t ly chn i (cch kho HCBVTV 50m, su 5cm)
Mu t ly ven ao (cch kho HCBVTV 50 m, su 5cm)
Mu t ly rung trng la ( su 5cm)
Mu t ly ven ao (cch kho HCBVTV 100 m, su 5cm)
Mu trm tch (bn ao)
Vi tri ly mu
Mu t ly ti ni cha kho HCBV TV ( su 5 cm)
Mu t ly trong vn trng cau vua
(cch kho HCBVTV 10 m, su 5 cm)
Mu t ly pha trc kho (cch kho HCBVTV 20 m, su 5 cm).
Mu t ly trong rung trng
(cch kho HVBVTV 50m, su 5cm).
Mu t ly ven ao (cch kho HCBVTV 30m, su 5cm).
Mu trm tch (bn ao).
Vi tri ly mu
Mu ly dy nh I, ti ni cha kho HCBVTV ( su 5 cm)
Mu ly dy nh II, ti ni cha kho HCBVTV ( su 5 cm)
Mu t ly chn i, sau kho HCBVTV (cch kho 10 m, su 5 cm)
Mu t ly chn i, sau kho HCBVTV (cch kho 50 m, su 5 cm)
Mu t ly pha di chn i, gn ca hng bn HCBVTV
(cch kho 30 m, su 5 cm)
Mu t ly rung trng la (cch kho 100 m, su 5 cm)
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
Dung mi
tan
Nhit
trong 100 ml
nng chy
phn cc
Nhit si
(0C)
nc(mg)
( C)
Isooctan
0,0015
-107,380C
0,4
99
Toluen
0,057
-930C
2,3
110,6
Chloroform
0,0018
-63,50C
0,47
61,2
Khng tan
-950C
69
n-Hexan
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
cht. Vic nhn din mt cht c chnh xc hay khng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t,
nhng yu t u tin l s ging nhau ca mu phn tch so vi mu chun, v ch
c khng nh khi thi gian lu ca cht cn xc nh trng vi gi tr thi gian
lu ca cht chun.
nh lng: Xc nh nh lng DDT chit ra t t da vo ng chun.
ng chun c xy dng trn c s mi tng quan gia nng cht chun vi
s m din tch pc tng ng ca n. T kt qu phn tch mu thu c v
phng trnh hi quy ca ng chun c th xc nh c nng cht cn xc
nh.
Khi so snh sc ca mu vi cc sc cht chun c th nh tnh, nh
lng c thnh phn cc cht c trong mu. tin cy ca kt qu phn tch sc
k ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nhau, nh thit b sc k kh (c bit l ct tch
v detect) v trnh k thut ca ngi phn tch.
2.3. Thc nghim
2.3.1 Ha cht, dng c, thit b
Ha cht:
- Cc dung mi: n-hexan, axeton, diclometan, toluen c tinh khit
phn
T Th Hng
Cc
dung
dch
chun:
Km
axetat
((CH3COO)2Zn),
Trilon
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
t, trm tch
chit ln 2 (nh ln 1)
t, trm tch
chit ln 3 (nh ln 1)
Dch chit ln (1 + 2 + 3)
lc qua giy lc bng xanh
t, trm tch
(loi b)
Dch
chit
Lp nc (loi b)
3 x 5 ml H2SO4 c, lc trong 5 pht
Dch chit lm
sch, c cn cn 1 ml
Ct sc k nhi 1 g
Cacbon / Silicagen
Lp H2SO4
(loi b)
Ra ct theo th t: 20 ml toluen;
20 ml hn hp n-hexan / diclometan (4/1)
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
2.4.4.4. Xc nh CaO
Hm lng CaO trong t dao ng trong khong 0,7 9,28%. Canxi tham
gia trong tinh th khong v dng trao i. xc nh canxi, ta s dng phng
php complexon (chun bng Trilon B trong mi trng pH = 13) vi ch th
fluorexon. Ly 25 50 ml dung dch vo bnh tam gic 250 ml, thm vo 20 ml KOH
20%, lc u ri 2 git ch th fluorexon. Dng Trilon B 0,01M chun n khi
dung dch c mu tm hoa c, t xc nh c hm lng CaO.
2.4.4.5. Xc nh MgO
Hm lng MgO trong t nm trong khong 0,50 2,30%. Magie tn ti
trong t dng mui tan hoc khng tan, tham gia vo cc tinh th khong v
dng hp ph - trao i. xc nh magie, ta s dng phng php complexon.
Phng php ny da trn phn ng chun tng lng canxi v magie bng Trilon
B trong mi trng pH = 9,6 10,5 vi ch th Eriocrom T en. T hiu s ca dung
dch chun Trilon B qua 2 php xc nh v nng Trilon B, tnh c hm lng
magie.
2.4.4.6. Xc nh K2O v Na2O
Hm lng tng s ca cc kim loi kim trong t khng ln lm. K2O dao
ng trong khong 1,29 2,35%, Na2O: 0,58 1,88%. chuyn cc kim loi kim
trong t sang dng dung dch ta x l mu t bng axit HF ri xc nh cc kim loi
kim bng phng php quang k ngn la. Ly 0,1 0,2 g mu t cho vo chn
bch kim. chn vo trong t ht ri cho thm vo 0,2 ml H 2SO4 c, 10 ml HF
un trn bp in yu n bc ht SO3. Ha tan phn kh trong chn bng HNO3 1:1
ri chuyn dung dch ny vo bnh nh mc 100 ml. ngui ri nh mc n vch
mc. Dung dch dng xc nh K2O v Na2O bng quang k ngn la.
T Th Hng
2.4.4.7. Xc nh MnO
Hm lng tng s MnO trong t dao ng trong gii hn 0,06 0,27%. V
hm lng Mn nh nn thng dng phng php so mu xc nh n. Phng
php da trn vic thm t t dung dch chun KMnO4 vo dung dch mu khng
qung ng thi vi vic so snh chun mu tm ca dung dch va to thnh vi
dung dch cn xc nh. Da vo th tch v nng ca dung dch chun KMnO4
tiu tn lm cn bng mu vi dung dch chun cn xc nh s tnh c hm
lng Mn trong mu.
2.4.4.8. Xc nh P2O5
Hm lng photpho trong t dao ng trong khong 0,10 0,19% (P2O5).
xc nh hm lng phopho tng s ta s dng phng php trc quang (dung dch
sau khi x l bng HF trong mi trng axit HNO3 c mt ng thi ion molipdat v
vanadat, ion PO43- to thnh phc cht tan mu vng c cc i hp th nh sng =
400 nm).
2.4.4.9. Xc nh SO3
Hm lng lu hunh trong t dao ng trong khong 0,01 0,66% (SO3).
xc nh lu hunh trong t ta s dng phng php khi lng. Phng php
da trn vic chuyn cc dng S c trong mu thnh dng mui sunphat d tan trong
nc bng cch nung khan vi hn hp Na2CO3 v ZnO. Sau kt ta ion sunphat
di dng BaSO4. Ta BaSO4 c nung nhit 800 8500C n khi lng
khng i.
T Th Hng
CHNG 3
KT QU V THO LUN
3.1. ng chun ca DDT, DDE v DDD
Nng DDT, DDE v DDD trong mu t hoc trm tch c xc nh
thng qua ng chun ca tng cht. ng chun c xy dng da trn hn
hp cht chun DDT, DDE v DDD c nng nu trong bng 7. Sc phn tch
DDD
DDE
DDT
T Th Hng
Nng
(ppm)
DDT
DDE
DDD
0,05
0,3165
0,4485
0,6188
0,10
0,6132
0,9739
1,2837
0,15
1,0168
1,1439
1,7379
0,20
1,1326
1,9065
2,5407
DDE
DDD
y = 6,0824x
y = 8,9693x
y = 12,375x
R2 = 0,9798
R2 = 0,9717
R2 = 0,9947
S m din tch pc (x 10 )
T Th Hng
1.4
y = 6,0824x
1.2
R = 0,9798
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Nng (ppm)
S m din tch pc (x 10 6)
2.5
y = 8,9693x
2
R = 0,9717
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Nng (ppm)
T Th Hng
y = 12,375x
R = 0,9947
S m din tch pc (x 10
)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
Nng (ppm
0.2
0.25
Ln 1
Ln 2
Ln 3
Trung bnh
DDT
84,2
84,3
84,4
84,3
DDE
78,5
79
79
78,8
DDD
90
91
91
90,7
T Th Hng
Mu t,
trm tch
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
M7
M8
M9
M10
DDT
35,12
14,44
5,24
7,58
28,79
3,35
20,11
-
DDD
49,48
42,95
41,32
10,22
30,77
12,64
91,76
12,42
58,08
8,24
(n = 3)
DDE
29,84
29,74
27,47
6,71
29,24
4,68
4,68
10,89
4,36
DDT tng
114,44
87,13
68,79
22,17
67,59
17,32
120,55
20,45
89,08
12,60
T Th Hng
pH
Cacbon hu c
T Th Hng
mu trm tch
(%)
(%)
M1
1,01
4,60
2,22
M2
1,11
5,21
2,13
M3
1,30
4,84
3,12
M4
0,88
4,91
5,48
M5
0,99
5,08
3,03
M6
0,93
5,38
2,58
M7
2,16
5,41
3,98
M8
1,59
4,96
5,03
M9
1,68
4,67
3,87
M10
1,06
6,51
2,43
CaO
MgO
K2O
Na2O MnO
P2O5
M1
74,68 0,49
1,85
0,23
0,49
1,85
0,123
0,005
0,111 0,048
M2
75,00 0,54
1,74
0,60
0,54
1,74
0,126
0,005
0,178 0,079
SO3
T Th Hng
M3
71,14
0,43
1,70
0,76
0,43
1,70
0,128
0,011
0,168 0,103
M4
79,26 0,22
1,65
0,15
0,22
1,65
0,098
0,001
0,033 0,058
M5
60,62 0,65
2,22
0,45
0,65
2,22
0,160
0,011
0,279 0,079
M6
69,48 0,43
2,70
0,45
0,43
2,70
0,130
0,001
0,170 0,305
M7
63,90 0,86
2,25
0,45
0,86
2,25
0,349
0,001
0,113 0,192
M8
72,02 0,43
1,60
0,60
0,43
1,60
0,198
0,005
0,220 0,103
M9
61,30 0,97
2,31
0,45
0,97
2,31
0,319
0,011
0,126 0,453
1,62
1,06
0,11
1,62
0,212
0,005
0,072 0,120
Mu t,
mu trm tch
DDT
(n = 3)
DDD
DDE
DDT tng
T Th Hng
M11
M21
M31
M41
M51
M61
28,00
29,75
10,00
6,50
7,21
9,50
40,21
32,50
19,32
10,04
25,00
47,05
47,50
25,12
12,15
35,45
115,26
109,75
54,44
18,65
17,25
69,95
m (%)
pH
mu trm tch
Cacbon
hu c (%)
M11
1,27
6,50
3,02
M21
0,45
5,95
4,99
M31
1,28
6,08
3,26
M41
1,11
5,04
1,75
M51
0,50
6,31
2,94
T Th Hng
M61
0,52
5,89
2,06
SiO2
Al2O3 Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
K2O
Na2O MnO
M1
68,24 9,82
M2
P2O5
SO3
4,81
2,57
0,11
2,08
66,14 6,13
3,15
8,31
1,19
1,71
M3
70,98 5,43
2,63
6,04
0,65
1,14
M4
73,80 10,61
5,53
0,30
0,65
1,15
M5
82,10 5,38
2,99
0,30
2,37
M6
87,86 3,61
1,98
0,76
0,11
T Th Hng
Mu t,
mu trm tch
M12
M22
M32
M42
M52
M62
DDT
20,00
19,25
4,50
8,00
8,75
9,75
(n = 3)
DDD
DDE
22,46
35,12
23,12
31,15
8,23
12,72
12,14
22,25
11,65
21,75
DDT tng
77,58
73,52
12,73
20,72
43,14
43,15
Mu t
T Th Hng
m (%)
pH
Cacbon
hu c (%)
M12
1,51
6,19
4,55
M22
1,13
5,42
3,59
M32
0,41
5,69
1,97
M42
0,99
6,14
2,22
M52
1,55
5,80
3,80
M62
0,91
5,92
1,79
T Th Hng
MgO K2O
SO3
2,81
1,66
0,75
10,90
0,60
0,65
5,98
2,27
0,97
1,27
9,53
0,60
0,65
1,72
4,88
0,91
0,75
2,10
11,13
0,76
0,54
2,29
T Th Hng
p,p-DDT
p,p- DDE
p,p- DDD
DDT tng
Cc im c
20,07 36,18
42,56 70,45
24,04 39,63
86,67
hot ng
(30,19)
(61,32)
(33,39)
146,26
sn xut nng
(124,92)
nghip (7 mu)
Cc im c
hot ng lng
(5,58)
(10,49)
(36,45)
ngh v th
(5 mu)
Nhn vo bng trn ta thy rng ti cc im c hot ng sn xut nng
nghip nng DDT tuy c thp hn so vi nng DDT trong cc mu t ly ti
kho cha HCBVTV ly nghin cu, nhng vi nng ny cng l kh cao. Cn
ti cc im c hot ng lng ngh v th th nng DDT l thp nht. Nguyn
nhn gy nhim DDT huyn Tin Du c th vic s dng cht ny lm thuc tr
su trong qu kh. Hin ti, thng tin v mt DDT s dng ti khu vc nghin
cu cha cng b trong bo co no, nn vic tnh ton khi lng DDT xm nhp
vo t l khng thc hin c.
T Th Hng
Nm
T Th Hng
T vong do ung th
S ngi
t vong
Ung th qua
Ung th qua
Cc ung th
h h hp
h tiu ha
khc
2005
50
2006
43
2007
42
2008
52
2009
66
11
Tng
253
28
29
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
11
19
21
22,0
18,2
80,0
31,6
33,3
T Th Hng
iu kin phn hy ca cht ny. T s liu phn tch thu c, phn trm trung bnh
ca DDT v cc cht chuyn ha ca chng so vi DDT tng cc khu vc nh sau:
- Kho M, thn Hng Vn: DDT (14,60 %) < DDE (27,00%) < DDD (58,40%).
- Kho ng Cha, thn H V: DDT (26,66) < DDD (31,83%) < DDE (40,50%).
- Kho i Lim, th trn Lim: DDT (28,16%) < DDD (30,00%) < DDE (41,67%).
Nhn vo trt t trn ta thy rng phn trm trung bnh ca DDT nh nht.
iu ny chng t rng DDT b phn hy bi vi sinh vt trong mi trng to thnh
DDD iu kin ym kh v DDE iu kin hiu kh. Ring mu t ly su 5
cm ti kho ng Cha v kho i Lim th s chuyn ha iu kin hiu kh c
thc y dn n DDE c to thnh nhiu hn DDD, lm phn trm trung bnh ca
DDE ln hn.
Trong cc thng phm ca DDT khng c DDE. Mt khc, phn trm ca
p,p-DDT nm trong khong t 65 n 80% v phn trm ca p,p-DDD ln nht l
4%, ty theo ni sn xut DDT. V vy, vic phn trm trung bnh ca DDE v DDD
ln hn so vi DDT trong cc mu t phn nh s phn hy ng k ca DDT
theo thi gian.
Theo nghin cu ca Jiang v cc cng s, khi t s hm lng (p,p-DDE +
p,p-DDD)/DDT tng ti a im nghin cu ln hn 0,5 th s bin i ca DDT
di tc ng ca mi trng din ra ng k v t c ngun thi mi ca DDT ti
thi im kho st [4]. T s hm lng (p,p-DDE + p,p-DDD)/DDT tng ca cc
mu t ly nghin cu ti Bc Ninh nm trong khong t 0,65 n 0,89 (trung bnh
0,77). Do , c th kt lun l t c ngun thi mi ca DDT ti khu vc nghin cu.
Nu c ngun DDT nhp lu v c s dng ti Bc Ninh th cng s l khng ng
k v khng nh hng ln n tn d ca cht ny trong t.
3.6. xut phng php sinh hc ci to t b nhim DDT
DDT l mt loi thuc tr su Hydrocacbon clorin. nhim t bi DDT v
cc dng chuyn ha ca n di iu kin hiu kh v k kh nh DDD v DDE c
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
2. Hiu sut thu hi DDT, DDE v DDD bng phng php tch chit v lm
sch mu xy dng t gi tr t 79 n 91 %. Vi thu hi nhn c cho
php p dng quy trnh xy dng phn tch DDT, DDE v DDD nng ppb;
3. p dng quy trnh tch chit v lm sch mu xy dng phn tch
DDT, DDE v DDD trong cc mu t v trm tch ly kho M, thn Hng Vn;
kho ng Cha, thn H V, kho i Lim, th trn Lim thuc huyn Tin Du, tnh
Bc Ninh;
4. ch ra nng DDT tng trong t v trm tch thuc vng nghin cu.
Trong mu t ly kho M, thn Hng Vn c nng DDT dao ng t
12,60 n 120,55 ng/g (bng 1,2 ln so vi QCVN 15:2008/BTNMT) v kho ng
Cha, thn H V t c nng DDT dao ng t 37,25 n 115,26 ng/g (bng 1,1
ln so vi QCVN). Cn mu t ly kho i Lim c nng DDT tng nh hn
(t 12,73 n 77,58 ng/g);
5. t v trm tch ly ti cc vng nghin cu c cha mt lng kh ln cc
cht chuyn ha ca DDT l DDE v DDD; c bit c mu ch c cha DDT, DDD;
nng DDT trn b mt t (5 cm) cao hn nhng v tr su hn;
6. nh gi mi lin h nh hng ca m, pH, tng cacbon hu c
v Na2O trong mu t v trm tch n nng cc cht nghin cu. T rt ra
kt lun rng mc chuyn ha DDT ti cc khu vc nghin cu l thp;
7. xc nh c t s hm lng (p,p-DDE + p,p-DDD)/DDT tng ca
cc mu t, trm tch ly ti khu vc nghin cu thuc tnh Bc Ninh. Da vo kt
qu c th kt lun l t c ngun mi lm tng lng DDT trong mi trng t
ti cc khu vc nghin cu.
8. xut phng php sinh hc n gin v tit kim ci to t b
nhim DDT.
T Th Hng
Khuyn ngh
- Cc nghin cu v c cu bnh tt ti thn Hng Vn, x Lc V, huyn
Tin Du ph hp vi mc tn lu DDT, DDE v DDD tm thy trong cc mu ly
khu vc ny. V vy cc c quan qun l nh nc cn tp trung vo vic kim
sot, xc nh cc cht c thuc nhm c clo trong mi trng nc v cc loi thc
phm thu hi trn vng t ny, t c cnh bo i vi ngi dn phng nga
v hn ch b nhim c bi DDT, DDE v DDD;
- Cn tuyn truyn ngi dn cc khu vc cn tn lu lng ln DDT,
DDD, DDE trong mi trng s dng HCBVTV hp l. Tch cc s dng thuc c
ngun gc sinh lm gim c hi i vi con ngi v mi trng xung quanh;
- Xy dng cc lc lng chuyn trch, cc i phng tr su bnh hn ch
n mc ti a vic s dng cc loi thuc cm.
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
3,
T Th Hng
from freshwater canals in the Hanoi region, Environmental Pollution, 112, pp. 311 320.
20. Sharma GK. A critical review of the impact of insecticideal spraying under
NMEP on the malaria situation in India. Journal Communicable Diseases 1987;
19:187-290.
21. Wong, M.H.,Leung, A.O.W., Chan, J.K.Y., Choi, M.P.K., (2005), A review on
the usage of POP pesticide in China, with emphasis on DDT loadings in human
milk, Chemosphere 60, pp.740-752.
22. Zhang, H., Lu, Y., Dawson, R.W., Shi, Y., Wang, T. (2005), Classification and
ordination of DDT and HCH in soil samples from the Guanting Reservoir, China,
Chemosphere, 60, pp. 762 - 769.
23. Zhu, Y., Liu, H., Xi, Z., Cheng, H., Xu, X. (2005), Organochlorine pesticides
(DDTs and HCHs) in soils from the outskirts of Beijing, China, Chemosphere, 60,
pp. 770 - 778.
24. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), (2002).
Toxicological profile for DDT, DDE and DDD, 2002. Available from:
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp35.html. Assessed on 1 October 2006.
T Th Hng
PH LC
PH LC 1
DDD
DDE
min
DDT
DDE
DDD
min
Hnh 10. Sc phn tch trong mu t M4 (Kho M)
T Th Hng
DDD
DDT
min
DDT
DDE
DDD
DDE
DDD
DDT
min
T Th Hng
DDE
DDD
DDT
DDT
DDD
T Th Hng
DDD
DDE
DDT
T Th Hng
DDE
DDT
T Th Hng
nh 10. Bm mu ln my sc k kh
T Th Hng
nh 9. Lc dch chit vi nc
T Th Hng
T Th Hng
MC LC
M U.......................................................................................................................1
CHNG 1...................................................................................................................3
TNG QUAN................................................................................................................3
T Th Hng
Kt lun...............................................................................74
Khuyn ngh........................................................................76
TI LIU THAM KHO............................................................................................77
PH LC.................................................................................................................80