Bi 3:

C s, nguyn tc v phng php nghin cu i chiu cc ngn ng

I. C S I CHIU NGN NG 1. i chiu v cc kiu i chiu

So snh l mt thao tc t duy ph qut trong mi lnh vc nhm pht hin thuc tnh v quan h gia s vt hin tng. Phn loi: + So snh cc s vt hin tng cng loi, cng mt phm tr. Mc ch: Tm ra nhng im ging nhau v khc nhau gia cc s vt hin tng. + So snh cc s vt hin tng c th khng cng loi, phm tr khc nhau. Mc ch: Chng minh hay lm ni r mt c im no ca i tng c bn n, khng cn ch n im ging nhau v khc nhau th nhng i tng ny

Loi so snh kiu 2

Ch yu ch n im tng ng gia cc i tng so snh m t ch n s khc bit gia chng. Khai thc im chung so snh s vt hin tng vn khng c so snh nn to cch din t lin tng bt ng, to hiu qu ngh thut (tu t) Mang m tnh ch quan, ph thuc cch nhn nhn nh gi ca ngi so snh.

Kt lun
Loi so snh kiu 1 mang tnh khch quan nn c dng lm phng php nghin cu ch o trong ngn ng hc i chiu ni ring, cng nh trong ngn ng hc so snh ni chung. Ni cch khc, trong ngn ng hc i chiu, nhng yu t c em so snh bao gi cng ng loi vi nhau. ng loi l iu kin tin quyt ca s so snh/i chiu.V d: Cng bnh din ng m, t vng, ng php

I. C S I CHIU NGN NG
2. Tiu ch i chiu

Tiu ch i chiu l im chung hay c s i chiu cc hin tng ngn ng Tertium comparationis Trong i chiu ngn ng, ch nhng i tng (cc n v ngn ng, cu trc ngn ng) tng ng vi nhau mi c th so snh vi nhau. Mi cp hay mi bnh din ngn ng u c nhng tiu ch i chiu ring.

V d: i chiu ph m /s/ v ph m /t/

V d: Tiu ch ring

Cp ng m: S ging nhau ca b my pht m ca tt c mi ngi trn th gii Cp t vng-ng ngha: S ging nhau v hin thc khch quan hay v ni dung t duy Cp cu: S ging nhau v quan h Ch th-Hnh ng-Khch th

I. C S I CHIU NGN NG 3. Cc kiu i chiu

Title Cc kiu i chiu

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i chiu nh lng: Kiu i chiu nhm xc nh nhng khc bit v s lng cc yu t ngn ng xt theo mt tiu ch i chiu no .
.

i chiu nh tnh: Kiu i chiu nhm tm ra nhng c im ging nhau v khc nhau gia cc yu t ngn ng tng ng ca hai ngn ng.

V d: T xng h Anh - Vit

i t nhn xng ting Vit
S t
Ngi th nht

i t nhn xng ting Anh

S t
Ngi th nht S nhiu

S nhiu
Chng ti, chng tao, chng t, bn mnh,... Chng my, cc cu,...

Ti, tao, t, mnh,...

We

Ngi th hai

My, cu,...

Ngi th hai

You

Ngi th ba

N, y, hn,...

H, chng n,...

Ngi th ba

They

V d: T xng h Anh - Vit

Phm tr xng h Ngi Ging S Cch Phm tr lch s Anh + + + + + Vit + + + +

V d: T xng h Anh - Vit

Nu i chiu vi ting Vit th ting Vit hnh thi xng h hon ton khng c phm tr cch (ch cch, tn cch, s hu cch). Nhng cc hnh thi tng ng th nhiu hn v ngi Vit s dng yu t phi i t bn cnh cc i t nhn xng tng hiu qu giao tip. V d: ng, b, c, cu...

II. CC NGUYN TC I CHIU

Nguyn tc 1: Bo m cc phng tin trong hai ngn ng phi c miu t y , chnh xc v su sc trc khi tin hnh i chiu.

V d: So snh i chiu cu hi Anh

Vit

1. Cch phn loi cu hi Anh Vit theo cu trc c php a. Cu hi trong ting Anh: o Yes/ No questions (cu hi c/khng) o Wh- questions (cu hi c t nghi vn) o Alternative questions (cu hi la chn)
o

Declarative questions (cu hi dng tng thut) b. Cu hi trong ting Vit: o Cu hi tng qut. o Cu hi c t nghi vn. o Cu hi la chn. o Cu hi dng ng iu. 2. So snh im ging nhau v khc nhau trong tng loi cu hi.
o

Tag questions (cu hi ly li)

II. CC NGUYN TC I CHIU

Nguyn tc 2: Khi i chiu cc yu t ngn ng, phi t chng trong h thng

V d: T ch quan h thn tc trong ting Anh v ting Vit

Great grand mother C b Great grand father C ng

Great aunt B bc, c

Grand mother B

Grand father ng

Grand uncle ng bc, ch

cousin

Mother m

Father B/cha

Uncle Bc, ch

cousin

cousin Sister ch, em gi cousin Niece Chu gi Daughter Con gi EGO Bn thn Brother Anh, em trai cousin cousin

Son Con trai

Nephew Chu trai

cousin

Grand niece Chu gi (h)

Grand daughter Chu gi (rut)

Grand son Chu trai (rut)

Grand nephew Chu trai (h)

Great grand daughter Cht gi

Great grand son Cht trai

Ngun: Janet Finch, Family obligations and social change

 Xt mt cch khi qut, ng trn ng tm v t thn tc trong ting Vit v ting Anh tng t nhau. Tuy vy vn c nhng khc bit th hin s chia ct hin thc khch quan gia hai dn tc trong hai ngn ng, nh vic s dng t xng h trong gia nh ht nhn, s phn chia gii tnh, th h, tui tc, ni ngoi.

V d: T ch ng vt (g) trong ting Php v ting Vit

G
Coq (g trng) Poulet (g gi trng) Poule (g mi) Poulette (g gi mi) G(trng) g (gi)
g (con)

g (mi)

Poussin (g con)

Vy: Ngi Php quan tm n chi tit nn khng c mt t chung ch G nh ngi Vit. Ngi Vit thin v ci nhn tng th, mi loi c mt t chung i din

II. CC NGUYN TC I CHIU

Nguyn tc 3: Phi xem xt cc phng tin i chiu trong hot ng giao tip

V d: Cch thc cho hi trong ting Vit v ting

Anh

Tnh hung 1: (bn b) (quan h ngang quyn) Hai ngi bn i v pha nhau. C hai u rt vi. (H nhn thy nhau v ni.) ...................................... Tnh hung 2: (bn b) (quan h ngang quyn) Hai ngi bn i v pha nhau. C hai u ang i ti ch hn nhng khng vi lm. H c thi gian tr chuyn vi nhau. (H nhn thy nhau v ni)...................................................

II. CC NGUYN TC I CHIU

Nguyn tc 4: Phi m bo tnh nht qun trong vic vn dng cc khi nim v m hnh l thuyt miu t cc ngn ng c i chiu: Theo V.Solnsev (2001): (1) Phi s dng nhng khi nim c th ph hp miu t c 2 ngn ng c i chiu v nhng khi nim phi hiu theo cng mt cch. (2) Phi theo cng mt khung l thuyt

V d: Phn loi cu theo cu trc c php trong ting Anh v ting Vit

Cu n She wrote a book Cu ghp: and, but, or She likes coffee but I like tea. Cu phc She believed that he was not a faithful man.

II. CC NGUYN TC I CHIU

Nguyn tc 5: Phi tnh n mc gn gi v loi hnh gia cc ngn ng i chiu. Nguyn tc 6: Ring i vi nhng nghin cu i chiu nhm phc v cho vic dy ting v hc ting, cn phi tnh n nguyn tc n gin, thit thc i vi ngi dy v ngi hc.

III. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU I CHIU CC NGN NG 1. Phm vi i chiu

Phm vi i chiu c phn nh theo cc nguyn tc sau: i chiu cc phm tr ngn ng (thi, th, xc nh hay khng xc nh, ging-s, a ngha, ng m, tri ngha...) i chiu cu trc, h thng (cc c im cu to m v, hnh v, t loi, c php...) i chiu hot ng (cc c im hnh chc ca cc hin tng, phm tr ngn ng trong gii hn cc cp ) i chiu phong cch (phong cch chc nng ca cc ngn ng c i chiu ) i chiu tin trnh pht trin (lm sng t cc quy lut pht trin v cc qu trnh bin i trong ni b ngn ng c nghin cu)

III. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU I CHIU CC NGN NG 2. Quy trnh i chiu

3 bc: 1) Miu t 2) Xc nh nhng ci c th i chiu vi nhau 3) i chiu

Bc 1: Miu t
S dng kt qu miu t ca ngi khc v ch trnh by li di hnh thc ph hp vi mc ch i chiu ca mnh S dng kt qu miu t do mnh t xc lp Lu : Bc miu t trong nghin cu i chiu ph thuc rt nhiu v ng liu thu thp c

Bc 1: Miu t
V ng liu: - Vn bn dch khch quan v a dng - T in song ng - Li ni ca ngi bn ng - Sch ng php l thuyt

Bc 1: Miu t
Lu khi s dng ngun ng liu: - i vi vn bn dch: S dng vn bn ca cc dch gi c uy tn,trung thnh vi vn bn gc. V d: (1) He will return to Sai Gon in 2 weeks. N s tr v Si Gn trong 2 tun. Hai tun na n tr v Si Gn. (2) We stayed there for 2 days and I was offered more kindness than I was willing to accept Chng ti 2 ngy v ti c ban tng nhiu lng tt hn l ti mong i Chng ti 2 ngy. Ngi ta i x vi ti t t hn l ti mong i

Bc 1: Miu t
Lu khi s dng ngun ng liu: - i vi t in song ng, nhng thng tin v im ging v khc nhau ca nhng n v tng ng trong hai ngn ng thng khng chi tit v su sc - i vi ngi bn ng v sch ng php l thuyt, cn cn trng vi s ch quan hay nh kin - i vi ng liu li ni hng ngy phi l li ni trong mi trng giao tip t nhin, thun khit

Bc 2: Xc nh nhng ci c th i chiu c vi nhau

Xc nh yu t X no trong ngn ng ny c tng ng vi yu t Y trong ngn ng khc khng? V d: I have already bought a cat. Ti mua con mo (y) ri. Ti mua mt con mo ri.

Bc 3: i chiu
T.Krzesowski (1990): C 3 khung i chiu tng ng 3 kh nng c bn c th c khi i chiu 2 ngn ng XL1 = XL2 XL1 XL2 XL1 = 0 L2
Trong : X l yu t ngn ng; L l ngn ng

XL1 = XL2 v XL1 XL2

X trong L1 c th ng nht v mt s phng din vi ci tng ng trong L2 X trong L1 c th khc bit v mt s phng din vi ci tng ng trong L2 V d: the v cc (phn bit vi nhng) Please remove the books from the table (= cc); The book is mine ( cc)

XL1 = 0 L2
X trong L1 khng c ci tng ng trong L2 2 kh nng: + Khng c ci tng ng tuyt i. V d: thanh iu ting Vit v ting Anh + Khng c ci tng ng tng i. V d: Biu hin phm tr thi Ting Anh dng cc phng tin ng php bin hnh t. Ting Vit khng c phm tr th nhng li s dng danh ng thi gian nh du ngha v thi: hm qua, ngy mai.

IV.MT S PHNG THC, TH PHP I CHIU CH YU

1. Phng thc i chiu cc thnh phn cu trc ca cp ngn ng: ng m - m v, hnh v, ng on, cu... Phng thc ny thng bt u bng i chiu n v, thnh phn v cui cng l i chiu h thng. 2. Phng thc i chiu hot ng ca ngn ng trong giao tip c s dng xc nh tnh ph cp hoc hn ch ca cc hin tng, s kin ngn ng tn ti trong ngn ng c i chiu. V d: S lng t vay mn ting Vit v ting Anh, Trt t t ting Vit v ting Anh

IV.MT S PHNG THC, TH PHP I CHIU CH YU

3. Phng thc i chiu phong cch: nhm lm sng t nhng nt tng ng - khng tng ng v phong cch mi ngn ng i chiu c quy nh bi cc chun ngn ng, ph hp vi mc ch v hon cnh giao tip c th. V d: m phn thng mi quc t 4. Phng thc i chiu pht trin: c s dng xc nh c im v hng pht trin ca cc ngn ng v cc thay i cu trc ni b, phm vi hot ng, chc nng ca n trong cc mi quan h tng ng vi tin trnh pht trin x hi- lch s. V d: ting Vit pht trin rt nhiu so vi ting Nm trc y cn ting Anh th hu nh khng my thay i).

Tm li:
C l mt h thng tng th cc phng thc, th php phn tch nhm lm sng t cc c im chung v cc c im c th ca cc ngn ng c i chiu.

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