10.

1 Nc: vin cnh ngn ca ton cu:

Vng tun hon nc ton cu lin quan ti hot ng ca nc t cc dng d tr ca tri t ti nhng ngun khc.vng tun hon ncc th c nhn thy qua s vn chuyn ca nc t bin vo kh quyn, ri xung t kh quyn thng qua ma, v s iu hng li t bin nh b mt chy trn v lp di b mt dng chy hay ti kh quyn thng qua s bc hi. Vng tun hon nc ton cu trong mt nm c minh ha nh sau: 1. Ni lng nc trong mt nm di chuyn t bin ( t bc hi) vo t lin(47000 km3) c s cn bng ging nh lng nc c iu hng li t sng v b mt nc ca dng chy ra bin. 2. 505000 km3 nc c bc hi t bin trn th gii cn bng vi tng lng nc ma ri xung bin( 458000 km3) v 47000 km3 nc di chuyn t kh quyn vo t lin. 3. S bc hi ca nc t t lin l 72000 km3 /nm , tng lng nc v lng nc di chuyn t khi quyn (47000 km3/nm) xung t lin hng nm l 119000 km3. 4. Trong 119000 km3 nc ri xung t lin, c 60%( 72000 km3) do s bc hi nc, 40%( 47000 km3) do s iu hng li ca b mt bin hay b mt nc chy trn Nhng nc tr li b thay i Bi v n mang theo trm tch xi mn(ct, si st) t t.cc dng chy tr li khng nhng mang nhiu tnh cht ha hc m cn bao gm nhng hot ng ca con ngi v nhng hp cht do con ngi em li ,nhiu hp cht nh cht thi hu c, cht dinh dng v hng ngn ha cht t hot ng nng nghip, cng nghip v qu trnh th ha. Trong chng ny chng ta s cp c bit ti b mt chy trn v lp di b mt

dng chy cng nh quan h ca chng i vi hot ng ca con ngi. quy m ton cu, vn khng phi v s phong ph ca nc m l gi tr ca nc ng ni, ng thi im v ng dng.nc l mt ti nguyn hn tp c th c tm thy cc dng nh rn, lng hay kh mt v tr hay gn b mt tri t.nhng iu trn ph thuc vo v tr c bit ca nc.thi gian tn ti c th thay th t vi ngy cho ti hng ngn nm. Hn th na, 99%nc trn tri t th khng c gi tr hay khng tng xng cho vic s dng c ch cho con ngi bi v mn hay cc dng v v tr ca n.lng nc cung cp cho tt c ngi trn tri t hon ton chi chim cha ti 1% trong tng s. Vi s Gia tng dn s v pht trin cng nghip lm cho vic s dng nc tng thm. Ngy nay, bnh qun s dng nc theo u ngi trn th gii khong 700m3/nm, tng ; lng nc m con ngi s dng l 3850 km3/nm. m bnh qun theo u ngi s dng khong 1850m3/nm, hay hn 2.5 ln bnh qun theo u ngi ca th gii.theo nh gi vo nm 2000, tng lng nc c s dng trn th gii s v th m gia tng n 6000 km3/nm- s phn b quan trng ca lng nc t nhin gi tr. Lng nc trung bnh hng nm c em li t nhng dng sng v nc mt ca tri t l khong chng 47000 km3, nhng n phn b khng ng nht. Nhiu lng nc chy trn xy ra hu nh nhng vng t b khng, nh Atarctica, n cung cp 2310km3, hay khong 5% tng lng nc chy trn ca tri t. Nam M bao gm c lu vc sng Amazn khong 12200km3 hay chim tng lng nc chy trn.Tng lng nc chy trn t Bc M ch khong 2/3 so vi Nam M khong 8180km3.Tht ng tic, nhiu

dng nc chy trn bc M xy ra nhng thuc a tha tht hay nhng vng t b khng, c bit l pha bc Canada v Alaska. So vi ti nguyn khc nh du m, than , qung kim loi v phi kim loi, nc c s dng vi s lng rt ln.cch y vi nm, tng lng nc c dng hng nm trn tri t gp khong 1000 ln tng lng nc c to ra trn th gii. V s phong ph nh th, nc l ngun ti nguyn khng h t.nhng v lng nc v cht lng ca gi tr nc c gi tr rt cao, s lp li bo ha ca nc trn ton cu khng phi l nn tng s dng c bit.S thiu nc xy ra v s tip tc xy ra vi s gia tng thng xuyn, gy ra s ph v nn kinh t nghim trng v nhiu au kh cho con ngi. Hi ng ti nguyn nc ca M ngh rng cho ti nm 2020 , lng nc s dng m c th s lm tng ti nguyn nc mt l 13%.

10.2 Nc l mt cht lng khc thng.

hiu v nc trong gii hn nc c cung cp, s dng,v dn s v qun l, iu u tin m chng ta cn l s hiu bit v c im ca nc.nc l cht lng khc thng nh chng ta bit s sng khng th khng c nc. mi phn t nc gm hai nhuyn t hydrogen v mt nguyn t oxygen. Lien kt ho hc lien kt cc phn t vi nhau gi l lien kt cng ho tr, c ngha l mi nguyn t hydrogen gp chung e duy nht vi nguyn t oxigen v nguyn t oxigen gp chung cc e pha ngoi cng vi nguyn t hydogen. Mc d phn t ltrung tm mang in tch hydrogen mang in tch

dng, e mang in tch m , v c nhiu e nn oxigen s mt e nhiu hn hydrogen. Phn t c mt u mang in tch dng, u cn li mang in tch m c gi l lng cc. Nc l mt cht lng cc , c nhiu c tnh quan trng v tc ng i vi mi trng. v d, phn t nc ht cc phn t khc to nn mng mng, hoc lp phn t nc gia v xung quanh cc ht quan trng trong s chuyn ng ca nc trong vng cha bo ha trn lp nc mt.qu trnh c gi l cobesion. Phn t nc c th ht c b mt cht rn.c bit, u mang in tch m ca nc th ht cc ion dng nh Na, Ca, Mg, K.v cc ht st hng v in tch m, n ht u mang in tch dng ca phn t nc v tr thnh hydrate. Sau cng, s lng cc ca phn t nc th chu cho vic tao8 s cng b mt: phn t nc ht nhiu phn t khc c trong phn t ca khng kh..p lc b mt th rt quan trng trong cc tin trnh vt l v sinh hc lin quan n s vn chuyn nc qua cc khe h hay cc l. Nc th thng c quy l cht c kh nng ha tan chung. N ha tan tt c cc vt cht ln to cc thnh phn cht sng thit yu v to ln. nc c bit quan trng trong phong ha ha hc, cc tin trnh vt l v sinh ha , qu trnh hnh thnh t. nhiu cht, nc dng rn th nh hn dng lng iu gii thch v sao bng ni., nu bng nng hn nc dng lng th n s chm. an ton cho tu thuyn di chuyn vng ln cn ca ni bng tri ca sinh quyn c to nn t nhiu dng khc nhau. Sng h v bin b ng bng y. c tnh quan trng khc ca nc l 3 trng thi ca n, ti nhit v p sut khc nhau, nc tn ti 3 trng thi khc nhau rnlng v kh.3 trng thi ca nc xy ra ngoi t nhin hay g b

mt tri t.iu c quan h c bit ti vi s vn chuyn ca nc t bin vo kh quyn v sinh quyn to vng tun hon nc.vng tun hon nc s b ngng nu nc khng c bc hi t bin vo kh quyn v t b mt nc.ba trng thi ca nc c th ch c hon thnh trn tri t trn i kin th nghim. Nc c nh hng rt ln ti mi trng v s ta nhit cao. S ta nhit c nh ngha l nhit cn tng nhit ca mt g/cal. S ta nhit ca nc l 1.0 g/cal s ta nhit ca cc cht ha tan ch khoang 0.5g/cal .nh th trng thi lng bnh thng, nc hp thu v gi nhit ln.s gi nhit ny gip iu ha mi trng.

10.4 Nc ngm
Ngun cung cp chnh ca nc ngm l lng ma xm nhp vo b mt vo v di chuyn qua pha trn ca i cha bo ha( hnh 10.6). i cha bo ha bao gm tt c vt cht ca tri t pha trn mc nc ngm( mc thy cp) ( VD: t, ph sa, hoc ). Nc xm nhp t b mt c th di chuyn xung thng qua i cha bo ha, ni m t khi bo ha. Cho n gn y, i cha bo ha mi c gi l i khng bo ha, nhng by gi chng ta bit rng mt s khu vc bo ha c th tn ti vo cc thi im nh lc nc di chuyn qua. i cha bo ha c ngha c bit bi v cc cht nhim c kh nng xm nhp trn b mt phi thm qua i cha bo ha trc khi thm xung i bo ha pha di mc nc ngm . do trong gim st mi trng di b mt, i cha bo ha l mt khu vc cnh bo sm nhim tim nng ti nguyn nc ngm. Nc lc thng qua i cha bo ha i vo h thng nc ngm, hoc vng bo ha, ni xy ra bo ha dng chy. b mt trn ca khu vc ny l mc nc ngm. Ra mao dn ngay pha trn l mt vnh ai c dy thay i nc c rt ra bi hin tng mao dn,

 l do c lc ht gia nc vi b mt vt liu t, v sc cng b mt( s ht nhau gia cc phn t nc). Ngoi lng ma, ngun nc ngm khc bao gm nc xm nhp t nc b mt, cc h sng.H lu gi hoc np li nc ma, ti tiu nng nghip, v h thng x l nc thi, chng hn nh b phn hoc cc cng b t hoi S di chuyn ca nc vo vng bo ha thng qua cc vt cht ca Tri t l mt phn ca chu k thy vn v chu k . V d nh nc c th ha tan cc khong cht t nhng vt liu n di chuyn qua v lng ng mt ni khc nh vt liu xi mng, hnh thnh trm tch. Nc ngm c th vn chuyn trm tch, nhit, kh v cc vi sinh vt. nhng g thc s xy ra khc vi cc c tnh ha hc v vt l ca nc, t v nh nc xm nhp thng qua cc mi trng sinh hc v tng t pha trn mc nc ngm v di chuyn thng qua h thng nc ngm bn di mc nc ngm. Tng cha nc( tng ngm nc) l mt vng vt cht di t c kh nng cung cp nc ngm vi mt tc hu ch t mt ci ging c gi l tng cha nc. si, ct, t, sa thch b nt gy cng nh granit bin cht vi xp cao o kt ni m, gy, l tng cha nc tt nu nc ngm hin din. Mt khu vc ca v tri t m s gi nc, nhng khng truyn ti n nhanh c bm t mt ci ging c gi l aquiclude hay lp cha nc. Lp cha nc thng to thnh mt lp gii hn m nc i qua c t. t st, phin st v la hoc bin cht vi t kt ni xp v/hoc t gy c kh nng to thnh lp cha nc. Tng ngm nc c gi l tng cha nc khng p nu khng c lp giam gi hn ch b mt trn ca cc khu vc bo ha mc nc ngm. Nu c mt lp gii hn, tng nc ngm c gi l tng cha nc b gii hn, v nc bn di n c th chu p lc hnh thnh cc iu kin t chy. Nc trong h thng phun c xu hng tng chiu

cao ca khu vc np li( khu vc ni ma xm nhp vo b mt di chuyn xung h thng nc ngm) to ra mt ging phun. Trong mt ngha tng qut hn groundwater recharge l bt k qu trnh thm nc vo tng cha nc v c th do xm nhp t nhin hay do con ngi gy ra, v d r r v xm nhp t mt dng nc b v. groundwater discharge l bt k qu trnh loi b nc ngm t tng ngp nc. bao gm l dng chy t nhin t mt con sui l hin ti ni m nc chy trong tng ngm nc ra ct b mt t. sui chy trn c th hnh thnh s khi u ca mt dng chy t nhin hoc sng. Nc ngm chy trn cng xy ra khi nc c bm ln t mt ci ging. c hai tng ngm nc b gii hn v khng gii hn c th c tm thy cng mt khu vc. Khi nc c bm t ging, mt nn iu trng hnh thnh trong mc nc ngm hoc p lc t phun b mt. Mt nn iu trng ln c th lm thay i hng nc ngm di chuyn mt khu vc. My bm trn tng ngm nc khin cho mc nc gim lin tc theo thi gian, i hi phi h thp cc ci t my bm hoc khoan ging su hn. Nhng iu chnh ny thng tn km, v h c th hoc khng th lm, ty thuc vo iu kin thy vn. V d, o su hn cho ng, khai thc la v bin cht c hn ch. Nc t cc ging c bm t cc h thng t gy hng ti ng v gim v s lng v kch thc vi su tng dn, hn na cht lng nc ngm c th b suy thoi nu n c chit sut t nc su c cha cht khong ha tan Groundwater movement C tc v hng di chuyn nc ngm ph thuc vo gradient ca mc nc ngm v cc tnh cht ca vt cht th hin. Gradient thy lc trong cc trng hp n gin cho mt tng cha nc khng p l khong dc ca mc nc ngm. Kh nng ca vt liu cho php nc di chuyn qua n c gi l h s thm, c th hin trong cc n v nh mt mi ngy. Biu th mi quan h ca gradient thy lc v h s thm cho php chng ta gii quyt nhiu vn lin quan n nc ngm.

H s thm ca mt vt liu Tri t l mt chc nng ca c hai thuc tnh ca vt liu( chng hn nh ng knh, kch thc ca khong trng v lm th no kt ni vi nhau qua cc khong trng), v cc thuc tnh ca cht lng di chuyn qua n( nh nht v mt ). T l phn trm ca khong trng khng gian trong t hoc c gi l xp ca n v ph thuc vo tnh cht v mc s cp( gia cc ht) v mc th cp( t gy). Ch rng mt s cc vt liu xp, chng hn nh t st c h s thm rt thp mc d t st c nhiu khng gian trng. Kh nng thm thu cng c s dng nh mt bin php cho kh nng ca mt vt liu Tri t truyn ti cht lng, nhng ch trong gii hn cc thuc tnh ca vt liu( khng phi l thuc tnh ca cht lng). Ni v nc ngm, chng ta s s dng c hai h s thm v thm m t cc tnh cht thy lc ca vt liu t. vd chng ta c th ni rng si v ct c tnh thm cao hn so vi bn v t st. Tng tc gia nc mt v nc ngm tng quan vi nhau nn chng ta cn phi xem xt c hai nh l mt phn ca cng mt ti nguyn. Gn nh tt c cc mi trng nc b mt t nhin nh sng, h, t ngp nc cng nh mi trng nc con ngi xy dng nh h cha c lin kt cht ch vi nc ngm bi bm t ging c th lm gim dng chy, h mc nc h, gim nc trong vng t ngp nc, hoc thay i cht lng nc mt( khi nc ngm chy b mt t cc sui hoc thm vo dng chy t nhin, sng hoc ao). Ngc li, rt nc b mt c th lm cn kit ngun nc ngm hoc thay i cht lng nc ngm ( v d gim s np li ngun nc ngm c th dn n tng nng cc cht ha tan trong nc ngm nu khng b pha long vi nc b mt xm nhp). Cui cng, nhim hoc nc b mt hoc nc ngm c th dn n nhim nc ngm hoc nc b mt tng ng. Kt qu l, qun l nc ngm i hi phi hiu bit mi lin kt gia nc ngm v nc mt. Hnh 10.9 cho thy mt s s tng tc th v gia nc mt v nc ngm. c bit, hai loi dng c th c xc nh. Dng thi c xu hng lu nm c ngha l chy c nm. Trong sut ma kh, nc

ngm thm vo knh, duy tr dng chy. Dng chy vo khp mi ni dc theo knh ca chng trn mc nc ngm v ch nh hng trc tip n nc ma. Nc t dng chy vo di chuyn xung tng cha bo ha ti mc nc ngm, to thnh mt vng np li. Dng chy vo c th lin tc hoc tm thi n ch chy mt thi im trong nm. T mt quan im mi trng, dng chy vo c bit quan trng bi v nc nhim trong dng c th di chuyn xung thng qua cc lng sui v cui cng gy nhim nc ngm bn di Nhn thc v nc ngm: -Nhn thc ca ngi dn v nc ngm nh hng n cch h gi gn ti nguyn nc -Bi v nc ngm khng nhn thy c nn n ra khi suy ngh hoc b n -Nc ngm khng dng o lng nh lng nh nc mt do gi tr chnh xc v tr lng nc ngm khng c sn v chng ta da trn tnh ton d tr c th.

10.5 Ngun cung cp nc

Cung cp nc bt c ni no trn b mt t ph thuc vo cc yu t trong chu trnh thy vn , bao gm c t l c th c ma , bc hi , dng chy , dng chy di b mt .Vic ngi dn s dng nc vi mc ch khc nhau cng nh hng n ngun cung cp nc .Trong phn ny chng ti s tp trung vo v d vic cung cp nc l vn xy ra nhiu ni trn th gii. NG N CH N C.Mt khi nim trong vic tm hiu ngun cung cp nc l ngn sch nc cc yu t u vo , u ra , v lu tr nc trong mt h thng .Ngn sch nc gip ranh Hoa K th hin trong hnh 10.12.Lng hi nc i qua hng

ngy trn ton Hao K tng ng 152000 triu ng ,hoc 40000 t lt nc dng lng .Trong s ny khong 10 phn trm gim xung nh lng ma, tuyt , ma , ma tuyt .Khong 2 phn 3 lng ma bc hi mt cch nhanh chng hoc ca thm thc vt gi li . Cn li 1/3, hoc 5510 triu D mi ngy i vo h thng lu tr b mt hot nc ngm ,chy vo cc i dng ,hoc qua bin gii ca quc gia khc , c ngi dn s dng ,hoc bc hi t h cha. Tht khng may ,do s thay i v lng ma l mt trong hai nguyn nhn gy ra l lt v hn hn , ch mt phn ca nc c th c s dng pht trin chuyn su , do ch c khong 2565triu mt khi m ngy c coi l c sn 95 phn trm thi gian.Trn quy m khu vc ,cc m hnh dng chy rt quan trng xem xt lng ma hng nm pht trin ngn sch nc .Vn vi ngun cung cp nc c th d on trong khu vc ni lng ma v dng chy trung bnh l tng i thp , ch hn nh trong khu vc pha ty nam v vng ng bng ln ca Hoa k cng nh mt s thung lng trong khu vc .Gii hn trn l thuyt ca cc ngun cung cp nc b mt l cc dng chy trung bnh hng nm , gi s n c th c lu tr thnh cng. Tht khng may, tr lng ca cc dng chy c th tn tht do bay hi t cc h cha ln ,s lng hn ch. Kt qa l s thiu ht trong vic cung cp nc ang b rng buc xy ra ti cc khu vc c dng chy v lng ma thp . Thc hin bo v l cn tht m bo 1ngun nc y . i v cc bin i trong dng chy , thm ch l khu vc c lng ma cao v dng chy nh k trong hng ngn nm vn gy ra hn hn. V d nhng nm kh ca nm 1961, 1996, v nm 1999 ti ng bc Hoa k ,1976-1977 v 1985 n 1990 cc b phn pha ty Hoa K , tnh trng thiu nc nghim trng .May mn thay , pha ng m t hn dng chy c xu hng n nh hn cc khu vc khc , hn hn l t c kh nng.Tuy nhin , ma h nm 1986 v1999 hn hn ng nam v ng bc Hoa K gy thit hi hng t la . o v ti nguyn nc ngm l mt vn mi trng m d lun quan tm c bit bi v rt nhiu ngi ly c ngun cung cp nc t nc ngm. Thi gian c tr cho nc ngm trong tng cha nc thng c tri qua trong hng trmhng ngn nm, do , mt khi tng cha nc b h hi bi cc cht nhim, n c th kh khnhoc khng th hi phc

s dng. Tng cha nc cng rt quan trng v khong 30% ca dng chy ti Hoa K c cung cpbi nc ngm ni ln nh l xo hoc dng khc dc theo dng knh. Hin tng ny, c bit n nh dng chy cbn, chu trch nhim cho cc dng chy thp hoc dng chy ma kh ca hu ht cc dngcy lu nm.V vy, duy tr cht lng nc ngmcao l quan trng trong vic duy tr dng chy cht lng tt . nhiu ni ca t nc, nc ngm rt Grom ging vt qu lu lng vo t nhin.Trong trng hp ny, nc ang c khai thc v c th c coi l mt ngun ti nguyn khng th ti to ,nc ngm thu chi l mt vn nghim trng trong khu vc ng bng TexasOklahamocao; California, Arizona, Nevade, New Mexico, v b c lp vng Louisiana,Mississippi,Arkansas, v khu vc Nam i Ty Dng-Gulf Coast.Texas - Oklahoma - High Plains l mt khu vc, s tin thu chi l xp x bng vi dng chy t nhin ca sng Colorade.Trong khu vc ny , nc nm cc tng nc ngm Ogallala, trong bao gm ct v si cha nc lm nn tng cho mt khu vc khong 400.000 km2 t outh Dakota vo Texas .Mc d tng cha nc nm gi mt lng lnc ngm ln, n ang c s dng trong mt s lnh vc vi tc ln n 20 ln so vi cc ngun t nhin bng cch nc ma c th xm nhp .Mc nc cc b phn ca tng nc ngm t b trong nhng nm gn y, v phn t c ti tiu ng k eventuallya c th tr nn h hi nu ti nguyn c s dng. Cho n nay, ch c khong 5% ca tng s ngun nc ngm cn kit, nhng mc nc gim nhiu nh 30 n 60 m trong cc b phn ca Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, v Texas.Khi mc nc ngm thp hn, sn lng nc ging gim v chi ph nng lng bm nc gia tng.Nhng vn nghim trng nht trongvng cao v tng ngm nc Dgallala ngy hm nay l nhng a im ni thy li din ra lu nht m l t nhng nm 1940. nhiu vng, bm nc ngm mi mi thay i c tnh ca t .V d, cc con sng Tucson, Arizona, khu vc trc khi h thp mc nc ngm thng qua bm, cy lu nm, vi dn s khe mnh ca c hi, hi ly, v loi ng vt khc.Ngy nay, cy ven sng tha tht v yu (mc

nc l di oots ca h) v cc con sng kh nhiu nm.Tr tru thay, cc qu trnh ny cng lm tng nguy c l lt Tucson, m hin ang c ton b ngun cung cp nc t ngun nc di t.Mt cy ven sng v s gp dng lm cho cc knh d b xi l b bn nhiu hn Trong trn l nm 1983 v nm 1993 Tucson (xem Chng 5), iu ny tr nn rt r rng nh ng giao thng, cu, v xy dng b h hi bi cc knh thay i.Knh rp bng cy l n nh hn nhiu, nhng cy ven sng cn c mt lng gn b mt nc ngm cho s tng trng lnh mnh ca cy.Tht khng may, khai thc nc ngm khu vc Tucson cn tr phc hi ca cy.

Kh mui
Kh mui ca nc bin, m cha khong 3,5% mui (khong 40kilograms mi mt khi), l mt t tin t nc x l thc hnh hng trm khiu trn ton th gii.Hm lng mui phi c gim xung cn khong 0,05% cho cc nc c tiu chun cht lng nc ung c v vt qua.Nh my kh mui ln sn xut 20.000 n 30.000 m3 nc mi ngy vi chi phkhong mi thi gian tr tin cho ngun cung cp nc truyn thng ti Hoa K.Kh mui nc c mt "ni gi tr", c ngha rng gi c tng nhanh chng vi khong cchvn chuyn v tng cao t cc nh my mc nc bin. i v cc qu trnh khc nhau m thc s loi b mui yu cu nng lng, chi ph canc c gn lin vi chi ph nng lng ngy cng tng.V l do ny, kh mn s vn l mt qu trnh tn km m s ch c s dng khi khng c ngun nc thay th. i v dn s ngy cng tng v ngun cung cp nc khng y , c du bi hn hngn y, mt s communitiessuch nh Santa Barbara, California, Hoa K xy dngnh my kh mui nh l mt bin php khn cp i vi hn hn trong tng lai.Cc nc Trung ng ni ring s tip tc s dng kh mui.Trong nhiu khu vc kh cn, bao gm c Trung ng, l t nc l v nc b mt vi mn khong 0,5%(mt phn by ca nc

bin).R rng, kh mui ca nc ny l t tn km, v thc vtc th c t ti cc trang web ni a.

10.6 Vic s dng nc

tho lun v s s dng nc, chng ta phi phn bit gia s dng ni dng v s dng ngoi dng.

S dng ngoi dng l di chuyn hoc chuyn hng nc t ngun ca n(Nc ly t ngun nc mt hay nc ngm em dng ni khc.). Nhng v d i k m: ng nuc cho thu li, nng lung nhit in ni chung, cc qu trnh cng nghip v cung cp cho cng.

S dng tiu th l s dng ngoi dng ni nc khng tr li dng chy hoc nc ngm ngay lp tc sau khi s dng(Nc chy ra t ngun cung cp sn c m khng tr v h thng nc ngun, vd nh nc dng trong sn xut, nng nghip v ch bin thc phm).y l nc bay hi c kt hp trong cc ma v v cc sn phm hoc c tiu th bi ng vt v con ngi.

S dng ni dng lin quan ti nc c s dng nhng khng ly t ngun ca n(Vic s dng nc din ra trong dng knh; v d nh to ra nng lng thy in, phc v giao thng ng sng, ci thin cht lng nc, nhn ging c, gii tr). V d, vic s dng nc sng cho

ngh hng hi, nng lng thu in ni chung, cc loi c v mi trng sng hoang d, v gii tr.

Ni chung s dng tiu th t hn nhiu so vi s dng ngoi dng, s dng ngoi dng t hn nhiu so vi s dng ni dng. V d, Hoa K nm 1995 tiu th khong 100 t gallons(3.8x108 m3)/ngy, s dng ngoi dng khong 400t gallons(1.5x109m3)/ngy, v s dng ni dng (cho thu in) khong 3000 t gallons(1.1x1010m3)/ngy.

Nhiu phn s dng ni dng ca sngv sui thng xuyn gy ra nhng tranh lun v mi vic s dng yu cu cc iu kin khc nhau. ngn chn thit hi hoc nhng tc ng c hi. c v cuc sng hoang d i hi cn bng nc hon ton v t l dng chy cho ng sut sinh hc ln nht v cc mc v t l ny c th khc vi nhng yu cu cho s pht sinh nng lng thu in ci m yu cu nhng dao ng ln trong dng x tng xng vi nhu cu nng lng. tng t th hai ci ny c th mu thun vi nhng nhu cu cho tu thu v thuyn bun. lu lng cn thit di chuyn vt cn trong mt con sngc th i hi nhng kiu khc ca dng chy. hnh bn 10.14 ung th hin cho lng dung cho mi vic s dng. phn ln nhng vn lien quan ti lng nc c th di chuyn t mt dng chy hoc sngv vn chuyn ti mt v tr khc m khng lm thit hi h thng dng chy. y l mt vn Ty Bc Thi Bnh Dng, ni cc loi c bao gm c hi, ang suy tn v con ngi lm thay i hin trng s dng t( nh khai thc g) v dng chy( xy p cn tr s di tr ca c v thay i thu vc h ngun) lm suy bin mi trng sng ca c.

Khi nim quan trong kt hp vi vic s dng nc c minh ho hnh 10.15. ngun nc mt v nc ngm chuyn n cho ngi s dng, bi nh cung cp, c th l mt khu vc a phng hoc khu vc c nc.

S chuyn ch nc ti con ngi

Trong nn vn minh hin i ca chng ta, nc thng c vn chuyn vi nhng khong cch ln gia cc khu vc vi lng ma phong ph ti khu vc c mc s dng cao. Thng xuyn mt dn s v ngun cung cp nc chnh khng trng khp. V vy, nc phi c vn chuyn khong cch tuyt vi ngi tiu dng. California l mt v d tt. Mt dn s ln nht trong thp hn 2/3 ca California, pha nam an Francisco, trong khi ngun cung cp nc ln nht trn 1/3 d n dn dng nc ln c thc hin vn chuyn nc n cc khu vc ng dn c. Los Angeles v Thung lng Owens (i din bn ierra Nevada) ang u tranh v quyn nc. iu ny c mt vn ang din ra k t u nhng nm 1900! ng dn nc sng LA-Owens c xy dng, hon thnh vo nm 1913. V vy, nhiu nc c chuyn hng n La thung lng Owens b sa mc ha (bin i thnh mt mi trng sa mc). ng cch hn ch phn nc, suy thoi mi trng c th c gim. Khi tng dn s ca chng ti, s cn thit phi bo tn v qun l nc cng tng.

Khuynh hng s dng nc Khuynh hng ly nc cho nhng mc ch s dng khc nhau M ua ra ci nhn cho c mi quan tm v s cn thit cho qun l ti nguyn nc ca chng ta. Gn mt na dn s M s dng nc ngm nh l mt ngun chnh cho nc ung Nc ngm chim khong 20% ca tt c cc nc thu hi tiu th. Tht khng may, nhiu a im rt nc ngm vt qu mc ngun t nhin. Hin nay vic s dng nc thu hi ang ph bin hn tng t khong 200gallons/ngy nm 1955 n 1000gallons/ngy nm 1995. tng 1%trong s dng nc tiu dng v 0.25% s dng nc ngoi dng M. Hn na khunh hng ny dng nh ang tng tc: t nm 1990 n nm 1995 s dng nc thi thu hi tng 36%. Bo tn ti nguyn nc Nhng ci tin trong bo tn nc baogm:cc knh c lt v ph lm gimthm v bc hi.Theo d i my tnh v lp k hoch x nc t cc con knh ra. dng tch hp ngun nc mtv nc ngm.Ti tiu vo m. Ci tin cc h thng thu li. dng nc trong nc chim khong 6% tng thu hi quc gia.tuy nhin, v vic s dng ny c tp trung, n a ra nhng vn a phng chnh. Thu hi nc cho vic s dng nc trong nc c th gim ng k.

10.7 Qun l nc
Qun l ti nguyn nc l mt vn phc tp s tr nn kh khn hn trong nhng nm ti khi nhu cu v nc ngy cng tng.Trong khi iu ny s l c bit ng Ty Nam Hoa K v cc ni kh hn v bn kh hn khc ca th gii,New York v Atlanta. Trong s cc thnh ph khc ca M, cng phi i mt vi cc vn cung cp nc trong tng lai. Ty chn m cho nhng ngi mun gim thiu cc vn tim nng cung cp nc bao gm vt t thay th, qun l vt t hin c tt hn, hoc kim sot tng trng Tng lai ca vic qun l nc Thnh ph cn nc ang bt u x l nc nh mt hng ha c th c mua v bn trn th trng m, nh du hoc kh.Nu thnh ph sn sng tr tin nc v c php trnh dng nc quy nh, sau phn b v gi nh h bit by gi s thay i.Nu chi ph tng , nc mi t nhiu ngun khc nhau c th tr thnh c sn V d, vn thu li (qun l nc cho mt khu vc nng nghip) c th hp ng vi cc thnh ph cung cp nc cho khu vc th.H c th lm iu ny m khng cn t nc hn l c sn cho cy trng bng cch s dng cc bin php bo tn gim thiu s mt nc hin ti thng qua bc hi v r r t cc knh rch unlined Hin ti, hu ht cc huyn thy li khng c vn ti tr cho cc phng php bo tn t tin, nhng tin ca thnh ph cho nc c th ti tr cho cc d n nh vyN c v r rng rng nc s tr nn t hn nhiu trong tng lai, v nu gi l ng, nhiu chng trnh sng to l c th. Xem xt nghim tc c trao cho tng ban u l tng bng ko (trong bao gm nc ngt ng lnh) n cc khu vc ven bin ni nc sch l cn thit. Luna Leopold (mt nh lnh o trong nghin cu ca cc dng sng v ngun nc) gi rng mt trit l mi ca qun l nc l cn thit da vo cc yu t a cht, a l v kh hu cng nh cc yu t kinh

t, x hi, v chnh tr truyn thng. ng lp lun rng vic qun l ti nguyn nc khng th thnh cng khi ta ch quan tm n quan im kinh t v chnh tr. Tuy nhin, y l cch s dng nc c approached. hn s dng nc l thch hp bi v chng ta him khi thc s qun l nc n cht ca trit l qun l nc ca Leopold c tm tt trong phn ny. Nc mt, nc di t l c hai ch thng lng t nhin vi thi gian.Vo nhng nm m t, mt nc phong ph, v b mt gn ngun nc ngm c b sung. Trong nhng nm ny, chng ti hy vng rng cu trc kim sot l, cu, v cn bo cng s chu c nc d tha. Mi cu trc c thit k chu c mt dng chy c th (vd, cn l 20 nm), trong , nu vt qu, c th gy ra thit hi hoc l lt. All in all, Leopold kt lun chng ta ang c nhiu chun b tt hn x l l lt hn so vi tnh trng thiu nc. Trong nhng nm kh hn, m phi c d kin mc d h c th khng c d on chnh xc, chng ta nn c chin lc c th gim thiu kh khn.V d, nc di b mt ti cc a im khc nhau min Ty Hoa K hoc qu su c chit xut kinh t hoc c cht lng nc bin.Nhng nc ny c th c phn lp t cc chu k thy vn hin nay v do khng th l ngun t nhin. Nc nh vy c th c s dng khi c nhu cu l rt tt, nhng iu ny s c th ch khi k hoch l ni khoan ging v kt ni chng vo dng nc hin c pht sinh nhu cu. Mt k hoch khn cp c th c th lin quan n vic x l nc thi. Ti s dng nc trn c s c th l qu t tin hoc c th b phn i v cc l do khc, nhng trc k hoch ti s dng nc qua x l trong trng hp khn cp c th l khn ngoan.

Khi giao dch vi nc ngm t nhin c b sung trong nhng nm m t, chng ta nn xy dng k hoch s dng nc b mt khi n c sn v khng ngi s dng nc ngm trong nhng nm kh hn. Ni cch khc, nc ngm c th c bm ra vi mt tc vt qu t l b sung trong nhng nm kh hn, nhng n s c b sung trong nhng nm m t bi c hai ngun t nhin v nhn to (bm nc b mt vt qu vo mt t). K hoch qun l nc ny nhn ra rng thi qu v thiu st trong nc l t nhin v c th c ln k hoch . Mt dng sng c qun l: Colorado

Khng c cuc tho lun v ti nguyn nc v qun l nc s c hon thnh m khng c mt cp n lu vc sng Colorado v tranh ci xung quanh vic s dng nc ca n. Nhn dn c s dng nc ca sng Colorado cho khong 800 nm. T lu i, ngi M bn a trong lu vc c mt nn vn ha vn minh cao vi mt h thng phn phi nc tinh vi. Nhiu knh ban u ca h sau c dn sch cc mnh vn v c s dng bi nhng ngi nh c trong nm 1860. Vi lch s ban u ny, n l hi ngc nhin khi hc Colorado khng khm ph ht nm 1869, khi Jond Wesley Powell, ngi sau ny tr thnh gim c ca C quan Kho st a cht Hoa K, li thuyn bng g thng qua cc hm ni Grand Canyon. Mc d nc ca lu vc sng Colorado c phn phi bi cc knh v cng dn nc cho hng triu c dn th, v n cc khu vc nng nghip nh Thung lng Imperial California, cc lu vc chnh n, vi

din tch khong 632000km2, ch c dn c tha tht. Yuma, Arizona, vi khong 42.000 ngi, l thnh ph ln nht trn sng, v trong lu vc ch c cc thnh ph Las Vegas, Phoenix v Tucson c hn 50.000 dn. Tuy nhin, ch c khong 20% tng dn s ca lu vc l khu vc rural.Vast l lu vc c mt dn c cc thp, v trong mt s lnh vc o lng ngn cy s vung khng c ngi thng tr . Rod Nash, vit v cc gi tr vng hoang d ca dng sng, ni rng ti ni hp lu ca sng Green v Colorado, n l 80 km n cc tr chi video gn nht v bn ang trong tri tim ca mt cng vin quc gia u ngun sng Coloroda dy ni Wind River ca Wyoming v tri di 2300km tip gip vi 7 nc Wyorming, Coloroda, Utah, Newmexico, Nevada, Airzona va California-v Mexico. Mc d lu vc thot nc l rt ln, bao gm phn ln ca ng Nam Hoa K, cc dng chy hng nm ch khong 3% ca sng Mississippi v t hn mt phn mi ca Columbia. do , i vi kch thc ca n sng Colorado ch c mt dng chy khim tn, nhng n tr thnh mt trong nhng c quan quy nh nht, gy tranh ci, v tranh chp ca cc nc trn th gii. cc cuc xung t i vo trong nhiu thp k m rng vt xa Colorado lu vc sng lin quan n cc trung tm th ln v pht trin nng nghip ca California, Colorado, New Mexico v Arizona. S cn thit cho nc trong cc lnh vc bn kh cn dn n vic lm dng b hn ch v suy gim cht lng nc. Tha thun gia cc bang, cc khu nh c ca ta n, v cc hip c quc t ni lng nh k hoc gia tng cng thng gia nhng ngi s dng vng nc dc theo sng. di sn ca php lut v quyt nh ca ta n, cng vi vic thay i m hnh s dng nc, tip tc nh hng n cuc sng v sinh k ca triu ngi Mexico v Hoa K. Vng nc ca sng Colorado b chim ot trong s nhng ngi s dng khc nhau, bao gm cc tiu bang by nc Cng ho Mexico.

chim ot ny xy ra qua nhiu nm m phn, quyt nh ca iu c quc t, tha thun gia cc tiu bang, hp ng, php lut lin bang, v ta n. nh mt ton th, c th ca quy nh ny c bit nh l "quy lut ca dng sng". hai trong s nhiu ti liu quan trng u tin trong lut ny l nh gn sng Colorado nm 1922, chia nc ngay trong iu khon ca mt lu vc trn v di, v iu c quc t vi Mexico vo nm 1944, ha hn cung cp hng nm l 1,85 km3 (1,5 triu acre-feet [1 foot mu l khi lng nc bao gm 1 mu Anh n su ca 1 ft, hoc 325.829 lt) nc sng Colorado Mexico. Gn y l nm 1963 Ta n ti cao M quyt nh lin quan n Arizona v California. Arizona t chi k tn vo nm 1922 v c cng xung t vi California lin quan n chim nc. Ta quyt nh rng min Nam California phi t b khong 0,74 km3 nc sng Colorado (600 acre-feet) khi Trung ng Arizona d n c hon thnh. Cui cng, vo nm 1974, cc lu vc sng Colorado mn kim sot o lut c Quc hi ph duyt. hnh ng c thm quyn cc th tc kim sot mn c hi ca nc sng Colorado, bao gm c xy dng cc nh my kh mui ci thin cht lng nc. qun l lu vc sng Colorado v cc vng nc ca n bc bi mt phn v lu vc c c trng bi s bt n c hu. V d, vo nm 1922 khi sng Colorado c lm vic ra, gi thuyt l trinh n dng chy ca dng sng l khong 20 km3 (16,2 triu acrefeet) mi nm. l dng chy hng nm c cho l trung bnh gn 16.6km3 (13,5 triu acre-feet) annually.Even nhng con s ny gy hiu lm, tuy nhin, bi v s bt n thy vn to ln trong lu vc. Nc l trn sng Colorado c th n t l lt tuyt tan, ch s kin ma ma ng di, hoc cc cn bo ma h ngn , do , tng lng nc c sn trn mt c s t nm ny sang nm l rt nhiu bin. Bng 10,7 cho thy quyn li php l cho nc sng Colorado Basin.Ch rng vic

phn phi thc t ca nc ln n 14500 triu acre-feet mi nm, ln hn so vi dng chy nm. Phn phi ny c th thu c v sng Colorado l mt trong nhng con sng quy nh nht trn th gii.Hnh 10,20 cho thy mt h s c nhn ca sng v mt s ca cc p v h cha ln. 9 cao p trn sng c th lu tr khong 86,3 km3 (70 triu Arce-feet) ca nc. rong s ny, khong 80% c lu tr trong 2 h cha pha sau p Hoover v Glen Canyon. Lu tr ny, nu c qun l rt hiu qu, i din cho mt b m ca supply.However nc nhiu nm, nu mt t hn hn nghim trng ca thi gian nhiu nm nn xy ra, giao hng ca nc c th tr nn rt kh khn. Sng Colorado l mt trong nhng u tin trn con sng chnh ca quc gia c ton b dng chy ca n y appropriated.Balancing nhu cu nc trong tng lai ca ngi s dng khc nhau s tip tc l mt vn kh khn v bc bi. Xy dng cc p, h cha, v nn trn sng Colorado thng c xem nh l mt lin doanh thnh cng t quan im v cung cp nc. Tuy nhin, iu ny khng phi lun lun c v d case.For, alton ea hin ti Thung lng Imperial thnh lp vo nm 1905 v 1906 khi hu nh ton b sng Colorado v tnh chuyn hng vo pha nam Thung lng Imperial (Salton lu vc) Vo thi im sng Colorado hon ton undammed, v "cng trnh kim sot" (cu trc xy dng kim sot dng chy ca sng Colorado) nm trn lnh th Mexico khng thnh cng v l lt nm 1905 v 1906. Bi thi gian sng c kim sot nm 1907,Mt bin alton c hnh thnh v mc cao hn hin ti.Nc bin Salton duy tr dng chy,nc ngm vo t s dng trong nng nghip.Dng nc ny s dng li hoc gim xung, bin Salton b kh hn, do t l bc hi cao.H tr thnh khu gii tr quan trng,nhng tng lai vn cn nhiu tranh ci.Nu nc trong h mn nh by gi th h sinh thi thy sn s b thit hi ng k.Tuy

nhin h hin nay khng a dng nh alton in.Trc h thung lng Imperial b cn kit vt cht lch s. Mc d vic cung cp nc l vn chnh lu vc sng Colorado,nhng iu quan trng l lm th no qun l cht lng nc.Mc d kim loi nng v cc cht phng x tp trung cc vng bin v h cha nc c lu vc,nhng mui mi l nguyn nhn chnh gy nn vn nghim trng. mn 550 ppm( mt phn triu) l mc gii hn ca ngi tiu dng, v hn 750 ppm c th gy thit hi trong nng nghip. mn t nhin u ngun sng Colorado l 50 ppm. Nh 1 con sng chy ra bin, nhnh sng chy trn ng tip xc mui,mui c thm vo sng nn theo iu kin t nhin, mn ca Colorado thp hn t 250 n 380 ppm. Tuy nhin, thng ngun v do bc hi lm cho mn ca sng Colorado tng trung bnh 1500 ppm, v mn ln ti 2700 ppm. Cht lng nc th ngh o hn cnh ng Mexico nhng khng gy thit hi cho cy trng,t. Hoa k v Mexico ng nm 1973,Hoa K s cung cp nc cho Mexico vi mn khng qu 115 ppm ln hn mn p Imperial, 1 k hong cch ngn t thng ngun n bin gii.Chi ph vn gm hng trm triu la v hn 10 triu la cho hot ng trong 1 nm.y l mt u t ln kim sot mn ca con sng, v thi gian s cho bit lm th no l hiu qu. Vn qun l nc lu vc sng Colorado rt phc tp, phi i mt vi 1 s vn ln ca t kh cn pha nam trong nhng nm ti y: Lng nc nh th no l thch hp? Lm th no kim sot cht lng nc? Tr li cc cu hi ny l iu khng h n gin; nhng g chng ta hc c t kinh nghim v sng Colorado s gip chng ta lp k hoch trong tng lai.

10.8. p v b cha nc
Chng ta tho lun v qu trnh cung cp nc cho nng nghip v khu th m nc c phn phi t vng ln cn,trong vi trng hp khng gn ngun. thc hin h thng d tr nc v tm cc ng ng dn ca knh, cng nc t b cha nc th rt cn thit. Cc ng quan tm vn nc v v pht trin nc t trung ng n a phng cng nh cc nhm bo tn. c s tranh lun xung quanh vn pht trin ngun nc, c lc nc M b qua vn mi trng. Ngh quyt v s pht trin lin quan ti u vo l ngun nc phong ph c nhu cu khc nhau v c lin quan. Trong nng nghip, pht trin nc l then cht, cho ti nhng ngi quan tm ti cuc sng hoang d v gi gn vng hoang d. C tn hiu lc quan cho rng cc ng ban hnh vn v nc gp nhau v truyn t nhng th h cn v vn lin quan. p v b cha nc p v b cha nc l thit k chung ca nhiu cng trnh. Ngi xut xy p, b cha nc ch rng b cha nc c th s dng cho hot ng gii tr thm vo l kim sot l v cung cp ngun nc n nh. N th quan trng khi nhn rng s dung ha cc yu t a ra kch thc chung th rt kh. V d nh nhu cu cung cp nc cho nng nghip th rt cao sut ma h, kt qu l h mc nc ca h v sinh ra lng ln bn khi. iu ny thu ht tm ra hnh thc gii tr mc nc thp v bn khi lm thoi ha cnh quan, nh hng nc cao nh hng n i vi ng vt hoang d (c bit l c) bi nhiu tc hi v gii hn kh nng sinh sn. cui cng nh thy chng 5 p v b cha nc a ra nhn thc sai v s an ton khi sng khu vc xung quanh v p khng c kh nng chng li l ln.

C t s nghi ng rng chng ta phi thm vo p v b cha nc nu thi quen s dng nc vn tip din. s tn ti ca cu trc ny cng quan tm n cao. Nhiu ngi t tp khu th hu cu nc tng v thm ngun d tr nc t ra. iu ny c bit ng i vi vng California, vnh ai ko di theo hng ng Arizona, ni m dn s tng nhanh. S xung t xy ra khi xy dng thm p v b cha n. Ngi pht trin nc xem hm ni ni xy p- nh ngun d tr nc, tri li c ngi xem n nh vng kh cn v l khu gii tr cho th h tng lai. Xung t l 1 phn tt yu v ni xy p thng l ni c v tr tt. nu khng nhng mu nc thay i trong nng nghip v khu th,tuy nhin, ngun cung cp c s vt cht s u tin cho s pht trin nhanh khu vc th v vt qua nhng vn thm m c lin quan. Bt c ni no 1 con p, b cha nc c xy c th thay i dng chy mi mi( nhn vo Case History: The grand Canyon). Dng chy trm tch thay i nh l tnh cht vt l v sinh hc,t st con p. kt qu lm ph hy h sinh thi di p vi con p c th di chuyn cc th t Washington ti Florida ging nh c di chuyn trong nhiu nm ti. y l i din quan trng cho s di ch cnh quan sng v ngha mi trng. nh tui,tin ch, mo him, di i c th thay i mi trng v kinh t nu ti xy dng hoc sa cha. Knh Nc t h cha c th theo l trnh ti h ngun bi ng kng ,sng,cng nc. knh theo dng v khng theo dng ,khi chng khng theo dng knh mt s chi phi nc ti h thng dng chy di b mt. mc d ch r iu ny hnh thnh mch nc ngm nhn to c th khng hiu qu v knh em n tim nng pht trin nc ngm hoc

lm ngho cht lng nc ngm. trong trng hp ny nc thm xung knh khng theo dng th rt nghim trng. Xy dng h thng knh, c bit nc pht trin th rt quan trng. v d o Aswan, Ai Cp hon thnh nm 1964, knh chuyn ch nc ti vng nng nghip. knh mang y c sn mang n bnh tt kinh s.nhng dng chy sng Nile cun tri c sn mi nm.s m rng knh ca dng nc ti mang li nim vui cho mi nh v sinh vt. nhng cng l nh ca mui gy ra bnh st xut huyt. p v b cha nc lm phong ph mi trng trn th gii. mi trng lin quan (v lut) M m bo mi trng cn c quan tm iu ny khng ng nhiu nc pht trin ni m MT khng c quan tm. Nhiu khu vc xy dng con knh di v rng c th thay i s dng t v mi trng sinh vt bi h thng nc khc nhau v vt chn di chuyn cuc sng hoang d. N nhn mnh mi lin h gia sinh thi v k hoch pht trin ngun nc. rt t khi chng ta a ra thng tin v s thnh cng v tht bi k hoch bo v ngun nc ca cc nc pht trin. Pht trin nc v mi trng lin quan khng c xem l cn thit. Tuy nhin vic cn nhc cc yu t khc nhau t c kt qu phi c thc hin nu mun m bo cht lng ngun nc. 10.9. Nc v h sinh thi H sinh thi ch yu trn th gii tin ha thch nghi vi iu kin vt l,nhng yu t tng tc vi nhau, kh hu,cht dinh dng,t, thy vn. Thay i cc nhn t ny nh hng n h sinh thi, c bit thay i gy ra bi con ngi c tc ng su sc. ngy nay, ton th gii vi vi ngoi l, con ngi ang lm suy thoi h sinh thi ton cu. iu kin thy vn nh qu trnh hnh thnh s lng v cht lng nc b

mt tc ng vi mch nc ngm, tr thnh nhn t gii hn cho nhiu h sinh thi. iu ny c bit ng i vi h sinh thi m ly. S pht trin ngun nc thng tc ng tng qut ln h sinh thi. Xy dng p ln c th thay i mi mi khng ch sng m c bin, h m n cung cp nc. gi nh Case History ca Grand Canyan. Tng kt Vng tun hon nc lin quan ti s di chuyn, d tr, chuyn i ca nc trong mi phn ca vng tun hon. S di chuyn ca nc trn t, b mt v di b mt l 1 phn quan trng ca vng tun hon lin quan trc tip ti con ngi. Nc l 1 ngun ti nguyn c kh nng phc hi. tuy nhin hn 99% nc trn Tri t khng c sn hoc khng ph hp cho con ngi s dng bi v tr hoc cha mui. nc c tr lng ln hn cc ti nguyn khc, vn cht lng nc s lm ny sinh nhiu vn . Nhng tnh cht c bit ca nc lm cho n tr thnh nhn t cn thit cho cuc sng ca chng ta. Nhiu tnh cht lng cc ( chi ph phn b khng u) ca phn t. Nh l dung mi, nc l thnh phn c bn ca mi sinh vt sng, quan trng trong vic xc nh thnh phn ca t. nh ph lp mng trn t, lp ph mng ny quan trng trong s di chuyn ca nc ngm. Dng chy trn b mt c phn phi bi h thng thot nc hoc ng phn thy. dng chy b mt v trm tch thay i theo h thng thot nc theo tng phn, v b nh hng bi a cht, a l, kh hu, sinh vt. c 3 ng nc t nh chy xung sui v v ra h thng thot nc ra t lin,vng cn v nc ngm. hiu v cc ng ny th quan trng hiu c s thay i mc ch s dng t lm thay i dng chy v hnh thnh trm tch nh th no.

Nc ngm xy ra vng bo ha bn di b mt nc. d l ngun nc m thm vo vng recharge zone trn b mt t v di chuyn xung vng vadose zone m him khi bo ha. Tng ngp nc l vng vt liu Tri t c th cung cp nc khi t l tiu th gia tng. hin din ca confining layer trn 1 tng ngp nc c th lm tng lng nc. ng i v vn tc nc ph thuc vo dc thy hc (trong trng hp n gin xp x dc ca mt thy cp) v tnh dn thy hc ca vt liu m nc di chuyn. quan h ny nh hng n cht lng darcys law gp phn quan trng trong vn nc ngm. nh hng ca nc mt v nc ngm nh hng ti mi trng v nhim nc mt c th nh hng n nc ngm. nh gi kh nng cung cp nc ca 1 khu vc thc hin xc nh bin s v sn c trong nc. ngun nc c cung cp gii hn, khu vc ma nhiu v c dng chy, khng c kh nng d tr tt c dng chy bi s thya i ca dng chy thay i theo nhiu nm. khu vc nc ngm tr thnh ngun( s thot nc ln hn lng b sung), vi khi vc lm thay i tnh cht ca t. kh mui ca nc bin s tip tc thc hin, ngun nc ni khc khng dng c nhng s kh mui quy m ln khng nh nhau v chi ph cao lin quan ti nng lng v s vn chuyn lin quan. Nc c chia lm offstream v instream. C nhiu phn offstream s dng in, gii tr, cuc sng hoang d- thng mu thun ti nhu cu. Nc thng vn chuyn trn khong cch di bi knh,khu vc nc di do nh hng n h sinh thi. Xu hng s dng nc trong vi nm gn y tng. Tng s phn hy ca nc ct gim v mc nhim M tng v nhu cu ca dn s v khu cng nghip. Tuy nhin, tng nc cung cp bi sui, nc ngm M gim nh.

Qun l ti nguyn nc cn quan tm ti a cht,kh hu. sng Colorado l 1 trong nhng con sng iu chnh con sng khc trn th gii. tt c dng chy chia cho s lng ln ngi s dng v vy nhiu bi hc v qun l c a ra cho th h tng lai. p ngn nc ca sng gip n nh nc v ti cho vng kh hn, c ngha thay i h sinh thi. Thm vo ti nc thng ngun lm tng lng mui h ngun. xy dng p v b cha nc, h thng knh rch c ngha quan trng n MT v sc khe, pht trin t nc. V du,p Aswan vi s kt hp ca cc knh Ai Cp, lm tng dch bnh mang n c sn v mui. Nhng quc qia m tip tc pht trin ngun ti nguyn nc th nn quan tm n h sinh thi v cc vn trn. Nc l 1 phn ca h sinh thi, khi tng s dng bi con ngi lm suy thoi h sinh thi. Mt hoc tn ph vng m ly- khu vc MT lin quan ti M v y l 1 phn h sinh thi, bao gm 90% nc ngt vng m ly.