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Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc

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MT S VN TRONG VIC S DNG CC CNG THC TNH NHANH GII BI TP HA HC


Bt u t nm hc 2006-2007, cc k thi Tt nghip THPT v Tuyn sinh H-C chnh thc chuyn sang hnh thc thi trc nghim, nh du mt s thay i quan trng v mt k thut trong vic nh gi cht lng hc sinh. Cng t n nay, vic i mi cc phng php ging dy v hc tp cho ph hp vi hnh thc thi mi cng lin tc c t ra v t c nhng kt qu ng k. Tuy nhin, bn cnh , tm l i ph vi k thi cng lm ny sinh nhng hnh thc hc tp tiu cc m vic s dng ty tin cc cng thc gii nhanh trong bi tp Ha hc l mt in hnh. Trong cc bi vit ca mnh, cng c i ln ti cp ti cc cng thc gii ton c th dng trong bi tp Ha hc (in hnh l cng thc tnh nhanh cho bi ton v c kinh in: mFe = 0,7*mhh (Fe v cc oxit) + 5,6ne (hh cho) v cng thc tnh nhanh hiu sut ca phn ng crackinh ankan m c rt nhiu thy c gio v cc tc gi n theo trong cc bi ging, sch tham kho, bi vit trn tp ch HH&D, ). Tuy nhin, khi gii thiu mt cng thc gii ton no ti cng lun lun c gng din gii cng thc mt cch d hiu nht, con ng chng minh cc cng thc y v cc kh nng gii hn trong qu trnh ng dng, . Tt c u nhm mt mc ch l gip cho cc bn hc sinh d dng tip nhn, hiu c v vn dng c trong cc tnh hung thch hp. Nh ti nhiu ln nhn mnh, mt bi ton Ha hc b chi phi bi nhiu yu t, nhiu d kin m 2 yu t ch o l: phng php gii ton v hin tng Ha hc xy ra trong bi ton . V l , vic phn tch rch ri cc yu t ny l khng h n gin, cng l phng php gii ton nhng trong cc phn ng Ha hc khc nhau s c cch vn dng khc nhau v ngc li, cng l phn ng Ha hc nhng ghp vi cc d kin gii ton khc nhau ta c th phi s dng n cc phng php khc nhau gii. Cc cng thc tnh nhanh khi p dng cho cc bi tp Ha hc u c nhng i hi ht sc ngt ngho v mt Ha hc ca bi ton, m bi khng phi lc no cng c tha mn c ht cc iu kin . Trong khi , cc bi tp trong thi H-C lun c phc tp nht nh v mt Ha hc, ngi ra lun tm cch che giu cc du hiu gii ton bng cc phn ng Ha hc phc tp v nhiu giai on trung gian. Do , vic s dng cc cng thc gii ton trong thi H-C l khng thc s hiu qu v kh thi. Bi vit di y s gip cc bn c c mt ci nhn y hn v cc hn ch ca vic s dng cng thc trong gii ton Ha hc, t c nhng quyt nh cn trng hn khi theo ui phng php hc tiu cc v mang tnh m n lin ny. 1, Cc cng thc gii ton cn nhiu iu kin v khng phi lc no cng ng: Chng ta u bit v c l kh quen vi cng thc:

n HNO3 = 2n NO2 = 4n NO = 10n N2O = 12n N2 hay n H2SO4 = 2n SO2


(cng thc ny cng c mo rt d nh ^^) Nhng th vit phn ng ca FeO vi HNO3 hay H2SO4, ta s thy n khng cn nghim ng na!
vukhacngoc@gmail.com http://my.opera.com/saobanglanhgia Dch v n thi cht lng cao GSA Education: http://giasuams.com/ Lin h: 04.39152590 - 0989768553 (Linh)

Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc

0985052510

Mt cng thc khc m ti tng gii thiu trong bi vit Phng php phn tch h s (v c rt nhiu ngi khc chm li) l cng thc tnh hiu sut ca phn ng crackinh ankan da vo KLPT trung bnh ca hn hp kh trc v sau phn ng:

M H% = t - 1 100% Ms
Cng thc ny nghim ng trong hu ht cc bi ton, v d: 1, Khi crackinh mt ankan thu c hn hp X gm 3 hirocacbon. Bit khi lng mol ca ankan ban u gp 1,35 ln khi lng mol trung bnh ca X. Hi c bao nhiu phn trm (theo s mol) ankan ban u tham gia phn ng trn? (Trch thi Hc sinh gii Thnh ph H Ni nm 2008) 2, Crackinh C4H10 thu c hn hp gm 5 hirocacbon c KLPT trung bnh bng 36,25. Hiu sut ca phn ng crackinh l: A. 40% B. 60% C. 20% D. 80 3, Crackinh C4H10 thu c hn hp ch gm 5 hirocacbon c t khi hi so vi H2 l 16,325. Hiu sut ca phn ng crackinh l: A. 77,64% B. 38,82% C. 17,76% D. 16,325% 4, Crackinh mt ankan thu c hn hp kh c t khi hi so vi H2 bng 19,565. Bit hiu sut ca phn ng Crackinh l 84%. Xc nh ankan cho. A. Butan B. Isobutan C. Pentan D. A v B Nhng trong thi H-C khi A nm 2008, cng thc ny khng cn ng na! Khi cracking hon ton mt th tch ankan X thu c 3 th tch hn hp Y (cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit v p sut); t khi ca Y so vi H2 bng 12. Cng thc phn t ca X l: A. C6H14 B. C3H8 C. C4H10 D. C5H12 (Trch thi tuyn sinh H C khi A 2008) bi cho phn ng hon ton hay:

M H% = t - 1 100% = 100% M t = 2Ms = 2 2 12 = 48 v nghim ???? Ms

Cng thc ny c ng hc thuc khng, khi m trong chng trnh ta ch hc 2 ru tha mn c im ny l C2H4(OH)2 v C3H5(OH)3 ???? Hn na, xc sut bi cho ng d kin v O2, ancol v iu kin: Bit ancol c s nhm OH bng s C l v cng thp!!! 2, Dng cng thc gii ton cha chc l cch lm nhanh nht: Cch y 2 nm, ti gii thiu cng thc tnh nhanh cho bi ton v c kinh in: mFe = 0,7*mhh (Fe v cc oxit) + 5,6ne (hh cho)
vukhacngoc@gmail.com http://my.opera.com/saobanglanhgia Dch v n thi cht lng cao GSA Education: http://giasuams.com/ Lin h: 04.39152590 - 0989768553 (Linh)

Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc

0985052510

dng tnh nhanh cc bi ton lin quan n phn ng oxh hon ton hn hp gm Fe v cc oxit ca n. n nay, cng thc ny tr nn ht sc ph bin, cc gio vin v hc sinh hon ton khng cn l lm g vi n. Cng thc ny cng vi phng php quy i nguyn t c xem l 2 phng php gii nhanh nht cho cc bi ton loi ny. Tuy nhin, iu ny khng phi lc no cng ng! Trong cc bi ton di y, dng cng thc tnh nhanh hoc quy i nguyn t c th l cch lm nhanh nht: 1, Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ha tan ht hn hp X trong dung dch HNO3 (d), thot ra 0,56 lt ( ktc) NO l sn phm kh duy nht. Gi tr ca m l: A. 2,52 B. 2,22 C. 2,62 D. 2,32 (Trch thi tuyn sinh H C khi B 2007) 2, Cho 11,36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO3 long (d), thu c 1,344 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) v dung dch X. C cn dung dch X thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l: A. 49,09 B. 34,36 C. 35,50 D. 38,72 (Trch thi tuyn sinh H C khi A 2008) 3, Ha tan ht m gam hn hp Fe, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 trong dung dch HNO3 c, nng d c 448 ml kh NO2 ( ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng c 14,52 gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l: A. 3,36 gam B. 4,28 gam C. 4,64 gam D. 4,80 gam 4, Ha tan hon ton 49,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 bng dung dch H2SO4 c, nng thu c dung dch Y v 8,96 lt kh SO2 (ktc). Khi lng mui thu c khi c cn dung dch Y l: A. 160 gam B. 140 gam C. 120 gam D. 100 gam 5, Cho 11,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 vo dung dch HNO3 long, d c V lt kh Y (ktc) gm NO v NO2 c t khi hi so vi H2 l 19. Mt khc, nu cho cng lng kh hn hp X trn tc dng vi kh CO d th sau phn ng hon ton c 9,52 gam Fe. Gi tr ca V l: A. 2,8 lt B. 5,6 lt C. 1,4 lt D. 1,344 lt 6, m gam Fe trong khng kh mt thi gian c 7,52 gam hn hp X gm 4 cht. Ha tan ht X trong dung dch H2SO4 c, nng d c 0,672 lt kh SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) v dung dch Y. C cn cn thn dung dch Y c m1 gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m v m1 ln lt l: A. 7 gam v 25 gam C. 4,48 gam v 16 gam B. 4,2 gam v 1,5 gam D. 5,6 gam v 20 gam

Nhng trong bi ton di y, c phng php quy i nguyn t v cng thc tnh nhanh trn u ch ng xch dp v tc nu so vi mt cng thc khc: Ha tan hon ton 34,8 gam mt oxit st dng FexOy trong dung dch H2SO4 c, nng. Sau phn ng thu c 1,68 lt kh SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht, o ktc). Xc nh cng thc ca oxit cho? Cch 1: Coi loi oxit cho (1 cht) l hn hp ca Fe v O nguyn t.
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Gi s mol ca 2 loi nguyn t trong 34,8 gam hn hp ln lt l x v y (mol).


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Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc

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Qu trnh phn ng trong bi c th tm tt li trong s :


+H2 SO4 Fe, O dd (Fe3+ , O-2 ) + SO2

p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng v bo ton electron, ta c h phng trnh:

moxit = m Fe + mO = 56x + 16y = 34,8 gam 1, 68 n e cho = n e nhn hay 3x = 2y + 22, 4 2


Do Oxit cho l Fe3O4.

x = 0,45 mol y = 0,6 mol

x 3 = y 4

Cch 2: Dng cng thc tnh nhanh.


n Fe = 0,45 mol nO = 34 ,8 - 25,2 = 0,6 mol 16

m Fe = 0,7m hh - 5,6n e (hh cho) = 25,2 gam

n Fe 3 = nO 4

Fe3O4

Cch 3: Dng cng thc tnh nhanh khc.

Ta c: n oxit = n e = 2n SO2 = 0,15 mol

M oxit =

34,8 = 232 0,15

Fe3O 4

Mt v d khc l mt cu c nh gi l kh trong thi H-C khi A nm 2009:

Ha tan ht m gam ZnSO4 vo nc c dung dch X. Cho 110 ml dung dch KOH 2M vo X, thu c a gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu cho 140 ml dung dch KOH 2M vo X th cng thu c a gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l A. 20,125 B. 12,375 C. 22,540 D. 17,710
Cch 1: Tnh ln lt theo tng bc phn ng.

y, lng KOH trong 2 trng hp l khc nhau nhng lng kt ta li bng nhau Zn2+ bo ton th trng hp 1, sn phm sinh ra gm Zn(OH)2 v Zn2+ d, cn trng hp th 2, sn phm sinh ra gm Zn(OH)2 v ZnO2- . 2 c 2 trng hp, ta u c phn ng to thnh kt ta: Zn 2+ + 2OH - Zn(OH)2 (1) vi n Zn2+ =
1 0,11 2 n OH- = = 0,11 mol 2 2

2 trng hp 2, cn c thm phn ng to ra ion zincat: Zn 2+ + 4OH - ZnO 2 (2)

vi n Zn2+ =

1 (0,14 - 0,11) 2 n OH- (2) = = 0,015 mol 4 4

Do , n Zn2+ = 0,125 mol = n ZnSO4

m = 161 0,125 = 20,125 gam

Cch 2: Tnh theo cng thc nOH - ( TH 1) + nOH - ( TH 2) = 4nZn2+

n OH- (TH1) + n OH- (TH2) = 4n Zn2+ = (0,11 + 0,14) 2 = 0,5 mol n Zn2+ = 0,125 mol = n ZnSO4
vukhacngoc@gmail.com http://my.opera.com/saobanglanhgia Dch v n thi cht lng cao GSA Education: http://giasuams.com/ Lin h: 04.39152590 - 0989768553 (Linh)

Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc

0985052510

Do , m = 20,125 gam
*

Cng thc trn hon ton c th xy dng c mt cch n gin t ptp (1) v (2)!

Nu ch nhn vo 2 cch lm trn, nhiu ngi s cho rng cch s dng cng thc tnh nhanh trn l nhanh hn hn so vi cch 1, tuy nhin, vic nh chnh xc c mt cng thc nh vy khi i thi khng h n gin. Hn na, trong bi tp ny, ta cn mt cch lm khc hon ton khng cn dng n cng thc m c phn cn n gin v nhanh hn cch s dng cng thc rt nhiu: Cch 3: Phng php bin lun bt phng trnh

V trng hp 1 KOH thiu, trng hp 2 KOH li d (so vi phn ng to kt ta), do , s mol ZnSO4 phi nm trong khong (0,11;0,14) v khi lng ZnSO4 tng ng phi nm trong khong (17,71;20,125). Xt c 4 p n th ch c B l tha mn.

Cng thc phc tp ny c ng nh khng, khi ta c th gii bi ton v d mt cch cng rt n gin nh sau:

Bo ton khi lng cho phn ng hiro ha, ta c:


m X = m Y hay M X n X = m Y n Y nX M 16 8 = Y = = nY MX 12 6
8 12 - 6 2 = 42 2

Gi s trc phn ng c 8 mol hn hp kh sau phn ng c 6 mol hn hp kh S mol kh gim (2 mol) chnh l s mol anken ban u M anken =
C3H6

Nh vy l r rng, vic s dng cng thc tnh nhanh khi gii ton Ha hc cha chc l gii php nhanh nht v ti u nht. Mi cng thc u c kh nng ng dng c gii hn, ph thuc vo vic ta c nhng d kin g v ta cn d kin g.
3, Rt nhiu cng thc gii ton c ngun gc chung vi nhau v ta khng nn tn thi gian vo vic hc tng cng thc ring l m hy hc v nm cho vng ci ngun gc chung y:

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http://my.opera.com/saobanglanhgia Dch v n thi cht lng cao GSA Education: http://giasuams.com/ Lin h: 04.39152590 - 0989768553 (Linh)

Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc

0985052510

vukhacngoc@gmail.com

http://my.opera.com/saobanglanhgia Dch v n thi cht lng cao GSA Education: http://giasuams.com/ Lin h: 04.39152590 - 0989768553 (Linh)

Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc

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Tt c nhng th gi l cng thc ny c ng hc thuc khng khi tt c chng u n gin l bt ngun t phng php Tng gim khi lng??? Vic hc thuc cc cng thc trn hon ton l v ngha v khng cn thit nu nh hc sinh nm vng cc ni dung c bn ca phng php Tng gim khi lng (cn nu khng nm vng th khng th ngh n chuyn nh v vn dng ng cng thc c!)

Tt c cc cng thc tnh ng phn ny c ng hc khng khi m ta hon ton c th dng mt cng thc v phng php tnh n gin, hiu qu hn hn tnh ton s ng phn ca hu ht cc loi hp cht hu c trong chng trnh ph thng, ng thi cn bit c s loi ng phn ng vi tng loi cu to (c bao nhiu ng phn ru/amin bc I, bc II, bc III, )??? Hn na, thi H-C hu nh khng bao gi hi n gin vic tnh s ng phn nh trong cc cng thc trn m vic tnh s ng phn lun i km vi bin lun CTCT tha mn cc tnh cht Ha hc cho trc!

Nh vy, ch bng mt vi v d in hnh, ta c th thy rng vic s dng cng thc tnh nhanh trong gii ton Ha hc tim n rt nhiu ri ro. Vic p dng cc cng thc tnh nhanh vo gii ton i khi cng l cn thit v hiu qu nhng lm c nh vy nht thit phi nm vng cc iu kin cn v nghim ng cng thc , ng thi, chng ta cng nn sng lc, la chn trong qu trnh hc, ch nn nh nhng cng thc gc v nhng phng php gc c tnh ng dng cao, ph bin v d c kh nng ri vo thi H nht thay v hc v s cc cng thc h qu ca chng, va tn thi gian va d nhm ln v khng hiu qu! Khng phi bi ton no trong thi cng c cng thc tnh nhanh! Khng phi khi i thi, bi ton no ta cng ngh ra c cch lm nhanh nht! Khi i thi, phng php nhanh nht cho 1 bi ton chnh l phng php m ta ngh ra c ngay lc v gii nhanh nht thi H, iu c bn v quan trng nht l tng php tnh nh, tng bin
vukhacngoc@gmail.com http://my.opera.com/saobanglanhgia Dch v n thi cht lng cao GSA Education: http://giasuams.com/ Lin h: 04.39152590 - 0989768553 (Linh)

Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc

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i v quan h Ha hc u c x l mt cch nhanh nht v ti u nht. Nu thc s lm c nh vy th hiu qu thu c cn nhanh hn rt nhiu so vi vic c nh mt cng thc gii nhanh no .
P/S: Bi vit trn mang quan im c nhn ca tc gi v ch mang tnh cht tham kho. hiu r hn cc thng tin v nhn nh nu ra trn, cc bn c th tm c cc bi ging c lin quan ti cc a ch:

Tng hp 18 cch gii cho bi ton v c kinh in Rn luyn tr thnh hc sinh gii Ha hc trng ph thng Vn rn luyn k nng tnh trng ph thng Cng thc tnh nhanh cho bi ton v c kinh in ca Sao bng lnh gi Chin thut chn ngu nhin trong bi thi trc nghim Ha hc nh gi y hn ngha ca phng php ghp n s Phn tch h s phn ng v ng dng trong gii nhanh bi ton Ha hc Cc bn cng c th tham kho cc bi ging chuyn trn blog c nhn ca ti: http://my.opera.com/saobanglanhgia/blog/ v http://vn.myblog.yahoo.com/vkngoc49cns/ v cc bi vit khc trn Tp ch Ha hc v ng dng ca Hi Ha hc Vit Nam. Ngoi ra, gip cc em hc sinh c c s chun b tt nht cho k thi Tt nghip THPT v Tuyn sinh H-C sp ti y, vo u thng 5 ny, Cng ty c phn Gio dc GSA tip tc khai ging Kha luyn thi H cp tc dnh cho cc em hc sinh lp 12 v 13. Tham gia vo Kha hc, cc em s c c hi:
+ +

c tip cn vi cc phng php t duy gii ton mi nht, nhanh nht v hiu qu nht

Lm ch hon ton cc phng php gii ton quan trng vi nhng du hiu nhn bit v cch phn loi ht sc r rng. Lm quen vi cc dng bi tp v cc phng php gii ton hon ton mi v c: gii ton vi ng lng phn ng, phng php bin lun gii hn nghim, xp x ha cc i lng cc nh, ng cho trong cc bi ton pH, ng cho cho cc dung dch c phn ng vi nhau, quy i phn ng Ha hc, phng php Chn ngu nhin, cc cng thc gc trong gii ton, . c bit l phng php m v Tnh nhanh s ng phn cc hp cht hu c.
+

Phng php t duy linh hot v gii quyt hiu qu cc yu cu ph bin trong thi nh: xc nh CTPT, bin lun CTCT, bi tp tnh hiu sut, chui phn ng, cc bi tp so snh, nhn bit, tch,
+

Cc em hc sinh v cc qu v ph huynh c th truy cp website: http://giasuams.com/ hoc in thoi ti s 04.38684441 36230476 - 39152590 0989768553 (gp Ch Hu hoc Ch Linh) tm hiu thng tin chi tit.

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http://my.opera.com/saobanglanhgia Dch v n thi cht lng cao GSA Education: http://giasuams.com/ Lin h: 04.39152590 - 0989768553 (Linh)

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