TRNG I HC S PHM TP.

H CH MINH

Bi tp

VT L NGUYN T
V HT NHN

ThS. Trn Quc H T Hng Qu

Ti liu lu hnh ni b
* 2000 *
1

MC LC

Mc lc ..........................................................................................................................

Li ni u.........................................................................................................................3
Phn I : Vt l nguyn t.................................................................................................4
Chng I : Tnh cht lng t ca bc x in t ............................................................4
Chng II: Cc mu nguyn t c in.............................................................................8
Chng III: Nhng c s ca thuyt lng t.................................................................14
Chng IV: Cu trc nguyn t theo c hc lng t ....................................................22
Phn II : Vt l ht nhn ................................................................................................27
Chng I : Ht nhn nguyn t v c tnh ca n.........................................................27
Chng II: Phn r phng x ..........................................................................................31
Chng III: Tng tc ht nhn Nng lng ht nhn. ...............................................37
p s v hng dn....................................................................................................59
Phn II: Vt l nguyn t...............................................................................................59
Chng I: Tnh cht lng t ca bc x in t ...........................................................59
Chng II: Cc mu nguyn t c in...........................................................................63
Chng III: Nhng c s ca thuyt lng t.................................................................68
Chng IV: Cu trc nguyn t theo c hc lng t ....................................................77
Phn II: Vt l ht nhn .................................................................................................81
Chng I: Ht nhn nguyn t v c tnh ca n..........................................................81
Chng II: Phn r phng x ..........................................................................................83
Chng III: Tng tc ht nhn Nng lng ht nhn ................................................85

Ph lc ................................................................................................................. 87
Ti liu tham kho .............................................................................................................93

LI NI U
phc v cho vic ging dy ngy cng i hi nng cao cht lng, cng vi vic
son tho gio trnh vt l nguyn t v ht nhn, cun bi tp ny ra i l rt cn thit.
Cun bi tp vt l nguyn t v ht nhn ny c son tho theo st chng trnh l
thuyt. N gm 2 phn: Phn Vt l nguyn t v phn vt l ht nhn. Mi phn gm t
3 n 4 chng. Trong cc chng c tm tt l thuyt, gii bi tp mu v nhiu bi tp
t gii. Cui sch l phn p n, trong c p s hoc hng dn cho cc bi kh. Cc
bi tp t gii c bin son t nhiu ngun sch, c sng lc, i chiu, kim tra li k
lng. Bi tp a dng v va sc, thch hp vi sinh vin i hc S phm v cn c th
lm ti liu tham kho cho cc gio vin ph thng. Ngoi ra cn c cc bng ph lc tra
cu, trong trnh by c hai h n v l SI v CGS, thun tin cho vic a dng ho
cc bi tp. Hn na cn c cc bng ph lc cng thc ton hc cn thit gip sinh vin
thun tin trong khi gii bi tp.
Mc d c nhiu c gng nhng vic bin son chc chn khng trnh khi thiu st.
Cc tc gi rt mong nhn c kin ng gp cun sch ngy cng hon thin.
Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n cc ng nghip tn tnh gip chng ti trong
vic son tho. Cm n ban ch nhim khoa L to iu kin cho cun sch c in n.
c bit cm n Ban n bn pht hnh trng i hc S phm Thnh ph H Ch Minh
gp nhiu cng sc gip cun sch c ra i.
Thng 10 nm 2002
Cc tc gi

PHN I : VT L NGUYN T
Chng I: TNH CHT LNG T CA BC X IN T
( Tm tt ni dung l thuyt:
I- Photon.
1. Mi photon mang nng lng ch ph thuc vo tn s (hay bc sng () ca bc
x in t c xc nh :
hC
= h =

Trong : h = 6,626.10-34 JS l hng s Plauck

C = 3.108m/s l vn tc nh sng.
2. Khi lng ca photon c xc nh:

h
m= 2 = 2
C
C
II. Hin tng quang in.
1. Gii hn quang in (hay gii hn )
hC
o =
A
Trong A l cng thot ca Electron khi kim loi
2. Phng trnh Einstein
mV 2
h = A +
2
Trong m l khi lng ca Electron v V l vn t cc i ca Electron thot ra t b mt
kim loi.
III- Hin tng tn x Compton.
dch Compton l hiu s gia bc sng tn x v bc sng ti ca bc x in t
c xc nh:

= ' = c (1 cos ) = 2 c sin 2

2
Trong : l bc sng Compton.
( l gc tn x v m l khi lng Electron.
* Bi tp hng dn:
1. nh sng n sc vi bc sng 3000Ao chiu vung gc vo mt din tch
4cm2. Nu cng nh sng bng 15.10-2(W/m2), hy xc nh s photon p ln din
tch y trong mt n v thi gian.

Gii:
Nng lng ca photon ng vi bc sng 3000Ao:
hC 6, 626.1034.3.108
=
=
= 6, 626.1019 J
7

3.10
Nng lng ton phn ca nh sng chiu vo b mt din tch 4cm2
E = I.S = 15.10-2.4.10-4 = 6.10-5W = 6.10-5J/S
S photon trong mt n v thi gian l:
E
6.105
N= =
= 9, 055.1013 photon / S
6, 626.1019
7

2. Chiu nh sng n sc vo b mt ca kim loi Natri, cng thot ca Natri bng

2,11(ev). Xc nh vn tc cc i ca Electron nu bc sng ca nh sng ti l tm bng
2,50.10-7m v tia bng 6,44.10-7m.

Gii:
Nng lng photon ng vi nh sng tm:
hC 6, 626.1034.3.108
= h =
=
= 4,96ev
2,50.107.1, 6.1019
Theo cng thc Einstein:

h = A +

mV 2
2

Suy ra vn tc cc i ca Electron:
2(h A)
2(4,96 2,11)
V=
=
.1, 6.1019 = 106 m / s
31
m
9,11.10
Nng lng ng vi bc sng :
hC 6, 626.1034.3.108
=
=
= 1,929(ev)
6, 44.107.1, 6.1019
Trong trng hp nh sng nng lng photon nh hn cng thot ca Natri nn khng th
lm bt Electron ra khi kim loi. V vy c th xem vn tc cc i ca quang Electron bng
khng.
3. Tia X c bc sng 0,30Ao tn x di gc 60o do hiu ng tn x Compton. Tm
bc sng tn x ca photon v ng nng ca Electron.
Gii :
h
' = +
(1 cos ) = 0,30 + 0, 0243(1 cos 60o ) = 0,312A o
mc
Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng:
hc
hC
+ mo C2 =
+ mo C2 + D

'
hC hC
1 1
D=

= hC( ) = 1,59.103 (ev)

'
'
trong moC2 l nng lng ngh ca Electron v D l ng nng ca Electron.
* Bi tp t gii:
1.1. Tm vn tc cc i ca quang Electron rt ra khi b mt kim loi Cs nu n c
ri bng nh sng c bc sng 0,50(m, cng thot ca Xedi (Cs) bng 1(ev).
1.2. Ngi ta chiu tia t ngoi vi bc sng 3000Ao vo kim loi bc. Hiu ng quang
in c th xy ra c khng? Cho bit cng thot ca bc bng 4,70(ev).
1.3. Vonfram c gii hn bng 2750Ao. Hy tnh:
1) Cng thot ca Electron t Vonfram.
2) Vn tc v ng nng cc i ca Electron bt ra t b mt Vonfram di tc dng ca
nh sng vi bc sng 1800Ao.
1.4. Tm bc sng v tn s ca mt photon c nng lng 1,00Kev.
1.5. Tm xung lng ca mt photon vi nng lng 12Mev
1.6. Tnh tn s ca mt photon sinh ra khi mt Electron c nng lng 20Kev b dng
li do va chm vi mt ht nhn nng.
9

10

1.7. Tm bc sng cc i ca mt photon lm v phn t c nng lng lin kt bng

15(ev).
1.8. Tnh nng lng ca mt photon m xung lng ca n bng xung lng ca mt
Electron c nng lng bng 0,3Mev.
1.9. Mt i pht thanh cng sut 200KW hot ng tn s 103,7MHz. Xc nh s
photon (s lng t) pht ra trong mt n v thi gian.
1.10. Khi chiu nh sng vi bc sng (1 = 5461Ao vo b mt kim loi ngi ta o
c hiu in th hm l : U1 =0,18V. Nu chiu nh sng vi bc sng (2 = 1849 Ao
th o c hiu in th l: U2 = 4,63V. Cho bit in tch ca Electron l e=1,6.10-19C.
Hy xc nh hng s planck, cng thot v tn s gii hn .
1.11. Tia X n sc c bc sng 0,708Ao b tn x trn nguyn t cacbon. Hy tnh:
1) Bc sng tn x ca tia X di gc 90o.
2) ng nng cc i ca Electron thot ra khi nguyn t trong hiu ng tn x Conpton.
1.12. Tia X vi bc sng 2,2.10-11m tn x trn nguyn t Cacbon di gc tn x
bng 85o.
a) Tnh dch compton.
b) Tnh hiu sut nng lng ban u ca tia X b tn hao?
1.13. Photon vi bc sng 2,4.10-12m p vo mt bia cha Electron t do.
a) Tm bc sng ca photon b tn x di gc 30o.
b) Tm bc sng ca photon b tn x di gc 120o.
1.14. Photon tia X vi bc sng 0,10.10-9m p trc din vo mt Electron (ng vi
gc tn x 180o).
a) Hy xc nh s thay i bc sng ca photon.
b) Hy xc nh s thay i nng lng ca Electron.
c) Tnh ng nng truyn cho Electron.
1.15. Tnh ra phn trm s thay i nng lng ca photon trong hiu ng tn x
Compton di gc 90o i vi cc loi bc sng:
a) Sng Viba 3cm.
b) Sng nh sng nhn thy 5.10-7m.
c) Sng tia X: 2,5.10-8m.
d) Sng tia Gamma ng vi nng lng 1Mev.
Bn c kt lun g v mc quan trng ca hiu ng Compton.
1.16. Cc v tinh nhn to v tu v tr bay trn qu o quanh tri t c th tr thnh
tch in, mt phn do mt Electron gy bi hiu ng quang in di tc dng ca nh
sng mt tri ln mt ngoi ca v tu. Gi s v tinh c ph mt lp platin (Bch kim),
kim loi ny c cng thot ln nht bng 5,32Kev.
Hy xc nh bc sng ca photon c kh nng lm bt cc quang Electron ra khi b mt
Platin (cc v tinh phi c ch to sao cho s tch in ni trn l nh nht).
1.17. Tm ng nng cc i ca quang Electron nu cho bit cng thot ca kim loi l
2,3ev v tn s bc x chiu vo kim loi l 3.1015Hz.
1.18. Cng thot ca Tungsten l 4,50ev. Hy xc nh vn tc ca quang Electron nhanh
nht khi chiu nh sng vi nng lng 5,8ev vo Tungsten.
1.19. Nu cng thot ca kim loi l 1,8ev th th hm i vi nh sng chiu vo kim
loi y vi bc sng 4.10-7m s bng bao nhiu? Hy tnh vn tc cc i ca quang
Electron bn ra t b mt kim loi.
1.20. Th hm i vi quang Electron ca mt kim loi khi c ri nh sng c bc
sng 4,91.10-7m l 0,71V. Khi bc sng chiu sng thay i, th hm tng ng l
1,43V. Hy tnh:
a) Bc sng mi tc dng sau.
b) Cng thot ca quang Electron.
11

12

1.21. Dng nh lut bo ton ng lng v nng lng chng t rng Electron t
do khng th hp th hoc bc x photon.
1.22. Xc nh dch Compton v gc tn x i vi photon c ri vo kim loi c
bc sng 0,03Ao v vn tc Electron bt ra khi kim loi bng 0,6 vn tc nh sng.
1.23. Xc nh bc sng tia X, bit rng trong hiu ng Compton ng nng cc i
ca Electron bay ra l 0,19Mev.
1.24. Gi s mt photon nng lng 250Kev va chm vo mt Electron ng yn theo
kiu tn x compton di gc 120o. Hy xc nh nng lng ca photon tn x.
1.25. Photon vi bc sng 0,05Ao tn x trn Electron trong hiu ng tn x compton,
di gc 90o. Hy tnh xung lng ca Electron.
1.26. Mt photon tia X nng lng 0,3Mev va chm trc din vi mt Electron lc u
ng yn. Tnh vn tc git li ca Electron bng cch p dng cc nguyn l bo ton
nng lng v xung lng.
1.27. Trong mt th nghim v hiu ng tn x compton, mt Electron thu c nng
lng 0,1Mev do mt tia X nng lng 0,5Mev chiu vo. Tnh bc sng ca photon
tn x bit rng lc u Electron trng thi ngh.
1.28. Trong tn x compton mt photon ti truyn cho Electron bia mt nng lng
cc i bng 45Kev. Tm bc sng ca photon .
1.29. Trong th nghim hiu ng tn x compton ngi ta dng tia X vi nng lng
0,5Mev truyn cho Electron nng lng 0,1Mev. Tm gc tn x.
1.30. Thit lp phng trnh hiu ng tn x compton:
h
= ' =
(1 cos )
MoC

13

14

Chng II: CC MU NGUYN T C IN

Tm tt ni dung l thuyt:
I- L thuyt Rdepho (Rutherford)
1) Mi lin h gia gc tn x v khong nhm ca ht (.
mV 2
Cotg =
.b (Dung trong he CGS)
2 2Ze 2
( - l gc tn x ht ( v b l khong nhm ca ht (.
2) Xc sut tn x ca chm ht ( ln cc ht nhn trong l kim loi dt mng:
kze2 d
dn
dW = = N.d
.
2
n
mV Sin 4
2
dn( - S ht ( b tn x trong chm ht ( tin n l kim loi n(.
N l mt ht nhn gy tn x (s ht nhn trong mt n v th tch)
d- b dy ca l kim loi.
d( = 2(Sin(d( - l gc khi bao quanh s ht ( b tn x. H s t l K ty thuc vo h n v
s dng (K = 1 trong h CGS v K = 9.109N.m2/C2 trong h SI).
II- L thuyt N.Bohr.
1. Bn knh qu o ca Electron trn qu o th n
vi n = 1, 2, 3, 4....
i vi nguyn t Hydro chn z = 1 v cc ion tng t Hydro chn z > 1.
l hng s Plank chia cho 2(.
2. Nng lng ca Electron trn qu o th n.
vi n = 1, 2, 3, 4....
Hng s plank : h = 6,626.10-34JS v C = 3.108m/s
Hng s Ritbc : R =
3. Cng thc Banme tng qut
vi m > n
la so bc song tren mot n v o dai.
i vi nguyn t Hydro z = 1 c cc dy quang ph sau:
( Dy Lyman (trong vng t ngoi) ng vi n =1 v m = 2, 3, 4...
( Dy Banme (trong vng kh kin) ng vi n = 2 v m = 3, 4, 5...
( Dy Pasen (trong vng hng ngoi) ng vi n = 3 v m = 4, 5, 6...
( Dy Brakt (vng hng ngoi) ng vi n = 4 v m = 5, 6, 7...
( Dy Phundo (vng hng ngoi) ng vi n = 5 v m = 6, 7, 8...
*Bi tp hng dn:
1. Sau khi xuyn qua l vng mng, ht ( vi nng lng 4Mev b tn x di gc 60o.
Hy xc nh khong nhm b ca ht ( khi bay ti l vng.
Gii:
T biu thc
ze 2

cot g = 4, 72.1012 cm
Suy ra b =
D
2
Thay tr s:
Vng ng vi z = 79; ng nng ht ( : D = 4Mev = 4.106ev; in tch e = 4,8.10-10CGSE v
102
1v =
CGSE ien the.
3
15
16

 102
12
1ev = 4,8.1010
= 1, 60.10 ec trong he CGS)
3

Cotg 30o = 1,6643

Kt qu : b = 4,72.10-1 cm
2. Tm khong cch ngn nht m mt ht ( c nng lng 5Mev c th tin n gn mt
ht nhn bc (z = 47)
Gii:
Khong cc ngn nht m ta
phi xc nh y ng vi
trng hp va chm trc
din gia ht ( v ht nhn
bc (khong nhm b = 0)

Ag

+47e

+2e
d

Ht ( bay v pha ht nhn bc cng gn th s chu lc y tnh in cng mnh n mt

khong nht nh no khi cn bng ng nng tin ti ca ht ( v nng lng y t pha
ht nhn bc th ht ( dng li:
Etin = Ey
2e.ze
(2e)(47e)
5Mev = K
=K
d
d
94e 2 9.109.94.(1, 6.1019 ) 2
=
= 2, 70.1014 m
Suy ra d = K
5Mev
5.106.1, 6.1019
3. Khi tin hnh th nghim tn x ht ( ln ht nhn ng, Rdepho nhn thy rng, ht (
vi ng nng 5Mev va chm n hi vi ht nhn ng. Sau b git li ngc tr li vi
ng nng 3,9Mev. Hy xc nh t l gia khi lng ht nhn ng v ht (.
Gii
Ht ( chnh l ht nhn Heli mang in tch dng, ht nhn ng cng mang in tch
dng. Khi chng va chm n hi trc din s b y ln nhau. Da vo hai nh lut bo
ton nng lng v bo ton xung lng (hay ng nng) ta c:
2
mV2 mV'2 MVCu
(1)
=
+
2
2
2
ur
ur '
ur
mV = mV + MV Cu
(2)
Tr s : mV( = ( mV( + MVCu (3)
m- khi lng ht (, M khi lng ht nhn ng.
V( v V( l cc vn tc ca ht ( trc v sau va chm.
VCu l vn tc ht nhn ng sau khi va chm (xem nh ban u ht nhn ng ng yn).
Gii h phng trnh (1) v (3) suy ra:
V'
3,9

1
1
'
V
m V V
5
=
=
=
'
'
V
M V + V
3,9
1+ 1+
V
5
Cn s Suy ra
Kt qu
Kt qu ny mt cch gn ng c th xem nh ph hp vi thc t : Ht nhn ng
(29Cu64) v ht ( (2He4).
17

18

4. Xc nh t s gia cc hng s Ritbec i vi nguyn t Hydro v Heli, cho bit khi

lng ht nhn nguyn t Hydro chnh l proton bng M=1,672.10-24g v ht nhn Heli
MHe=6,644.10-24g, trong khi khi lng Electron ch bng m= 9,10.10-28g (ngha l nh
hn khi lng ht nhn n mi ngn ln).
Gii
Do khi lng Electron nh hn khi lng ht nhn nhiu ln nn trong l thuyt N.Bohr
xem nh ht nh l ng yn tuyt i. Do hng s Ritbec bng: . Trong khi gi tr
o c bng thc nghim RTN = 109677,6Cm-1, y c s chnh lch l v trong thc t
ht nhn cng chuyn ng ch khng phi ng yn tuyt i. Chnh xc ra ta phi xem
Electron v ht nhn trong h lin kt cng chuyn ng quanh tm qun tnh. Do vy trong
hng s Ritbec phi dng n khi lng rt gn ca h gm hai khi lng ca Electron v
ht nhn:
m.M
=
m+M
Th vo cng thc :
m.M 4

.e
4
4
e
M
2
2 m+M
2 me
=
=
R=K .
K
K
.

3
3
3
4ch
4ch
4ch m + M
Hay chuyn sang dng:
So vi khi lng Electron th c th xem nh khi lng ht nhn v cng ln M ( ( v vy
hng s Ritbec R( l:

4
4
1
2 me
2 me
=
R = K
K

4 c h 3 1 + m
4 ch 3

M
M
Chnh xc ra th hng s Ritbec i vi nguyn t Hydro l:

R He = R .
1+ m
M
He

Suy ra t s :
m
(1 +
)
RH
M He
=
= 0.995 (xap x 100%)
m
R He
(1 + )
M
Nu tnh n khi lng rt gn th hng s Ritbec theo l thuyt N.Bohr v thc nghim
hon ton trng hp nhau v c th xem hng s Ritbec l khng i cho mi nguyn t.
5. Cho bit bc sng ng vi vch th nht trong dy Lyman l (1 = 1215Ao v bc
sng ng vi vch ranh gii ca dy Banme (( = 3650Ao. Hy tnh nng lng ion ha ca
nguyn t Hydro.
Gii
Nng lng ion ha nguyn t Hydro c hiu nh l nng lng cn thit a
Electron trong nguyn t t trng thi c bn (n=1) ra xa v cc (n( () bin nguyn t thnh
ion dng.
Tr s nng lng y bng:
E = E E1 = h + h1 = h( + 1 )

19

20

vch th nht trong dy Lyman ng vi:

1
C
1 1
= R 2 2 vi tan so 1 =
1
1
1 2
Vch gii hn trong dy Banme:
C
1
1 1
= R 2 vi tan so =

2
T hai biu thc (1) v (2) suy ra:
3
RC
1 = RC va =
4
4
Vy :
Thay tr s vo ta c:

(1)

(2)

* Bi tp t gii:
2.1. Mt ht ( vi ng nng D = 0,27Mev tn x trn mt l vng di gc 60o. Hy tm
gi tr ca khong nhm b.
2.2. Mt proton vi ng nng D ng vi khong nhm b b tn x trong trng lc y
Culomb ca mt ht nhn nguyn t vng ang ng yn. Tm xung lng (ng lng)
truyn cho ht nhn ny do s tn x gy ra.
2.3. Sau khi xuyn qua mt l vng, mt ht ( vi ng nng D=4Mev b tn x di gc
bng 60o. Hy tnh khong nhm b.
2.4. Tm khong cch ngn nht m mt proton c th n gn ht nhn ch trong va
chm trc din gia chng nu vn tc ban u ca proton bng 5.109cm/s.
2.5. Tm khong cch ngn nht m mt ht ( vi ng nng E(=0,4Mev c th n gn
1) Mt ht nhn ch trong va chm trc din.
2) Mt ht nhn Liti ban u ng yn cng trong va chm trc din.
2.6. Mt chm proton vi vn tc 6.106m/s p vung gc ln mt l kim loi bc c b
dy 1(m. Tm xc sut tn x ca proton trong khong gc t 89o n 91o.
2.7. Rdepho lm th nghim cho mt chm ht ( vi ng nng D=6Mev v cng
I=104ht/s p thng vo mt l vng c b dy d=0,5.10-4cm. Hy tnh s ht ( b tn x
trong khong gc t 59o n 60o ghi nhn c trong khong thi gian 5 pht. Cho bit
khi lng ring ca vng (=19,4g/cm3, nguyn t vng vi nguyn t s z=79, nguyn t
lng bng A=197.
2.8. Mt chm ht ( vi ng nng D = 0,5Mev v cng I=5.105+ht/s p vung gc
ln l vng. Tm b dy ca l vng, nu cch khu vc tn x mt khong r = 15cm di
gc tn x (=60o, mt dng ht ( l J = 40ht/cm2.s
2.9. Mt chm ht ( vi ng nng D=0,5Mev p vung gc ln mt l vng c b dy
khi lng ring ( (ng vi mt ht trn mt n v din tch l (d = 1,5mg/cm2. Cng
chm ht l Io=5.1015 ht/s. Tm s ht ( b tn x trn l vng trong khong thi gian t
= 30pht trong khong gc:
1) gc tn x t 59o n 61o.
2) gc tn x trn 60o.
2.10. Cc ht ( t mt l kim loi mng c nguyn t s z1 khi lng ring (1 v nguyn
t lng A1 di gc c nh ( no . Sau thay bng l kim loi th hai (vi z2, (2
v A2) c cng din tch v khi lng. Tm t s ca cc ht ( quan st c di gc
tn x ( i vi hai l kim loi y.
2.11. Theo in ng lc hc c in, mt Electron, chuyn ng vi gia tc a s mt
nng lng do bc x sng in t vi tc bin thin nng lng theo qui lut:
21

22

dE
2e2
= 3 a2
dt
3C
trong e l din tch Electron, c l vn tc nh sng. n gin ta xem gia tc ca Electron
lun lun trng vi gia tc hng tm. Hy tnh thi gian mt Electron chuyn ng theo qu
o trn trong nguyn t Hydro vi bn knh r = 0,5Ao sau s ri vo ht nhn.
2.12. Hiu cc s sng ca hai vch u tin trong dy Banme ca quang ph nguyn t
Hydro l 5,326.103cm-1. Hy tnh tr s ca hng s Ritbc.
2.13. i vi nguyn t Hydro v ion Heli (He+), hy tnh:
1) Bn knh qu o N.Bohr th nht v vn tc ca Electron trn qu o .
2) ng nng v nng lng lin kt ca Electron trng thi c bn.
3) Th ion ha v bc sng ng vi bc chuyn u tin ca Electron t n = 2 v n=1.
2.14. Hy tnh:
1) Bc sng ca vch ph u tin ca ion Heli He+ tng ng vi vch th nht trong
dy Banme ca ph nguyn t Hydro.
2) Th ion ha ca Heli, cho bit khi lng ht nhn Heli MHe= 6,64.10-24g.
2.15. Tnh hiu s bc sng ca cc vch H( (l vch u tin ca dy Banme) i vi
nguyn t Hydro v Triti (mt cht ng v ca Hydro), bit rng bc sng ca vch H(
ca Hydro bng 6563Ao v khi lng ht nhn Triti gp 3 ln khi lng ht nhn Hydro.
2.16. Bng thc nghim quan st c cc vch th hai ca dy Banme i vi Hydro
v Dteri (mt ng v ca Hydro) c hiu s bc sng (( = 1,32Ao ng vi bc sng
4861,3Ao. T cc s liu trn hy tnh t s khi lng ca nguyn t Hydro v Dteri.
2.17. Xc nh lc ht gia ht nhn v Electron nm qu o Bohr th nht ca
nguyn t Hydro. So snh lc ny vi lc hp dn gia mt Electron v mt proton
cng khong cch.
2.18. Khi kch thch nguyn t Hydro bng cc dng Electron vi ng nng D=12,5ev
bn vo nguyn t th nhng vch quang ph no c th xut hin v chng thuc nhng
dy quang ph no?
2.19. Hy xc nh th nng, ng nng v c nng ca Electron trn qu o Bohr th
nht.
2.20. Xc nh bc sng ln nht v bc sng nh nht thuc dy Pasen trong quang
ph nguyn t Hydro.
2.21. Electron trong nguyn t Hydro chuyn t mc nng lng th ba v mc nng
lng th nht. Tnh nng lng photon pht ra.
2.22. Xc nh gi tr nng lng ln nht v nh nht ca cc photon pht ra trong dy
quang ph Lyman ca nguyn t Hydro.
2.23. Nguyn t Hydro trng thi c bn (n=1) c kch thch bng mt nh sng n
sc c bc sng ( xc nh. Kt qu nguyn t Hydro ch pht ra 6 vch quang ph.
Nhng vch quang ph y thuc cc dy no?
2.24. Nguyn t Hydro ang trng thi kch thch ng vi mc nng lng n =10. Tnh
s vch quang ph n c th pht ra.
2.25. Photon vi nng lng 16,5ev lm bt Electron ra khi nguyn t Hydro trng
thi c bn. Tnh vn tc ca Electron bt ra t nguyn t.
2.26. Nguyn t Hydro trng thi c bn (n=1) hp th photon ng vi bc sng ( =
1215Ao. Tnh bn knh qu o ca Electron trong nguyn t trng thi kch thch.

23

24

2.27. i vi ion Heli He+, Electron khi chuyn t trng thi ny sang trng thi khc
km theo bc x c bc sng gn bng bc sng ca vch u tin trong dy
Banme. Chnh xc th bc sng ca hai vch y chnh lch nhau bao nhiu?
2.28. Cho mt photon vi nng lng 20ev nh bt mt Electron ra khi nguyn t
Hydro t trng thi c bn (n=1). Sau khi bt ra khi nguyn t th vn tc Electron bng
bao nhiu?
2.29. Trong th nghim kim chng cc nh N.Bohr khi dng Electron bn vo
nguyn t Hydro kch thch n, ngi ta o c cc gi tr hiu in th kch thch l
10,2v v 12,1V v c 3 vch quang ph:
1) Hy tnh bc sng ca cc vch quang ph y.
2) Xc nh nhng vch quang ph y thuc nhng dy no.
2.30. Hy tnh vn tc ca Electron trn qu o th hai ca nguyn t Hydro theo l
thuyt N.Bohr, cho bit Momen qu o ca Electron trn qu o ny L= v bn knh
qu o N.Bohr th nht r1=ao=0,53Ao.
2.31. Ht Medon (- mang in tch (-e) lin kt vi proton to thnh mt Mezo nguyn t
tng t nh Electron lin kt vi proton to thnh nguyn t Hydro (cho bit khi
lng ca ht Medon bng 207 ln khi lng Electron). Hy tnh :
1) Bn knh ca Mezo nguyn t.
2) Mc nng lng c bn ng vi qu o nh nht.
2.32. Ion Heli He+ ang trng thi kch thch th n, nu chuyn v trng thi c bn
(n=1) ion ny pht ra lin tip hai photon ni ui nhau vi cc bc sng 108,5.10-9m
v 30,4.10-9m.
2.33. Khi nguyn t Hydro chuyn t trng thi kch thch v trng thi c bn pht ra
hai photon k tip nhau vi cc bc sng tng ng bng 40510Ao v 972,5Ao. Hy
xc nh mc nng lng kch thch y v gi tr nng lng tng ng ca n.
2.34. Hy xc nh tn s photon do ion tng t Hydro pht ra khi n chuyn v mc
nng lng th n nu bn knh qu o ca Electron trong trng hp y thay i ( ln.
2.35. Hy xc nh mc nng lng th n ca nguyn t Hydro khi ang trng thi
kch thch nu bit rng khi chuyn v trng thi c bn (n=1) nguyn t pht ra:
1) Mt photon ng vi bc sng 972,5Ao.
2) Hai photon k ui nhau vi bc sng 6563Ao v 1216Ao.
2.36. Hy tnh vn tc ca Electron b nh bt ra khi ion Heli He+ ban u trng thi
c bn bng mt photon c bc sng tng ng l 180Ao.
2.37. Nu s dng photon pht ra t Heli He+ khi chuyn t mc kch thch th nht v
mc c bn tc ng vo nguyn t Hydro n b ion ha. Tm vn tc ca
Electron b bt ra khi nguyn t Hydro.
2.38. Nguyn t Hydro phi chuyn ng vi vn tc cc tiu bng bao nhiu khi va
chm trc din khng n hi vo nguyn t Hydro khc ang trng thi ng yn lm
cho n pht ra photon nh sng. Gi s trc khi va chm c hai nguyn t u trng
thi c bn.
2.39. Tnh vn tc git li li ca nguyn t Hydro khi n chuyn t trng thi kch thch
u tin v trng thi c bn. Gi s ban u nguyn t trng thi ng yn.
2.40. Ngi ta kch thch cho nguyn t Hydro ln mc nng lng th n. Hy xc nh:
1) Nu n=5 tr v mc c bn n=1 th s xut hin bao nhiu vch v chng thuc nhng
dy no.
2) Nu n=20 th nguyn t pht ra bao nhiu vch.

25

26

Chng III: NHNG C S CA THUYT LNG T

Tm tt ni dung l thuyt:
1. Gi thuyt D Bri (De Broglie)
H thc D Bri v tn s v bc sng ca ht vi m:
h h
E
= =
va =
p mv
h
vi E l nng lng; p l xung lng; ( l bc sng; l tn s v m l khi lng ca ht vi
m h = 6,6.10-34JS l hng s planck.
2. Bc sng ca Electron chuyn ng trong in trng:
12, 25 o
=
A
u(v)
Hiu in th u tnh bng von th bc sng tnh bng Ao.
3. iu kin Vunph-Brc v nhiu x sng DBri ca ht vi m trn mng tinh th:
2dsin( = n( vi n = 1, 2, 3, 4...
Hiu ng i gia hai tia k tip nhau (hiu quang trnh) bng (2dsin() phi bng mt s
nguyn ln bc sng (n() s cho cc i giao thoa nhiu x. ( l gc trt; d l hng s
mng tinh th; n l bc nhiu x v ( l bc sng ti.
4. H thc bt nh Hexenbc (Heisenberg)
( H thc bt nh v ta v xung lng: (x.(px ( h
( H thc bt nh v nng lng v thi gian sng ca ht vi m: (E.(t ( h
5. Hm sng phng n sc ca ht vi m
uur
i
= o e (Et pr)
h
6. Mt xc sut tm thy ht vi m trong yu t th tch dV:
2
dW = .dV = *dV
7. iu kin chun ha:
8. Phng trnh Sroding i vi trng thi dng ca ht vi m
2m
+ 2 [ E u ] = 0
h
9. nh lut Modlay i vi ph c trng tia x c biu din thng qua tn s:
1
1
= RC(z a) 2 2 2 vi m > n
n m
i vi vch ph K( th a = 1, n =1 v m = 2:
3
= RC(z 1) 2
4
* Bi tp hng dn:
1. Tm bc sng D Bri ca vin bi khi lng 10g chuyn ng vi vn tc 10m/s.
Gii:
h h 6, 626.1034
= =
=
= 6, 626.1033 m
p mv
102.10
2. Tm bc sng DBri ca Ntron nhit vi nng lng 0,05ev.
Gii:

27

28

h h
h
6, 626.1034
= =
=
=
= 1,32.1010 m

27

19
p mv
2mE
2.1, 67.10 .0, 05.1, 6.10
3. Tnh hiu in th cn thit tng tc mt Electron chuyn ng trong in trng
c bc sng D Bri bng 1Ao.
Gii:
ng nng Electron trong in trng:
Hoc :
h2
(6, 626.1034 ) 2
Suy ra: u =
=
= 150V
2me 2 2.9,1.1031.1, 6.1019 (1.1010 ) 2
4. Electron ban u c vn tc bng khng c tng tc trong in trng vi hiu
in th u. Tm gi tr bc sng DBri trong hai trng hp sau:
a) u = 51V
b) u = 510KV
Gii:
1) u = 51V: ng nng D = eu = 51eV = 0,51.10-4Mev
Nng lng ngh ca Electron Eo = moC2 = 0,51Mev
Vy c th thay th: D = eu = 0,51.10-4Mev = (moc2).10-4
Bc sng DBr ca Electron :
h
h
h 102
=
=
=
.
2m o eu
2m o (mo C2 ).104 m o C 2
Vi hng s : l bc sng Compton
Kt qu :
2) u = 510KV:
Khi hiu in th u = 510KV s ng vi nng lng; eu=510kev = 0,51Mev.
Nng lng ny c gi tr bng nng lng ngh ca Electron: Eo = moC2 = 0,51Mev.
Vi ht chuyn ng vi vn tc ln c nng lng xp x bng hoc ln hn nng lng
ngh ca Electron phi dng c hc tng i tnh ca Einstein, v khi lng thay i theo vn
tc:
mo
m=
V2
1 2
C
Trong mo l khi lng ngh ca ht.
Da vo h thc lin h gia khi lng v nng lng ta c ng nng bng :

1
D = mC2 m o C2 = m o C2
1

V2
1 2

Mt khc ng nng ca ht: D = eu

1
1 = eu
Suy ra : m o C2

V2
1 2

Vn tc :
ng lng P = mV =
Bc sng DBri:
Mt khc ta c: eu = 0,51Mev = moC2 l nng lng ngh Electron.
Kt qu:
29
30

Hng s :l bc sng Compton.

5. Mt chm Ntron nhit nng lng 0,05ev nhiu x trn n tinh th mui n (NaCl).
Xc nh gc trt ( ng vi bc nhiu x th nht (n=1) theo iu kin Vunph-Brc. Cho
bit hng s mng tinh th d = 2,81Ao.
Gii :
iu kin cho cc i nhiu x: 2dsin( = n(, vi n = 1, ta c: 2dsin( = (
Bc sng:

h
=
Suy ra: Sin =
2d 2d 2mE
Thay tr s vo :
6, 626.1034
Sin =
= 0, 235 ; Suy ra =13o20'
10
27
19
2.2,81.10
2.1, 67.10 .0, 05.1, 6.10
6. ng nng ca Electron trong nguyn t Hydro c gi tr bng 10ev. Mt cch gn
ng c th dng h thc bt nh Hexenbc s b xc nh kch thc nh nht ca
nguyn t.
Gii:
Theo h thc bt nh Hexenbc: (x.(Px ( h
Gi s kch thc ca nguyn t bng d, vy v tr ta ca Electron trong nguyn t
Hydro theo phng ta x xc nh trong khong:
0 xd
ngha l:
T h thc ta suy ra:
Vy :
Hin nhin l bt nh (Px khng th vt qu gi tr ca xung lng P, tc l (Px ( P.
Mt khc ng nng v xung lng c quan h :
P = 2mD
Vy bt nh v xung lng
Ta chn (Px bng gi tr ln nht ca n th gi tr ca d s nh nht v bng:
2h
2.6, 626.1034
d min =
=
2mD
2.9,1.1031.10.1, 6.1019
Kt qu : d = 7,76.10-19m.
7. Xc nh gi tr Momen qu o L ca Electron trong nguyn t Hydro trng thi kch
thch, bit rng nng lng kch thch truyn cho nguyn t t trng thi c bn l 12,09ev.
Gii:
Gi tr Momen qu o c xc nh:
ur
L = l(l + 1)h vi l = 0, 1, 2, 3.... (n-1)

l la lng t so Momen ong lng qu ao.

n l lng t s chnh.
tm tr s ca L ta phi xc nh tr s ca n.
Nng lng ca Electron trng thi kch thch th n bng:
RhC
13, 6
E n = 2 = 2 (ev)
n
n
Nng lng Electron trng thi c bn (n=1) l:
RhC
E1 = 2 = 13, 6(ev)
1
31

32

Nng lng kch thch l nng lng cung cp cho nguyn t hp th chuyn t trng
thi bnh thng ln trng thi kch thch th n tng ng, do ta c:
13, 6
E cung = E n E1 = 2 + 13, 6
n
Theo u bi cho: (Ecung = 12,09ev
Vy ta c:
13, 6
12, 09 = 13, 6 2
n
13, 6
= 13, 6 12, 09 = 1,51
n2
Suy ra n = 3
Lng t s = 0, 1, 2, 3... (n-1), vy = 0, 1, 2.
Ta c 3 tr s ng vi n = 3:
( Vi = 0
( Vi = 1
( Vi = 2
8. Nu t nguyn t vo t trng ngoi th vect Momen qu o s hp vi phng u
tin ca t trng t dc theo trc OZ mt gc (. Hy xc nh tr s gc ( nh nht khi
Electron trong nguyn t trng thi d.
Gii:
Trng thi ng vi = 2 gi l trng thi d. Tr s ca Momen qu o bng:
vi =1, 2, 3... (n-1)
Gi tr hnh chiu ln phng trc OZ l:
Lz = vi m = 0, (1, (2, (3....
Trng hp c th = 2 th : Lz = vi m = 0, (1, (2, gc ( nh nht s ng vi gi tr ca
m ln nht, tc l m = 2.
Lz = m h = Lcos
Kt qu :
L
mh
m
2
=
=
= 0,8164
Cos = z =
L
6
l(l + 1)h
l(l + 1)
Suy ra: = 35o15
9. Xc nh cc gi tr kh d ca Momen ton phn J ng vi lng t s qu o =1
v = 2 i vi nguyn t Hydro. Khi tnh n spin ca Electron.
Gii :
Momen ton phn
r ur ca
r Electron trong nguyn t :
J=L+S
vi tr s :
r
1
J = j( j + 1)h vi j = l
2
vi = 1 ta c 2 tr s:
1 1
j1 = 1 =
2 2
1 3
j2 =1 + =
2 2
ng vi 2 tr s Momen ton phn:

33

34

ur
1 1
J1 =
( + 1)h =
2 2
uur
3 3
J2 =
( + 1)h =
2 2

3
h
2
15
h
2

Tr s ca Momen ng lng ring (spin)

r
1
S = S(S + 1)h vi S =
2
1 1
3
=
( + 1)h =
h
2 2
2
Bi ca mc nng lng c xc nh g = 2s+1=2
i vi = 2 ta c 2 tr s :
1
1 3
j1 = l = 2 =
2
2 2
1
1 5
j2 = l + = 2 + =
2
2 2
ng vi :
ur
3 3
15
J1 =
( + 1)h =
h
2 2
2
uur
5 5
35
J2 =
( + 1)h =
h
2 2
2
ur
L = 2(2 + 1)h = 6h

r
1 1
3
S=
( + 1)h =
h
2 2
2
10. i m cc trong mt ng Ronghen c ph mt lp Mlipden (Mo) vi z = 42. Hy
xc nh bc sng ca vch th K( ca ph c trng tia X. Khi nng hiu in th t
vo ng Rnghen bng 4KV th vch c xut hin khng.
Gii:
Theo nh lut Mly tn s bc x ca ph tia X c biu din:
1
1
= RC(z a) 2 2 2 vi m > n
m
n
Khi n = 1 v m = 2, 3, 4, 5...
S cho cc vch ph thuc dy K gm K(, K(, K( ...
ng vi n = 1 v m = 2 s xut hin vch K(. i vi dy K h s mn chn a = 1. T
vch K( c tn s:
1
1 1
1
= RC(Z a) 2 2 2 = RC(Z 1) 2 ( 2 2 )
m
1 2
n
3
= RC(Z 1) 2
4
i vi Molipden z = 42 hng s Ritbc R = 1,097.107m-1. Bc sng pht ra t Molipden
bng :
C
4
4
= =
=
= 0, 72.1010 m
2
7
2
3R(Z 1)
3.1, 097.10 (41)
Nng lng ng vi tn s
35

36

C 6, 626.1034.3.108
=
= 2, 75.1016 J
10

0, 72.10
Nng lng t vo ng Rnghen 4KV tng ng vi 4Kev=4.103ev chuyn sang n v
Jun, ta c:
4Kev= 4.103.1,6.10-19= 6,4.10-16J.
Vy khi t vo ng Rnghen 4KV s lm xut hin bc x vch ph K(.
E = h = h.

* Bi tp t gii:
3.1. Xc nh bc sng DBri ca Electron v Proton chuyn ng vi vn tc
106m/s.
3.2. Tnh bc sng D Bri ca Electron chuyn ng vi vn tc 2.108m/s.
3.3. Electron khng vn tc u c gia tc qua mt in trng vi hiu in th u.
Tnh hiu in th u, bit rng sau khi tng tc Electron chuyn ng c bc sng D
Bri bng 1Ao.
3.4. Xc nh bc sng D Bri ca proton c tng tc (khng vn tc u) qua in
trng c hiu in th bng 1KV v 1MV.
3.5. Ntron vi ng nng 25ev bay n va chm vo Dteri (D l ng v ca ht nhn
Hydro). Tnh bc sng D Bri ca hai ht trong h qui chiu khi tm ca chng.
3.6. Chng minh rng Electron t khng bc x hoc hp th lng t nh sng, v nu
iu ny xy ra th hai nh lut bo ton nng lng v xung lng s khng tha mn.
3.7. So snh bc sng DBri ca Electron vi proton v ca Electron vi ht ( khi
chng chuyn ng trong in trng u c hiu in th l u.
3.8. Chm Electron chuyn ng vi vn tc 6.106m/s i vo mt in trng u c
cng in trng E = 5v/cm. Hi Electron phi chuyn ng mt khong l d bng
bao nhiu trong in trng c bc sng bng 1Ao.
3.9. Thit lp biu thc ca bc sng DBri ( ca mt ht vi m tng i tnh
chuyn ng vi ng nng D. Vi gi tr no ca D s chnh lch gia bc sng (
tng i tnh v bc sng ( phi tng i tnh khng qu mt phn trm (1%) i vi
Electron v proton.
3.10. Hi phi cn mt hiy in th tng tc bng bao nhiu i vi mt proton lm
n c th t vn tc tng ng vi bc sng D Bri l 10-12cm. Cho bit ban u
proton ng yn.
3.11. Dng iu kin Vunph-Brc tm 3 gi tr u tin ca hiu in th tng tc m
vi nhng gi tr s thu c cc i nhiu x i vi chm Electron p vo b mt
tinh th di gc trt ( = 30o. Ngi ta quan st Electron phn x t b mt tinh th c
gc phn x bng gc ti. Cho bit hng s mng tinh th d = 2,4Ao.
3.12. Khi tng nng lng ca Electron thm 200ev th bc sng DBri ca n thay
i hai ln. Hy tnh bc sng lc ban u.
3.13. Proton vi bc sng ( = 0,017Ao tn x n hi di gc 90o trn mt ht ban
u ng yn c khi lng gp 4 ln khi lng ca n. Hy tnh bc sng ca
proton b tn x.
3.14. Minh ha iu kin lng t ha v Momen ng lng qu o ca l thuyt
N.Bohr theo bc sng (, c ngha l chu vi cc qu o dng ca Electron trong nguyn
t bng mt s nguyn ln ca bc sng. Hy tnh bc sng DBri ca Electron ti
qi o th n.
3.15. Electron vi ng nng ban u l 4,3ev c tng tc trong mt in trng u
c phng trng vi phng chuyn ng ban u ca Electron v cng in
37

38

trng E = 92V/cm. Electron phi chuyn ng mt qung ng bng bao nhiu trong
in ng y c bc sng D Bri bng 2Ao.
3.16. Cho mt chm Electron c vn tc V = 3,65.106m/s ti p vo mt khe hp c b
rng b = 10-6m, khi trn mn quan st t song song vi khe v cch khe mt khong L=10cm ngi ta quan
st thy cc vn giao thoa nhiu x. Tm khong cch gia hai cc i nhiu x bc nht.
3.17. Mt chm Electron c tng tc trong in trng vi hiu in th u =
15V i qua khe hp c b rng b=0,8.10-6m. Hy xc nh chiu rng ca cc i
chnh nhiu x trn mt mn quan st t cch khe mt khong L= 60cm v vung gc
vi phng chuyn ng ca chm Electron.
3.18. Mt chm Electron p vung gc vo mt khe hp c b rng b = 2(m, khi trn
mn quan st t cch khe mt khong 50cm ngi ta quan st hnh nhiu x, trong
cc i nhiu x trung tm c b rng y = 8.10-15m. Tm vn tc Electron.
3.19. Cho mt chm Notron p vo b mt gii hn t nhin ca n tinh th Nhm (Al)
di gc trt ( = 5o. Hng s mng tinh th nhm d = 2Ao. Hy tnh nng lng v vn
tc ca Ntron ng vi cc i nhiu x bc nht quan st c theo phng phn x.
3.20. Ngoi Electron ngi ta cn dng cc ht khc nghin cu cu trc mng tinh
th. Hy gii thch ti sao Ntron chm (c nng lng c 0,01ev) tn x trn tinh th c
hin tng nhiu x r nt, cn Ntron nhanh (c ng nng c 100eV tr ln) th hin
tng nhiu x khng c r nt.
3.21. V tr trng tm ca mt qu cu khi lng 1mg c th xc nh chnh xc n
2(m. Da vo h thc bt nh Hexenbec nh gi v tnh cht chuyn ng ca qu
cu.
3.22. Chuyn ng ca Electron trong n hnh Tivi s tun theo qui lut vt l c in
hay vt l lng t. Cho bit hiu in th tng tc chm Electron bng 15KV v ng
knh chm tia vo khong 10-3cm.
3.23. ng nng trung bnh ca Electron trong nguyn t Hydro trng thi c bn l
13,6ev. Dng h thc bt nh Hexenbc nh gi tnh cht ca Electron trong trng
hp ny.
3.24. Tnh bt nh v ta (x ca Electron trong nguyn t Hydro bit rng vn tc
Electron bng V = 1,5.106m/s v bt nh v vn tc bng (v = 10% ca vn tc V. So
snh kt qu tm c vi ng knh d ca qu o N.Bohr th nht v c th p dng
khi nim qu o cho trng hp k trn khng.
3.25. Gi s c th o c xung lng ca mt ht chnh xc n phn nghn. Xc nh
bt nh cc tiu v tr s ca ht:
1) Nu ht c khi lng 5mg v vn tc 2m/s.
2) Nu ht l Electron c vn tc 1,8.106 m/s.
3.26. Xc nh bt nh cc tiu v nng lng ca mt nguyn t khi Electron
trng thi bt nh ch trong vng 10-8S.
3.27. rng ca mt vch quang ph ng vi bc sng 4000Ao bng 10-4Ao. Tnh
thi gian trung bnh h nguyn t tn ti trng thi nng lng tng ng.
3.28. Gi thit ng nng ca mt ht vi m ang chuyn ng theo ng thng l.
Chng minh rng (E.(t ( h, trong (t = (x/v.
3.29. Vn dng kt qu ca c hc lng t tnh cc gi tr c th c ca Momen t
ng mc n = 3.
3.30. Nguyn t c th c bao nhiu gi tr lng t s j nu n trng thi c lng t
s s v bng:
1) S = v = 1
39

40

2) S = 5/2 v = 2
3.31. Nguyn t tn ti trng thi c bi g = 3 v Momen ton phn bng. Hi
lng t s tng ng bng bao nhiu.
3.32. Gi tr Momen ton phn ca Electron bng bao nhiu khi Momen qu o ca n
ng lng t s = 3.
3.33. Xc nh thay i Momen qu o ca Electron trong nguyn t Hydro khi n
chuyn t trng thi kch thch v trng thi c bn v pht ra bc sng ( = 972,5Ao.
3.34. Hy vit k hiu cc s hng quang ph ca nguyn t Hydro bit rng Electron
ca n trng thi c lng t s chnh n = 3.
3.35. C bao nhiu hm sng tng ng vi trng thi n = 3 ca nguyn t Hydro. Hy
vit tt c cc k hiu ca hm sng ( trong hai h lng t s (n,, m, ms v n,, j, mj).
3.36. Tm bin thin ca bc sng ca vch Cadimi ng vi bc sng 6438Ao
do hiu ng Diman thng khi nguyn t t trong t trng vi cm ng t bng
0,009Tesla.
3.37. Xc nh ln cn thit ca cm ng t B c th quan st c hiu ng
Diman thng trong trng hp ph k c th tch c vch ph c bc sng
5000Ao khi cc vch ln cn vi khc nhau v bc sng 0,5Ao.
3.38. Trong hiu ng Diman thng th s hng ng vi lng t s = 3 s tch thnh
bao nhiu mc trong t trng. Tnh hiu s nng lng gia hai mc k cn nhau.
3.39. Trong hiu ng Diman thng vch ph ng vi s chuyn di t trng thi c
lng t s = 3 sang trng thi c=2 s tch lm my thnh phn trong t trng. V
s cc vch ph theo gin mc nng lng.
3.40. Vch ph Ca c bc sng ( = 4226Ao do hiu ng Diman b tch thnh 3 thnh
phn c tn s khc nhau l 4,22.1010S-1 trong t trng c cm ng t B = 3 Tesla.
Hy xc nh in tch ring ca Electron.
3.41. Mt n hnh Tivi hot ng vi in p tng tc 20KV. Tm nng lng cc i
ca photon tia X pht ra t Tivi .
3.42. Dng nh lut Mdly tnh bc sng vch K( ca nhm (z = 13) v Cban
(Z=27).
3.43. Tnh b dy ca lp vt cht m tia X xuyn qua n th cng chm tia X gim
i 2 ln. Cho bit h s hp th tuyn tnh ca cht ang xt l ( = 0,047cm-1.
3.44. Trong php o cc vch K( i vi cc nguyn t khc nhau ngi ta thu c cc
kt qu sau:
( St Fe ng vi 1,94Ao
( Coban Co ng vi 1,79Ao
T cc s liu ny hy tm li nguyn t s ca mi nguyn t.
3.45. Mt vt hiu ng vi Pc hp th K (nh nhn trn ph tia X gi l pc) l 0,15Ao
c chiu bng tia X c bc sng 0,10Ao. Tnh ng nng cc i ca quang
Electron pht ra t v lp in t K.
3.46. Khi cc tia X c bc sng 0,50Ao p ln mt vt liu cho trc, cc quang
Electron bt ra t lp v nguyn t K chuyn ng theo mt vng trn bn knh 23m.m
trong mt t trng c cm ng t B = 0,02Tesla. Tm nng lng lin kt ca Electron
lp v K trong nguyn t.

41

42

Chng IV:

CU TRC NGUYN T THEO C HC

LNG T

* Tm tt l thuyt
I. NGUYN T HYDRO (V CC ION TNG T)
a) Phng trnh Sroding i vi electron trong nguyn t Hydro (v cc ion tng t) trong
h ta cu :
1 2
1

1 2 2m
Ze
(r
)
+
(sin

)
+
+ 2 (E + )2 = 0
2
2
2
2
2
r r
r r sin
r sin h
r
b) Nghim ca phng trnh Sroding : Hm sng.
n,l ,m (r, , ) = R nl (r)Ylm (, )
Vi n : s lng t chnh
n = 1, 2, 3...
: s lng t qu o
= 0, 1, 2... n
m : s lng t t
m = 0,1, 2...
Dng c th ca vi hm sng :
3

Z 2
R1,0 = 2 e a o
ao

Zr

Zr

1 Z 32
Zr
R 2,0 =
( ) (2 )e 2a o
ao
8 ao
r

1 Z 32 r 2ro
R 2,1 =
( ) ( )e
24 a o a o
Vi ao Bn knh qu o Bohr th nht ca H ; ao = 0,53 Ao
1
Y0,0 =
4

Y1,1 =

3
sin .ei
8

Y1,0 =

3
cos
8

3
sin .sin i
8
c) Xc sut tm thy electron theo bn knh :
dWr = R 2nl (r). 2 .dr
- Xc sut tm thy e theo cc gc, ( :
Y1,1 =

dW, = Yl ,m (, ) sin .d.d

d) Nng lng ca cc trng thi dng :
Z2
En = - Rhc. 2
n
e) Mc suy bin :
g = 2n2
* Ch : H n v ang dng l h CGS.
II- CU TRC CA NGUYN T PHC TP.
a) Nguyn l Pauli v h qu :
43

44

* S
n
Tn lp
S e-

trn cng mt lp : l 2n2

1

K
2

L
8

M
18

N
32

O
50

P
72

Q
98

* S e trn cng mt phn lp l 2 ( + 1)

Tn phn lp
S e-

s
2

p
6

d
10

f
14

g
18

h
22

b) Nguyn l nng lng ti thiu :

( Qui tc xc nh mc nng lng cao thp :

E n 2l 2 < E n1l1 neu n2 + l 2 < n1 + l 1

D n2 > n1
( S sp xp trng thi theo th t nng lng tng dn :
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 6d, 5f, 7p... v.v...
( S cu hnh ca nguyn t : Phn nh cch sp xp e- trong nguyn t theo cc lp
v phn lp.
* Bi tp hng dn :
1. Kho st t phn b xc sut tm thy e- theo bn knh r trong nguyn t H trng
thi c bn :
Gii :
trng thi c bn (n = 1, l = 0) hm sng theo r c dng :
3

1 2
R n,l (r) = R1,0 (r) = 2 e a o
ao
r

Vy xc sut tm thy e- theo bn knh l :

3

1
dWr = R .r .dr = 4. .e a o .r 2 .dr
ao
2

2r

Hm mt xc sut :
3

1
dw
=
= 4 .e ao .r 2
dr
ao
2r

Tm cc tr ca hm :

1
d
= 4
dr
ao

2r

2 a2r 2
ao
o
.e r + 2re
a o

r
= 4 .e a o 2r 1 = 0
ao
ao
2r

Suy ra :
( ( Cc i
45

46

2r
ao

= 0 r =

Cc
ti

=0

Vy kh nng tm thy e- trong nguyn t Hydr trng thi c bn nhiu nht l vng
bn knh qu o Bohr th nht, t nht (hay khng c) l ti tm nguyn t (tc ht nhn) v
ti v cc (tc xa ht nhn nguyn t).
i vi nguyn t theo c hc lng t do tun theo h thc bt nh, e- khng th coi l
chuyn ng trn qu o nh trong c hc c in.
* th m t xc sut tm thy e- trong nguyn t H c dng :

a0 = 0.53 A0

ao

2. Vit s cu hnh ca nguyn t Scandi (Sc), bit s th t ca n trong bng tun

hon l :Z = 21.
Gii :
Theo nguyn l Pauli ta c th vit.
1s2
lp K

2s22p6

3s23p6

lp L

lp M

n y theo nguyn l Pauli lp M c th cha 18e-, nhng phn lp 3p ch cha c

6e- vy phn lp 3p khng th cha thm e-. ng l phi chuyn sang phn lp 3d tc vn
thuc lp 3. Nhng theo nguyn l nng lng ti thiu th mc 4s c nng lng nh hn
mc 3d. Vy nn e- tip theo (tc e- th 19), s lm y mc 4s, m u cho lp 4. Phn lp
ny cha c 2 e- cho nn e- tip theo (tc e- th 20) s lm y phn lp ny. Tip theo, eth 21 ng l phi lm y tip lp 4p. Nhng v lp 4p c nng lng nh hn 3d. Vy nn
e- tip theo (th 21) s tr v chim phn lp 3d. Tm li, s cu hnh ca Sc c dng :
1s2
2s22p6
3s23p63d1
4s2
K : 2e-

L : 8e-

M : 9e-

N : 2e-

Tng cng: 21e3. Nguyn t Hydro trng thi 1s. Tnh xc sut tm thy e- trong mt hnh cu bn
knh r = 0,1 ao (ao l bn knh qu o Bohr th nht).
Gii :
trng thi 1s (n = 1,= 0, m = 0) hm sng ca e- c dng:
1,0,0 (r, , ) = R1,0 (r).Y0,0 (, )
1 r 1
.e a o .
= 2
a3
4
o
=

1
a 3o

.e

r
ao

47

48

Hm sng y ch ph thuc r (i xng cu). Xc sut tm thy e- trong mt lp cu

mng nm gia 2 bn knh (r; r + dr) c th tch dV = 4 (r2dr, s l :
2

dW = 1,0,0

r
1

ro
d.V =
.e
a 3
o

2r

.4r 2 dr =

2r

1 ro
4
.e .4r 2 dr = 3 .e a o r 2 dr
3
a o
ao

Xc sut tm e- trong qu cu bn knh r = 0,1 ao c tnh bi tch phn :

W=

0,1a o

dW =

0,1a o

4
a 3o

0,1a o

r 2 .e

2r

ao

2r

4 ao 2
.e .r dr
a 3o

.dr

Ta c tch phn mu :
x2. eaxdx =

1 2 2
(a x + 2ax + 2) e-ax
3
a

Vy nn y p dng tch phn mu ta t a =ta c kt qu :

2
a o r 0,1a o
4 a 3o 4 2 4
W = 3 . 2 .r + r + 2 .e
0
ao 8 ao
ao

2
r
2
= 2 r 2 + r + 1 .e a o 00,1a o
ao
ao

= (0, 02 + 0, 2 + 1).e0,2 + 1
2

= 0, 0011 = 1,1.103

Bi tp t gii :
4.1. Tm hm mt xc sut tm thy e- theo bn knh trng thi n = 2,= 0, m = 0 cho
nguyn t Hydro.
4.2. Nguyn t Hydro trng thi 1s.
a) Tnh xc sut w1 tm thy e- trong hnh cu (0 ; ao) vi ao l bn knh qu o Bohr th
nht.
b) Tnh xc sut w2 tm thy e- ngoi hnh cu .
c) Tm t s
4.3. Hm sng m t e- trng thi 2s l
Vi . Xc nh nhng im cc tr ca mt xc sut. V th ca.
4.4. Vit phng trnh Sroding vi nguyn t Heli.
4.5. Vit phng trnh Sroding vi phn t oxy.
4.6. Trong nguyn t cc lp K, L, M u y.
Xc nh :
a) Tng s e- trong nguyn t.
b) S electron s, s electron p v electron d.
c) S electron p c m = 0.
4.7. Vit s cu hnh i vi cc nguyn t sau trng thi c bn :
a) Bo
b) Cacbon
c) Natri
49

50

4.8. Vit cc s lng t i vi tt c cc trng thi ca nguyn t Hydro c n = 4 v=

3.
4.9. Nguyn t Hydro c bao nhiu trng thi vi n = 5.
4.10. C bao nhiu hm sng 4 (bc suy bin) ng vi trng thi nng lng n = 3 ca
nguyn t Hydro? Hy vit tt c cc k hiu hm sng tm c trong 2 h s lng t
t suy ra mc suy bin l nh nhau.
4.11. Vit s cu hnh ca nguyn t Argon (Ar, Z = 18) v Krypton (Kr, Z = 36), t cu
hnh hy nhn xt cc nguyn t ny c xp vo h nguyn t g trong bng tun
hon Mendeleep.
4.12. 21 electron ca nguyn t Scandi (Sc) c sp xp theo cc lp v phn lp nh
th no ?
4.13. S cu hnh ca nguyn t Xeji (Cs) c k hiu nh sau : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 6s1. Hy xc nh s lp, phn lp s e- trong tng lp phn
lp v cho bit s th t ca nguyn t ny trong bng tun hon Mendeleep.
4.14. Lp ng n = 3 cha y electron, trong c bao nhiu electron :
a) cng c sz =
b) cng c m = 1
c) cng c m = -2
d) cng c sz = v m = 0
e) cng c sz = v= 2
4.15. Tm s e- cc i c th c trn mt lp v con f (phn lp) v cho cc gi tr
tng ng ca m v sz.
4.16. Thit lp cu hnh ca nm kh tr u tin trong bng tun hon.
4.17. So vi cc kh tr, s e- trong cc kim loi kim nhiu hn mt. Vit s cu hnh
ca bn kim loi kim u tin.
4.18. Cc Halogen c s electron t hn mt so vi cc kh tr. Tm s cu hnh ca
ba Halogen u tin.
4.19. Sau khi v con (phn lp) 4s c xp y cc e- bt u xp vo v con 3d. Mi
nguyn t tng ng to thnh cc nguyn t chuyn tip. Tm s cu hnh i vi 3
nguyn t u ca nhm nguyn t chuyn tip (21Sc, 22Ti, 23v).
4.20. Xc nh kh tr nu phn lp 6p b lp y :
4.21. Tm s cu hnh ca kim loi kim hnh thnh trn c s cu hnh ca Xe
(Xenon).
4.22. Tm s cu hnh ca mt Halogen vi 1 electron t hn so vi Xe.
4.23. Cc kim loi kim th c s e- nhiu hn 2 so vi cc kh tr tng ng. Tm cu
hnh ca 4 kim loi kim th u tin.
4.24. Tm nguyn t c cu hnh 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2.

51

52

PHN II :

VT L HT NHN

Chng I : HT NHN NGUYN T

V C TNH CA N
* Tm tt l thuyt :
I. CU TRC HT NHN :
Ht nhn c cu to t protn v ntrn, gi chung l nuclon.
Tng s nuclon bng s khi A
s protn bng s th t Z
s ntrn bng A Z
K hiu ht nhn :
A
hay AZ X
Z X
ng v : L nhng ht nhn c s protn (Z) nh nhau nhng s ntron khc nhau,
vy nn mt nguyn t ha hc c th c nhng ng v khc nhau, ng vi nhng khi
lng khc nhau.
Kch thc ht nhn :
1

R = Ro A 3
Ro: Hng s ph thuc phng php o Ro ( (1,2 (1,4)10-13cm
II. NNG LNG LIN KT HT NHN :
ht khi :
m = Zm p + (A Z)m n m hn

(1)

vi mp : Khi lng ht proton

mn : Khi lng ht ntron
mp : Khi lng ht nhn
C th tnh ht khi theo cng thc khc :
m = {[ Zm H + (A Z)m n ] m nt }
Vi mH : Khi lng nguyn t Hydro
mn : Khi lng ht ntron
mnt : Khi lng ca nguyn t ng vi ht nhn ang xt.
* Ch : n v khi lng trong vt l ht nhn c th l gam (H CGS); n v khi
lng nguyn t (vklnt) hay cn vit tt l U, hoc Mev (xem ph lc).
( Nng lng lin kt :
Nng lng lin kt tri du vi cng dng tch ht nhn thnh nhng nuclon ring r :
(E = - c2. m
- Nu khi lng tnh ra dvklnt, nng lng tnh ra Mev ta c cng thc :
E = - 931, 48m
- Nu khi lng tnh ra dvklnt, nng lng tnh ra jun ta c cng thc :
E = - 1,5. 10-10 m
( Nng lng lin kt ring :
E
=
A
- S bn vng ca ht nhn : Thng nu / ? / cng ln th ht nhn c coi l cng bn
vng. Tuy nhin theo mu v th ht nhn bn vng khi s nuclon ng vi cc s l : 2, 8, 20,
50, 82, 126.
( Nng lng lin kt ng vi tng phn cu to nn ht nhn :
53

54

- Nu ht nhn X c coi l cu to t nhng thnh phn a, b... th ht khi theo cc

thnh phn l :
m' = ma + mb ... - mx
Nng lng lin kt ng vi cc thnh phn l :
E' = c2. m'
Nu (E' > 0: Ht X khng c kh nng phn chia thnh cc thnh phn a, b...
Nu (E' ( 0: Ht X c kh nng phn chia thnh cc thnh phn a, b...
III- CC MU HT NHN.
- Mu git : Cng thc weizacker tnh nng lng lin kt ca ht nhn :
E = - (v A + (m A2/3 + (c Z2 A-1/3 + (x (A- 2Z)2 A-1 - ( (A, Z)
- Mu v : Cc s l (magic) : 2, 8, 20, 50, 82, 126
* Bi tp hng dn:
1. Xc nh nng lng lin kt ca ht ton (1D2) v ht ( (2He4). So snh nng lng
lin kt ring ca chng :
Gii :
- i vi 1D2
E = 931,4 (mH + mn mD)
= 931,4 (1, 007825 + 1,008665 2,01410)
= 931,4. 0, 00239 = - 2, 226 Mev.
- i vi 2He4
E = 931,4 (2mH + 2mn mHe)
= 931,4 (2. 1, 007825 + 2. 1,008665 4,0026)
= 931,4. 0, 03038 = - 28, 295 Mev.
nh gi tnh cht bn vng ca mt ht nhn, ngi ta dng khi nim nng lng lin
kt ring l nng lng lin kt tnh i vi 1 muclon. Nh vy, nng lng lin kt ring ca
ht tn bng :
E
2, 226
D =
=
= 1,11MeV / n
A
2
Vi ht ( :
V /?( / > /?D / nn c th kt lun ht ( bn vng hn ht tn.
Theo quan nim lng t th ht ( l ht nhn He, c s proton = 2 v sntron = 2 l cc
s l (magic number) nn n rt bn.
2. Tm nng lng lin kt ca ntron trong ht nhn 8O17.
Gii :
Nng lng lin kt ca 1 nuclon ni chung trong ht nhn c gi tr bng nng lng cn
tn tch nuclon khi ht nhn m khng truyn thm cho n ng nng. Trong trng
hp u bi, khi tch ntron khi ht 8O17 th cn li ng v 8O16. S thay i khi lng
sau khi tch ntron khi ht nhn s l:

m = ( M O16 + mn) - M O17

Do nng lng lin kt ca ntron trong ht nhn 8O17 l:

E = 931,4 m
= 931,4 (15, 99491 +1,008665 16,99913)
= 4,14 Mev.
V (E > 0 nn c th kt lun 8O17 khng c kh nng phn chia lm phng ra ntron, hay
gy ra phng x (55

56

* Bi tp t gii :
1.1. a) C bao nhiu proton v ntron trong cc ht nhn ca su ng v ca cacbon :
10
11
12
13
14
15
6 C, 6 C, 6 C, 6 C, 6 C, 6 C
b) Xc nh bn knh ca ht nhn, bit rng Ro=1,4.10-15m.
1.2. Bn knh ca ht nhn Urani 92U238 ln hn bn knh ca proton bao nhiu ln?
1.3. Ht nhn H c s khi A = 1, s th t Z =1 vy s proton, ntron trong ht nhn
l bao nhiu ?
1.4. Tnh kch thc ca ht nhn :
- Hydro 1H1
- Nhm 13Al27
Bit Ro = 1, 4. 10- 15m
1.5. Xc nh cc s in tch s nuclon v k hiu ha hc ca cc ht nhn nguyn t
2He3, 4Be7, 8O15, nu thay proton bng ntron v ntron bng proton.
1.6. Tnh nng lng lin kt v nng lng lin kt ring ca: 6C12, 8O16, 3Li7.
1.7. Tnh nng lng lin kt ring ca 6C12 v 3Li7. So snh bn vng ca hai ht
nhn ny.
1.8. Tm nng lng lin kt ring ca cc ht nhn 13Al27 v 79Au197 (cho bit m ca
Au : 196,966 vKlnt).
1.9. Tm nng lng lin kt ca ht nhn 10N20 (m = 19,9924 vklnt).
1.10. Nng lng lin kt ca ht nhn Cl35 l 298 Mev. Hy tm khi lng ca n
theo vklnt.
1.11. Chng t rng mt ht khi bng 1 vklnt th ng vi nng lng 931 Mev, t
suy ra cng thc (E = ( 931 (m.
1.12. Kh clo l hn hp ca 2 ng v bn l Cl35 vi khi lng nguyn t 34,969 hm
lng 75,4% v Cl37 vi khi lng nguyn t 36,966 hm lng 24,6%. Tnh khi
lng nguyn t ca nguyn t ha hc Clo.
1.13. Nguyn t ha hc Bo l hn hp ca hai ng v c khi lng nguyn t tng
ng l 10,013 v 11,009. Mi ng v c hm lng bao nhiu trong Bo t nhin? Bit
khi lng nguyn t ca Bo l 10,811.
1.14. Tnh nng lng lin kt ca cc ht nhn 5B11 v 1T3.
1.15. Tnh nng lng lin kt ca cc ht nhn 92U235 v 92U238. Ht nhn no bn
hn?
1.16. Tnh nng lng lin kt ng vi mt muclon trong cc ht nhn Beri 4Be9, ng
29Cu64, bc 47Ag108.
1.17. Xc nh nng lngcn thit bt mt ntron ra khi ht nhn ca ng v
11Na13.
1.18. Mun tch ht nhn 2He4 ra lm hai phn bng nhau th cn mt nng lng nh
nht l bao nhiu? Tng t, xt trng hp tch ht nhn 6C12 ra ba phn bng nhau.
1.19. Mt tri c bn knh RT = 6,95.108m v mt khi lng trung bnh (T = 1410
kg/m3. Bn knh ca n s bng bao nhiu nu kch thc ca mt tri thu nh li
mt khi lng ca n bng mt khi lng cht ht nhn.
1.20. Tnh nng lng tng tc do lc y Coulomb gia hai proton trong ht nhn
2He3 vi gi thit khong cch gia chng bng bn knh ht nhn.
1.21. Nng lng lin kt ca 2He3 v 1H3 khc nhau bao nhiu?
57

58

1.22. Tm nng lng lin kt tnh cho mt muclon cc ht nhn

b) 80Hg202

a) 20Ca40

1.23. Tnh nng lng cn thit tch ht nhn 8O16 ra thnh 4 phn bng nhau.
1.24. a) Nng lng lin kt ca ht nhn 39Y89 bng bao nhiu, bit khi lng nguyn
t ca n l 88,93421u.
b) Tnh nng lng lin kt ring ca n ra jun.
c) Cn bao nhiu Kmh tch cc ht nhn trong 1 gam 39Y89 ra thnh cc nuclon ring
r?
1.25. Phi tn mt nng lng bao nhiu a ra khi ht nhn 8O16 .
a) Mt ntron
b) Mt proton, v sao c s khc nhau?

59

60

Chng II : PHN R PHNG X

* Tm tt l thuyt :
1. Qui tc chuyn dch:
- Phn r ( :
A
4
A-4
ZX
2He + Z-2Y
- Phn r (- :
A
o
o
ZX
-1e + Z+1Y
- Phn r (+ :
A
+
o
o
ZX
+1e + Z-1Y
- Phn r ( : Qu trnh bin i ni
A
A
*

ZY
ZY +
2. Gii thch hin tng phng x:
- Phn r ( : Gii thch bng hiu ng ng ngm: Nhm ht ( (2p + 2n) c sn trong ht
nhn nng nhng nh ht nm trong h th v s thot ra ca n ch gii thch c bng hiu
ng ng ngm.
- Phn r ( :
1
o
%o
* - : on1
1p + -1e + o
1
o
o
* + : 1p1
on + +1e + o
- Phn r ( : Ht nhn m khi phn r bin thnh ht nhn con Y. Ht nhn ny trng thi
kch thch Y*. Khi tr v trng thi c bn n pht ra bc x (.

3. Cc nh lut phng x v cc i lng lin quan :

* N = No e-(t ( nh lut xy dng l thuyt(
trong : No : S ht nhn c kh nng phn r phng x ti thi im ban u.
N: S ht nhn c kh nng phn r phng x ti thi im t.
( : Hng s phn r phng x :
t : thi gian.
* A = Ao e-(t ( nh lut rt ra t thc nghim(
Trong : Ao Hot ng phng x (s ht nhn phn r phng x trong mt n v thi
gian) ti thi im ban u.
A : Hot ng phng x ti thi im t.
* Mi lin h gia A v N :
A = (N (Do A =: nh ngha)
* Chu k bn r T :
Ao
N
A (T) =
; N (T) = o
2
2
Lin h gia T v ( :
ln 2 0, 693
=
T= T=

* Thi gian sng trung bnh :

1
1
=
TNdt = = 1, 44T

No o
* Nhng cng thc bin i :
A
N
A (nT) = no
; N (nT) = no
2
2
A = Ao 2

t
T

; N = No 2

t
T

61

62

 A = Aoe

; N = Noe

A
(t o )
2
N(t o )
N (to + T) =
2
( Cng thc gn ng :
nu (t<<T
N
t = 1,44. T. ln o
N
4. H phng x t nhin :
A = 4n + C
C = 0 - H Thori
C = 2 - H Uran
C = 3 - H Actino Uran
C = 1 - H Neptun (siu Uran)
( Cn bng phng x. Phng trnh th k: (xt h phng x A ( B ( C vi (A (( (B hay
TA >> TB)
B NB (t) = A NA (t)
A (to + T) =

5. n v o phng x :
* Hot phng x trong mt giy : Becquerel (Bq)
* Curie (Ci) = 3,7.1010 phn r /s.
* Ngoi ra cn c cc n v o phng x thng qua tc ng ca n n c th nh :
Rnghen (R), Rad, Rem, Gray (Gy), liu hp th D, liu tng ng H, h s phm cht Q...
6. Cc cng thc suy rng :
* nh lut phng x i vi khi lng :
m = mo e-t
Trong :
mo : khi lng cht phng x ti thi im ban u.
m : khi lng cht phng x ti thi im t.
* Tnh s ht nhn N trong M (gam) ca mt cht.
1g.mol
ng.t
23
)
N = M (g).
.(6, 023.10
g.mol
A
M
hay N =
.6, 023.1023
A
* Tnh hot phng x (trong 1s) ca M gam cht phng x:
M
a=
. 0,693.6, 023.1023
A.T
Ch : A : S khi ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon.
* Bi tp hng dn :
1. Ht nhn khng bn vng 62Sm147 phn r v pht ra ht (. Xc nh sn phm phn
r l ht nhn g ?
Gii :
( Theo qui tc chuyn dch ta c :
ZX

Hay 62Sm147

2He

+ Z-2YA-4

2He

+ 60Y143

Tra bng tun hon ta thy 60Y143 l nguyn t Nd Ta vit li phng trnh nh sau :
63

64

4
143

2He + 60Nd
2. Tm hot phng x ca 1 gam 88Ra226, bit chu k bn r ca n l 1620 nm
62Sm

147

Gii :
- S nguyn t trong mt gam radi l :
ng.t
- Theo h thc gia ( v T ta c:
0, 693
1nam
1nga
0,693
=
=(
)(
)(
)
8,64.104
T
1622na 365nga
= 1,355. 10-11. s-1
- Hot phng x ca mu l:
A = N
= (1,355. 10-11.) (2,66. 1021)
= 3,612. 10-10 phn r /s.
Gi tr tnh c xp x bng 1curie. Tc n v o hot ng phng x curie.
1Ci = 3,7. 10-10 phn r /s.
Vy 1Ci chnh l hot phng x ca 1 gam Ra.
3. Tm thi gian cn thit 5mg Na22 lc u (T = 2,6 nm) cn li 1mg.
GII :
Ta c : m = mo e-(t
mo
hay :
= et
m
m
Hay : t = ln o
m
Theo u bi cho T, ta s dng h thc : ( =
Th v ta c :
T
m
m
t=
.ln o = 1, 44T ln o
ln 2
m
m
Th s v ta c :
t = 1,44. 2,6. ln5 = ( 6,04 nm.
Ch : Ta c th d dng suy ra cc cng thc sau :
N
t = 1,44. T. ln o
N
A
hay
t = 1,44. T. ln o
A
4. Mt mu KCl nng 2,71 gam nm trong mt kho ha cht c tm thy l cht phng
x c tc phn r khng i l 4490 phn r/s. Phn r ny c dng nh du
nguyn t Kali, c bit l K40, ng v chim 1,17% trong Kali thng thng. Tnh chu k
bn r ca ng v ny. Cho khi lng phn t ca KCl l 74,6g/mol.
Gii :
Khi lng phn t ca KCl l 74,6g/mol. Vy s nguyn t K trong mu ny l :
NK =ngt
Trong s cc nguyn t Kali ny s K40 chim 1,17% s l :
N40 = (2, 19. 1022). (1,17%)
= (2, 19. 1022). (0,0117) = 2, 56. 1020
Theo nh ngha ( ta c :
dN / dt 4490s 1
=
=
= 1, 75.1017 s 1
N
2,56.1020
Suy ra chu k bn r ca Thori l :
65

66

ln 2 (ln 2)(1 na / 3,15.107 s)

=

1, 75.1017 s 1
= 1, 25. 109 nm
Ch : Trong bi ton ny ta i thi gian 1 nm = 3,15.107s.
T=

5. o chu k bn r ca cht phng x c chu k bn r ngn ngi ta dng my m

xung. Trong thi gian 1 pht m c 250 xung. Nhng 1 gi sau khi o ln nht, ch m
c 92 xung trong 1 pht. Xc nh hng s phn r v chu k bn r ca cht phng x.
Gii :
Gi n1 s ht m c trong 1 pht u
n2 s ht m c trong 1 pht ln sau.
Theo u bi ta c :
n1 = k. N1 = k N1 (1e-t)
n2 = k. N2 = k N2 (1e-t)
vi (t = 1 pht (u bi)
k = H s t l, khng i so vi 1 dung c o
N1 = S ht nhn c thi im ban u ca ln o 1.
N2 = S ht nhn c thi im ban u ca ln o th 2.
Theo nh lut phng x ta c :
N2 = N1e-t
T :
n1
N1 (1 et )
=
= e t
n 2 N1et (1 e t )
1 n
Hay = .ln 1
t
n2
Thay s ( =gi
Chu k bn r s l :
T = gi
hay 0,693. 60 pht = 41,5 pht
* Bi tp t gii :
2.1. Do phn r phng x m 92U23p bin thnh ch 82Pb206. Hi qu trnh tri qua bao
nhiu phn r (, ?
2.2. Tm xc sut phn r ca ht nhn phng x trong khong thi gian T, nu bit hng
s phn r (.
2.3. Tnh xem bao nhiu phn trm ht nhn phng x b phn r trong khong thi gian
t = ( (vi ( l thi gian sng trung bnh).
2.4. Hy rt ra nh lut thay i khi lng cht phng x theo thi gian.
2.5. C bao nhiu phn ca mu Radi (Ra) b phn r trong 3240 nm, nu bit chu k
bn r ca n T = 1620 nm.
2.6. Xt mu cha 1000 ht nhn phng x vi chu k bn r T. Hi sau khong thi gian
t = cn li bao nhiu ht nhn.
2.7. Mu phng x cha 1012 nguyn t phng x trong 1s c bao nhiu phn r, nu T
= 1 gi.
2.8. Thi gian sng trung bnh ca Radi l ( = 2.400 nm. Xc nh chu k bn r ca n.
2.9. Tm chu k bn r ca Thri (th) bit rng sau 100 ngy phng x ca n gim i
1,07 ln.
67

68

2.10. Xc nh hng s phn r phng x ( ca Co58 bit rng s nguyn t ca nguyn

t y c mi gi gim i 3,8%.
2.11. Trong 1 gam U238 xy ra 1,2. 104 phn r trong 1s. Hi hng s phn r v thi
gian sng trung bnh ca U238 bng bao nhiu? Chu k bn r bng bao nhiu?
2.12. Ngun phng x Co60 c chu k bn r T = 4 nm. Lc u mi ngy c 1014 ht
nhn ca ngun b phn r. Hy tnh s ht nhn ca ngun b phn r trong 2 ngy sau
8 nm.
2.13. Ban u c 200 gam Radi. Hi sau 300 nm, lng Radi cn li l bao nhiu? Cho
bit thi gian sng trung bnh ca Radi l ( = 2.400 nm.
2.14. Sau 500 nm c 10g Radi b phn r. Hi lng Radi ban u l bao nhiu ? Cho ( =
2.400 nm.
2.15. Bao nhiu phn lng ban u ca Sr90 c chu k bn r T= 20 nm.
a) Cn li sau 10 nm, 100 nm
b) Phn r trong 1 ngy.
2.16. Cho bit chu k bn r T ca Pu239 l 24.000 nm. Tnh s phn r ca 1g cht
trong 1s v i ra milicuri.
2.17. Tm hot phng x sau 106 nm ca ngun U238, cho bit khi lng ca Uran
l 1g v T = 4,5. 109 nm.
2.18. Xc nh tui ca qung Uran cho bit trong qung c c 10 nguyn t Uran th 2
nguyn t ch. Cho T = 4,5. 109 nm.
2.19. Xc nh tui tri t, cho bit t s gia cc ht nhn U235 v U238 l :
235
Nu
1
=
238
140
Nu
Vi chu k bn r :
TU235 = 7,13.108 nm
TU238 = 4,5.109 nm
2.20. Ngi ta dng cc ht nhn phng x 6C14 xc nh tui ca vt c. Nu bit
i vi 1g C14 va mi ch to c my m ghi 17,5 phn r/s th vt c mi o ln
cha 1g C14 my m ghi c 350 phn r/40s c tui l bao nhiu? Cho T = 5570
nm.
2.21. Mt mnh xng nng 18g trong mt ngi m c cho thy c cha C14 vi hot
112 phn r trong 1 pht. Hi vt cht hu c ny cht bao lu, bit rng thc vt
sng c hot ng phng x t C14 l 12 phn r/g-pht? Cho T=5568 nm.
2.22. Mt mnh g ly t mt chic thuyn v tm thy c hot phng x C14 l 3
phn r/pht. Mt lng g mi tng ng cho tc m xung l 14 xung/pht. Bit
T=5568 nm. Hy tnh tui chic thuyn c.
2.23. Xc nh hot phng x ca 10g U238 bit hng s phn r ca n l ( = 4,84. 1018/s.
2.24. Mt cy sng c hot phng x bi C14 l 15,3 phn r/g-pht. Mt mu cy
cht tm thy c hot phng x 17 phn r/pht cho 5g. Xc nh nin i ca cy
cht. Cho T = 5730 nm.
2.25. Sau 1 nm lng ban u ca mt cht phng x gim i 3 ln. N s gim i bao
nhiu ln sau 2 nm ?
2.26. Sau thi gian bao lu th cht phng x gim 1/3 lng ban u ca cc ht nhn,
nu chu k bn r l 25 gi.
* Mt s thi tuyn sinh i hc :
69

70

2.27. Mt lng cht phng x Radon (Rn222) c khi lng ban u l m0=1mg. Sau
15,2 ngy th phng x ca n gim i 93,75%. Tnh chu k bn r T ca Ra v
phng x ca lng cht phng x cn li. Cho s Avogadro NA=6,023. 1023 nguyn
t/mol.
2.28. 79Au200 l mt cht phng x. Bit phng x ca 3.10-9kg cht l 58,9G.
a) Tm chu k bn r.
b) Hi sau bao lu lng cht phng x gim i 100 ln?
Cho 1 Ci = 3,7. 1010 Bq
NA = 6,023. 1023 mol-1
Ln2 = 0, 693 ln 10 = 2,3.
2.29. Mt tng g c phng x ch bng 0,8 phng x ca mt khc g cng khi
lng mi cht xung. Bit tng g phng x (- t C14 ( chu k bn r T = 5600 nm).
Hy tnh tui ca tng. Cho ln 0,8 = - 0,2232.
2.30. Khi phn tch mt mu g ngi ta xc nh rng 87,5% s nguyn t ng v
phng x C14 b phn r thnh 7N14. Xc nh tui ca mu g, bit chu k bn r
ca 6N14 l T= 5570 nm.
2.31. Lc u c mt mu Poloni 84Po210 nguyn cht l cht phng x c chu k bn r
138 ngy. Cc ht Poloni pht ra tia phng x v chuyn thnh ht nhn ch 82Pb206.
Hi Poloni pht ra cc loi phng x no? Tnh tui ca mu trn nu lc kho st khi
lng cht Poloni ln gp 4 ln khi lng ch.
2.32. o chu k bn r ca mt cht phng x ngi ta cho my m xung bt u
m t thi im to= 0. n thi im t1 = 2gi my m c n1 xung. n thi im
t2=3t1 my m c n2 xung, vi n2 = 2,3 n1.
Xc nh chu k bn r ca cht phng x ny.

71

72

Chng III:
TNG TC HT NHN
NNG LNG HT NHN
* Tm tt l thuyt :
1. Cc tng tc ht nhn :
* Tn x n hi : a + X ( X + a
* Tn x khng n hi : a + X ( X* + a'
* Phn ng ht nhn : a + X ( Y + b
hay : X (a, b) Y
- Tit din hiu dng ca phn ng ht nhn :
(c : mt dng ca ht c = n. v)
2. Mt s nh lut bo ton trong phn ng ht nhn :
a) nh lut bo ton nng lng. Hiu ng nng lng.
(Eton phn trc = (Eton phn sau
hay
Wt + D+ = Ws + Ds
trong :
(W : Tng ni nng ca ht
Wi = mi c2

m : khi lng ngh ca ht

c : vn tc nh sng
(D : Tng ng nng ca ht.
Hiu ng nng lng :
Q = Wt - Ws = Ds - DT
Nu Q tnh qua ni nng :
Q = c2 [ mt - ms]
Q(Mev) = 931,4 ( (mT - (ms( vi m tnh qua u
Vi :
Q ( 0 : phn ng ta nhit
Q ( 0 : phn ng thu nhit
Q = 0 : phn ng c coi nh va chm vi n hi.
- Trng hp t phn r ca mt ht ng yn :
DT = 0 Q > 0 mT > ms
+ Ch :
( : l du ly tng theo cc ht tham gia.
- Nng lng ngng ca phn ng thu nhit :
N + ma
Wn = Q A
MA
Trong :
Wn : Nng lng ngng
MA : Khi lng ht nhn A (s khi)
ma : Khi lng ht n a
Q : Hiu ng nng lng
- Nng lng kch hot ca phn ng dy chuyn :
Z2
Wt = 0,18A2/3 (5,2 0,117
) Mev
A
Trong : A : S khi
Z : S th t ca ht nhn phn hch.
b) nh lut bo
ur tonurnng lng (hay xung lng).
P T = PS
73

74

ur
P : Xung lng cua hat
Ch : Xung lng l mt i lng c hng. Trong khun kh gio trnh ny, mc d ht
nhn l cc ht vi m nhng ta c th p dng qui tc cng vect thng thng.
Cc trng hp c bit :
- Nu l va chm n hi trc din gia cc ht nhn th phng chuyn ng trc v sau
va chm khng thay i, cng nm trn mt ng thng, ch i hng. V vy ta c th vit
nh lut di dng v hng, ch qui nh du :
PT = PS
- Trng hp ht nhn ng yn trc tng tc, ht n a c xung lng Pa v sau va
chm cc ht c xung lng Py, Pb. Cc xung lng ny to thnh mt tam gic, bi ton tr
nn n gin hn.
Ch : Trong cc bi ton s cp ch cn tnh n 2 nh lut bo ton trn l v cn
phi hp chng thnh mt h phng trnh.
c) Cc nh lut bo ton khc ca phn ng ht nhn :
- Bo ton m men ng lng :
- Bo ton s nuclon : (AT = (As
- Bo ton din tch : (ZT = (Zs
Ngoi ra cn c cc nh lut bo ton khc nh : bo ton spin, bo ton cc tch (lepton,
barion...) bo ton s l, chn l v.v..., ty thuc vo tnh cht phc tp ca phn ng.
* Bi tp hng dn :
1. Tnh hiu ng nng lng trong cc phn ng ht nhn:
a) 3Li7 + 1H1 2He4 + 2He4
b) 7N14 + 2He4 8017 + 1H1
Gii :
a) Ta c :
Q = 931,4 (mT - mS) = 931,4 (mLi + mH 2mHe)
= 931,4 (7,01601 + 1,007825 2.4,0026)
= 17,35 Mev
Q ( 0 : Phn ng ta nhit.
b) Q = 931,4 (mN + mHe - m0 - mH)
= 931,4 (14,00307 + 4,0026 16,99914 1,007825)
= - 1,21 Mev
Q ( 0 : Phn ng thu nhit.
2. Tm ngng ca phn ng ht nhn :
C12 (d, n) N13
Gii :
Ta c : Wn =
Tnh Q :
Ta c Q = 931,4 (mc + md - mn mN)
= 931,4 (12 + 2,014 1,008665 13,00574)
= - 0,35 Mev
12 + 2
Wn = 0,35
= 0,4 Mev
12
3. Chm proton n nng c ng nng 1 Mev bn vo mt bia Li, sau c phn ng :
7
1
4
4
3Li + 1H 2He + 2He
Tm ng nng ca mi ht ( v gc gia cc phng bay ca chng, nu 2 ht bay ra i
xng vi phng ti ca chm proton.
75

76

Gii :
Ta c : Q = (Ds - (DT
= 2D - Dp
T
Tnh Q :
Ta c Q = 931,4 (mLi + mH - 2mHe) = 17,35 Mev (xem bi 1)
Thay vo :
Theo gi thit, 2 ht ( bay i xng

vi phng ca chm proton (hnh v)

do ta c nh lut bo ton xung lng
nh sau :

ur
P

ur
ur
PP
Pp
P
P cos. =
2 2
Trong : Pp v P( l xung lng ca ht proton v ht (; ( l gc hp bi phng ca 2
ht ( :
- Ta c biu thc lin h gia ng nng v xung lng :
P2 = 2mD
Thay v :

2m D .cos = 2m p D p
2
T
1 m p .D p
cos =
2 2 m .D
Thay s
1
1
cos =
2 2 4.9,17
= 1700 30
Suy ra :

4. Xc nh ng nng ca 2 ht nhn Hydro 1H1 bn vo nhau v nhit chuyn ng

nhit tng ng ca n c th xy ra phn ng tng hp ht nhn, l ngun gc nng
lng ca mt tri, bit bn knh hiu dng ca 1H1 l R = 0,8 fm.

Gii :
V hai ht 1H1 ng yn tc
thi: khi chng va chm
nhau nn ng nng ban
u ca chng chuyn i
Ro
hon ton thnh th nng
tnh in (theo nh lut bo
ton c nng trong va
chm). V khong cch gia
2 tm ca chng l 2R ta c
:
qq
e 2 (4,8.1010 )
=
2E = = 1 2 =
2R 2R 2.0,8.1013
77

Ro

78

E = 7,2.10-7 erg
7, 2.107
= 450Kev 0,5Mev
Hay E = =
1, 6.109
y l ng nng m mi ht proton cn c thng lc y Coulonb v tng tc vi
nhau, to thnh He. Ngi ta cn gi y l cao ca b th Coulond ca proton.
- Ngi ta chng minh c rng trong plasma cn bng nhit ng vi ng nng
ca hat chuyn ng vi vn tc xc c sut ln nht c tnh bng cng thc :
E = kT
Trong k : hng s Bolztmann = 1,38.10-16erg/K0
E
Suy ra
T=
k
Vy nhit ca Plasma gm cc proton c ng nng E nh trn s l :
7, 2.107 erg
= 5, 2.109 K o
T=
1,38.1016 erg / K o
Nhit ny l c c t kelvin. Tuy nhin, trong thc t ch cn nhit c chc triu
kelvin (107K) l c th xy ra phn ng. Nhit tm mt tri vo c 15. 107K).
5. So snh nng lng ta ra trong l phn ng ht nhn bng phn hch Uran U235 v trong
bom khinh kh, tng hp cc ht Dteri, nu cng mt lng nguyn liu l 1kg? Tnh ra
Kwh. Cho bit s phn hch ca mt ht nhn Uran ta ra 200Mev v s tng hp Dtri
1D2 + 1D2 ( 2He4 ta ra 23,8Mev.
Gii :
Nng lng ta ra khi phn hch 1kg U235 l :
6, 023.1026.200.1, 6.1013
E1 =
= 2,3.107 Kwh
6
235.3, 6.10
Nng lng ta ra khi tng hp 2 ht 1D2 thnh mt He l:
6, 023.1026.23,8.1, 6.1013
= 15,9.107 Kwh
E2 =
2.2.3, 6.106
Nh vy nng lng ta ra khi tng hp ht nhn ln hn khi phn hch (c 160 triu Kwh
v 23 triu Kwh cho 1kg nguyn liu). Gp gn 7 ln.
Ch : 1kwh = 1000. 3600s = 3,6.106J
* Bi tp t gii :
3.1. Khi bn ntron vo ht nhn 7N14 ta thu c 6C14. Vit phng trnh ca phn
ng.
3.2. 2 phn ng sau y phn ng no c th xy ra :
a) 3Li7 + 1H1 2He4
b) 7N14 + 2He4 8017 + 1H1
3.3. Phn ng phn chia dton bng ( c vit :
2
1
1
1H + = 1 H + on
Tnh khi lng ca ntron, bit nng lng ca ( = 263 Mev, ng nng ca proton to
thnh theo s ion ha ca chng l 0,22 Mev. ng nng ca ntron coi nh bng ng nng
ca proton.
3.4. a) Qu trnh phn r sau y c t xy ra c hay khng? 4Be9 = 2H4 + on1
b) Th xc nh nng lng nh nht ca lng t ( c th xy ra phn ng : 4Be9 + (
= 2H4 + on1
3.5. Xc nh nng lng nh nht ca lng t ( phi c lm cho phn ng sau c
th xy ra :
6C

12

+ 3 2 H4
79

80

3.6. Th kho st xem ht nhn uran c s khi A c th v thnh 2 mnh (2 ht nhn)

c s khi l A1 , A2 sao cho :
A1 + A2 = A ; Z1 + Z2 = Z ; A1 ( A2 ; Z1 ( Z2 c khng?
3.7. Xc nh hiu ng nng lng ca cc phn ng sau :
a) Li7 (p, n) Be7
c) Li7 (, n) B10
9
10
b) Be (n, ) Be
d) 016 (d, ) N14
3.8. Tnh nng lng ca cc phn ng nhit ht nhn dng Dtri lm nhin liu sau
y :
a) 1H2 + 1H2 1H3 + 1H1 c) 1H2 + 2He3 2H4 + 1H1
b) 1H2 + 1H2 2He3 + on1 d) 1H2 + 1H3 2H4 + on1
3.9. Tnh cc ro Coulomd ca cc ht nhn 8016, 41Nb93, 83Bi209 i vi mt proton.
3.10. Xem bi ton 3.9. So snh ro Coulomd vi nng lng ngng trong cc trng
hp sau :
16
(p,d) 8015, 41Nb93 (p,d) 41Nb92, 83Bi209 (p,d) 83Bi208
80
3.11. Ngi ta dng ht n Dton (d) c nng lng l 0,6 Mev bn ph vo mt bia c
cha teri. Hy tnh nng lng ca ntron bn ra t teri theo phng vung gc
vi phng ca vn tc ton n.
3.12. Gi s ht nhn 2He4 vi ng nng ban u l 1 Mev n va chm n hi vi ht
nhn 3Li6 (ban u xem nh ng yn) sau khi va chm ht nhn li ti nhn ng nng
chuyn ng v pha trc b lch i mt gc 300 so vi phng chuyn ng ban u
ca Heli. Hy tnh ng nng m ht nhn Liti nhn c sau va chm. Cho cc khi
lng :
mHe = 4dvklnt (4u)
mLe = 6dvklnt (6u)
3.13. Proton c bc sng ( = 0,017Ao tn x n hi di mt gc ( = 900 so vi ht
nhn ng yn c khi lng gp 4 ln n. Tm bc sng DBri ca proton sau tn
x.
3.14. Trong s va chm n hi gia ntron v proton c mi ln va chm ntron truyn
cho proton bao nhiu phn ng nng, nu sau khi va chm ntron b lch i khi hng
ban u mt gc 450 cho khi lng 2 ht l nh nhau.
3.15. Bi trn l cch thu nhn ntron chm bng cch cho ntron nhanh i qua nhng
cht cha Hydro (nh paraphin...) nu ng nng ban u ca ntron l Eo = 4,6 Mev th
sau bao nhiu ln va chm n s gim xung 2,3 Mev?
3.16. Khi phn hch 1g U235 c bao nhiu nng lng (tnh ra erg) c ta ra? Cho
khi lng ngh ca Uran l 2,2.105 Mev v c mi ng tc phn chia 1 ht nhn Uran
ta ra khong 200 Mev?
3.17. Tnh s nhin liu tiu ph 1 ngy m (24h) cho mt l phn ng ht nhn cng
sut 200MW, nhin liu dng l Uran lm gim vi hm lng U235 l 20kg/tn, thm
vo l hin tng bt ntron khi phn chia chim 85% ton b s ht nhn.
3.18. Hy xc nh nng lng ta ra trong bon khinh kh khi tng hp c 1g He, nu
bit phn ng xy ra trong bom khinh kh l :
3
2
4
1
1T + 1D 2He + on
3.19. a) C bao nhiu nng lng ta ra trong qu trnh phn chia 1kg 92Uran U235 trong
l phn ng ht nhn?
b) Cn phi t mt lng than bng bao nhiu c th c mt lng nhit nh th, bit
nng sut ta nhit ca than bng 2,93.107J/kg ?
3.20. Trong phn ng 7N14 ((, p) ng nng ca ht ( bng W1=7,7 Mev. Xc nh gc
gia cc phng chuyn ng ca ht ( v ca proton cho bit ng nng ca proton l
W2 = 8,5 Mev.
81
82

3.21. Tnh nng lng ta ra khi tng hp 1kg Hidro thnh Heli bit c mi ht nhn
Heli c to t 4 Hydro ta 4,2.10-12J.
3.22. Tnh nng lng ta ra trong cc chu trnh p p (proton proton) v chu trnh
Cacbon ca mt tri.
3.23. Bit rng c 1g ht nhn Hydro trong phn ng nhit hch chuyn hon ton thnh
cc ht nhn Heli th b ht i 1% khi lng. Tm nng lng gii phng khi 4 ht nhn
Hydro tng hp thnh 1 ht Heli.
3.24. Nu nng lng mt tri c to ra theo chu trnh Cacbon, hy tnh :
a) Lng Hydro bin thnh Heli sau mi giy, nu bit cng sut ca chu trnh trn l
3,9.1026w (hay cho hng s mt tri l 1,96 cal/cm2. Pht).
b) Mi nm mt tri ht i mt khi lng l bao nhiu? Tnh ra kg v so snh vi khi
lng mt tri. Cho khi lng mt tri l 1,98.1030kg.
c) Mi nm c bao nhiu tn ht nhn khi c to ra v mt i bao nhiu tn Hydro.
3.25. T kt qu cc bi trn, hy tnh xem d tr Hydro ca mt tri dng trong bao
nhiu nm, nu cho rng Hydro chim 35% khi lng mt tri v coi bc x mt tri l
khng i. Cho khi lng mt tri l 1,98.1030kg.
3.26. Mi phn hch ht nhn 92U235 bng ntron ta ra mt nng lng hu ch l 185
ev. Mt l phn ng cng sut 100MW dng nhin liu U235 phi cn bao nhiu thi
gian tiu th ht 1kg Urani ?
3.27. Tnh nhit cn thit to ra phn ng nhit hch trong cht plasma teri (hn
hp trung ha gm e- v cc ht nhn dng teri).
3.28. Tnh nng lng c gii phng khi tng hp 2 ht nhn teri thnh ht ( trong phn
ng nhit hch.
* Mt s thi tuyn sinh i hc.
3.29. Bn ph 147N ng yn bng ht ( c ng nng E( thu c ht proton v mt ht
nhn x vi mx = 16,99474. Vit phng trnh y ca phn ng. X l ht nhn g? So
snh tng ng nng ca cc ht to thnh vi ng nng ca ht ( ban u v tnh
chnh lch ra Mev. Phn ng ny ta hay thu nng lng ? Cho khi lng ca cc
ht nhn mN = 13,999u, mp = 1,0073u, m(=4,0015u vi u l vklnt tnh nh sau:
Mev
u = 931 2 ; c la van toc anh sang.
c
3.30. Cho phn ng ht nhn :
1
6
on + 3Li T + + 4,8 Mev
a) Tnh khi lng ca ht nhn Li
b) Tnh nng lng ta ra khi phn tch hon ton 1g Li.
Cho mn = 1,0087u; mT = 3,016u
Mev
u = 931 2
m = 4,0015u ;
c
NA = 6,02.1023 ht/mol
(B qua ng nng)
3.31. ng v 92U234 phng x ( bin thnh thori (Th)
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng.
b) Phn ng trn ta hay thu nng lng?
c) Nu sn phm phng x ch c Th v (. (khng km () th ng nng v vn tc mi
ht ( v Th l bao nhiu?
cho m = 4,015 u ;
mu = 233,9904 u.
mTh = 229,9737 u ;
u = 931 Mev/c2.
3.32. Cho ht ( c ng nng W( = 4 Mev bn vo ht nhn nit ng yn gy ra phn
ng : ( + 7N14 1H1 + X
83
84

1) Xc nh X
2) Tnh nng lng ca phn ng ht nhn (theo n v Mev).
3) 2 ht sinh ra c cng ng nng
a) Tm vn tc mi ht.
b) Tm gc to bi hai ht bay ra sau phn ng :
mN = 14,003074 u
Cho : m = 4,002603 u ;
mH = 1,007825 u ; mX = 16,99133 u
Mev
1u = 1,66.10-27kg = 931,5 2
c
3.33. Ht nhn poloni ) phng x pht ra mt ht ( v ht X :
210
84 Po + X
a) Hy cho bit cu to ca ht nhn X. Phn r ny ta ra bao nhiu nng lng? Tnh
nng lng ny ra Mev. Cho bit:
m (Po) = 209,9373 u ;
m (X) = 205,9294 u
m
= 4,0015 u ;
1u
= 931 (Mev/c2).
b) Nu khi lng ban u ca mu Poloni l 2,1g th sau 276 ngy s c bao nhiu ht
( c to thnh? Cho bit chu k bn r ca poloni l T = 138 ngy; s Avogadro
NA=6,02.1023 ht/mol.
c) Trong phn r tiu ht nhn poloni ng yn. Hy tnh ng nng ca ht ( c to
thnh.

85

86

Chng IV:

CU TRC NGUYN T THEO C HC LNG T

* Tm tt l thuyt
I. NGUYN TC T HYDRO (V CC ION TNG T)
a) Phng trnh Froding i vi electron trong nguyn t Hydro (v cc ion tng t)
trong trong ta cu :
1 2
1

1 2 2m
Ze
(r
)
+
(sin

)
+
+ 2 (E + K )2 = 0
2
2
2
2
2
r r
r r sin
r sin h
r
b) Nghim ca phng trnh Froding : Hm sng.
n,l ,m (r, , ) = R nl (r)Ylm (, )
Vi n : s lng t chnh
n = 1, 2, 3...
: s lng phn t qu o = 0, 1, 2... n
m : s lng t t
m = 0,1, 2...
Dng c th ca vi hm sng :
3

Z 2
R1,0 = 2 e a o
ao

Zr

Zr

R 2,0 =

1 Z 32
Zr
( ) (2 )e 2a o
ao
8 ao
r

1 Z 32 r 2ro
( ) ( )e
24 a o a o
Vi ao Bn knh qu o Bohr th nht ca H ; ao = 0,53 Ao
1
Y0,0 =
4
R 2,1 =

3
sin .ei
8
3
Y1,0 =
cos
8

Y1,1 =

3
sin .sin i
8
c) Xc sut tm thy electron theo bn knh :
dWr = R 2nl ( ). 2 .dr
- Xc sut tm thy e theo cc gc, ( :
Y1,1 =

dW, = Yl ,m (, ) sin .d.d

d) Nng lng ca cc trng thi dng :
Z2
En = - Rhc. 2
n
e) Mc suy bin :
g = 2n2
* Ch : H n v ang dng l h CGS.
II- CU TRC CA NGUYN T PHC TP :
a) Nguyn l Pauli v h qu :
87

88

* S
n
Tn lp
S e-

trn cng mt lp : l 2n2

1

K
2

L
8

M
18

N
32

O
50

P
72

Q
98

* S e trn cng mt phn lp l 2 ( + 1)

Tn phn lp
S e-

s
2

p
6

d
10

f
14

g
18

h
22

b) Nguyn l nng lng ti thiu :

( Qui tc xc nh mc nng lng cao thp :
E n 2l 2 < E n1l1 neu n2 + l 2 < n1 + l 1
D n2 > n1
( S sp xp trng thi theo th t nng lng tng dn :
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 6d, 5f, 7p... v.v...
( S cu hnh ca nguyn t : Phn nh cch sp xp e- trong nguyn t theo cc lp
v phn lp.
* Bi tp hng dn :
1. Kho st t phn b xc sut tm thy e- theo bn knh r trong nguyn t H trng thi c
bn :
Gii :
trng thi c bn (n = 1, l = 0) hm sng theo r c dng :
3

1 2
R n,l (r) = R1,0 (r) = 2 e a o
ao
Vy xc sut tm thy e- theo bn knh l :
3

1
dWr = R .r .dr = 4. .e a o .r 2 .dr
ao
Hm mt xc sut :
2

2r

1
dw
=
= 4 .e a o .r 2
dr
ao
Tm cc tr ca hm :
3
2r
2r

1 2 a o 2
d
ao
= 4 .e r + 2re
dr
a o a o

2r

r
= 4 .e a o 2r 1 = 0
ao
ao
Suy ra :
( ( Cc i

2r

2r
ao

e = 0 r =
Cc
r
=0
ti
Vy kh nng tm thy e- trong nguyn t Hydr trng thi c bn nhiu nht l vng
bn knh qu o Bol th nht, t nht (hay khng c) l ti tm nguyn t (tc ht nhn) v
ti v cc (tc xa ht nhn nguyn t).
i vi nguyn t c hc lng t do tun theo h thc bt nh, e- khng th coi l
chuyn ng trn qu o nh trong c hc c in.
89

90

* th m t xc sut tm thy e- trong nguyn t H c dng :

a0 = 0.53 A0

ao

2. Vit s cu hnh ca nguyn t Seandi (Sc), bit s th t ca n trong bng tun hon
l : = 21.
Gii :
Theo nguyn l Pauli ta c th vit.
1s2

2s22p6

lp K

3s23p6

lp L

lp M

n y theo nguyn l Pauli lp M c th cha 18e-, nhng phn lp 3p ch cha c

6e- vy phn lp 3p khng th cha thm e-. ng l phi chuyn sang phn lp 3d tc vn
thuc lp 3. Nhng theo nguyn l nng lng ti thiu th mc 4s c nng lng nh hn
mc 3d. Vy nn e- tip theo (tc e- th 19), s lm y mc 4s, m u cho lp 4. Phn lp
ny cha c 2 e- cho nn e- tip theo (tc e- th 20) s lm y phn lp ny. Tip theo, eth 21 ng l phi lm y tip lp 4p. Nhng v lp 4p c nng lng nh hn 3d. Vy nn
e- tip theo (th 21) s tr v chim phn lp 3d. tm li, s cu hnh ca Sc c dng :
1s2
2s22p6
3s23p63d1
4s2
K : 2e-

L : 8e-

M : 9e-

N : 2e- = 21e-

3. Nguyn t Hydro trng thi 1s. Tnh xc sut tm thy e- trong mt hnh cu bn knh r =
0,1 ao (ao l bn knh qu o Bohr th nht).
Gii :
trng thi 1s (n = 1,= 0, m = 0) hm ng ca e- c dng :
1,0,0 (r, , ) = R1,0 (r).Y0,0 (, )
1 r 1
.e a o .
= 2
3
a
4
o
=

r
ao

.e
a 3o
Hm sng y ch ph thuc r (i xng cu) xc sut tm thy e- trong mt lp cu mng
nm gia 2 bn knh (er + dr) c th tch dV = 4 (r2dr, s l :
dW = 1,0,0

r
1

d.V =
.e ro
a 3
o

2r

.4r 2 dr =

2r

1 ro
4
.e .4r 2 dr = 3 .e a o r 2dr
3
a o
ao
Xc sut tm e- trong qu cu bn knh r = 0,1 ao c tnh bi tch phn :
=

91

92

W=

0,1a o

dW =

0,1a o

0,1a o

2r

4 ao 2
.e .r dr
a 3o

2r

ao

4
r 2 .e .dr
3
ao o
Ta c tch phn mu :
1
x2. eaxdx = 3 (a2x2 + 2ax + 2) e-ax
a
Vy nn y p dng tch phn mu ta t a =ta c kt qu :
2
r
4 a3 4
4
W = 3 . o 2 .r 2 + r + 2 .e a o 00,1a o
ao 8 ao
ao

2
r
2
= 2 r 2 + r + 1 .e a o 00,1a o
ao
ao

= (0, 02 + 0, 2 + 1).e0,2 + 1
2

= 0, 0011 = 1,1.103

Bi tp t gii :
4.1. Tm hm mt xc sut tm thy e- theo bn knh trng thi n = 2,= 0, m = 0 cho
nguyn t Hydro.
4.2. Nguyn t Hydro trng thi 1s.
a) Tnh xc sut w1 tm tht e- trong hnh cu (0 ; ao) vi ao l bn knh qu o Bohr th
nht.
b) Tnh xc sut w2 tm thy e- ngoi hnh cu .
c) Tm t s
4.3. Hm sng m t e- trng thi 2s l
Vi . Xc nh nhng im cc tr ca mt xc sut. V th ca.
4.4 Vit phng trnh Sroding vi nguyn t Heli.
4.5. Vit phng trnh Sroding vi phn t oxy.
4.6. Trong nguyn t cc lp K, L, M u y.
Xc nh :
a) Tng s e- trong nguyn t.
b) S election s, s election p v election d.
c) S election p c m = 0.
4.7. Vit s cu hnh i vi cc nguyn t sau trng thi c bn : a) Bo
b)
Cacbon
c) Natri
4.8. Vit cc s lng t i vi tt c cc trng thi ca nguyn t Hydro c n = 4 v= 3.
4.9. Nguyn t Hydro c bao nhiu trng thi vi n = 5.
4.10. C bao nhiu hm sng 4 (bc suy bin) ng vi trng thi nng lng n = 3 ca nguyn
t Hydro? Hy vit tt c cc k hiu hm sng tm c trong 2 h s lng t t suy
ra mc suy bin l nh nhau.
4.11. Vit s cu hnh ca nguyn t Argon (Ar, Z = 18) v Krypton (Kr, Z = 36), t cu hnh
hy nhn xt cc nguyn t ny c xp vo h nguyn t g trong lng tun hon
Mendeleep.
4.12. 21 electron ca nguyn t Scandi (Sc) c sp xp theo cc lp v phn lp nh th
no ?
4.13. S cu hnh ca nguyn t Xeji (C5) c k hiu nh sau : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 6s1. Hy xc nh s lp, phn lp s e- trong tng lp phn
lp v cho bit s th t ca nguyn t ny trong bng tun hon Mendeleep.
4.14. Lp ng n = 3 cha y electron, trong c bao nhiu electron :
a) cng c sz =
b) cng c m = 1
93

94

c) cng c m = -2
d) cng c sz = v m = 0
e) cng c sz = v= 2
4.15. Tm s e- cc i c th c trn mt lp v con f (phn lp) v cho cc gi tr tng ng
ca m v sz.
4.16. Thit lp cu hnh ca nm kh tr u tin trong bng tun hon.
4.17. So vi cc kh tr, s e- trong cc kim loi kim nhiu hn mt. Vit s cu hnh ca
bn kim loi kim u tin.
4.18. Cc Halogen c s electron t hn mt so vi cc kh tr. Tm s cu hnh ca ba
Halogen u tin.
4.19. Sau khi v con (phn lp) 4s c xp y cc e- bt u xp vo v con 3d. Mi
nguyn t tng ng to thnh cc nguyn t chuyn tip. Tm s cu hnh i vi 3
nguyn t u ca nhm nguyn t chuyn tip (21Sc, 22Ti, 23v).
4.20. Xc nh kh tr nu phn lp 6p b lp y :
4.21. Tm s cu hnh ca kim loi kim hnh thnh trn c s cu hnh ca Xe (Xenon).
4.22. Tm s cu hnh ca mt Halogen vi 1 electron t hn so vi Xe.
4.23. Cc kim loi kim th c s e- nhiu hn 2 so vi cc kh tr tng ng. Tm cu hnh
ca 4 kim loi kim th u tin.
4.24. Tm nguyn t c cu hnh 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2.

95

96

Chng IV

CU TRC NGUYN T THEO C HC LNG T

2

r 2
r
4.1. (r) = 3 2 .e a o
ao
8a o
a) W1 = 0,324
r

4.2. b) W2 = 0, 676
W1
= 2, 09
W2

c)

4.3. Xc sut tm thy e- trong khong ((; (+d() (

Xt hm

() 2

0,76
max

0
0

5,24
max
0

Mt xc sut cc i ti:
( = 0,76 v ( = 5,24
v bng khng ti :
= 0; = 2; =
4.4. Hm sng ca hai e- ph thuc vo v:
Phng trnh Sroding c dng:
2me
1 + 2 + 2 (E U) = 0
h
trong :
e2 e2 e2
U= +
r1 r2 r12
(ch : H n v l CGS)
4.5. Cc ch s : i, j ... = 1, 2, 3 ... 8 Electron, A, B l hai ht nhn, ta c hm sng:
Phng trnh Sroding c dng:
2me
i + h2 (E U) = 0
vi
4.6. a) 2(12 + 22 + 32) = 28
b) 6 electron s l (1s)2; (2s)2; (3s)2
12 electron p gm (2p)6; (3p)6
10 electron d gm (3d)10
c) 4 electron ( c m = 0 gm (2p)2 v (3p)2
4.7. a) 1s22s22p1
B; Z = 5
2
2
2
C; Z = 6
b) 1s 2s 2p
c) 1s22s22p63s1
Na; Z = 11
4.8. Vi n = 4 ta c mc suy bin G = 2n2 = 2.16 = 32, nhng vi = 3, ch c: g = 2( =1)
= 2(2.3+1) = 14
Cc trng thi o ng vi cc s lng t sau (vit theo th t n, l, m, sz):
97
98

1
1
4, 3, 3;
2
2
1
1
4; 3; 2;
4; 3; 2;
2
2
1
1
4; 3; 1;
4; 3; 1;
2
2
1
1
4; 3; 0;
4; 3; 0;
2
2
1
1
4; 3; 1;
4; 3; 1;
2
2
1
1
4; 3;
2;
4; 3;
2;
2
2
1
1
4; 3; 3;
4; 3; 3;
2
2
* Nh vy ng vi n = 4, = 3 ta c 7 gi tr ca m : ( 3, ( 2, (1, 0; 1, 2, 3 v tng ng vi
2 gi tr ca sz = ta s c 14 trng thi.
4.9. G = 2n2 = 2.25 = 50
4.10. Hng dn : G = 2n2 = 2.9 = 18 c 18 hm sng
1) Vit theo h s lng t n,, m, sz
vi n : s lng t chnh
l : so lng t qu ao t 0 en n-1
m: s lng t t n
sz : s lng t spin sz =
(hay s lng t hnh chiu spin)

4; 3; 3;

* Ch : mt s sch k hiu sz l ms. Vit theo h s ny ta c:

n
l
m
sz

Z
0
0
2

1
2
* n,, m, sz l :
1
4; 0; 0;
2
+

1
2
1
4; 1; 0;
2
1
4; 1; 1;
2
1
4; 2; 2;
2
1
4; 2; 1;
2
1
4; 2; 0;
2
1
4; 2; 1;
2

4; 1; 1;

1
0

2
2

1
2

4; 0; 0;

1
2

1
2
1
4; 1; 0;
2
1
4; 1; 1;
2
1
4; 2; 2;
2
1
4; 2; 2;
2
1
4; 2; 0;
2
1
4; 2; 1;
2

4; 1; 1;

99

100

1
1
4; 2; 2;
2
2
Vy vit theo cch ny c 18 hm sng khc nhau.
2) Vit theo h s lng t n,, j, mj vi:
n: s lng t chnh
l : so lng t qu ao t 0 en n-1
j : s lng t ni
mj : s lng t ton phn : mj t j n +j. Ta c nhng gi tr tng ng nh sau:

4; 2;

2;

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
mj
1
1
1
1 1 1 1
1 1

- -1 ;- ; ;1
-2 ;-1 ; ;
-1 ;
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
1
1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
; ;1
; ;1 ;2
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
( Ta c cc hm sng tng ng nh sau:
1 1
1
1
3; 0; ;
3; 0; ;
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
1
3; 1; ;
3; 1; ;
2 2
2
2
1
1
1
1
3; 1; 1 ;
3; 1; 1 ; 1
2
2
2
2
1 1
1
1
3; 1; 1 ; 1
3; 1; 1 ;
2 2
2
2
1
1
1
1
3; 2; 1 ;
3; 2; 1 ; 1
2
2
2
2
1 1
1
1
3; 2; 1 ;
3; 2; 1 ; 1
2 2
2
2
1
1
1
1
3; 2; 2 ; 1
3; 2; 2 ; 2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1 1
3; 2; 2 ;
3; 2; 2 ;
2
2
2 2
1
1
1
1
3; 2; 2 ; 2
3; 2; 2 ; 1
2
2
2
2
Nh vy, vit theo h s lng t ny ta cng c 18 hm sng khc nhau.
Vy cch vit theo 2 h l nh nhau.
A; Z = 18
:
1s2 2s22p63s23p6
Kr; Z = 36
:
1s2 2s22p63s23p63d104s24p6
u l kh
4.12. SC; Z = 21 : 1s2 2s22p63s23p64s23d1
4.13. 6 lp; 12 phn lp; Z = 55
S e- trong tng lp, phn lp
Lp
Tn
S ePhn
lp
S e+-

4.14. a) 9

1
K
2
s

2
L
8
s p

3
N
18
spd

4
O
18
spd

5
P
8
sp

6
Q
1
s

26

2610

2610

26

b) 4

c) 2

d) 3

e) 5
101

102

1
2
4.16. Kh t l nhng kh m s e- ca chng chim y cc lp (hoc phn lp). Tc
bo ho, khng th nhn thm c na. V vy n tr v phng din hot ng ha
hc.
He
1s2
Z=2
2
2
6
Ne
1s 2s 2p
Z = 10
A
1s2 2s22p63s23p6
Z = 18
Z = 36
Kr
1s2 2s22p63s23p64s23d104p6
2
2
6
2
6
2
10
6
2
10
6
Xe
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p Z = 54

4.15. 14 electron; m = 3; 2; 1; 0; sz =

4.17. Li
Na
K
Rb

1s22s1
1s22s22p63s1
1s22s22p63s23p64s1
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s1

Z=3
Z = 11
Z = 19
Z = 37

4.18. F
Cl
Br

1s22s22p5
1s22s22p63s23p5
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5

Z=9
Z = 17

4.19. Sc
Ti
V

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d2
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d3

4.20. l Rn (Z = 86)

Z = 35
Z = 21
Z = 22
Z = 23

Radon

4.21. l Cs
(Z = 55)
Xezi
Cs
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s1
4.22. l I
Z = 53
Iot
2
2
6
2
6
2
10
6
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s24d105p5
4.23. Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
4.24. Fe

1s22s2
1s22s22p63s2
1s22s22p63s23p64s2
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s2
Z = 26

103

Z=4
Z = 12
Z = 20
Z = 38

104

Phn II : VT L HT NHN
Chng I Ht nhn nguyn t v c tnh ca n
1.1. a) S proton u l 6 cn s ntron ln lt bng 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
b) R 3,2.10-15m.
1.2. 6,2 ln
1.3. Ht nhn nguyn t Hydro khng cha Ntron. N chnh l ht proton.
1.4. Vi
H' ( R = Ro = 1,4.10-15m
vi Al27 ( R =
1.5. c 1H3, 3Li7, 7N15
1.6. Vi 6C12
16
8O
7
3Li

(E = ( 92,15Mev; ( = ( 7,68Mev/n
E = 127,6Mev; = 7,97Mev/n
E = 39,24Mev; = 5,6Mev/n

1.7. Xem 1.6 Cacbon bn hn

1.8. ( 8,3 Mev/n v ( 7,9 Mev/n
1.9. 160,7Mev
1.10. 34,97dvklnt (hay u)
1.11. T chng minh
1.12. Khi lng nguyn t ca nguyn t Cl : 35,46
1.13. Hm lng tng ng ca cc ng v Bo l 20% v 80%
1.14. ( 76,3 Mev v ( 8,5Mev
1.15. ( 178,6 Mev v ( 180,4Mev. Ht nhn 92U238 bn hn ht nhn 92U235.
1.16. 6,38Mev/n; 8,75Mev/n; 8,56Mev/n
1.17. E = 12,42Mev
Hng dn:
Sau khi bit 1 ntron, ht nhn 11Na23 tr thnh 11Na22. Nng lng bt ntron khi ht
nhn, 11Na23 bng nng lng lin kt ca Ntron vi ht nhn 11Na22. C th thay khi lng ht nhn bng khi lng
ca cc nguyn t trung ha (theo bng tra cu), v s electron cac lp v ca cc nguyn t
Na22 v Na23 l nh nhau.
1.18. vi 2He4 l 23,8Mev
Vi 6C12 l 7,26Mev
1.19. R = R T

t
15,85.103 m
hn

Hng dn :
Tnh mt khi lng cht ht nhn:
M hn
hn =
vi Mhn = mp.A
3 3
R hn
4
Rhn = (1,5.10-15).A
105

106

hn = 1,18.1017kg/m3
Th khi lng mt tri qua mt khi lng ca n.
1.20. 0,71Mev
1.21. Vi 2He3
(E = ( 7,72Mev
vi 1H3
(E = ( 8,48Mev
Ta thy nng lng lin kt ca 2He3 nh hn ca 1H3 mt lng (0,76Mev), xp x bng
nng lng do lc y Colomb ca ht nhn 2He3 bi trn.
1.22. a) 8,55 Mev;

d) 7,9Mev

1.23. Hng dn:

Xt v mt bo ton Nuclon ht nhn 8O16 c th tch ra lm 4 ht nhn 2He4
16
= 4.2He4
8O
Nng lng lin kt
ca 8O16 = ( 127,2Mev
ca 2He4 = ( 28,3Mev
ca 4 h 2He4 = ( 113,2Mev
Vy nng lng lin kt ca 4 h 2He4 cao hn ca 8O16, do 8O16 c th tch ra thnh
4 mnh 2He4, nu ta cung cp cho n mt nng lng:
A = (Eo 4EHe)
= 14Mev
1.24. a) E = 12,06J
b) = 1,3.10-12J
c) A = 226.103Kwh
1.25. a) 15,6Mev
b) 12,14Mev
Lin kt proton yu hn v cn chu tng tc y Coulomb.

107

108

Chng II Phn v phng x

2.1. 8( v 6(2.2. n = 1 e-t
Hng dn :
so hat nhan b phan ra trong t giay

Xc sut n =

so hat nhan co thi iem ban au

n=

N
No

2.3. 63%
2.4. m = moe-t
Gi : khi lng 1 cht bng khi lng ca mt nguyn t nhn vi s nguyn t c
trong khi cht : m N(A
2.5. mu ban u
2.6. ( 700 ht
2.7. = 2.108 phn r
2.8. T = 1660 nm
2.9. T = 2.75 nm hay 1023 ngy
2.10. ( = 10-7 pr/s hay 0,04pr/h
2.11. ( = 5.10-18/s; ( = 2.1017s; T = 4.5.109nm
2.12. 0,5.1014ht
2.13. 177 gam
2.14. 53g
2.15. a) 0,707No v 0,031No
b) 6,1.10-5No
2.16. 231,25.107pr/s hay 62,5mCi
2.17. ( 1,1.104pr/s
2.18. ( 1,2.109nm
2.19. 6.109nm
2.20. t = T = 5570nm
2.21. 5280 nm
Gi : Hot phng x ban u Ao l hot phng x cn bng ca C14 o c cc
cht hu c sng. Khi cht hu c cht, qu trnh hp th cacbon ngng, hot phng x s
gim theo qui lut:
A = Aoe-t
2.22. 12.400nm
2.23. 3,31 micro curie (Ci)
hay 1,22.105pr/s
109

110

2.24. 12.444 nm
2.25. 9 ln
2.26. 10,3gi
2.27. T = 3,8ngy; A = 0,31.1023pr/ngy hay A = 3,58.1011Bq
2.28. a) 48pht
b) 5,3gi
2.29. 1803nm
2.30. 16.710nm
2.31. 45,2ngy
Gi : ( S lng ht Po cn li sau thi gian t l N = Noe-(t ng vi khi lng
N.210 N o e t .210
m po =
=
NA
NA
( S lng ht ch to thnh sau thi gian t bng s polomi phn r: (N = No(1-e-(t)
tng ng vi khi lng ta c t s :
2.32. T = 4,7gi

111

112

Chng III : Tng tc ht nhn Nng lng ht nhn

3.1. 7N14(n, p) 6C14

3.2. u c :
Phn ng 1) do Cockesoft v Walton tin hnh nm 1932.
Phn ng 2) do Rutherford tin hnh nm 1919.
3.3. m(n) = 1,008628 dvk/nt
3.4. a) khng.
b) 1,57Mev
3.5. 7,26Mev
3.6. Q > 0 nn c U235 phn r c
3.7. a) 1,64Mev; b) 6,28Mev; c) 2,79Mev; d) 3,11Mev
3.8. a) 4Mev; b) 3,26Mev; c) 18,3Mev; d) 17,6Mev
3.9. Hng dn:
Coulomb l nng lng cn thit a mt proton ti b ca ht nhn:
t; vi ro = 1,4fm
Ze
Ze 2
Z
Ec = K
= K.
= (1, 03Mev)(
)
1
1

A +
ro (A 3 + 1)
3
(ch : Nu h CGS : K = 1)
Vi 8O16 : 2,34Mev
93
: 7,64Mev
41Nb
209
: 12,33Mev
83Bi
3.10. Vi 8O16(p,d) 8O15; Wn = 14,28Mev
93
(p,d)41N93; Wn = 6,69Mev
41N
209
(p,d)83Bi208; Wn = 5,26Mev
83Bi
3.11. Dn = 2,44 Mev
3.12.
3.13. ' = 0,022Ao
3.14.; n truyn cho p mt na nng lng ca n.
3.15. 21 ln
3.16. Q = 8,2.1017brg hay 8,2.1010J hay 5,3.1023Mev
3.17. 12,4kg
3.18. Q = 4,2.1014J hay 26,3.1026Mev
3.19. a) Q = 5,13.1026Mev 2,3.107KWh
b) 2800tn
3.20. = 54o
3.21. Q = 40,35.1026Mev hay
113

114

3.22. Chu trnh proton proton (hay chu trnh Critchfield):

Q = 26,7Mev hay 4,3.10-12J
Tm tt : 41(H)' ( 2He4 + 2e+ + + 3(
Trong mt tri phn ng gp ca 2 chu trnh l nh nhau.
( Trong cc sao c nhit thp hn mt tri: chu trnh p p tri hn.
( Trong cc sao sng hn mt tri (nng hn) : chu trnh Cacbon tri hn. Tuy nhin cc
chu trnh ny khng th s dng phng th nghim c v chng xy ra rt chm.
( Cc nng lng trn c th b tht thot cht nh do nitr (() bay ra khi mt tri.
3.23. 6.10-12J
3.24. a) 6.1011kg/s
b) (m = 1,369.1014tn
m
= 6,8.1014
M
c) mHe = 9,73.1015tn
mH = mHe + (m = 9,86.1015tn
3.25. T = 3,6.1010nm
Gi : 1 nm ( 3,15.107s
3.27. T = 8,35.109Ko
3.28. Q = 23,8Mev

115

116

P S V HNG DN
PHN I : VT L NGUYN T
Chng I :

TNH CHT LNG T CA BC X IN T

1.1. p s : V = 7,30.105 m/s.
1.2. p s : Khng th xy ra
1.3. p s :
1) A = 4,52 ev
2) V = 9,10.107 m/s v D = 3,80.10-19J.
1.4. p s : ( = = 12,4Ao v = 2,42.1017S-1
1.5. p s : P = = 12MeV/c.
1.6. Hng dn : Khi Electron bay vo vng tc dng ca trng lc ht nhn s bc x
photon c tn s xc nh. Da vo qui lut bo ton: tng nng lng trc bng tng nng
lng sau :
Eu = Esau
D + moC2 = moC2 + h
Suy ra D = c th l 20Kev = vy= 4,84S-1.
1.7. p s : Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng :
Eu = Esau
hC
15ev =
suy ra = 827Ao

1.8. Hng dn : Ht chuyn ng vi vn tc ln vo c bng hoc ln hn 30% vn

tc nh sng, phi p dng qui lut tng i tnh. Theo thuyt tng i :
m=
vi mo- l khi lng ngh.
Ta bnh phng hai v ca biu thc sau nhn cho C2 ta c :
m2c2 - m2v2 = m o2 c2
m2c4 - m2v2c2 = m o2 c4
E2 (pc)2 = E o2 E2 = E o2 + (pc)2
Nng lng ngh ca Electron :
Eo = moc2 = 0,511Mev
ng nng : D = E Eo = mc2 moc2 ( D + moc2 = mc2
Vy : E = D + moc2 nn ta c :
(0,30 + 0,511)2 = (0,511)2 + (PC)2
Kt qu : P = 3,47 MeV/c
E = P.C = 3,47 MeV/c.C = 3,47 Mev
1.9. Hng dn:
Mi photon mang nng lng E = = 6,6.10-34.103,7.106 = 6,88.10-26J.
S lng t trong mt n v thi gian c xc nh :
200KW
2.105 J / s
So lng
=
= 2,91.1030 photon / s
N=
=
E
6,88.1026 J
thi gian
1.10. Hng dn :
p dng phng trnh Einstein : = A +
117

118

Trong ng nng bng :

Cho bit A = 2,10 eV
= 5,07.1014 Hz
Kt qu hng s planck : h = 6,626.10-34 JS.
1.11. Hng dn : Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng :
D =, D l ng nng.
h
1) ' = +
= 0, 732A o
mC
2) D = 1,13 KeV.
1.12. p s : 1)(1-cos() = 2,21.10-12m.
D h h ' '

2) N =
=
=
=
= 91%
E
h
'
+
1.13. p s : 1) (' = 2,73.10-12m.
2) ' = 6,05.10-12m.
1.14. p s : 1) (( = 4,8.10-12m.
2) E = 41Kev.
3) E = 41Kev.
1.15. p s : 1) 8,1.10-9%
2) 4,9. 10-4%
3) 9,6%
4) 68%
1.16. p s : 2,33.10-7m
1.17. p s : 10,10ev
1.18. p s : 6,76.105m/s
1.19. p s : 1,30v v 6,80.105m/s
1.20. p s :
1) 3,82.10-7m
2) 1,82ev.
1.21. Hng dn : Chn Electron lm gc h qui chiu trc khi hp th photon xem
nh ng chuyn ng t do.
p dng nh lut bo ton nng lng v xung lng :
mV 2 mV '2
(1)
=
+ h
2
2

h
mV=mV' +
(2)
C
(1)
Suy ra : m (v2 v'2) = 2h
(2)
m (v v) + (v + v) = 2h
h
h
m (v v)
=
suy ra
(v v') = 2h
C
C
Kt qu :
v v' = 2c iu ny v l. Do vy Electron t do khng th bc x photon.
1.22. Hng dn: Vn tc V = 0,6C nn phi p dng phng trnh tng i tnh.
D = mc2 moc2 = E

119

120

E =

m o C2
2

m o C2 =

hC hC

'

v
c2
Mt khc ta c : (E = h( - l gim nng lng photon.
= - = 0,0135 Ao
Th vo : (( = 2(c sin2
suy ra ( = 63o40
1.23. Hung dn: ng nng D = 0,19MeV l kh ln, nn phi p dng h thc tng
i tnh. p dng hai nh lut bo ton nng lng v xung lng:
mo C2
2
h + m o C = h '+
(1)
V2
1 2
C

h
h '
(2)
+0=
+ Pe
C
C
Mt khc ta c D = mc2 - moc2 = - =
Hay : D = th (( = 2(c sin
ng nng ch cc i khi sin = 1 suy ra ( = 180o
Vy : DMax = Suy ra ( =
Th s vo ta c: ( = 0,037 Ao
1

1.24. Hng dn :
= - = 2c sin2

; suy ra = +
2

hc
hc
=
= 0,144 Mev.
'
2
+ 2 c sin
2
1.25. Hng dn :
( Xung lng cc photon trc v sau khi tn x:
P1 = v P2 =.
( Theo nh lut bo ton ng lng: = +
Tr s: P2 = +, suy ra: P = 1,60.10-22kg.m/s

E = hv =

1.26. Hng dn: p dng hai nh lut bo ton nng lng v xung lng:
E + moC2 =+ vi Electron Eo = moC2 = 0,511Mev.
E
mo V
E
+0=- +
.
C
C
v2
1 2
c
Va chm l trc din, nn c th xem = 180o (quay ngc li) gii h phng trnh trn,
ta suy ra: V = 0,65 C.
1.27. Hng dn: p dng nh lut bo ton nng lng v ng lng:
E + moC2 = E + moC2 + D
E' = E - D = 0,05 0,10 = 0,40MeV
hC
'=
= 3,10.102 A o
E'
1.28. Hng dn:
( Nu Electron c nng lng cc i iu ny cho thy Photon s phi tn x ngc
tr li so vi chiu Photon bay ti. Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng v ng nng:
E + moC = E' + moC2 + D v D = E E' = 45KeV
E
E'
+ 0 = + Pe
C
C
Mt khc ta c quan h E2 = (Pe.C)2 + v E = Eo + D v Eo = moC2 nn ta c : (0,511 +
0,045)2 = (PeC)2 + (0,511)2
121
122

Suy ra : Pe = 0,219Mev/c v E = 132 Kev.

Kt qu :
1.29. Hng dn : Photon mang nng lng 0,50Mev tng ng vi bc sng :
hC
=
= 2,48.10-4Ao
E
Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng:
E + moc2= E+ moc2 + D
E = E + D suy ra E= 0,50 0,10 = 0,40Mev
hc
=
= 3,10.10-4Ao.

E
Hiu ng Compton:=(1 cos()
th tr s vo: 3,10.10-4Ao - 2,48.10-4Ao= 2,43.10-4Ao (1 - co), suy ra: ( = 42o
1.30. Hng dn: Hin tng tn x Compton c th minh ha trn hnh v sau:
- Photon va chm vo Electron nh bt n ra khi nguyn t sau Photon b tn x
di gc .

h '
P'
Pe
P'

P
P e cc vct ng lng ca h c minh ha nh mt tam gic.
- Gim vct
Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng:
hc
hc
hC hC
+ moc2 =
+ mc2, suy ra: mc2 =
+ moc2

'
1 1
= hC + m o C2
'
hC( ' )
Suy ra : mc2 =
+ moc2
. '
Ta bin i bng cch bnh phng hai v ca biu thc trn:

hC( ' )

+ mo C2
(mc ) =
'

2 2

3
2
(mC2)2 = ( hC ) 2 ( 2 + '2 ) 2(hC ) + 2 hm o C ( ' ) + (m o C 2 ) 2
2

( ')

'

'

T hnh vuurta cr vect

ur ng lng ca Electron bng :
p e = p - p ' tr so cua Pe bang:
Pe2 = P2 + P2 - 2ppcos =

h2
( '2 + 2 2 ' cos )
( ')

Mt khc ta c : E2 = (Pec)2 + Eo2

Th tr s vo ta c :
(hC) 2
2(hC) 2 2hm o C 3
( 2 + '2 )
+
( ' ) + (m o C 2 ) 2 =
2
( ')
'
'
=

Suy ra : = - =

(hC) 2
( '2 + 2 2 ' cos ) + (m o C 2 ) 2
( ') 2

h
(1- cos)
mo C

123

124

Chng II
CC MU NGUYN T C IN
2.1. p s : b = 7,3.10-11cm
2.2. p s : (p
2.3. p s : b = 4,92.10-12cm

2.4. p s : d = 0,9.10-12cm

y
Li

x
2.5. Hng dn :
C
VL'
V'
1) d = 5,9.10-11cm
2) Xt trong h khi tm c.
Khi tm c chuyn ng thng u Vc = const nn vn tc ca ht ( v ht nhn Li ti so vi
khi tm s l vn tc tng i :
MV
mV
va VL' =
V' =
m+M
m+M
Ban u ht nhn Li ti ng yn. Gi m l khi lng ht ( v M l khi lng ht nhn
Li ti. V' va VL' la van toc tng oi cua hat va hat nhan Li ti so vi khoi
tam c cua he hai hat tng tc.
ng nng ton phn ca h :
2
2
mV'
MVL'
M
E ' = E ' + E 'L =
+
= E
2
2
m+M
Da vo nh lut bo ton nng lng ta c :
2e.3e
6e 2
6e 2
=1
d=
= 3, 4.1012 cm
E '= K
d
d
E'
2.6. Hng dn :
p dng cng thc Rdepho :
2

ze 2 2 sin .d
dn
dW =
= N.d
2
n
mV Sin 4
2
v gc bin thin t 890 n 910 nn c th chn trung bnh l 900 v d( = (( = 20. i n
v gc ra n v Radian ri tnh ton c th.

2.7. Hng dn : S ht nhn trn mt n v din tch gy tn x l n = N.d (trong N

l s ht nhn trong mt n v th tch). S ht nhn gy tn x l : n = vi NA- l s
Avgadro. A/NA- l khi lng ca mt nguyn t tnh bng gam. Ta c th xem d( = (( =
20 i ra n v Radian, cui cng nhn cho thi gian t = 5pht; n( = 24 ht.
2.8. Hng dn : p dng : d =
n- l mt ht nhn (s ht nhn trong mt n v th tch) thay tr s, suy ra d =
1,5.10-6m.
2.9. Hng dn :
1) N = 1,6.106 ht
ze2 2

) cotg2 .Io t
2) N = .n.d(
D
2
Thay tr s vo ta c : N = 2.107 ht
2.10. Hng dn : T cng thc tn x Rdepho suy ra :
125

126

dn1 z1 A 2
dn1 z1 N1
N
A
=
=
va
. Ket qua: 1 = 2
dn 2 z 2 A1
dn 2 z 2 N 2
N 2 A1
2.11. Hng dn : T qui lut bc x nng lng in t ca Electron theo in ng
lc hc c in, suy ra :
2e2 2
dE = = 3 a dt
(1)
3C
Nng lng lin kt Electron v ht nhn trong nguyn t Hydro bng : E =(trong h
CGS).
Ly vi phn biu thc ny :
(2)
- Gia tc : a =
- Lc ht ht nhn i vi Electron(trong h CGS), suy ra tr s gia tc :
(3)
- Th biu thc (2) v (3) vo (1) ta c :
2

e2
2e 2 e2
dr
=

dt
2r 2
3C3 mr 2
t

- Suy ra : t = dt =

3C3 m 2 r
m 2 C3 r 3
=
= 1,30.1011 S
dr
4
2
4e
4e

2.12. p s : R = 109563cm-1
2.13. p s :
1) r1 = 0,529.10-8 cm (H) v V = 2,18.108 cm/s
r1 = 0,265.10-8 cm (He+)
v V = 4,36.108 cm/s
2) D = 13,60eV
(H)
v E = 13,60eV
D = 54,50eV
(He+) v E = 54,50eV
3) Vion = 13,60v
(H)
v ( = 12,15.10-8 cm
Vion = 54,50v
(He+) v ( = 3,04.10-8 cm
2.14. Hng dn: p dng biu thc hng s Rtbc cho in Heli ((He+).
R
= 109722cm 1
R He =
m
1+
M He
i vi Heli Z = 2 do ta c :
Tr s nng lng in ha :
1 1
Eion = E - E1 = 4Rhc 2 = 4Rhc
1
Kt qu :
1) (
= 1,64.10-5cm.
2) Eion = 54,40ev.
2.15. Hng dn: p dng cng thc dy Banme cho Hydro (H) v Triti (T).
R 1 1
1 1
H = R H 2 2 =
2 2
2 3 1+ m 2 3
MH

R 1 1
1 1
T = R T 2 2 =
2 2
2 3 1+ m 2 3
MT
Lp t s (T/(H sau bin i s dn n kt qu :
2 m

H T 3 M H
M
cho biet ty so H = 1836
=
=
m
H
H
m
1+
MH
127

128

 tin tnh ton ta nhn c t v mu s vi ta c:

2

= 3 = 3, 63.104
H 1836
Suy ra : = 3,63.10-4. H = 3,63.10-4. 6563 = 2,38 Ao.
2.16. p s : = 1,999.
2.17. Hng dn :
p dng nh lut Culon: F = vi K = 9.109Nm2/C2
p dng nh lut hp dn: F =
vi G = 6,67.10-11Nm2/Kg2
2.18. Hng dn: Theo l thuyt N.Bohr khng cho php Electron nm l lng gia
khong khng ca hai qu o.
Vi ng nng D = 12,50ev ta nhn thy :
- Hiu hai mc nng lng th ba v th nht nh hn D :
E = E3 E1 < 12,50ev.
- Hiu hai mc nng lng th t v v th nht ln hn D :
E = E4 E1 > 12,50ev.
V Electron khng th l lng gia hai mc nng lng do n ch c th mc n = 3 l
hp l.
- S vch ph bng : N =
Vy ta c 2 vch thuc dy quang ph Lyman v 1 vch thuc dy quang ph Banme.
2.19. Hng dn: Th nng tng tc ht gia ht nhn v Electron bng :
q .q
U = K 1 2 = 27, 20ev
r1
- C nng c xem bng tng ng nng v th nng ca Electron trn qu o (Hay
nng lng lin kt ca Electron vi ht nhn).
E = E + Et = = ( 13,60ev.
2.20. p s : m
v
2.21. p s : = 12,10ev
2.22. p s : = 10,20ev v= 13,60ev
2.23. Hng dn: S vch quang ph bng N = = 6, vy mc nng lng ng vi n = 4.
T trng thi kch thch vi n = 4 tr v trng thi c bn n=1 nguyn t s pht ra 6 vch
quang ph (3 vch thuc dy Lyman, 2 vch thuc dy Banme v 1 vch thuc dy Pasen).
2.24. p s: S vch ph bng N =

2.25. Hng dn:

mv 2
= h E1 = 16,50
2

13,60 = 1,90ev

R
= 4, mc
R 1
nang lng th hai n = 2 do bn knh qu o th hai bng: rn=n2ao= 4ao.

2.26. Hng dn: p dng biu thc:. Suy ra :. T ta c : n2 =

2.27. Hng dn: Bc sng do Hydro v in tng t Hydro l Heli s khc nhau:
1
1
1 1
1 1
= R H 2 2 va
= 22 R He 2 2
H
He
2 3
2 3
Th RH = 109677,6cm-1 v RHe = 107722,3cm-1
Kt qu c lch : (( =
2.28. p s : V = 1,31.108cm/s
2.29. p s :
1) (1 = 1216Ao (Vch u ca dy Lyman).
129

130

2) (2 = 1026Ao (Vch th hai ca dy Lyman).

3) (3 = 6533Ao (Vch u ca dy Banme).
2.30. Hng dn :
p dng iu kin N.Bohr : L = vi mvr2 =
Do : r2 = 22ao suy ra V =
2.31. Hng dn: Mezo - nguyn t cu to t ht nhn l proton mang in tch dng
v mt ht Mezon ). Khi lng ht Mezon-pi tr ny khong 207 ln ln hn khi lng
ca Electron. Do vy trong biu thc bn knh qu o v biu thc nng lng ca n
cha khi lng rt gn ca h gm 2 ht lin kt vi nhau :, trong m l khi lng
ca ht Mezon-(- v M l khi lng ca proton.
h2
1) rn = n2
ze 2
2) En = -k2 = ( 3237ev (vi z =1, n = 1 v k = 1)
2.32. Hng dn:

n
Hin tng pht x 2 o
n
photon lin tip ni
ui nhau c th biu
din trn s nng
5
4
lng.
E3
3
p dng biu thc:
2
E2
1
1 1
= z 2 R He 2 2
E1
1
1
1 n
vi z=2
ta c :
v RHe = 109722cm-1 ; (1 = 30,40.10-7cm, suy ra n = 2
vi (2 = 108,5.10-7cm, suy ra nx = 5
Vy 2 photon pht ra t nx = 5 xung n = 2 ri t xung n=1 din ra lin tip ni ui
nhau. Trng thi cn tm ng vi nx= 5.

2.33. Hng dn: i vi Hydro Z = 1 v hng s Ritbc RH=10977,60cm-1. Trc tin

phi tm nx thng qua tr s (1 :
1 1

1
1
= R H 2 2 = R H 1 2
1
1 nx
nx
Bit nx th vo biu thc trn kt hp vi tr s ca (2 ta c :
1
1
1
= R H 2 2 , suy ra n = 5
2
nx n
Nng lng ng vi n = 5 ta c : E5 =.
2.34. Hng dn :
p dng dng biu thc tn s: vi nx>n
Bn knh qu o tng ng v
Theo u bi th bn knh qu o thay i ( ln c th hiu l:ln. Th tr s trn vo biu
thc ta c kt qu
2.35. p s : 1) n = 4
2) n = 3
2.36. Hng dn: i vi Electron b nh bt ra khi nguyn t c ngha l n khng
cn lin kt vi ht nhn nn c th xem nh n ri trng thi n = 1 ra xa v cc n ( (.
vi Heli He+ th z = 2 v n ( (.
1
1 1
Suy ra: = 22.R 2 = 4R

1
Nng lng in ha bng (E =,
131

132

2 E
m
Kt qu : V = 2,26.108cm/s.

suy ra V2 =

2.37. Hng dn :
p dng:vi Heli He+ th z = 2 v RHe.
Mc kch thch th nht ng vi n =2, nng lng photon pht ra E =; nng lng ny tc
ng vo Hydro lm cho n b in ha. Nng lng in ha nguyn t Hydro E=13,60ev. Nng
lng ca photon E = cung cp mt phn bng (E phn cn li to ng nng cho Electron :
mV 2
= h E = E
2
Suy ra := (E ( kt qu V2 =
Kt qu : V = 3,10.108cm/s.
2.38. Hng dn: Nng lng cn thit lm cho nguyn t Hydro chuyn t mc c
bn n = 1 ln mc kch thch thp nht l n = 2.
Rhc Rhc 3
E = E2 E1 = 2 + 2 = RhC
2
1
4
ng nng ng vi tc l
3 Rhc
Suy ra : V =
2 m
2.39. Hng dn: Nguyn t chuyn t trng thi n = 2 v trng thi n = 1 pht ra vch
1
c
1 1 3
ph: = R 2 2 = R , tan so = vi nang lng E = h va ong lng P

1 2 4
h
=
= mv .
c
h 3Rh
Suy ra : V =
=
mC 4m
2.40. Hng dn : S vch c xc nh N =
1) N = 10 vch (gm 4 vch thuc dy quang ph Lyman; 3 vch thuc dy Banme; 2 vch
thuc dy Pasen v 1 vch thuc dy Brakt).
2) N = 190 vch.

133

134

Chng III
NHNG C S CA THUYT LNG T

3.1. p s : (e = 7,27.10-10 m v (p = 3,96.10-10 m

3.2. Hng dn : Electron chuyn ng vi vn tc ln. Vo c t 20% (Hai mi phn
trm) ca vn tc nh sng tr ln cn phi p dng qui lut tng i tnh theo thuyt tng
i Einstein : m =. Vi mo - l khi lng ngh ca ht.
mo
.v
P = mv =
v2
1 2
c
h
=
= 2,72.10-12 m.
P
3.3. p s : U = 150v.
3.4. Hng dn: C hai trng hp u p dng qui lut tng i tnh :
h
P =
2m p eU
( = 9,07.10-13 m v ( = 0,286.10-13 m

3.5. Hng dn:

- Trong h qui chiu phng
th nghim ht Dtron D c
n
D
chn lm gc ta , ng
yn
nn vn tc bng 0, vn
x
o
tc ntron bng V vi ng
nng D =
y
- Trong h khi tm C hai ht
u
chuyn ng tng i so
n
D
vi
khi
tm C v khi tm C
x
c
chuyn ng thng u.
- Theo qui lut tng hp vn tc Galil :
Vai tr ca vn tc ko theo chnh l vn tc khi tm. V vy vn tc tng i ca
Ntron v ca Dtron:
Vn = Vn Vc
Vd = Vd Vc
trong Vn v Vd l vn tc tuyt i ca Ntron v Dtron.
Mt khc, vn tc khi tm C c xc nh :
mVn + MVd
Vc =
m+M
m l khi lng Ntron.
M - l khi lng Dtron.
Do vn tc tng i ca: Vn = v
ng lng Ntron : Pn = mVn =
ng lng Dtron : PM = MVd =
y

135

136

Trong h khi tm hai ht Ntron v Dtron c vct ng lng ngc chiu nhau v c
gi tr tuyt i bng nhau :
mM
.Vn
P=
m+M
Do hai ht Ntron v Dtron c cng bc sng trong h khi tm
h m+M h
h 1 1
= =
=
.
+
P mM Vn Vn m M
Thay th vn tc Vn t biu thc ng nng D =
h
mh 1 1
h m
1 1
=
+ =
+ =
1 +
2D m m M
2mD m M
2mD M
.
m m
Khi lng Ntron : m = 1,66.10-27 kg
Khi lng Dtron : M = 3,32.10-27 kg
( = 8,60.10-12 m.
3.6. Hng dn: Gi s Electron bc x photon nh sng ) khi ang chuyn ng t do,
theo nh lut bo ton nng lng v ng lng ta c :
mV 2 mV '2
=
+ h
(1)
2
2
ur
uur h
mV = mV ' +
(2)
C
Gi s Electron khi bc x photon s b git li nn ng lng ca photon v ng lng
ca Electron sau khi bc x hng ngc chiu nhau, do t biu thc (2) suy ra :
h
mv = -mv' +
c
h
(3)
m (v + v') =
c
T biu thc (1) suy ra :
m 2
(V V2) = h
2
(4)
m (V V) (V + V) = 2h
Kt hp hai biu thc (3) v (4) suy ra : (V V) = 2
Kt qu : V V = 2C
Hiu ca hai vn tc ca Electron trc v sau khi bc x li gp hai ln vn tc nh sng,
iu ny v l.
3.7. p s: v
3.8. Hng dn: Bi tp ny gii trong h n vi CGS.
p dng nh lut v ng nng:
mV22 mV12
A=

= F.d = eE.d
2
2
Bc sng :
th vo:

m
m h2
eE.d = ( V22 V12 ) = 2 2 V12
2
2 m

Trong h n v CGSE th in th bng :

m h2
2
Suy ra : d =
2 2 v1 = 9, 2cm
2eE m

3.9. Hng dn : (Xem bi tp mu s 4)

Bc sng D Bri tng i tnh :
137

138

h
=
mV

h
mo

hc
D(D + 2m o C2 )

V
.v
c2
Trong ng nng :
Bc sng DBri phi tng i tnh :
Lp t s:
Mt khc ng nng: D = mc2 moc2 nn mc2 = moc2 + D tc l:
t s
o

D
D
1 =
, suy ra o
=
=
2

moC

mo C2
Mun cho tc l
Nng lng ngh Electron Eo = moc2 = 0,51Mev
Nng lng ngh proton Eo = mpc2 = 940Mev
Vy :
- i vi Electron :
- i vi proton :
1

3.10. p s : U = 8,2.106 v.
3.11. Hng dn : p dng iu kin Vunph-Brc cho cc cc i nhiu x trn tinh th :

2dSin = n
vi n = 1, 2, 3... bc nhiu x.
( - l gc trt.

d l hng s mng tinh th

( - l bc sng ti.
h
h2
d
=
, suy ra u =
2me 2
2meu
Kt qu : U1 = 26,04 v ;
U2 = 4U1 v U3 = 9U1
3.12. Hng dn: Nu bc sng D Bri ban u l:
th D Bri sau l:
Lp t s gia hai bc sng ta c kt qu :
3.13. Hng dn:
Gi khi lng proton l m v
ur
ur
khi lng ht gy tn x l
P ' = mV '
M = 4m vy h s K= 4 ta
dng M = Km cho tin.
= 90o
V l vn tc proton trc khi tn
x.
ur
ur
V - l vn tc proton sau khi tn P = mV
ur
ur
x.
P h = MV h
Vh - l vn tc ca ht gy tn x.
p dng nh lut bo ton nng lng v xung lng:
mV 2
mV '2 km 2
(1)
+0=
+
Vk
2ur
2
2
ur
ur
mV + 0 = mV ' + (km)V h
(2)
T biu thc (2)
ur suy ra
ur : ur
(km) V h = mV mV '
Tr s :
ur 2
ur
ur
ur ur
kmV h = (mV) 2 + (mV ') 2mV.mV '.cos

139

140

k 2 m 2 Vh2 = m 2 V 2 + m 2 V '2 = m 2 (v 2 + v '2 )

V 2 + V '2
K2
T biu thc (1) suy ra :
mv2 = mv2 + km v 2h
Suy ra :

Vh2 =

(3)

v 2 v '2
(4)
k
T hai biu thc (3) v (4) suy ra : V' = V
Bc sng DiBri ca proton sau khi b tn x :
h
h

'=
=
=
= 0, 022A o
mV
k 1
k 1
mV
k +1
k +1
m (V2 V2) = km v 2h v 2h =

3.14. Hng dn: Tr s monmen ng lng theo l thuyt c in : L = mvr

theo l thuyt N.Bohr : L = vi n = 1, 2, 3...
vi do ta c : (2(r). mv = nh
chu vi vng trn qu o : 2(r = n.
ng vi qu o th nht n = 1 : 2(r1 = 1. (1
Vy bc sng th n l:
3.15. Hng dn:
Theo nh l ng nng: v u=E.d
Bc sng D Bri : D - Do = eEd
h
h2
=
D=
2m 2
2mD
1
D Do h 2
=
Do .
2
eE
2m
eE
3.16. Hng dn: Electron c bc sng D Bri b nhim x qua khe c b rng b.
iu kin cho cc i nhim x :
S th t cc i : k = 0,1, 2, 3...

Suy ra : d =

y
e

L
cc i trung tm ng vi K = 0, cc i bc nht ng vi K = 1, gc nhim x ( nh nn c
th xem Sin( ((. Khong cch gc gia hai cc i bc nht (xem hnh v) bng 2(.
2k + 1
2.1 + 1
2Sin = 2.
. = 2
.
b 2
b 2

Suy ra : 2 = 3.
b
khong cch gia 2 cc i u tin: y = 2Ltg(, v gc ( nh nn tg( ( (
3 3L
y = 2Ltg = 2L = 2.L.
=
2b
b
3L
y=
= 6.105 m
b.mV
3.17. Hng dn:
141

142

iu kin cc tiu nhim x ng vi gc (:

b b rng ca khe. Gc ( nh nn :
i n v ca ( ra n v Radian sau th tr s ta c : y = 2L.

= 4,8.104 m .
b

y
e

o
3.18. Hng bdn:
x
y
Xem bi tp (3.17) v p dng cng thc y
Vi ( = nn y = L
2Lh
= 4,5.106 m / s
Suy ra : V =
ybm
3.19. Hng dn:
p dng iu kin Vunph
Brc:
2dSin( = n( vi n = 1, 2, 3...
Hiu quang trnh ca hai tia

phn x k cn nhau bng

mt s nguyn ln bc sng
s cho hnh giao thoa nhiu
d
x. Gc ( nh nn Sin( ( (
Bc sng
Suy ra: D= 0,68ev
V= 1,1.104m/s
3.20. p s: Ntron chm c bc sng DBri cng bc vi kch thc ca cch t
nhiu x nn s nhiu x tt, cn ntron nhanh th ngc li.
3.21. Hng dn: p dng h thc bt nh :
(x. (px ( h
Px = mV
h
6, 6.1034
= 6
= 3,3.1022 m / s
Suy ra : V = =
mx 10 .2.106
Sai s ny qu nh c th b qua. Vy qu cu c th chuyn ng theo qui lut ca vt l
c in v c th b qua tnh cht sng ca n.
3.22. Hng dn : T h thc bt nh : (x. (px ( h
h
P =
= 6, 6.1024 gcm / s
x
P = 2meu = 6, 6.1018 gcm / s
So snh :
T s ny qu nh, do Electron trong trng hp ny c th xt theo qui lut vt l c
in, tc l c th b qua tnh cht sng ca n. Electron th hin nh mt ht.
3.23. Hng dn: T h thc bt nh (x. (px ( h
h 6, 6.1034
6, 6.1034
P =
=
=
= 6, 22.1024
10
x
2r1
2.0,53.10

P = 2mD = 2.9,1.1031.13, 6.1, 6.1019 = 1,99.1024

ng lng P c tr s xp x vi sai s (p l iu v l. T rt ra kt lun: khng th
xem Electron chuyn ng trn qu o ca nguyn t Hydro, nh vy s dn n iu v l.
Vy i vi Electron trong nguyn t Hydro cn phi p dng l thuyt ca c lng t.
143
144

3.24. Hng dn : T h thc bt nh (x. (p ( h

h
6, 6.1034
=
= 4,8.103 m
Suy ra : x =
mv 9,1.1031.0,1.1,5.106
ng knh qu o th nht ca Electron trong nguyn t Hydro : d = 2r1 = 2.0,53.10-10 =
1,06.10-10 m
bt nh qu khc bit vi tr s ca ng knh do vy khng th chp nhn Electron
chuyn ng theo qu o.
3.25. Hng dn:
1) Theo u bi cho : (p = 0,001. P = P.10-3 = (mv).10-3
T h thc bt nh ta c :
h
h
x =
=
= 6, 6.1026 m
P (mv).103
Tr s ny qu nh c th b qua.
2) Vn tc ln phi s dng biu thc tng i tnh :
v2
h
c 2 = 0,35.108 m
x =
=
(mv).103 (m o v).103
bt nh nh nht v v tr ta ca Electron bng 0,35.10-8 m.
h 1

3.26. Hng dn :
Thi gian o nng lng l 10-8S
Cn c theo h thc bt nh : (E. (t ( h
h
6, 6.1034
= 8
= 4,125.107 ev
Suy ra : E =
19
t 10 .1, 6.10
bt nh v nng lng (E c xem nh b rng ca mc nng lng trng thi kch
thch gi l rng t nhin ca mc nng lng kch thch.
3.27. Hng dn : T h bt nh : (E. (t ( h
Vi (t = ( l thi gian sng trung bnh ca trng thi kch thch.
(E l bt nh cc tiu v nng lng ca trng thi kch thch tng ng vi
rng ca vch quang ph ((=10-4Ao.
T biu thc nng lng : E =
ta ly vi phn nng lng theo bc sng : dE =
V bin thin nh nn c th t dE = (E v d( = ((
Vy tr s :
Thi gian sng trung bnh ca trng thi nng lng kch thch :
h
h
2
=
=
=
= 5,33.108 s

E hc
c
2
3.28. Hng dn :
T biu thc ng nng : E =
Ly vi phn ta c : dE =
V bin thin nh nn c th t dE = (E v dp = (p
Vy : (E =
Mt khc ta c : v (t =( (X=V(t.
Th vo : V(t. (p ( h ( V(P. (t ( h
Kt qu :. (E.(t ( h.
3.29. Hng dn : Tr s monmen ng lng :
L = vi n = 3 th l = 0,1, 2
Monmen t :
145

146

eh
= 0,927.1023 J / T Magnheton Bo
2m
Vy :
Vi = 0 th L = 0 v ( = 0
l = 1 th = 2 o
o =

l = 2 th = 6 o
3.30. Hng dn :
Vct Monmen tng hp vi tr s
Vi tr s ca j =+s-1,.... v
1) Khi S = v = 1:

j = L + S 1 = L S = 1

1 1
=
2 2

2) Khi S = v = 2:
3.31. Hng dn :
bi : g = 2s + 1 = 3 suy ra s = 1
T u bi cho j = suy ra j = 4
Theo qui lut j = L+S, L+S 1,... v( j ( L+ S
Ta c : ( j + S = 4 +1 = 5
( = 4 1 = 3 vy = 3, 4, 5.
v
3.32. p s :
3.33. Hng dn: Trng thi thch ng vi n = 4 v= 0, 1, 2, 3. thay i monmen
ng lng : (L = 0,, v
3.34. Hng dn:
ng vi n = 3 th gi tr ca = 0, 1, 2 vi J =(
Vy = 0 c J =
= 1 c J =
= 2 c J =
3.35. p s: Bi suy bin g = 2n2, c c thy 18 hm sng ng vi n = 3.
3.36. Hng dn:
Nng lng photon : E =
Ly vi phn biu thc nng lng:
2 dE
hc
dE = 2 d hay d =
hC

Gi tr ca
dE = E = 0,927.1023.0, 009 = 8,1.1026 J
V
3.37. Hng dn : p dng kt qu bi tp trn (3.40) ta c :
eh
.B
d dE 2m
=
=
hc
hc

d hc 2m
Suy ra : B =

= 4, 28Tesla
eh
3.38. Hng dn :
S mc nng lng bng + 1 = 2.3 +1 =7.
Hiu s nng lng gia hai mc k cn nhau : (E =(oB.
147

148

3.39. Hng dn :
Lng t s chnh nhn cc gi tr : n = 1, 2, 3, 4...
Lng t s monmen qu o nhn cc gi tr: = 0, 1, 2... (n-1)
Lng t s t nhn cc gi tr : m = 0, (1, (2, (....
Khi Electron trong nguyn t gi s chuyn t trng thi ng vi sang trng thi ng vi
khi t trong t trng B th tn s s thay i mt lng :
E E1
B
= 2
= (m 2 m1 ) o =
h
h
S chuyn trng thi phi tun theo qui tc lc la sau :
l = 1
m = 0, 1
Mt khc ta c : m2 = 0, (1, (2, (3.
m1 = 0, 1, 2.
ng vi = 3 s tch : 2 + 1 = 7 mc nng lng.
ng vi = 2 s tch : 1 + 1 = 5 mc nng lng.

l2=

l1= 2

-3
-2
-1 m2 = 0, 1, 2, 3
0
+1
+2
+3

-2
-1 m1 = 0, 1, 2
0
+1 m= +1
+2

m = -1
m = 0
3.38. Hng dn:
B
eh
= o vi o =
- Magnheton N.Bohr
h
2m
Vy :
Suy ra in tch ring:
3.39. Hng dn:
C th p dng biu thc : ( =nhn cho ta c :
hC 12, 4.Kev.A o
=
= 0, 62A o
=
h
20Kev
hc 12, 4Kev.A o
= 20Kev
EMax = h = =

0, 62A o
3.40. Hng dn :
p dng nh lut Mdly :
Bc sng tng ng :
i vi nhm (z = 13) th ( = 8,43 Ao.
i vi Cban (z = 27) th ( = 1,80 Ao.
3.41. Hng dn :
Cng tia x qua lp vt cht : I = Ioe-(d
1 I
d = ln = 14, 7cm
Io
3.42. Hng dn :
p dng cng thc Mdly
Suy ra bc sng ( = vy
Thay bng s Ricbc : R = 1,0977.107 m-1
ng vi bc sng ( = 1,94 Ao tm c z ( 26
( = 1,94 Ao tm c z ( 27
149

150

3.43. Hng dn :
Nng lng lin kt ca lp v nguyn t K l :
hc 12, 4.Kev.A o
Ek =
=
= 82, 7Kev
k
0,15A o
Nng lng ca photon ti :
hc 12, 4Kev.A o
E = h = =
= 124Kev
0,10A o

ng nng cc i ca Electron bng :

D = E E k = 124 82,7 = 41,3Kev
3.44. Hng dn: Quang Electron sau khi bc ra khi nguyn t chuyn ng trn vng
trn cho nn lc Lorenx cn bng vi lc hng tm :
V2
e
evB = m
hay V = B.R
R
m
ng nng bng :
mV 2 1 e2 B2 R 2
=
=18, 6Kev
D=
2
2 m
Nng lng proton ti : E =
Do nng lng lin kt Electron lp v nguyn t th K l:
ELK = E D = 24,8 18,6 = 6,2Kev.

151

152

Chng IV
CU TRC NGUYN T THEO C HC LNG T
2

r 2
r
4.1. (r) = 3 2 .e a o
ao
8a o
4.2. a) W1 = 0,324
b) W2 = 0, 676
c)

W2
= 2, 09
W1

4.3. Xc sut tm thy e- trong khong ((; (+d() (

Xt hm
S bin thin ca hm theo ( nh sau:
0
0,76
2

2 2
max
max
()
0
0

5,24
0

Mt xc sut cc i ti:
( = 0,76 v ( = 5,24
v bng khng ti :
= 0; = 2; =
4.4. Hm sng ca hai e- ph thuc vo v:
Phng trnh Sroding c dng:
2me
1 + 2 + 2 (E U) = 0
h
trong :

e2 e2 e2
+
r1 r2 r12
(ch : H n v l CGS)
U=

4.5. Cc ch s : i, j ... = 1, 2, 3 ... 8 Electron, A, B l hai ht nhn, ta c hm sng:

Phng trnh Sroding c dng:
2me
i + h2 (E U) = 0
vi
4.6. a) 2(12 + 22 + 32) = 28
b) 6 electron s l (1s)2; (2s)2; (3s)2
12 electron p gm (2p)6; (3p)6
10 electron d gm (3d)10
c) 4 electron p c m = 0 gm (2p)2 v (3p)2
4.7. a) 1s22s22p1
B;
Z=5
b) 1s22s22p2
C;
Z=6
Na; Z = 11
c) 1s22s22p63s1
153

154

4.8. Vi n = 4 ta c mc suy bin G = 2n2 = 2.16 = 32, nhng vi = 3, ch c: g = 2( +1)

= 2(2.3+1) = 14
Cc trng thi o ng vi cc s lng t sau (vit theo th t n, l, m, sz):
1
1
4, 3, 3;
4; 3; 3;
2
2
1
1
4; 3; 2;
4; 3; 2;
2
2
1
1
4; 3; 1;
4; 3; 1;
2
2
1
1
4; 3; 0;
4; 3; 0;
2
2
1
1
4; 3; 1;
4; 3; 1;
2
2
1
1
4; 3;
2;
4; 3;
2;
2
2
1
1
4; 3; 3;
4; 3; 3;
2
2
* Nh vy ng vi n = 4, = 3 ta c 7 gi tr ca m : ( 3, (2, (1, 0; 1, 2, 3 v tng ng vi 2
gi tr ca sz = ta s c 14 trng thi.
4.9. G = 2n2 = 2.25 = 50
4.10. Hng dn : G = 2n2 = 2.9 = 18 c 18 hm sng
1) Vit theo h s lng t n,, m, sz
vi n : s lng t chnh
l : so lng t qu ao t 0 en n-1
m : s lng t t n
sz : s lng t spin sz =
(hay s lng t hnh chiu spin)
* Ch : mt s sch k hiu sz l ms.
Vit theo h s ny ta c:
n
l
m
sz

3
0
0
2

1
1
2

* n,, m, sz l :
1
3; 0; 0;
2

1
2
1
3; 1; 0;
2
1
3; 1; 1;
2
1
3; 2; 2;
2
3; 1; 1;

1
0

2
2

1
2

3; 0; 0;

1
2

1
2
1
3; 1; 0;
2
1
3; 1; 1;
2
1
3; 2; 2;
2
3; 1; 1;

155

156

1
1
3; 2; 1;
2
2
1
1
3; 2; 0;
3; 2; 0;
2
2
1
1
3; 2; 1;
3; 2; 1;
2
2
1
1
3; 2; 2;
3; 2; 2;
2
2
Vy vit theo cch ny c 18 hm sng khc nhau.
2) Vit theo h s lng t n,, j, mj vi:
n : s lng t chnh
l : so lng t qu ao t 0 en n-1
j : s lng t ni
mj : s lng t ton phn : mj t j n +j.
3; 2; 1;

Ta c nhng gi tr tng ng nh sau:

n

mj

3
0

1
2
1

2
1
2

1
2
1
;
2
1
2

1
2
1
-1 ;
2
1
;
2
1 1
;1
2 2
1

1
2
1 1 1 1
-1 ;- ; ;1
2 2 2 2
1

1
2
1 1
-2 ;-1 ;2 2
1 1 1 1
; ;1 ;2
2 2 2 2
2

( Ta c cc hm sng tng ng nh sau:

1 1
1
1
3; 0; ;
3; 0; ;
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
1
3; 1; ;
3; 1; ;
2 2
2
2
1
1
1
1
3; 1; 1 ;
3; 1; 1 ; 1
2
2
2
2
1 1
1
1
3; 1; 1 ;
3; 1; 1 ; 1
2 2
2
2
1
1
1
1
3; 2; 1 ;
3; 2; 1 ; 1
2
2
2
2
1 1
1
1
3; 2; 1 ; 1
3; 2; 1 ;
2 2
2
2
1
1
1
1
3; 2; 2 ; 2
3; 2; 2 ; 1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1 1
3; 2; 2 ;
3; 2; 2 ;
2
2
2 2
1
1
1
1
3; 2; 2 ; 2
3; 2; 2 ; 1
2
2
2
2
157

158

Nh vy, vit theo h s lng t ny ta cng c 18 hm sng khc nhau.

Vy cch vit theo 2 h l nh nhau.
4.11. Ar; Z = 18
Kr; Z = 36
u l kh tr

1s2 2s22p63s23p6
1s2 2s22p63s23p63d104s24p6

:
:

4.12. SC; Z = 21 : 1s2 2s22p63s23p64s23d1

4.13. 6 lp; 12 phn lp; Z = 55
S e- trong tng lp, phn lp
Lp
Tn
S ePhn
lp
S e+-

4.14. a) 9

1
K
2
s

2
L
8
s p

3
N
18
s p d

2 6

2 6 10

b) 4

c) 2

d) 3

4
O
18
s p
d
2 6
10

5
P
8
s p

6
Q
1
s

2 6

e) 5

1
2
4.16. Kh tr l nhng kh m s e- ca chng chim y cc lp (hoc phn lp) - Tc
bo ho, khng th nhn thm c na. V vy n tr v phng din hot ng
ha hc.
He
1s2
Z=2
Z = 10
Ne
1s2 2s22p6
Ar
1s2 2s22p63s23p6
Z = 18
2
2
6
2
6
2
10
6
Kr
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p
Z = 36
Xe
1s2 2s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p6 Z = 54

4.15. 14 electron; m = 3; 2; 1; 0; sz =

4.17. Li
Na
K
Rb

1s22s1
1s22s22p63s1
1s22s22p63s23p64s1
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s1

Z=3
Z = 11
Z = 19

4.18. F
Cl
Br

1s22s22p5
1s22s22p63s23p5
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5

Z=9
Z = 17

4.19. Sc
Ti
V

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d1
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d2
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d3

4.20. l Rn (Z = 86)

Z = 37

Z = 35
Z = 21
Z = 22
Z = 23

Radon

4.21. l Cs
(Z = 55)
Xezi
Cs
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s1
4.22. l I
Z = 53
Iot
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p5
4.23. Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
4.24. Fe

1s22s2
1s22s22p63s2
1s22s22p63s23p64s2
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s2

Z=4
Z = 12
Z = 20
Z = 38
Z = 26

159

160

Phn II : VT L HT NHN
Chng I: Ht nhn nguyn t v c tnh ca n
1.1. a) S proton u l 6, s ntron ln lt bng 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
b) R 3,2.10-15m.
1.2. 6,2 ln
1.3. Ht nhn nguyn t Hydro khng cha Ntron. N chnh l ht proton.
1.4. Vi
vi

1H1 ( R = Ro = 1,4.10-15m
Al27 ( R =

1.5. c 1H3, 3Li7, 7N15

1.6. Vi 6C12
16
8O
7
3Li

(E = ( 92,15Mev; ( = ( 7,68Mev/n
E = 127,6Mev; = 7,97Mev/n
E = 39,24Mev; = 5,6Mev/n

1.7. Xem 1.6 Cacbon bn hn

1.8. ( 8,3 Mev/n v ( 7,9 Mev/n
1.9. 160,7Mev
1.10. 34,97dvklnt (hay u)
1.11. T chng minh
1.12. Khi lng nguyn t ca nguyn t Cl : 35,46
1.13. Hm lng tng ng ca cc ng v Bo l 20% v 80%
1.14. ( 76,3 Mev v ( 8,5Mev
1.15. ( 178,6 Mev v ( 180,4Mev. Ht nhn 92U238 bn hn ht nhn 92U235.
1.16. 6,38Mev/n; 8,75Mev/n; 8,56Mev/n
1.17. E = 12,42Mev
Hng dn:
Sau khi bt 1 ntron, ht nhn 11Na23 tr thnh 11Na22. Nng lng bt ntron khi ht
nhn. 11Na23 bng nng lng lin kt ca Ntron vi ht nhn 11Na22. C th thay khi
lng ht nhn bng khi lng ca cc nguyn t trung ha (theo bng tra cu), v s
electron cc lp v ca cc nguyn t Na22 v Na23 l nh nhau.
1.18. Vi 2He4 l 23,8Mev
Vi 6C12 l 7,26Mev
t
15,85.103 m
hn
Hng dn :
Tnh mt khi lng cht ht nhn:
M hn
hn =
vi Mhn = mp.A
3 3
R hn
4

1.19. R = R T 3

Rhn = (1,5.10-15). A 3
hn = 1,18.1017kg/m3
161

162

Thay kt qu ny vo cng thc ca R ta s ra p s.

1.20. 0,71Mev
1.21. Vi 2He3
(E = ( 7,72Mev
vi 1H3
(E = ( 8,48Mev
Ta thy nng lng lin kt ca 2He3 nh hn ca 1H3 mt lng (0,76Mev), xp x bng
nng lng do lc y Coulomb ca ht nhn 2He3 bi trn.
1.22. a) 8,55 Mev;

d) 7,9Mev

1.23. Hng dn:

Xt v mt bo ton Nuclon ht nhn 8O16 c th tch ra lm 4 ht nhn 2He4
16
= 4.2He4
8O
Nng lng lin kt ca
8O16 = ( 127,2Mev
ca
2He4 = ( 28,3Mev
ca 4 h 2He4 = ( 113,2Mev
Vy nng lng lin kt ca 4 h 2He4 cao hn ca 8O16, do 8O16 c th tch ra thnh
4 mnh 2He4, nu ta cung cp cho n mt nng lng:
A = (Eo 4EHe)
= 14Mev
1.24. a) E = 12,06J
b) = 1,3.10-12J
c) A = 226.103Kwh
1.25. a) 15,6Mev
b) 12,14Mev
Lin kt proton yu hn v cn chu tng tc y Coulomb.

163

164

Chng II Phn r phng x

2.1. 8( v 6(2.2. n = 1 e-t
Hng dn :
so hat nhan b phan ra trong t giay

Xc sut n =

so hat nhan co thi iem ban au

n=

N
No

2.3. 63%
2.4. m = moe-t
Gi : khi lng 1 cht bng khi lng ca mt nguyn t nhn vi s nguyn t c
trong khi cht : m = N(A
2.5. mu ban u
2.6. ( 700 ht
2.7. = 2.108 phn r
2.8. T = 1660 nm
2.9. T = 2,75 nm hay 1023 ngy
2.10. ( = 10-7 pr/s hay 0,04pr/h
2.11. ( = 5.10-18/s; ( = 2.1017s; T = 4,5.109nm
2.12. 0,5.1014ht
2.13. 177 gam
2.14. 53g
2.15. a) 0,707No v 0,031No
b) 6,1.10-5No
2.16. 231,25.107pr/s hay 62,5mCi
2.17. ( 1,1.104pr/s
2.18. ( 1,2.109nm
2.19. 6.109nm
2.20. t = T = 5570nm
2.21. 5280 nm
Gi : Hot phng x ban u Ao l hot phng x cn bng ca C14 o c cc
cht hu c sng. Khi cht hu c cht, qu trnh hp th cacbon ngng, hot phng x s
gim theo qui lut:
A = Aoe-t
2.22. 12.400nm
2.23. 3,31 micro curie (Ci)
hay 1,22.105pr/s
165

166

2.24. 12.444 nm
2.25. 9 ln
2.26. 10,3gi
2.27. T = 3,8ngy; A = 0,31.1023pr/ngy hay A = 3,58.1011Bq
2.28. a) 48pht
b) 5,3gi
2.29. 1803nm
2.30. 16.710nm
2.31. 45,2ngy
Gi : ( S lng ht Po cn li sau thi gian t l N = Noe-(t ng vi khi lng
N.210 N o e t .210
=
m Po =
NA
NA
( S lng ht ch to thnh sau thi gian t bng s ht Poloni phn r: (N = No(1-e(t) tng ng vi khi lng ta c t s :
2.32. T = 4,7gi

167

168

Chng III : Tng tc ht nhn Nng lng ht nhn

3.1. 7N14(n, p) 6C14
3.2. u c :
Phn ng 1) do Cockcroft v Walton tin hnh nm 1932.
Phn ng 2) do Rutherford tin hnh nm 1919.
3.3. m(n) = 1,008628 dvk/nt
3.4. a) khng.
b) 1,57Mev
3.5. 7,26Mev
3.6. Q > 0 nn U235 phn r c
3.7. a) 1,64Mev; b) 6,28Mev; c) 2,79Mev; d) 3,11Mev
3.8. a) 4Mev;

b) 3,26Mev; c) 18,3Mev; d) 17,6Mev

3.9. Hng dn:

Ro Coulomb l nng lng cn thit a mt proton ti b ca ht nhn:
t; vi ro = 1,4fm
Ze2
Ze2
Z
Ec = K
= K.
= (1, 03Mev)( 1 )
1

ro (A 3 + 1)
A3 +1
(ch : Nu h CGS : K = 1)
Vi 8O16
: 2,34Mev
93
: 7,64Mev
41Nb
209
: 12,33Mev
83Bi
3.10. Vi 8O16(p,d) 8O15;
Wn = 14,28Mev
93
(p,d)41N92; Wn = 6,69Mev
41N
209
(p,d)83Bi208;
Wn = 5,26Mev
83Bi
3.11. Dn = 2,44 Mev
3.12.
3.13. ' = 0,022Ao
3.14.; n truyn cho p mt na nng lng ca n.
3.15. 21 ln
3.16. Q = 8,2.1017erg hay 8,2.1010J hay 5,3.1023Mev
3.17. 12,4kg
3.18. Q = 4,2.1014J hay 26,3.1026Mev
3.19. a) Q = 5,13.1026Mev 2,3.107KWh
b) 2800tn
3.20. = 54o
3.21. Q = 40,35.1026Mev
3.22. ( Chu trnh proton proton (hay chu trnh Critchfield): Vit tt p ( p
Q = 26,7Mev hay 4,3.10-12J
Tm tt : 4(1H1) ( 2He4 + 2e+ + + 2(
169

170

 Chu trnh Cacbon (hay chu trnh Bethe):

Q = 26,7Mev(tng ng p ( p)
Tm tt: 4(1H1) ( 2He4 + 2e+ + + 3(
Trong mt tri phn ng gp ca 2 chu trnh l nh nhau.
( Trong cc sao c nhit thp hn mt tri: chu trnh p p tri hn.
( Trong cc sao sng hn mt tri (nng hn) : chu trnh Cacbon tri hn.
Tuy nhin cc chu trnh ny khng th s dng phng th nghim c v chng xy ra
rt chm.
( Cc nng lng trn c th b tht thot cht nh do nitr r ) bay ra khi mt tri.
3.23. 6.10-12J
3.24. a) 6.1011kg/s
b) (m = 1,369.1014tn
m
= 6,8.1014
M
c) mHe = 9,73.1015tn
mH = mHe + (m = 9,86.1015tn
3.25. T = 3,6.1010nm
Gi : 1 nm ( 3,15.107s
3.27. T = 8,35.109Ko
3.28. Q = 23,8Mev

171

172

PH LC
Ph lc 1

CC HNG S VT L
(Thng dng trong Vt l nguyn t v ht nhn)
Hng s Vt l
Vn tc nh sng
(trong chn khng)
Hng s Plng
Hng s Ritbec
Hng s Avgadr
Hng s Bnxman
in tch electron
Khi lng tnh
electron
Khi lng tnh prton
Khi lng tnh Ntron
T s din tch/khi
lng (electron)
T s khi lng
prton electron

H SI
8
C = 2,998.10 m/s
-34

Manhton Bo
Hng s in mi
(trong chn khng)

-27

h = 6,626.10 Js
h = 1,054.10-34Js
7 -1
R = 1,096776.10 m
NA = 6,0225.10-26Kmol-1
k = 1,3805.10-23J/oK
-19
e = 1,602.10 C

= 6,626.10 ec.s
= 1,054.10-27ec.s
5
-1
= 1,096776.10 cm
= 6,0225.1023mol-1
= 1,3805.10-16ec/oK
-10
= 4,8.10 CGSE
-20
= 1,602.10 CGSM
-28
= 9,108.10 g

-31

Me = 9,108.10 Kg
mp = 1,6725.10-27g
-27
mn = 1,6748.10 kg

e
me
mp
me

Bn knh Bo th nht

H CGS
10
= 2,998.10 cm/s

= 1,6725.10-24g
-24
= 1,6748.10 g
17
= 5,273.10 CGSE/G
7
= 1,759.10 CGSM/G

= 1,759.1011C/kg

= 1836,12

= 1836,12

h2
ao =
= 5, 292.1011 m
me 2
eh
o =
= 9, 273.1024 J/T
2me
o = 8,854.10-12C2/Nm2
1
=8.987.109Nm2/c2
K=
4o

173

-9

= 5,292.10 cm
= 9.273.10-21ec/gaus
K=1

174

Ph lc 2
BNG TNG NG GIA CC N V
di

1micro (m) = 10-6m = 10-4cm

1angstrom (Ao) = 10-10m = 10-8cm
1 fermi (f) = 10-15m = 10-13cm

Din tch

1bar = 10-28m = 10-24cm2

Thi gian

1nm = 365ngy = 3,15.107s

1ngy = 24gi = 86.400s

Lc

1Newton (N) = 105yn

Nng lng Cng

1Jun = 107erg = 6,2.1018ev

1 electron Volt(ev) = 1,6.10-19J
= 1,6.10-12erg
-7
11
1erg = 10 J = 6,2.10 eV
1Calo = 4,18J = 2,6.1019eV =
4,18.107erg

Khi lng Nng

lng
in th

1vklnt (u) = 1,66.10-27kg = 1,66.1024g

= 1,5.10-10J = 1,5.10-3erg
1Volt (V) = 1/300CGSEv

in tch

1 coulomb (C) = 3.109CGSEI

Cm ng t

1 tesla (T) = 10-4gauss

Hot phng x

1 Curie (C) = 3,7.1010phn r/s

175

176

Ph lc 4

KHI LNG CA MT S NGUYN T TNH RA N V u

N.t
H
D
T
He

Z
1
1
1
2

Li

Be

F
Ne

9
10

Na

11

Mg
Al

12
13

Si

14

15

S
Cl

16
17

Ar

18

19

Ca
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni

20
24
25
26
27
28

A
1
2
3
3
4
6
7
7
9
10
10
11
12
13
14
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
22
23
24
24
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
31
32
33
32
35
36
37
36
37
38
39
40
39
40
41
42
40
52
55
54
56
58

177

m(u)
1,007825
2,01400
3,01605
3,01603
4,00260
6,01512
7,01600
7,0169
9,01218
10,0135
10,0129
11,00931
12,00000
13,00335
14,0032
14,00307
15,00011
15,99491
16,9991
17,9992
18,99840
19,99244
20,99395
21,99096
21,9944
22,9898
23,99096
23,98504
25,98689
26,98153
27,97693
28,97649
29,97376
30,9753
31,9740
30,99376
31,9739
32,9717
31,97207
34,96885
35,9797
36,9658
35,96755
36,9667
37,96272
38,964
39,9624
38,96371
39,974
40,952
41,963
39,96259
51,9405
54,9381
53,9396
55,940
57,9353

178

Cu
Zn
Ag
Rn

29
30
47
86

Ra

88

92

PU

94

64
64
108
211
222
223
226
235
236
238
236
237
238

179

63,9288
63,9291
107,9044
210,9906
222,0175
223,0186
226,0254
235,0439
236,0457
238,0508
236,0461
237,0483
238,0495

180

Ph lc 5
o hm v tch phn
Sau y cc ch u v v l cc hm ca x, v a v m l cc hng s. Vi mi tch phn
khng xc nh cn cng vo mt hng s bt k. Sch Tm tt Ha hc v Vt l (Lin hip
cc x nghip In CRC) s cho mt bng y hn.

dx
1. dx = x
=1
dx
d
du
2. audx = a udx
2.
(au) = a
dx
dx
d
du dv
3.
3. (u + v)dx = udx + vdx
(u + v) =
+
dx
dx dx
d m
x m +1
x = mx m 1
(m 1)
4.
4. x m dx =
dx
m +1
d
1
dx
5.
ln x =
= ln x
5.
dx
x
x
d
dv
du
dv
du
6. u dx = uv v dx
(uv) = u
+v
6.
dx
dx
dx
dx
dx
d x x
7. e x dx = e x
e =e
7.
dx
d
8. sin xdx = cos x
8.
sin x = cos x
dx
d
cos x = sin x
9. cos xdx = sin x
9.
dx
d
10.
10. tan gxdx = ln sec x
tan gx = sec2 x
dx
d
1 1
11. sin 2 xdx = x sin 2x
cot gx = csc2 x
11.
dx
2 4
d
1 ax
ax
12. e dx = e
sec x = tan gx sec x
12.
dx
a
d
1
13.
csc x = cot gx csc x 13. xe ax dx = 2 (ax + 1)e ax
dx
a
d u u du
1
14. x 2 e ax dx = 3 (a 2 x 2 + 2ax + 2)e ax
e =e
14.
dx
dx
a

d
du
n!
15.
15. x n e ax dx = n +1
sin u = cos u
a
dx
dx
o

1.

16.
17.

d
du
cos u = sin u
dx
dx

dx
x +a
2

16.

2n ax 2

dx =

1.3.5...(2n 1)
2n +1 a n
a

= ln(x + x 2 + a 2 )

Cc cng thc khai trin hm tnh gn ng:

181

182

1
1
1) ln(1 + x) = x x 2 + x 3 ....
2
3
2
3
x
x
2) e x = 1 + x +
+ ......
2! 3!
3 5
3) sin =
+ ....
3! 5!
2 4
4) cos =1 + ....
2! 4!

( x < 1)

( tnh ra Radian)

183

184

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Thi Khc nh T Hng Qu (2001), Vt l nguyn t v ht nhn, HSP Tp.HCM.
2. Phm Duy Hin (1983), Vt l nguyn t v ht nhn, Nxb Gio dc.
3. L Chn Hng V Thanh Khit (1989), Vt l nguyn t v ht nhn, Nxb Gio dc.
4. David Halliday, Robert Resnick Jearl Walker (1998), C s vt l, tp 6 (bng ting Vit), Nxb Gio
dc.
5. Ronald Gantrean, William Savin (1997), Vt l hin i, Nxb Gio dc.
6. Nguyn Cng Nghnh, V Ngc Hng, L Chn Hng (1982), Bi tp vt l i cng, tp II, Nxb
Gio dc.
7. Lng Duyn Bnh (1997), Bi tp vt l i cng tp 3, Nxb Gio dc.
8. L Chn Hng L Trng Tng (1999), Vt l nguyn t v ht nhn, Nxb Gio dc.
9. Nguyn Xun Chnh L Bng Sng (2000), Vt l c s hin i ph thng, Nxb KH&KT.
10. U.B. Cabeueb,
11. Trn Quc H (1988), Bi tp vt l Nguyn t v ht nhn Lun vn cao hc.
12. L Phc Lc (1993), Bi tp Thin vn, H Cn th.

185

186

BI TP VT L NGUYN T & HT NHN ca Khoa Vt l trng HSP TP.HCM ng k trong k hoch

nm 2002. Ban n Bn Pht hnh Ni b HSP sao chp 500 cun, kh 14,5 x 20,5, xong ngy 25 thng 02 nm
2003.

187

188