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Report 2011-2012
A seminar report submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING In TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Of VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BANGALORE KARNATAKA, INDIA
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Adaptive equalization system for visible light wireless communication utilizing multiple white led
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that seminar report entitled Adaptive Equalization System for Visible light Wireless Communication utilizing multiple white LED Lighting Equipment is presented by Nisha Sagatani ( 1BI08TE033) of final year B.E department of Telecommunication engineering in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of bachelor of engineering in Telecommunication Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum, Karnataka, India, during year 2011-2012.
Evaluated by:
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2) Name: Mrs.A.R.Manjula Signature: Head of the department Department of Telecommunication Engineering Bangalore Institute of Technology Bangalore-560004 Department of Telecommunication ,BIT Page - 6 -
Adaptive equalization system for visible light wireless communication utilizing multiple white led
INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION 2. WHITE LESs
2.1 White LEDs over Conventional Lighting methods 2.2 Properties of white LEDs 2.3 White leds vs infrared leds
3. INFRARED WIRELESS SYSTEM 4. VISIBLE WIRELESS SYSTEM 5. LIGHTING DESIGN AND BASIC PERFORMANCE
5.1. Illumination Distribution based on lighting engineering 5.2. Average received optical power 5.3. Propagation delay by multiple lighting equipments 5.4. Electrical SNR
1. INTRODUCTION
The number of personal computers and personal digital assistants for indoor use are rapidly growing in offices, manufacturing floors, shopping areas and warehouses. In near future, one will find very often several such devices clustered within small indoor areas. This will result in the need for flexible interconnection through the distributed or centralized data communication systems. The traditional way to meet this requirement is to use wired physical connections. But, wired physical connections have some inherent problems, in setting up and in its expansion. Further, these need more space, time to setup, monetary investment in copper, maintenance etc. Wireless systems offer an attractive alternative. Both, radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) radiation are possible options in implementing wireless systems. Unfortunately, the RF can support only limited bandwidth because of restricted spectrum availability and interference; while this restriction does not apply to IR. Thus, optical wireless (IR) technology seems to be ideal for wireless communication systems of the future. Although infrared offers significant advantages as a medium for indoor communication, it also has drawbacks. Several aspects impair the performance of indoor IR transmission systems. Thus, white leds proposed for optical wireless communication in indoor wireless networks. Department of Telecommunication ,BIT Page - 7 -
Adaptive equalization system for visible light wireless communication utilizing multiple white led
2. WHITE LEDs.
2.1 White LEDs over Conventional Lighting Methods
At present, white LED function lighting is mainly LED streetlight, LED tunnel light, LED tube light. Compared with traditional lighting, white LED light source in the application process shows many advantages. In the next few years, the next generation of white LED lighting will become the main product. White LED as a semiconductor light source, compared to traditional lighting sources, and its power consumption is only about 20% of the latter. With white LED light source, will reduce to a conventional semiconductor light-emitting energy consumption about 20% of lighting.
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Adaptive equalization system for visible light wireless communication utilizing multiple white led
Enegy saving : More than 50% energy saving compared with traditional lighting fixture. High safety : Safe volatage (low voltage) to drive, stable lighting, no stroboscopic and ultraviolet radiation damage. Start immediately : LED reflect immediately, ensure multi light connecting and different area changing at the same LED. When using dedicated driver to supply power, the start time is less than 10ms; No light pollution : Directional light of LED is helpful for controlling distribution of light, to ensure ideal lighting effect. At the same time, eliminate LED glare, light pollution and improve the using of LED lighting effeciency greatly. Low light decay : Intergrated design of lighting fixture is avoid of reduplicate waste of light; The color temperature is adjustable to meet different requirements to have a comfortable feeling. Green initiative : No lead, mercury and other harmful element, very friendly to environmental, no UV-light pollution.
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Adaptive equalization system for visible light wireless communication utilizing multiple white led
Infrared LEDs
Lower forward voltage Higher rated current Output isnt visible Varying impulse response
White LEDs
Higher power levels Large radiation pattern Visible output Specific impulse response
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Adaptive equalization system for visible light wireless communication utilizing multiple white led
Sufficient SNR is achieved based on large transmission power by the lighting function. System has no tracking structure even if the field-of-view of receiver is large. Receiver can be mobile and have seamless communication Sysem can have dynamic impulse response by the move of terminal or pedestrian.
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Adaptive equalization system for visible light wireless communication utilizing multiple white led
The radiation intensity pattern emitted by a differential element of an ideal diffuse reflector is independent of the angle of the incident light . It is further assumed that each LED has a Lambertian radiation pattern. Light from the source can reach the receiver after any number of reflections. Therefore, the horizontal illuminance can be written as an infinite sum E =_n=0En, (1) where En is the horizontal illuminance of the light undergoing exactly n reflections. The LOS horizontal illuminance E0 is given by E0 =_iI(0) cosm idi2 cosi, (2) higher order terms (n > 0) can be calculated recursively . En =_wallEn1d2 cos cos dAwall By this set of standards, an illuminance between 300 and 1500 lxis required for office work [26]. A general recommendation is that the illuminance on the desk be uniform. The uniformity illuminance ratio is defined as the ratio of the minimum to the average illuminance. The uniformity ratio should be over 5.7. sufficient illuminance, 300 to1500 lx (according to ISO), is obtained at the all places inthe room. Therefore, this result shows that the setting of thelighting equipment provides acceptable illuminance accordingto the standards and good practices.
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Adaptive equalization system for visible light wireless communication utilizing multiple white led
The average received optical power can be written as an infinite sum: Pr =_n=0Prn, where n is the number of reflections. The LOS average received optical power Pr0 is derived by the average transmitted optical power at each LED element Pti, as follows, Pr0 =_iPtiHi(0); (5) higher order terms (n > 0) can be calculated recursively: Prn =_wallPrn1d2 cos cos dAwall. (6) The integrations in Eq. (6) are performed with respect to the position on the surface of all reflectors. The channel DC gain on directed path is given as: H(0)=(m+ 1)A2d2 cosm Ts()g()cos, 0 c 0, > c, Figure shows the received optical power at the receiver across the room. We can see that the received power is very high, compared to that achieved by an infrared
Department of Telecommunication ,BIT Page - 13 -
Adaptive equalization system for visible light wireless communication utilizing multiple white led
wireless communication system2 We can also see that the received optical power is small at the corners. 5.3 Propagation Delay by Multiple Lighting Equipments
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Adaptive equalization system for visible light wireless communication utilizing multiple white led
In the transmission system, the electrical transmission data is modulated by OOK. The modulated signal is transmitted by LEDs. In the LEDs, the electrical signal is converted to optical signal. .At the receiver, delayed transmitted optical signals are received at one time, and the received optical signal is converted to electrical signal at PD. The O/E convergence efficiency at PD is R. Here, the delayed electrical signal is shown as convolution of optical wireless channel h(t) In the visible light wireless system,the LEDs have wide irradiance distribution for achieving adequate lighting.the impulse response is defined as the sum of received signals from the lighting sources.
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Adaptive equalization system for visible light wireless communication utilizing multiple white led
5.4 Electrical SNR In an optical channel,originally,the quality of transmission is dominated by shot noise.In our channel model,however intense ambient light striking detector leads to a steady shot noise,even if the receiver employs a narrow band optical filter.Therefore,we can neglect the shot noise caused by signals and model the ambient-induced shot noise as Gaussian noise.the electrical snr is expressed as: SNR= SNR =(RPr)22shot + 2thermal
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