Cách Trình Bày

G c im phn b ca c ci (Conus spp) ti vnh Vn
Phong, Khnh Ha
ng Thy Bnh v CTV
82
G Thnh phn loi h tm he (Penaeidae) Khnh Ha
L Th Hng M v CTV
92
G Xy dng cy pht sinh chng loi phn t ca c ci
(conus spp.) vng bin Nam Trung b, Vit Nam
Phm Thu Thy v CTV
99
G Tnh hnh nghin cu h c c (Ariidae l. s. berg, 1958)
Trn Vn Phc
110
G Isolation and screening of marine Bacillus strains as
biocontrol agents against pathogenic Vibrio in black tiger
shrimp in central Vietnam
Nguyn Vn Duy v CTV
120
G nh hng ca tinh bt bin tnh n cht lng ca
surimi c H bo qun ng
Thi Vn c
130
G Lm pht v tnh trng ngho ca h gia nh ng dn ti
khu vc duyn hi Nam Trung b
Phm Hng Mnh
138
VAN E TRAO OI
G M hnh sn xut thng d v h thng thng tin a
l
Phm Vn Thng
149
G V n an to n lao ng c a ngh nui tm H m l ng trn
bi n th x Cam Ranh
Nguyn c S
158
G Thnh tu gim ngho ca mt s quc gia trn th gii:
Bi hc kinh nghim cho Vit Nam
Phm Hng Mnh
163
G D-acid Amin trong thc phm
Nguyn Minh Tr v CTV
173
Cc vn c bn v nng lc nh bt trong ngh c
L Kim Long
185
TIN TC - S KIEN 192
S 3/2011
TONG BIEN TAP:
fS. HO/NG HO/ HONG
PHO TONG BIEN TAP:
PGS.fS. PH/l HUNG fH/NG
BAN BIEN TAP:
PGS.fS. NGUYLN fH| Kll /NH
fS. NGUYLN HUU DUNG
fS. fP/N D/NH Gl/NG
fS. lL V/N H/O
fS. NGUYLN fH| HlLN
fhS. NGUYLN flLN HO/
PGS.fS. O fH| HO/
fS. HO/NG HO/ HONG
PGS.fS. l/l V/N HUNG
fS. PH/N fPONG HUYLN
PGS.fS. CU/CH lNH llLN
GS. fS. fP/N fH| lUYLN
PGS.fS. NGO /NG NGHl/
PGS.fS. NGUYLN V/N NH/N
PGS.fS. fP/N Gl/ fH/l
PGS.fS. PH/l HUNG fH/NG
fS. HO/NG V/N flNH
PGS.fS. fP/NG Sl fPUNG
TH KY:
CN. PH/l NGOC BlCH
Toa soan:
Trng ai hoc Nha Trang,
So 02 Nguyen nh Chieu,
TP. Nha Trang - Khanh Hoa
ien thoai : 058.2220767
Fax : 058.3831147
E-mail : khcndhts@dng.vnn.vn
Giay phep xuat ban:
112/GP-BVHTT ngay 10/4/2003
Che ban tai: Phong Khoa hoc
Cong nghe & Hp tac Quoc te -
Trng ai hoc Nha Trang
In tai: Cong ty co phan In va
Thng mai Khanh Hoa
So 08 Le Thanh Ton - Nha Trang
TAP CH
KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE THUY SAN
TP CH CA TRNG I HC NHA TRANG
ISSN 1859 - 2252
MUC LUC
Tap ch Khoa hoc - Cong nghe Thuy san So3/ 2011
fPUONG /l HOC NH/ fP/NG O 3
NGHIN CU QUY TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT SURIMI T C
M HOA (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)
STUDY ON SURIMI PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY FROM BIGHEAD CARP
(Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)
Nguyn Anh Tun
(1)
, Nguyn Xun Duy
(1*)
, Nguyn Bo
(1)
, Phm Th Hin
(1)
,
Nguyn Hng Ngn
(1)
v o Trng Hiu
(2)

1
Khoa Ch bin - Trng i hc Nha Trang
2
Cc Ch bin, Thng mi nng lm thy sn v Ngh mui, B NN & PTNT
*Email tc gi lin lc: duy.ntu.edu@gmail.com
TM TT:
Surimi l sn phm c sn xut t tht c. Theo truyn thng nguyn liu dng sn xut surimi ch
yu t ngun c bin. Tuy nhin, s khai thc qu mc cng vi phng php khai thc khng ph hp lm
cho ngun nguyn liu ny c nguy c cn kit trong thi gian gn y. Sn xut surimi t c nc ngt vn
cn mi m v l mt trong nhng hng mi trong cng ngh sn xut surimi. Bi bo ny trnh by nhng
kt qu nghin cu sn xut surimi t c M hoa, mt loi c nc ngt, ang c nui thng phm nhiu
ni. Chng ti xc nh c nhng thng s k thut quan trng trong quy trnh cng ngh sn xut surimi
t c M hoa nh sau: qu trnh ra c thc hin trong ba ln: ln 1 s dng dung dch NaCl 0,2%; ln 2
dng dch a xt acetic 0,01% v ln 3 dng nc thng. Thi gian mi ln ra v t l dung dch ra so vi
tht c l 20 pht v 7:1 (v/w). Thi gian p tch nc l 30 pht. Ph gia s dng bao gm ng 4%, sorbitol
4%, tari K7 0,3%. Qu trnh to gel c thc hin nhit 0 - 5
0
C trong 24 gi. Surimi c sn xut ra
c cht lng m bo v sinh v an ton thc phm.
T kha: Surimi, quy trnh, c M hoa, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis
ABSTRACT
Surimi is a product from sh meat. Traditionally, materials for producing surimi are mainly from marine
sh. However, overcatch and concominant with incorrect catching methods have resulted in risk of shortage
of this recource recently. Surimi production from freshwater sh is still new and is one of new trends in surimi
technology. This article presents research results in producing surimi from bighead carp, a kind of freshwater
sh, is comercially culturing at many places. We determined the important technical factors of surimi
production process from bighead carp as follows: using NaCl 0.2% for the rst washing, acetic acid 0.01% for
the second washing and freshwater for the third washing. Duration for each washing time and ratio of washing
solution and sh meat were 20 minutes and 7:1 (vol./wt.). Dewater duration was 30 minutes. Addtitives were
used, including sugar 4%, sorbitol 4% and tari K7 0.3%. Gel setting process was carried out from 0 to 5
o
C for
24 hours. Surimi produced from this process had quality meet food safety and higene standards.
Keywords: Surimi, process, bighead carp, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis
fHONG B/O KHO/ HOC
4 O fPUONG /l HOC NH/ fP/NG
I. T VN
Surimi l cht nn protein quan trng
sn xut cc sn phm m phng. Cc chuyn
gia FAO trong lnh vc thc phm nhn nh
rng: surimi l c s thc phm trong tng lai
(Trn Th Luyn, 2004). Nhiu cng trnh nghin
cu v cng ngh sn xut surimi t cc loi
nguyn liu thy sn khc nhau, c bit l t c
bin c thc hin (Trn Th Luyn, 2006,
2004). Tuy nhin, nghin cu sn xut surimi t
cc loi c nc ngt cn rt hn ch, c bit
surimi t c M mi c nghin cu bc u.
C M l loi c n tp c kh nng sinh trng
pht trin rt mnh, nng sut cao nhng cha
c nui quy m ln v tht c c mi tanh
kh c ngi tiu dng chp nhn. V vy,
cn nghin cu sn xut cc sn phm c gi tr
gia tng t c M (surimi v cc sn phm m
phng) thc y ngh nui c M, a dng
ha sn phm v nng cao thu nhp cho ngi
nng dn l vn cn quan tm. Mc tiu ca
nghin cu ny l xy dng quy trnh cng ngh
sn xut surimi t c M, gp phn gia tng gi
tr cho i tng nguyn liu ny.
II. I TNG, VT LIU V PHNG PHP
NGHIN CU
1. i tng v vt liu nghin cu
i tng nghin cu chnh l c M hoa
(Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) c nui ti
Din Khnh, Khnh Ha. Cc ph gia s dng
trong nghin cu ny gm ng, sorbitol dng
lng (nng 70%), mui NaCl v a xt acetic
(d =1,05 g/ml), cc hai loi ha cht ny u p
ng yu cu s dng trong thc phm. Ha cht
s dng trong phn tch cc ch tiu protein, cht
bo, gluxit, NH
3
, histamin v cc ch tiu vi sinh
vt thuc loi tinh khit, p ng yu cu phn
tch.
2. Quy trnh ch bin surimi d kin
Quy trnh ch bin surimi c thc hin
theo quy trnh ca Trn Th Luyn (2004) trn i
tng c bin v c mt vi s hiu chnh nh.
Cc thng s k thut ca quy trnh c nghin
cu v xc nh ph hp vi i tng c M
hoa. Tm tt quy trnh nh sau:
Nguyn liu X l Ra 1 Ra 2
Ra 3 p tch nc Phi trn ph gia
Nghin gi nh hnh Cp ng Bo qun.
3. Phn tch cc cm quan v vt l
nh gi cc ch tiu cm quan theo
phng php c m t bi Nguyn Th Thc
(2000). Hi ng cm quan c xy dng
gm 5 ngi (3 n v 2 nam). H c hun
luyn v o to trong thi gian t nht 2 tun
v cc k nng nh gi surimi trc khi tham
gia chnh thc vo hi ng nh gi. Gi tr pH
c xc nh theo tiu chun ngnh s 28 TCN
119:1998 s dng thit b o pH (420A, Orion,
USA). Ch tiu tp cht v do cng c
xc nh theo 28 TCN119:1998. chc ca gel
c xc nh theo phng php c m t
bi V Thanh Trc (2010) s dng thit b o
chc gel (Sun Rheo meter, CR-500DX, Japan).
Mu sc c xc nh trn thit b o mu
(Chroma meter, CR-400, Minolta, Osaka, Japan).
trng c tnh ton theo Park (2005).
4. Phn tch cc ch tiu ha hc
Hm lng m v tro c xc nh theo
AOAC 950.46 v AOAC 923.03 (1995). Xc nh
hm lng protein theo TCVN 4321-1 (1997),
hm lng cht bo c xc nh theo phng
php ca Folch (1957) v hm lng gluxit
c thc hin theo phng php ca Dubois
(1956) s dng my o hp thu quang hc
(Spectrophotometry DR 4000, Hatch, USA).
Hm lng NH
3
c xc nh theo SMEWW
417B (1985). Histamin c phn tch trn h
thng HPLC (Shimadzu, CBM-10A, Japan).
5. Phn tch cc ch tiu vi sinh vt
Tng vi sinh vt hiu kh (TPC) c phn
tch theo TCVN 4884:2005; Coliforms theo
TCVN 6848:2007; Escherichia coli theo TCVN
6846:2007; Staphylococcus aureus theo TCVN
4830:2005; Salmonella theo TCVN 4829:2005;
Vibrio parahaemolyticus theo 3349/Q-BYT/2001;
Vibrio cholerae theo ISO/TS 21872-1:2007;
Shigella theo TCVN 5287:1994; Listeria
monocytogenes theo TCVN 7700-1:2007.
6. X l s liu thng k
Cc s liu th nghim c tin hnh lp
li t hai n ba ln m bo nh gi s
khc bit c ngha v mt thng k. Php kim
nh Turkeys HSD c thc hin theo sau
phn tch ANOVA kim chng s khc nhau
c ngha (p < 0,05). Ton b s liu c x
l trn phn mm Statistica 9.0 (Stasoft, Tulsa,
Ok, USA).
III. KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN
1. Xc nh nng NaCl cho ln ra 1
NaCl c nh hng n chc gel ca
surimi (GS) nh c trnh by trong hnh 1. Khi
tng nng NaCl t 0,1% ln 0,2% th GS tng
ln ng k (p < 0,05), t 326 ln 379 g/cm. Tuy
nhin, nu tip tc tng nng NaCl th GS
li gim. Gi tr GS nng NaCl 0,5% gim
ch cn 311 g/cm, gi tr ny th thp ng k
(p < 0,05) so vi gi tr ca n ti nng mui
0,2%. S dng NaCl trong cng on ra c tc
dng hai mt. NaCl c th lm tng chc ca
gel nhng ng thi nu s dng khng hp l
c th dn n tc dng ngc. Tc dng hai
mt ca vic s dng NaCl trong cng on
ra trong cng ngh sn xut surimi c
cp n bi Park (2005). Tc dng ci thin
chc ca gel surimi c th l do NaCl c tc
dng lm tng tnh n nh ca protein. Cng
on ra l mt trong nhng cng on quan
trng nht trong cng ngh sn xut surimi
nhm loi b cc protein ha tan m ch yu l
sarcroplasmic. Sarcroplasmic l mt loi protein
chim khong 23,5 % tng s cc protein trong
c tht c, c tc dng cn tr qu trnh to gel,
iu ny dn n lm gim GS. Cng theo Park
(2005) th myobrillar l protein si c c kh
nng hnh thnh mng li gel ba chiu, chim
khong 70% tng s protein trong tht c. Do ,
cng on ra nhm gim hm lng protein
ha tan sarcroplasmic ng thi lm tng nng
myobrillar ln, dn n ci thin chc ca
gel surimi.
Khi tng nng NaCl trong nc ra
ln hn 0,2%, ngoi vic gim kh nng kh
sarcroplasmic cn lm gim hiu qu kh cht
bo. Cc ht m v cc phn t sarcroplasmic
c gi li s lm cn tr qu trnh to gel cho
surimi. Do chc gel surimi gim. T kt
qu nghin cu ny cho thy s dng nng
NaCl 0,02% c l l mt s la chn thch hp
cho cng on ra 1.
2. Xc nh nng a xt acetic cho ln ra 2
nh hng ca nng a xt acetic (AA)
ln chc ca gel nh c th hin trong
hnh 2. Khi nng AA tng t 0,01% n 0,05%
th GS surimi s gim ng k (p < 0,05), t 592
g.cm xung cn 274 g.cm. iu ny c th c
l gii l do khi tng nng AA lm tng cc
nhm cc tnh, gy ct mch peptit, cc lin kt
hydro cng b ct mch. Do , di v lin kt
gia cc phn t protein vi nhau gim, kt qu
lm GS gim. Ngoi ra, khi tng nng AA lm
cho pH mi trng gim xung xa pH trung tnh,
cc phn t protein b ra tri vo nc cng
nhiu, lm gim nng myobrillar trong tht
c, iu ny cng gp phn lm gim GS. Trn
Th Luyn (2004) bo co nng AA thch
Hnh 1. nh hng ca nng NaCl
n chc ca gel surimi
Hnh 2. nh hng ca nng a xt acetic
n chc ca gel surimi
hp cho ln ra 2 i vi c bin (c nhm, c, mi v sm thc) dao ng t 0,007 - 0,008%.
T kt qu t c nh c th hin trong hnh 2, chng ti chn nng AA cho ln ra 2 l
0,01% tin hnh cc thc nghim tip theo.
3. Xc nh thi gian ra
nh hng ca thi gian ra n chc
gel ca surimi c trnh by trong hnh 3. Kt
qu nghin cu cho thy thi gian ra c nh
hng ng k (p < 0,05) n GS ca surimi.
Khi tng thi gian ra th GS ca gel tng theo,
nhng khi n mt gii hn thi gian th GS ca
gel bt u gim. Khi tng thi gian ra t 5
pht n 20 pht, GS ca gel tng t 467 g.cm
ln 616 g.cm, nhng khi thi gian x l tng
ln 25 pht th GS ca gel li gim xung ch
cn 527 g.cm. iu ny c th gii thch l khi
tng thi gian ra th hm lng cht bo v
sarcroplasmic c loi b cng nhiu, iu ny
c th dn n lm tng nng protein trong
c tht c trong c myobrillar. S tng nng
protein ny s gp phn lm tng cc lin
kt trong phn t ca cc protein vi nhau. Do
, chc ca gel tng (Park, 2005). Nhng
khi n mt gii hn thi gian nht nh th hm
lng cht bo v sarcroplasmic ha tan vo
nc ra khng tng ln na. Tri li, lng
myobrillar c th b ra tri vo mi trng li
tng theo thi gian ra, dn n lm gim cc
lin kt phn t gia cc protein. V vy lm cho
chc gel surimi gim.
4. Xc nh t l tht c xay so vi dung dch
ra
nh hng ca t l dung dch ra so vi
tht c xay (RV) n chc gel ca surimi c
trnh by trong hnh 4. chc gel ca surimi
tng cng vi s tng ca t l dung dch ra
so vi tht c xay, nhng n mt t l nht nh,
nu tip tc tng t l RV th chng nhng GS
ca gel khng tng m li c chiu hng gim.
Khi RV tng th 3:1 ln 7:1 th GS ca surimi
tng ln ng k (p < 0,05), t 458 g.cm ln 770
g.cm. Tuy nhin, khi tng t l RV ln 8:1 th GS
bt u gim xung ch cn 473 g.cm.
Ra l cng on cc k quan trng trong
cng ngh sn xut surimi. Ra nhm loi b
cc sarcroplasmic, mu, cht bo, m v cc
hp cht khc t tht c xay. Nhiu nghin cu
c thc hin v kt qu ch ra rng chc
gel surimi c ci thin v ra loi b mt s
thnh phn gy tr ngi cho qu trnh hnh thnh
gel nh sarcroplasmic, cht bo v cc tp cht
5. Xc nh thi gian p tch nc
nh hng ca thi gian p tch nc n
hm lng m cn li ca surimi nh c trnh
by trong hnh 5. Nhn chung, hm lng m
cn li trong surimi gim khi thi gian p tng.
Khi tng thi gian p t 10 pht n 35 pht,
hm lng m cn li trong surimi gim ng k
(p < 0,05), t 83,06% xung cn 74,98%. Mc
tiu ca thc nghim l chn c thi gian p
thch hp t c m cn li trong surimi
trong khong (76 1)%, y l gi tr tiu chun
cho surimi ca mt s th trng nh Nht Bn,
Hn Quc, Nga, Ucraina, Da vo kt qu
nghin cu t c (hnh 5), thi gian p tch
nc 30 pht c xem xt la chn nh l thi
gian thch hp t c mc tiu t ra.
6. Xc nh t l phi trn ph gia
nh hng ca ng v sorbitol n
chc ca gel surimi sau cp ng (0 ngy v
bo qun ng 30 ngy) nh c trnh by
trong hnh 6. Nhn chung, s dng kt hp gia
ng v sorbitol (SS) c tc dng ci thin
chc ca gel surimi so vi mu i chng (mu
CT, khng s dng ng v sorbitol, ch s
dng 0,3% phosphate). T l kt hp gia ng
v sorbitol nh hng n chc gel. Kt qu
nghin cu ch ra rng t l kt hp gia ng
v sorbitol l 4:4 (mu SS2) cho GS ca
surimi l cao nht 643 g.cm (0 ngy bo qun)
v 620 g.cm (30 ngy bo qun) so vi cc t l
kt hp khc. Kt qu cng ch ra rng khi tng
t l kt hp gia SS t 7% ln 8%, c tc dng
ci thin GS ca gel surimi, vt qu gii hn
ny, c th dn n s gim GS gel ca surimi.
iu ny c th c gii thch l v c ng
v sorbitol l nhng cht chng bin tnh cho
protein trong qu trnh ng lnh, s dng chng
trong cng ngh surimi gip n nh v bo v
tnh cht chc nng ca protein. V vy, nu s
dng mt t l thch hp s ci thin c GS
ca surimi (Park, 2005). Ngc li, nu s dng
qu mc, c th s gy tc dng ngc, khi
c ng v sorbitol li ng vai tr l nhng
cht ht v gi nc lm cho hm m ca
surimi tng, iu ny s dn n gim GS. T
kt qu t c v nh hng ca ng v
Hnh 3. nh hng ca thi gian ra
n chc ca gel surimi
Hnh 4. nh hng ca t l dung dch ra/tht c
n chc ca gel surimi
khc. S loi b bt protein dng ha tan gp phn lm tng nng myobrillar, l mt tc nhn
quan trng hnh thnh mng li gel surimi trong tht c. Tuy nhin, nu tng t l RV cao qu c
th s dn n nhng tc hi nht nh n kh nng to gel v rng myobrillar cng s b ra tri
theo nc ra, iu ny dn n gim chc ca gel surimi (V Thanh Trc, 2010; Park, 2005).
sorbitol n chc ca gel surimi, chng ti
chn t l kt hp gia ng v sorbitol l 4:4
(%) thc hin cc nghin cu tip theo.
7. Xc nh iu kin nh hnh
nh hng ca thi gian v nhit nh
hnh n chc ca gel surimi c trnh by
trong hnh 7. Kt qu nghin cu ch ra rng
mu surimi tin hnh nh hnh iu kin nhit
phng trong 2 gi (SU2) c chc ca gel
thp hn ng k (p < 0,05) so vi mu surimi
c nh hnh iu kin lnh di 5
0
C trong
24 gi (SU24). Gi tr GS ca mu SU2 ch l
588 g.cm, trong khi mu SU24 l 677 g.cm.
S khc bit GS gel surimi ca hai iu kin nh
hnh khc nhau c th c gii thch nh sau:
iu kin nh hnh lnh s xc tin vic hnh
thnh cc lin kt nhm lm bn mng li gel
nh lin kt hydro, lin kt ion, Ngc li, tin
hnh nh hnh iu kin nhit phng trong
thi gian 2 gi c th cha thi gian cc
lin kt c tc dng lm bn mng li gel din
ra mt cch trit . Mt khc, trong iu kin
nhit phng, mt s enzyme ni ti trong sn
phm (h enzyme protease) c th hot ng v
iu ny dn n s thy phn, ct mch phn
t protein. Tt c nhng iu ny s dn n
kh nng to gel ca surimi s gim. T kt qu
nghin cu iu kin nh hnh surimi, chng ti
chn iu kin nh hnh nhit lnh trong
24 gi.
Hnh 5. nh hng ca thi p tch nc n
chc ca gel surimi
Hnh 7. nh hng ca iu kin nh hnh n
chc ca gel surimi
Hnh 6. nh hng ca t l phi trn ph gia
n chc ca gel surimi
8. Hon thin quy trnh sn xut surimi t c
M hoa
T cc kt qu thc nghim trn, chng
ti xc nh cc thng s chnh ca quy trnh
cng ngh sn xut surimi t c M hoa nh
sau:
Cng on ra 1: S dng dung dch NaCl
0,2%
Cng on ra 2: S dng dung dch a xt
aceic 0,01%
Cng on ra 3: S dng nc thng
Thi gian mi ln ra: 30 pht
T l dung dch ra so vi tht c xay: 7/1
Thi gian p tch nc: 20 pht
T l phi trn ph gia: ng 4%, sorbitol
4%, mui polyphosphate 0,3%
nh hnh nhit : 0 - 5
o
C/24 gi
9. nh gi cht lng surimi c M
Cht lng ca surimi c sn xut theo
quy trnh c xy dng nh c trnh by
trong bng 1, 2 v 3. Cc ch tiu cm quan ca
surimi u p ng tiu chun cm quan ca
surimi c bin theo 28 TCN 119:1998. chc
ca gel v trng ca surimi c M hoa c th
tha mn cc yu cu v cht lng surimi hng
A i vi th trng Nht v Hn Quc.
Thnh phn ha hc cua surimi c M hoa
c sn xut theo quy trnh xy dng c
lit k trong bng 2. Kt qu cho thy surimi cha
m 76,57%; tro 1%; ptorein 13,4%; cht bo
1,7% v gluxit 7,5%. y, thnh phn gluxit c
mt trong sn phm bi v trong quy trnh cng
ngh c s dng ng v sorbitol nh nhng
cht chng bin tnh cho protein trong qu trnh
cp ng v tr ng. Kt qu nghin cu cng
ch ra rng surimi c M c sn xut theo quy
trnh trn cha hm lng NH
3
25,8 mg/kg v
histamin 1,7 mg/kg. S hin din mt lng nh
histamin trong thnh phn ca surimi c l l do
c tht ca tht c M trong qu trnh ch bin
gy nn. Tuy nhin, gi tr ny rt thp so vi
gii hn gy nguy him n sc khe con ngi
(thng 45 - 50 mg/Kg).
Bng 3 trnh by kt qu phn tch cc
ch tiu vi sinh vt ca surimi c M c sn
xut theo quy trnh pht trin. Tng vi sinh
vt hiu kh l 5,3 10
5
Kl/g, gi tr ny th thp
hn so vi mc cho php (10
6
Kl/g). Ch tiu
Coliforms l 4,6 10
4
Kl/g. Escherichia coli v
Staphylococcus aureus u nm di mc cho
php rt nhiu. Salmonella, Vibrio cholerae,
Shigella v Listeria monocytogenes khng pht
hin trong tt c cc mu kim.
Bng 1. Cc ch tiu cm quan v vt l ca
surimi c M hoa
Ch tiu cht lng Kt qu
Mu sc Trng
Mi Khng cn mi tanh
ca c
V Ngt nh
pH 6,9 - 7,1
Tp cht (theo
thang im 10)
10
do AA n A
chc gel (g.cm) > 600
trng 74 - 76
Bng 2. Thnh phn ha hc
ca surimi c M hoa
Thnh phn Hm lng (%)
m 76,6 0,4
Tro 1,0 0,1
Protein 13,4 0,2
Cht bo 1,7 0,2
Gluxit 7,5 0,4
NH
3
(mg/kg) 25,8 2,0
Histamin (mg/kg) 1,7 0,4
Bng 3. Ch tiu vi sinh vt ca surimi c M hoa
Ch tiu n v Tiu chun cho php Kt qu (CFU/g)
Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh Kl/g 10
6
5,3 10
5
Coliforms Kl/g KQ 4,6 10
4
Escherichia coli Vi khun/g 10
2
5
Staphylococcus aureus Kl/g 10
2
< 10
Salmonella Vi khun/25g 0 KPH
Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vi khun/g 10
2
KPH
Vibrio cholerae Vi khun/25g KQ KPH
Shigella Vi khun/25g KQ KPH
Listeria monocytogenes Vi khun/25g KQ KPH
KQ: Khng qui nh, KPH: Khng pht hin
IV. KT LUN
Nhng thng s k thut quan trng nht ca quy trnh cng ngh sn xut surimi t c M
hoa c xc nh nh sau: cng on ra 1 s dng dung dch NaCl 0,2%; ra 2 s dng a xt
acetic 0,01%; ra 3 dng nc thng; thi gian cho mi ln ra l 20 pht; t l dung dch ra so
vi tht c xay l 7:1; thi gian p tch nc l 30 pht; ph gia phi trn gm ng 4%, sorbitol
4%, mui polyphosphate 0,3%; nh hnh trong 24 gi nhit lnh 0 - 5
0
C. Vi nhng thng s k
thut ny, sn phm surimi c sn xut ra c cht lng tt, m bo v sinh an ton thc phm.
LI CM N
Nghin cu ny l mt phn ca d n: Pht trin sn phm gi tr gia tng t nguyn liu thy
sn nc ngt. C quan ch tr Vin nghin cu hi sn Hi Phng. M s ti : 03/2009/H-T/
GTGT-CNN.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Cc phng php kim vi sinh vt theo TCVN 488:2005, 6848:2007, 6846:2007, 4830:2005, 4829:2005,
5287:1994, 7700-1:2007, 3349/Q-BYT/2001, ISO 21872-1:2007.
2. Dubois, M., Gilles, K.A., Hamilton, J.K., Rebers, P.A. and Smith, F, 1956. Colorimetric method for
determination of sugars and related substances. Anal. Chem., 28, pp. 350-356.
3. Helrich K, editor, 1990. Ofcial Methods of Analysis of the Association of Ofcial Analytical Chemists.
5th ed. Arlington, Va.: AOAC Inc.
4. FAO/WHO, WHO, 1973. Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 522, 118.
5. Folch J., Lees M., Sloane Stanley G.H., 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purication of total
lipids from animal tissues. Feferation Proc., 13, 209.
6. Nguyn Th Thc, 2000. Nghin cu sn xut surimi c M trng v m phng xc xch tht heo. Lun vn
thc s, i hc Thy sn Nha Trang.
7. Park J., W., 2005. Surimi and Surimi Seafood, 2rd edition. CRC Press, pp. 673-675.
8. Phng php kim ch tiu protein trong thc phm theo TCVN 4321-1 (1997).
9. Phng php kim hm lng NH
3
theo SMEWW 417B (1985). Vin Cng ngh sinh hc v Mi trng,
i hc Nha Trang.
10. Tiu chun ngnh p dng cho surimi c bin 28TCN119:1998.
11. Trn Th Luyn, 2004. Cng ngh sn xut surimi v cc sn phm c ngun gc surimi. Hi tho ton
quc v khai thc, ch bin v dch v hu cn ngh c, TP. Quy Nhn, 8-9/12.
12. Trn Th Luyn (2006). Nghin cu cng ngh ch bin surimi v cc sn phm m phng (gi gh, gi
tm) t surimi. ti nhnh cp Nh nc KC.06-15-NN-02.
13. V Thanh Trc (2010). Nghin cu xy dng quy trnh cng ngh sn xut surimi t c M. n tt
nghip i hc, i hc Nha Trang.
fHONG B/O KHO/ HOC
HIN TRNG NUI B TI VNG BIN THN TN THNH,
X NINH CH, HUYN NINH HA, TNH KHNH HA
CURRENT SITUATION OF RAFT CULTURE AT THE SEA AREA OF TAN THANH
VILLAGE, NINH ICH COMMUNE, NINH HOA DISTRICT, KHANH HOA PROVINCE
Nguyn Minh c, Nguyn Vn Qunh Bi
Khoa Nui trng Thy sn - Trng i hc Nha Trang
TM TT
Nghin cu c tin hnh ti thn Tn Thnh, x Ninh ch, huyn Ninh Ha, tnh Khnh Ha t
thng 3/2010 n thng 8/2010 theo phng php nh gi nng thn c s tham gia (Participatory Rural
Appraisal-PRA). Kt qu nghin cu cho thy b nui gm cc lng ni c din tch trung bnh 12.5m
2
vi k ch
th c m t l i giai on ng ging 2a = 0,5 - 1,0cm, giai on nui thng phm 2a = 2,0 - 4,0cm. Tng s
lng nui hin c vng bin l 403 lng, trung bnh s lng nui/b l 23 lng. Tm hm (ph bin l tm
hm bng) v c gi l cc i tng c nui chnh vi hnh thc nui n. Ngun thc n s dng ch yu
l c tp. Bnh xut hin nhiu trn tm hm t nm 2007 tr li y. Bnh tm sa c xem l bnh nguy
him nht xy ra ti y cho n nay (t l t vong 80 - 90%). Sn lng tm hm nm 2009 t khong 23.6kg
(nng sut bnh qun trn lng t 66.5kg). Li nhun trung bnh/lng/v t 10.9 triu VN.
T kha: tm hm, c gi, c tp, bnh tm sa, sn lng tm hm.
ABSTRACT
The study is conducted at Tan Thanh village, Ninh Ich commune, Ninh Hoa district, Khanh Hoa
province from 3/2010 to 8/2010 appling method of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). Result of the
study shows that farming raft consists of oating cases with average case area of 12.5m
2
and mesh-size of
2a = 0,5 - 1,0 cm for nursing period and 2a= 2,0 - 4,0 cm for fattening period. Total case amount is 403 cages
at the sea area now with average of 23 cages per raft. Spiny lobster (mainly Ornate spiny lobster) and cobia
are main cultured species with type of monoculture. Trash sh is major feed for cage culture. Disease occurs
mainly on lobster from 2007 till now. Milky disease is considered to be the most serious until now (mortality
rate of 80-90%). Yield of lobster was approximately 23,6 kg in 2009 (average of productivity per cage was 66,5
kg). The average prot was 10.9 millions VN/cage/crop.
Keywords: Spiny lobster, cobia, trashsh, milky disease, yield of lobster farming.
I. T VN
Tn Thnh l mt thn ven bin thuc x
Ninh ch, huyn Ninh Ha nm st vi ca m
Nha Phu nn phn ln sinh k ca ngi dn
da vo nui trng v nh bt thy sn. Do
c li th ca vng ca m nh din tch mt
nc rng, trao i nc m bo v su
ph hp nn ngh nui b ti vng bin thn
Tn Thnh ngy cng pht trin. Hot ng nui
lng bt u pht trin ti vng ny t nm
1996 v ang gia tng trong khong 5 nm tr
li y (trung bnh 16.6%/nm). Tuy nhin, hin
ti vn cha c nghin cu no c tin hnh
nhm nh gi hin trng hot ng ny. Xut
pht t thc t trn, nghin cu c thc hin
nhm nh gi Hin trng nui b ti vng bin
thn Tn Thnh, x Ninh ch, huyn Ninh Ha,
tnh Khnh Ha vi cc mc tiu sau:
Tm hiu thng tin chung v ngi nui.
Thu thp thng tin v cc bin php k thut
nui lng.
nh gi s b hiu qu kinh t ca hot
ng nui lng.
nh gi xu hng v kh nng pht trin
ngh nui b ti a phng.
Cp x: lm vic vi ph ch tch y ban
Nhn dn v trng ban kinh t x Ninh ch.
Cp thn: lm vic vi trng thn v ch
tch hi nng dn thn Tn Thnh.
Vic tip cn tnh hnh hot ng nui bin
ti thn Tn Thnh c tin hnh bng cch
phng vn trc tip ngi nui. T l s b nui
c phng vn trn 70%.
S liu nghin cu c phn tch theo
phng php thng k s dng phn mm
MS.Excel.
1. Thng tin chung v ngi nui
Trnh hc vn ca ngi nui c xem
l yu t nh hng n nng sut sn lng
nui. Trnh hc vn trc tip tc ng n kh
nng tip thu v ng dng cc k thut nui. Do
, n nh hng gin tip n nng sut cng
nh hiu qu kinh t ca hot ng nui b.
Kt qu phng vn 15 h nui b cho thy tui
trung bnh ca cc ch h nui l 43 dao ng t
28 - 61. la tui ny ngi nui tch ly
c mt s vn nht nh u t v vn cn
sc thc hin hot ng sn xut. Nghin
cu cng cho thy trnh hc vn ca ngi
nui khng cao. S ch h c trnh vn ha
cp I l 6 ngi (chim 40%), trnh vn ha
cp cp II l 6 ngi (chim 40%) v trnh
vn ha cp III l 3 ngi (chim 20%). Kt qu
ny phn nh ng vi thc t trnh hc vn
ca ngi nui tm hm ti cc tnh ven bin
min Trung khi a phn cc ngi nui c trnh
hc vn di cp III (chim 98%) theo kho
st ca Ly (2009).
V trnh chuyn mn, a s cc ch h
khng c o to kin thc v nui trng thy
sn (chim 97%), ch c 1 ch h tng tham
gia kha s cp 3 thng v sn xut tm ging.
Do vy, k thut nui p dng hin ti ch yu
Hnh 1. S vng nghin cu
(Ngun: http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/dissertationen/strehlow-
harry-vincent-2006-07-14/HTML/chapter5.html#N115D0.
Accessed 15/10/2010)
II. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
Nghin cu c thc hin ti thn Tn
Thnh, x Ninh ch, huyn Ninh Ha t thng
03/2010 n thng 08/2010 theo phng php
nh gi nng thn c s tham gia (Participatory
Rural Appraisal-PRA).
Thng tin ban u v hot ng nui b
ti vng bin thn Tn Thnh c thu thp
nhiu mc khc nhau:
Cp huyn: lm vic vi cc cn b phng
Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn huyn
Ninh Ha.
Bng 1. Cc i tng nui b ti vng bin Tn Thnh (n = 15)
STT i tng nui T l h nui (%)
1 Tm hm bng (Panulirus ornatus) 60.0
2 Tm hm tre (Panulirus polyphagus) 33.3
3 Tm hm xanh (Panulirus homarus) 26.7
4 Tm hm (Panulirus longipes) 13.3
5 C gi (Rachycentron canadum) 80,0
6 C m (Epinephelus spp) 46.7
7 C chim vy vng (Trachinotus blochii )
*
13.3
Ghi ch:
*
: Nui th nghim t nm 2010
2.2. a im nui
V tr t b nui c ngha ln n nng
sut v sn lng nui. Cc b nui y tp
trung ti mt khu vc cch hn Lng, hn R
khong 50m. B c t vng bin c su
ln hn 6m. Theo nh gi ca ngi nui, y
l vng bin c su v dng chy ph hp
cho hot ng nui b. c chn bi hn Th
nn nh hng n vng ny vo ma ma bo
khng qu ln (Hnh 2).
2.3. Con ging
Ngun ging tm hm v c bin ch yu
c ly t ngun nh bt ti a phng. Ring ging c bin c th c ly t a phng khc
nh Lng Sn, Ba Lng hay Vin nghin cu nui trng thy sn III. Trong nm 2010, ngun ging
tm hm khan him v gi cao nn mt s h chuyn sang nui c gi. Theo nh gi cm quan ca
ngi nui, cht lng ging tm hm tng i tt (mu sc ti sng, khng b xy xt, y
cc phn ph) do ging c thu trc tip ti a phng nn khng tri qua qu trnh vn chuyn.
Ngc li, cht lng v s lng ging c bin (c m, c gi) thng khng n nh do ngun
cung cp ging khng ng b (c mua ri rc t nhiu ngun khc nhau).
t vic hc hi ln nhau v t kinh nghim ca
cc ngi nui ti cc vng nui khc. Thi gian
tham gia nui b trung bnh ca ngi nui l 5
nm dao ng t 1 - 15 nm. So vi thi gian
trung bnh tham gia nui b ti cc vng nui
khc ti cc tnh ven bin min Trung (8.33 nm)
v ti Khnh Ha (10 nm) th kinh nghim trong
ngh nui b ca cc h ti Tn Thnh l thp
hn ng k (Ly, 2009).
2. Cc bin php k thut nui lng
2.1 i tng nui
i tng nui b ch yu l c gi (80%)
v tm hm bng (60%) bn cnh cc i tng
khc nh: tm hm tre, tm hm xanh, tm hm
, c m v c chim vy vng (Bng 1).
Hnh 2. V tr t b nui
Vic chn ging ch yu da theo kinh nghim khng qua bt k hnh thc kim dch no nn
ngi nui khng kim sot c nguy c ly nhim dch bnh t con ging vo i tng nui to
c hi cho dch bnh xy ra.
Trn thc t, cc h c nui tm hm chn nui t giai on ging (trng lng > 100g) n
kch thc thng phm (> 700g), rt t h ng tm t giai on hu u trng (Puerulus) n giai
on ging. i vi cc h nui c, kch thc th ging t 10 - 12cm.
2.4. Lng nui
Lng nui gm cc lng ni. Li lng thng c chng bng khung v phao. Khung
lng c lm bng g chu mn. S lng nui ton vng l 403. S lng nui/b t 9 - 77 lng
(trung bnh 23 lng/b). S h nui c t 30 - 40 lng chim a s (66,4%) (Bng 2). Din tch lng
dao ng t 9 - 16m
2
(trung bnh 12.5m
2
). Nhn chung, quy m nui ti y ln hn so vi mt bng
chung nhng vng nui khc ti cc tnh ven bin min Trung l 16 lng/b vi din tch trung bnh
11.4m
2
(Ly, 2009).
Bng 2. Thng tin b nui ca cc h phng vn (n=15)
S lng/b Tng s b Din tch trung bnh/lng (m
2
) T l (%)
< 10 1 14.0 6.7
15 - 20 4 10.8 20.0
30 - 40 9 11.2 66.4
> 40 1 14.0 6.7
C th phn chia hot ng nui ti khu vc
nghin cu thnh 2 giai on chnh. Giai on
ng t con non n giai on ging vi kch
thc mt li 2a = 0,5 - 1,0cm, giai on nui
thng phm vi kch thc 2a = 2,0 - 4,0 cm.
Trn thc t, ph thuc nhiu yu t, c bit l
nng lc qun l, mi h thc hin mt tin trnh
nui khc nhau qua nhiu giai on i hi s
thay i mt th nui, kch thc li v kch
thc mt li.
2.5. Thi gian nui
Thng thng ma v th ging tm bt
u t thng 12. Thi gian nui tm hm (ch
tnh cho tm hm bng) n kch c thng
phm trung bnh l 19 thng ko di hn so vi
cc vng nui khc ti cc tnh min Trung l 16
thng (Ly, 2009). i vi c, th ging ri rc
quanh nm vi thi gian nui c m 12 thng v
c gi l 10 thng.
2.6. Thc n
Tng t cc vng nui tm hm khc ti
Vit Nam, thc n s dng trong nui b ch
yu ti vng bin Tn Thnh l c tp, gip xc
v nhuyn th (Tun, 2004; Tuan & Mao, 2004;
Nha, 2006; Hung v cng s, 2008, Ly, 2009).
C tp bao gm c lit (ponysh), c sn (red
big-eye), c mi (lizardsh), c h (hairtail) v
c cm (anchovy), kt hp vi cc loi gip
xc nh cua (crabs), gh (swimming crab), v
mt lng t nhuyn th nh s (cockles), hu
(oyster), vm xanh (green mussel). T nm
2010, mt s h s dng thc n vin trong
nui c gi giai on ging tuy nhin s lng
ny chim t l khng cao (6.7%). Thc n c
cho n nguyn con hay bm nh ty theo giai
on pht trin ca i tng nui v kch c
thc n.
Ngun cung cp thc n ch yu da vo khai thc ti a phng v cc vng bin ln cn.
Tuy nhin vi s lng b gia tng hin nay, mt s h phi hp ng mua ph liu t cc nh my
ng lnh p ng nhu cu. Theo nh gi ca ngi nui, cht lng thc n tng i tt tuy
nhin ngun cung cp thc n khng n nh dn n vic gi tng cao khi s lng khng p
ng, c bit vo ma ma bo.
Tm hm v c bin c cho n 2 ln/ngy (ln 1: 7 - 8h sng, ln 2: 3 - 4h chiu). Lng
thc n ln 1 chim 30% v ln 2 chim 70% tng lng thc n. Khi cho n thc n c ri u
quanh lng hay vo mt v tr nht nh.
Trong nui lng bin s dng c tp vi FCR cao (20 - 30) l nguyn nhn gy ra mt s vn
v cht lng nc nh tng hm lng nit trong nc bin vt qu tiu chun cho php
trong nui trng thy sn (0.5mg/L) ti mt vi khu vc nui tm hm lng thuc vng bin Xun T,
Khnh Ha (Tun, 2004; Hung v cng s, 2008). ng thi s dng c tp cng l nguyn nhn
to c hi tt cho cc tc nhn gy bnh pht trin m in hnh l dch bnh tm sa xy ra cui
nm 2006 u nm 2007 gy thit hi ln cho cc h nui ti cc tnh ven bin min Trung (Hung v
cng s, 2008). Cc vn ny cho thy vic s dng c tp l ngun thc n ch yu s gy nh
hng bt li n mi trng nc to c hi xy ra dch bnh. iu ny s khng m bo ngh
nui b pht trin lu di.
Hnh 3. Khu vc b nui Hnh 4. Chun b c tp lm thc n
2.7. Tnh hnh dch bnh ca cc i tng
nui
Qua iu tra cho thy bnh ch yu xut
hin trn tm hm, c bin t xut hin bnh.
Bnh tm hm bt u xy ra nhiu t nm
2007 tr li y. Cc bnh thng gp l bnh
tm sa, bnh en mang, bnh thn, bnh
mn ui v bnh long u (Bng 3). Trong
bnh tm sa l bnh nguy him nht xy ra
ti y (t l gy cht 80 - 90%). Theo Hung v
cng s (2008) bnh ny c xem l loi bnh
nghim trng nht gp phi i vi ngh nui
tm hm lng v l nguyn nhn lm gim ng
k sn lng tm hm t 1.900 tn nm 2006
xung cn 1.400 tn nm 2007 ti cc tnh ven
bin min Trung. Mc d, c php iu tr
t nm 2007 nhng thc t ti vng bin Tn
Thnh cc h nui khng p dng phng php
ny phng v tr bnh tm sa m nguyn nhn do a phn ngi nui ch yu da theo kinh
nghim x l bnh. i vi cc bnh tm hm hu ht ngi nui u cha c phng php
tr ring cho tng loi bnh. Khi tm b mt trong cc loi bnh trn ngi nui thng s dng
thuc ng rut kt hp thuc b ca ngi (Oxytetracylin, B-Enro, Cotrim, Tetracylin) cng vi
vitamin C tr bnh. Theo kt qu phng vn, phng php tr bnh ny ch c hiu qu phng
bnh cho nhng c th cha b bnh (hiu qu phng bnh 70 - 90%) cn cc c th b bnh th
khng c hiu qu (t l cht 100%).
Bng 3: Mt s bnh thng gp trn tm hm nui ti vng bin Tn Thnh (n=15)
Loi bnh
Giai on tm
b bnh
Du hiu bnh l trn tm nui Mc nh hng
T l b nui
nhim bnh (%)
Tm sa Tm con, tm
trng thnh
Bng tm c mu trng sa,
tch by, tm phn x chm.
Gy cht ri rc
n hng lot
100
en mang Tm con, tm
trng thnh
Mang tm thi ra v c mu
nu vng b tn thng.
Gy cht ri rc
n hng lot
20.0
thn Tm con, tm
trng thnh
vng gip u ngc hay
vng bng sau mu lan
dn ton thn tm.
Gy cht ri rc
n hng lot 40.0
Long u Tm con, tm
trng thnh
Phn gip u ngc v phn
thn long ra, c cht dch bn
trong khu vc ny
Gy cht ri rc
n hng lot 6.7
Mn ui Tm con, tm
trng thnh
ui tm b n mn, bnh
nng ui c th b ct
Gy cht ri rc
13.3
Ghi ch: - Tm con: kch thc t 3 - 7cm (theo cch xc nh ca ngi nui).
- Tm trng thnh: khi lng > 0,5kg (theo cch xc nh ca ngi nui).
Tng t nh cc vng nui khc, vic
gia tng bnh trn tm hm vng bin Tn Thnh
c th do s gia tng s lng lng nui, mt
lng nui qu cao dn n mi trng nc
km cht lng to c hi cho dch bnh xy
ra (Hung v cng s, 2008). iu ny cho thy,
do cha c quy hoch vng nui cng nh hnh
thc qun l ph hp nn ngi nui khng th
kim sot c dch bnh xy ra.
3. nh gi s b hiu qu kinh t ca hot
ng nui lng
Qua iu tra cho thy, a s ngi nui ch
thng k kinh t cho nui tm hm. Ngc li,
h khng thng k s liu i vi c bin do c
bin c thu hoch theo tng t ri rc. Ch
tnh ring nm 2009, sn lng tm hm ca
cc h nui t c khong 23.600kg (nng
sut bnh qun 66.5 kg/lng) vi gi bn ti b
780.000 VN/kg. So vi gi thnh sn xut l
630.000 VN/kg th a s cc h nui u c
li vi mc li nhun t 10.9 triu VN/lng
(Bng 4). Nh vy, hot ng nui b em
li mc li nhun khng nh cho cc h nui.
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy tt c cc h nui
u c li v khng c trng hp no b thua
l.
4. nh gi xu hng v kh nng pht trin
ngh nui b ti vng bin Tn Thnh
Do ngun ging tm hm khan him, gi
cao cng vi tnh hnh dch bnh gia tng nh
hin nay nn mt s h ang c xu hng
chuyn sang nui c gi vi chi ph thp, thi
gian nui ngn (10 thng), tc sinh trng
nhanh cng nh kh nng chng chu vi iu
kin mi trng tt hn so vi tm hm.
So vi cc hot ng thy sn khc nh
nui tm s bn thm canh hay khai thc thy
sn th ngh nui b (tm hm, c gi) c li
th hn v sc hp dn ti chnh v kinh t - x
hi (Hambrey v cng s, 2001). Thc t cho
thy, li nhun em li t ngh nui b ti y l
khng nh nn hot ng ny ti vng bin Tn
Thnh v ang gia tng nhanh chng, trung
bnh 16.6%/nm trong 5 nm tr li y. Kt qu
nghin cu cho thy, s gia tng ny mang tnh
t pht khng theo quy hoch. Bn cnh , c
ch qun l khng r rng v khng c c quan
chu trch nhim qun l c th hot ng ny.
V vy, iu cn thit hin nay l cn c cc bin
php qun l hot ng nui b thch hp.
Nh cp trn, vi hin trng pht
trin ngh nui b hin nay ti vng bin thn
Tn Thnh, cn thit phi c cc nh gi chi
tit hn v hin trng nui ti y duy tr hot
ng ny pht trin lu di. ng thi, cn nh
gi sc ti mi trng ca vng bin xc nh
kh nng pht trin ngh nui b trong gii hn
cho php.
IV. KT LUN V KHUYN NGH
Cc kt qu nghin cu ban u cho php
a n mt s kt lun v xut v hin trng
nui b ti vng bin thn Tn Thnh, x Ninh
ch, huyn Ninh Ha nh sau:
1. Kt lun
- Trnh hc vn ca ngi nui khng
cao v hu nh khng c trnh chuyn mn.
K thut nui p dng hin ti ch yu t vic
hc hi ln nhau v t kinh nghim ca cc vng
nui khc.
- C gi v tm hm bng l hai i tng
c nui nhiu nht (vi t l tng ng 80%
v 60%) bn cnh cc i tng khc nh: tm
hm tre, tm hm xanh, tm hm , c m v
c chim vy vng. Hnh thc nui ch yu ti
y l nui n tng i tng.
- Lng nui bao gm cc lng ni c kch c
trung bnh 12.5m
2
. S lng nui ton vng l 403
vi s lng nui/b trung bnh l 23.
- Ngun ging tm hm c ly ti a
Bng 4. Mt s ch tiu kinh t tnh trn 12.5m
2
lng nui tm hm (n=15)
Ch tiu n v tnh Gi tr
Din tch trung bnh lng m
2
12.50
Chi ph u t trung bnh/lng triu VN 6.00
Chi ph sn xut trung bnh/lng/v triu VN 44.40
Sn lng trung bnh/lng/v Kg 66.50
Gi thnh sn xut bnh qun triu VN 0.63
Gi bn bnh qun ti b triu VN 0.78
Doanh thu trung bnh lng/v triu VN 55.30
Li nhun trung bnh lng/v triu VN 10.90
phng, ging c bin c cung cp t cc
a ph ng khc. Kch c th ging tm hm
t 100g tr ln, kch thc th ging c bin t
10 - 12cm. Ngi nui ch nh gi cht lng
con ging theo kinh nghim ca bn thn v
khng thc hin bt k hnh thc kim dch no.
- Ma v th ging tm hm bt u t
thng 12 vi thi gian nui ko di 19 thng. i
vi c bin, ging c th nui ri rc quanh
nm vi thi gian nui c m 12 thng v c gi
l 10 thng.
- Thc n c s dng ch yu l c tp,
c cho n 2 ln/ngy. Khi cho n thc n c
ri u quanh lng hay vo mt v tr nht nh.
- Bnh xut hin ch yu trn tm hm t
nm 2007, c bin t xut hin bnh. Ngi nui
ch yu tr bnh da trn kinh nghim ca bn
thn.
- Sn lng tm hm ca cc h nui t
c trong nm 2009 khong 23.600kg (nng
sut trung bnh 66.5 kg/lng). a s cc h nui
u c li vi mc li nhun bnh qun t 10.9
triu VN/lng.
2. Khuyn ngh
- Cn c cc lp tp hun v k thut nui
lng cho ngi nui c bit l k thut phng tr
bnh trn tm hm.
- Cn c cc nghin cu chi tit hn v
nh gi tc ng ca hot ng nui lng n
kha cnh kinh t, x hi v mi trng nhm
m bo vic pht trin lu di hot ng nui
lng ti y.
- Cn thit nh gi sc ti mi trng ca
vng bin nhm xc nh gii hn cho php vic
pht trin nui b.
- bo m ngh nui b pht trin lu di
cn quy hoch vng nui ng thi cn c hnh
thc qun l thch hp i vi hot ng ny.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. L Anh Tun, 2004. Cc ngun dinh dng v vn mi trng lin quan n hot ng nui tm hm
lng Xun T, Vn Ninh, Khnh Ha. Tuyn tp Hi tho ton quc v nghin cu ng dng khoa hc
cng ngh trong nui trng thy sn 22 - 23/12/2004 ti Vng Tu, tr 643-653.
2. V Vn Nha, 2006. K thut nui tm hm lng v cc bin php phng tr bnh. NXB Nng Nghip,
H Ni.
3. Hambrey, J.B., Le, A.T., and Ta, K.T., 2001. Aquaculture and poverty alleviation II. Cage culture in coastal
waters of Vietnam. [Accessed 20/10/2010].
4. Hung, L.V. and Tuan, L.A., 2008. Lobster seacage culture in Vietnam. In Spiny lobster aquaculture
in the Asia-Pacic region: Proceedings of an international symposium held at Nha Trang, Vietnam,
9 - 10 December 2008, ed. by K.C. Williams. ACIAR Proceedings No. 132. Australian Centre for
International Agricultural Research: Canberra. 162 pp.
5. Ly, N.T.Y., 2009. Economic analysis of the environmental impact on marine cage lobster aquaculture
in Vietnam. Master Thesis in Fisheries and Aquaculture Management and Economics. The Norwegian
College of Fishery Science University of Tromso, Norway & Nha Trang University, Vietnam.
6. Tuan, L.A. and Mao, N.D., 2004. Present status of lobster cage culture in Vietnam. Proceeding of the
ACIAR lobster ecology workshop, p24-30. Institute of Oceanography, Nha Trang, Vietnam.
fHONG B/O KHO/ HOC
NGHIN CU XY DNG M HNH CH RO
X NHN L, TNH BNH NH
RESEARCHING FOR BUILING THE MODEL OF FISH AGGREGATING (FADS)
DEVICES AT NHON LY COMMUNE, BINH DINH PROVINCE
Hong Vn Tnh, Phm Vn Thng
Khoa Khai thc - Trng i hc Nha Trang
TM TT
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy, ngh khai thc c kt hp ch ro vng bin ven b x Nhn L tht
truyn khong 20 nm; ng dn c nguyn vng tm li ngh truyn thng nhm khi phc li ngun li vng
bin ven b ti a phng.
Nhm nghin cu xy dng m hnh ch x Nhn L ph hp vi yu cu D n FSPS II B ca tnh
Bnh nh v s ng thun ca ng dn a phng.
Sau 3 thng th ch t Qun l ch khai thc c 453kg mc v 5700kg (c trc, c ngn, c cam,
c gi, c nc, c nhng, c rc) ti ch. y l cc loi hi sn ng dn khng khai thc c ti vng
bin khu vc th ch t lu.
Hnh thnh c m hnh ng dn t qun l ngun li v din tch mt nc vng bin ven b
khai thc bng mt s ngh kt hp vi ch ro.
Hnh thnh c s lin kt gia ngnh Thy sn v Dch v du lch. a phng c thu nhp t
dch v du lch cu c gii tr ti ch.
T kha: M hnh ch ro, cng ng ng dn, ngun li ven b
ABSTRACT
The research shows that the combination between sh exploiting and Fish Aggregating Devices (FADS)
has lost about 20 years at coastal waters at Nhon Ly, the sherman desires to restore Inshore reources at local
now.
The research group built the model of Fish Aggregating Devices (FADS) at Nhon Ly. It is suitable for
the requirements of FSPS II project of Binh Dinh province and local people s agreements.
Fish Aggregating Devices has been done after 3 months, the management exploited 453kg Sepioteuthis
lessoniana and 5700kg sh including: Priacanthus, Atule mate, Naucrates ductor, Rachycentron canadum,
Decapterus maruadsi, Sphyraena These seafood hasnt been exploited for a long time.
Forming model sherman to manage reources and inshore sea area to exploit with the comination
between some shing farmings and Fish Aggregating Devices.
Forming the connection between Fishery and Tourist at local. Nhon Ly gets income thanks to shing
tourism at Fish Aggregating Devices.
Keywords: Model of sh aggregating devices, Fisheries communities, Inshore sheries resources
I. T VN
Trong ngh c, ch c s dng tp
trung, to ni tr n, kim n, sinh sn cho c
v cc loi thy sn khc. T lu, ch c s
dng khai thc c trong cc vng nc ni
a nh sng, h, m, ph.
Hin nay, ch c nhiu quc gia trn th
gii s dng kt hp vi nhiu loi ng c
khai thc c vng bin ven b v xa b. C 2
loi: ch c nh v ch di ng (Hnh 1).
Ch c nh: c nh ti mt v tr trong thi
gian di.
Mc ch: tp trung c, lm ni c tr, kim
n, sinh sn cho cc loi c.
Hng nm, b sung vt liu v thit b cn
thit gi c nh ch v tng mt c tp
trung ti ch.
Hnh 1. M hnh ch bin
Ch di ng: mc ch chnh l tp trung
c trong mt chu k khai thc (m li). Kt
thc chu k khai thc, ch c di chuyn n
v tr khc. Trong thi gian tp trung c, ch di
chuyn vi tc hp l t c hiu qu
khai thc.
Cc nc Anh, M s dng ch kt hp
li vy khai thc c ng i dng.
Philippin, Indonixia, s dng ch c nh
kt hp li vy khai thc c ng vy vng.
n , s dng ch c nh v ch di ng
khai thc c ng. Ch di ng s dng
khai thc vng bin i dng c su
500m, ch c nh s dng khai thc su
30 - 100m
Vit Nam, t lu ch c s dng
khai thc c nc ngt. Hin nay, ch ang
c s dng kt hp vi nhiu loi ng c
nh cu, li mnh, li vy khai thc c
bin.
Cc tnh Bnh Thun, B Ra - Vng Tu,
Bn Tre, Tin Giang s dng ch kt hp vi
li vy nh sng khai thc c vng bin xa
b.
Bnh nh l mt trong s cc a phng
ven bin min Trung s dng ch kt hp vi
ngh mnh, cu, vy.
X Nhn L l mt trong nhng a phng
ca tnh Bnh nh s dng ch t lu vo ngh
c. Tuy nhin, hin nay ngh ch x Nhn L
b tht truyn. Khi phc li ngh ch Nhn
L l mt vic cn lm v tm li ngh truyn
thng ca a phng v mang li hiu qu
thit thc.
Mc ch ca nghin cu nhm khi phc
li ngun li vng bin ven b x Nhn L
ng dn khai thc c bng ngh ch
ro. T m hnh nghin cu c th nhn rng
nhng a phng khc trong tnh nhm gp
phn ti to v bo v ngun li v h sinh thi
vng b.
II. NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN
CU
1. Cch tip cn: Da vo cc cng b khoa
hc trong v ngoi nc tm hiu mu ch,
phn tch kt hp vi mu ch truyn thng ca
a phng c phc dng li qua phng vn
hi c lm c s xy dng ch m hnh.
2. Xy dng phiu iu tra: Vi cc thng tin
cn tm hiu lin quan n ni dung nghin cu
nh: kinh t x hi ngh c a phng, c
im ngh c a phng, hin trng ngh ch
ro a phng, c im khu vc th ch, kiu
ch, kt cu ch, loi ngh khai thc kt hp vi
ch ro, nguyn nhn tht truyn ngh ch ro
ti a phng, nguyn vng ca ng dn i
vi ngh ch.
3. Phng php iu tra: Phng vn hi c;
phng vn kt hp kho st trc tip; iu tra
nhanh nng thn c s tham gia ca cng ng.
Thi gian nghin cu: t thng 6/2010 -
11/2010
4. Chn kiu ch, cu trc v khu vc th
ch [1]
Kiu ch, cu trc v khu vc th ch c
chn da vo kt qu kho st ti vng bin khu
vc th ch, ng thi ph hp s tham chiu:
FSPS II B/SCAFI/2010/3.7.6 ca d n v mc
tiu ca vn nghin cu, th hin qua cc ni
dung: ph hp vi c im ngh c a phng,
iu kin mi trng khu vc th ch; kh nng
tp trung v bo tn ngun li vng b; vt liu
lm ch sn c ti a phng; iu kin sinh
hot cho t qun l v bo v ch; kt hp gia
Thy sn v Dch v du lch; thi gian s dng
lu; chi ph u t thp.
Hnh 2. iu tra tm hiu ch
Kt qu iu tra cho thy, khu vc th ch
trc y ca x Nhn L c gii hn bi
cc hn o: hn i Di, mi hn ng (x Ct
Chnh); hn Gia, Vng Nm, Vng Bc (Nhn
l) v c chia thnh 3 vng: ch m, ch
Gia v ch Cao, c su t 15 - 40m. Trong
bi ch m v ch Gia mt c tp trung
cao hn nhiu so vi bi ch Cao.
5. Chn mu ch v phn tch
5.1. c im v ngh c x Nhn L [1]
Nhn L l x bi ngang nm trong vng
bn o Phng Mai v hng ng Bc cch
trung tm thnh ph Quy Nhn khong 22km.
Dn c c quy hoch sinh sng tp trung
thnh tng cm, thn ch yu gip 3 mt bin
thun li cho vic hnh ngh, quanh nm
thng b nh hng ca thi tit nht l khi
thi tit c bin i.
Thy sn l ngnh kinh t mi nhn ca x.
Gi tr sn xut nm 2009 ca ngnh Thy sn
gp 1,27 ln gi tr sn xut ca ngnh Dch v
v 6,47 ln ngnh Cng nghip v Tiu th cng
nghip (Hnh 3).
Ngh c x Nhn L c quy m nh. Tng
s tu c ca x c 373 chic, tng cng sut:
6945 cv, bnh qun: 18,62 cv/tu. Tu c cng
sut ln nht l 80 cv; s tu cng sut t 50 cv
tr ln c 7 chic. C cu i tu c x Nhn L
th hin trn hnh 4.
Ma v khai thc: hot ng khai thc hi
sn ti x Nhn L c hai v chnh:
- V c Bc: t thng ging n thng 4 m
lch.
- V c Nam: t thng 5 n thng 9 m
lch.
Thi gian t cui thng 9 n thng 12
thng c bo, nn hu ht cc ngh khng
tham gia hot ng khai thc tr mt s t ngh
li cc hot ng gn b.
5.2. Ngh khai thc c kt hp ch ro x Nhn
L [1]
5.2.1. Ngh khai thc, i tng v ma v khai
thc
Trc y, cc ngh khai thc c c s
dng ch ro gm: mnh chic (ch yu), cu,
khai thc vo ban ngy khi c ng ch. Ngh
mnh chic kt hp ch ro cho sn lng khai
thc cao nht trong tt c cc ngh khai thc c
x Nhn L. Hin nay, ngh mnh v cu cng
l hai ngh c s lng tu c chim t l ln
x Nhn L.
i tng khai thc: Cc loi c khai thc
c t ch ro ti x Nhn L trc y ch
yu c ch vng, c nc, c sn, c phn, c gi,
c da, mc l, c hng, c cam, c lit v mt
s i tng khc.
Ma v khai thc: Kt qu iu tra cho
thy, trc y ngh ch ro ca a phng
hot ng t thng 3 - 9 (m lch). T thng 10
m lch, cc ngh t hot ng nh bt ti ch,
v ma gi ng bc dng chy mnh c khng
ng ch, m di c ra vng nc su.
5.2.2. Nguyn nhn tht truyn ngh ch ro x
Nhn L
Ngh ch ro x Nhn L khng cn c
s dng cch y khong 20 nm. Nguyn do
ca s tht truyn ngh ch ro ti x Nhn L,
kt qu iu tra cho thy c cc nhm nguyn
nhn sau:
- Tranh chp ng trng khai thc: ngh
li ko khai thc trong khu vc th ch lm mt
ch, lm mt ngun li. Ngh li vy kt hp
nh sng khai thc trong khu vc th ch li
cun c tp trung ch ra vng sng, lm cho
cc ngh khai thc c s dng ch khng c thu
nhp hoc thu nhp rt thp.
- S dng cc phng php khai thc khng
ph hp vi quy nh qun l ngh c nh nh
bt c bng cht c, thuc n nhng khu
vc thuc vng m th ch, lm gim mt
c hoc cc loi c tp trung quanh ch (c
ng ch).
Hnh 4. C cu i tu c x Nhn L
Hnh 3. Gi tr sn xut cc
ngnh kinh t nm 2009 x Nhn L
- Do yu t khch quan: bo t, sng bin,
dng chy mnh lm tri ch, hng ch.
Trong , nhm nguyn nhn th 3 l th
yu v c s tc ng ca nhm 1 v 2, nh
hng n tm l ca ng dn, lm gim s
quan tm ca h ti s tn ti ca ch.
Nguyn vng ca ng dn v khi phc li
ngh ch ro.
Kt qu iu tra cho thy, 100% s ngi
c hi mun duy tr li ngh c v ng dn tin
tng, nu ch ro c phc dng s khi phc
li ngun li v s cho hiu qu khai thc cao
hn, nu ngn chn c s tranh chp v ng
trng ca cc ngh li ko, vy kt hp nh
sng v phng php nh bt bt hp php.
- Ng dn trc tip qun l v khai thc ch,
lm c s trin khai xy dng m hnh ng dn
tham gia qun l ngh c vng nc gn b
ca S Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn
tnh Bnh nh;
- C th kt hp vi ngnh dch v nng
mc thu nhp, ci thin i sng ca nhn dn
trong x, trc ht l nhng ngi tham gia xy
dng, qun l m hnh.
5.3. Chn mu ch v phn tch [1]
Nhm nghin cu chn v phn tch 4
mu ch kiu c nh lm c xy dng ch m
hnh gm: mu ch x Nhn L (hnh 5), mu
ch Philipppin (hnh 6), mu ch Thi Lan (hnh
7) v mu ch Nht Bn (hnh 8) .
Hnh 6. Ch c nh Philippin Hnh 5. M hnh ch x Nhn L
Hnh 7. Ch c nh Thi Lan Hnh 8. Ch c nh Nht Bn
Mu ch x Nhn L:
- Thn ch (1) lm bng tre cy, mi bi ch
ban u c 4 n 7 cy tre, chiu cao: 7 n
10m.
- Dy ch (2) lm bng dy da, ng
knh: = 25 - 30mm. Mi bi ch ban u th t
3 n 4 dy. Chiu di mi dy ch ln hn
su nc ti vng th ch t 5 - 10m.
- L ch (3) c lin kt thnh dy di
to bng rm tp trung c, gm hai loi: l da
hoc l ch l (ch yu). L ch thng s dng
c 5 n 6 thng. Vo ma ma bo l ch b
thng mc nn b sng, nc cun tri.
- Vt nng gi ch (4) bng cc r .
Mi bi ch ban u th t 3 n 4 r, trng
lng mi r t 40 n 70kg.
Hng nm, ng dn b sung thm vt liu
cho ch: tre, dy ch, c nh tng ln
ca bi ch, nhm tng mt tp trung c v
kh nng chu ng sng gi ca ch.
Mu ch Philippin: C 4 b phn chnh: b
ni, dy ch, neo v n hiu
- B ni: lm bng tre cy, c 2 lp. Mi lp
30 cy di 10m. Gia b c 2 lp t: mt lp
lin kt vi dy neo v mt lp xe lin kt vi dy
ch (hnh 6).
- Dy ch: lin kt l ch. Pha trn lin kt
vi b, pha di c dn.
- Neo: gm 2 - 3 khi b tng, hnh tr
Mu ch Thi Lan: C 4 b phn chnh: b
ni, dy ch, neo v n hiu
- B ni: lm bng phao nha, hnh tr, pha
trn lin kt vi n hiu (hnh 7).
- Dy ch: lm bng li c.
- Neo: gm 1 neo st v dn
Mu ch Nht Bn: c 4 b phn chnh: b
ni, phao, dy ch, neo.
- B ni: gm nhng cy tre lin kt vi
nhau thnh hnh ch V (hnh 8).
- Dy ch: lm bng l da v li c.
- Neo: gm 1 neo st v dn
- Phao nha hnh tr th tch 200 lt, gn vi
dy neo v b ni bng dy PE hoc PP.
Phn tch ch mu:
- Mu ch x Nhn L: cu to n gin,
d thi cng ch to, chi ph thp, hiu qu tp
trung c thp hn so vi mu ch Nht Bn v
Philippin; lc gi ch thp, d b tri. Thc t
iu tra chng minh iu .
- Mu ch Thi Lan: cu to n gin, d thi
cng ch to, din tch tp trung c nh hn so
vi mu ch Nht Bn v Philippin.
- Mu ch Nht Bn v Philippin c din tch
tp trung c ln hn, cu to chc chn. Tuy
nhin, so vi 2 mu ch Thi Lan v x Nhn
L chi ph ln hn v quy trnh ch to phc tp
hn.
- Lc gi ca cc mu ch Philippin, Thi
Lan, Nht Bn thp, cha ph hp vi c im
dng chy ca vng bin x Nhn L ti khu vc
th ch m hnh.
- Mu ch Philippin kt cu phn b ni
rng, c th b tr thm phn kin trc thng
tng nu c thm h tr ca thit b phn b.
1. Kiu ch, cu trc ch v khu vc th
ch [1]
1.1. Kiu ch v cu trc ch:
T phn tch phn trn ch m hnh xy
dng l kiu ch b c nh, c 2 phn chnh:
phn ni trn mt nc v phn chm trong
nc. Ngoi ra, c mt s thit b ph tr lin
kt gia cc b phn.
* Phn ni trn mt nc: b ni v phng
sinh hot ca t qun l ch, t trn h thng
phao bng thng nha (hnh 10).
- B ni c kch thc (7 x 7)m, lm bng
g v tre,
- Phng sinh hot c kch thc: rng x di
= (2,5 x 2,5)m; chiu cao pha trc: 2,5m, pha
sau: 2,0m.
- Thit b b: thng nha, di 1m, c
knh 0,5m. S lng: 24 thng
* Phn chm trong nc gm: b phn tp
trung c v b phn gi b ch (hnh 9);
- B phn tp trung c: l cc dy ch (dy
bng vt liu PP, l ch lm bng l ch l) v
vt nng gia dy ch l khi b tng hnh tr;
+ Dy ch: c 8 dy bng vt liu PP, ng
knh 16mm, chiu di: 50m/1 dy;
+ L ch: lm bng l ch l (vt liu ng
dn a phng dng trc y);
+ Dy ch c lin kt vo b ni nh ma
n, kha xoay;
+ Vt nng gi dy ch c bng xi mng
trng lng 5kg/dy.
- B phn gi b ch:
+ Neo: 4 ci, neo hi qun
+ Dy neo: 4 ng, vt liu: cp thp,
chiu di 45m/1 dy
Ngoi ra, cn c mt s thit b khc lin
kt b ch: ma n, kha xoay, lp t c
Hnh 9. Cu trc ch m hnh Hnh 10. Phn ni ca ch m hnh
1. B ni; 2. Dy ch;
3. L ch; 4. Vt nng gi dy ch;
5. Lp xe; 6. Dy neo;
7. Ma n lin kt neo v dy neo; 8. Neo gi ch
9. Phng sinh hot ca t Qun l ch; 10. Phao (Thng nha)
1.2. Khu vc th ch: Nm trong khu vc bi ch m, ch Gia ca x, cch b khong 0,8 - 1
hi l, su 20 - 25m.
Kiu ch, cu trc ch v khu vc th ch c tho lun v thng nht ti Hi tho v
phng n xy dng ch thnh ph Quy Nhn vo thng 6 nm 2010, di s ch tr ca ng
Ph Gim c S Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn tnh Bnh nh.
2. Tnh ton ch [2]
Tnh ton ch l tnh lc gi ca neo c nh ch v bn (lc t) ca dy neo, ngha l tnh
trng lng neo v ng knh dy neo.
- Lc gi ca neo c tnh biu thc (1)
F
N
= F
1
+ F
2
(1)
Trong : F
N
: Lc gi ca phn neo (KG)
F
1
: Lc gi do trng lng neo (KG), tnh theo (2)
F
2
: Lc gi ca phn lin kt (KG), tnh theo (3)
F
1
= K
N1
* P
N
(2)
K
N1
: H s lc gi ca neo ph thuc vo loi neo, cht y v tnh cht tc dng ca ngoi lc.

=
(3)
Trong : P = p * q
P : Trng lng ca 1m dy trong nc;
p : Trng lng ca 1m dy lin kt trong khng kh
q : Xut ni ca vt liu lm dy
L
N
: Chiu di dy cn th (m)
Z : Chiu cao t v tr th dy n y bin (m)
- Lc t ca dy neo tnh theo biu thc (4)
P
= n * P
l.v
(4)
Trong : P
l cng t ca dy;
n l h s an ton;
P
l.v
l cng lm vic ca dy.
Cng lm vic ca dy c tnh da vo ngoi lc (lc ca gi v dng chy to ra) tc
dng ln phn ni v phn chm ca ch.
Phn ni trn mt nc (b v phng sinh hot, ngh ngi ca t qun l ch): chu tc dng
ca gi (ch yu) v dng chy;
Phn chm di nc (b phn tp trung c v b phn gi ch): chu tc dng ca dng chy.
- Lc tc dng ca gi ln vt th, c tnh theo biu thc (5):

=
(5)
Trong : K
gi
: tng lc gi tc dng ln vt th (tn)
k : hng s lin quan n hng gi tc dng ln vt th.
A
gi
: din tch phn vt th, i tng chu tc dng ca gi (m
2
)
V
gi
: tc gi (m/s)
- Lc tc dng ca dng chy ln vt th, c tnh theo biu thc (6):

H
(6)
Trong : K
nc
: tng lc dng chy tc dng ln vt th (tn)
A
nc
: din tch phn vt th (b) chm trong nc
k : hng s
f : tham s lin quan n t s su khu vc (H) vi chiu cao phn vt th,
i tng chm trong nc (d)
Kt qu tnh ton: trng lng neo: 40 kg/ci; ng knh dy neo: = 14 mm (cp thp).
3. Thi cng ch v th ch [2]
3.1. Thi cng ch
Nh trn trnh by, ch gm cc phn ring r lin kt vi nhau, nn khi thi cng ch c th thc
hin c lp theo tng cng on: b phn b ni, phn nh , b phn tp trung c v b phn
gi ch.
2
2
Ghi ch: 1. Tm b ch: v 13
0
53'59'' N; kinh 109017'00' E
2. B ch cch b thn Hng Lng 1420m
3. Khu vc cc loi ngh: gi co, mnh n khng c php nh bt cch b 500m. Khu vc c gii hn bi cc
im A1 (v 13
0
54'11'' N ; kinh 109
0
16'48'' E); A2 (v 13
0
54'11'' N ; kinh 109
0
17'24'' E); A3 (v 13
0
53'45'' N ;
kinh 109
0
16'48'' E); A4 )v 13
0
53'45'' N ; kinh 109
0
17'24'' E)
M hnh c s h tr ca Chng trnh FSPS II Bnh nh - S Nng nghip v PTNT Bnh nh
Quy trnh thi cng phn tp trung c: l ch l c phi kh, buc vo dy ch (PP 16) bng
si 210
D
/27. Khong cch gia cc cm l 0,4m. Sau , lin kt hai dy ch c lp vi nhau thnh
dy i nh (hnh 11) v lin kt vi b ni (hnh 12).
3.2. Th ch
Sau khi hon tt cng vic thi cng, ch c tu ko n v tr th ti im c ta
= 13
0
5359N v = 109
0
1E (hnh 13).
Hnh 11. Dy ch m hnh Hnh 12. Th ch
Hnh 13. S b tr b ch x Nhn L - TP. Quy Nhn
4. Kt qu m hnh v tho lun
Kt qu m hnh c tho lun ti
Hi tho Tng kt hot ng d n vo ngy
22/11/2010 ti thnh ph Quy Nhn di s
ch tr ca S Nng nghip v Pht trin nng
thn tnh Bnh nh. Ti Hi tho ch m hnh
c nh gi nh sau:
4.1. Kt cu ch v v tr th ch:
- Kt qu hot ng rt t yu cu v
c a phng, Ngnh nh gi cao. Phn
chm ca ch v v tr kho st t ch rt ph
hp. Nhiu i tng c b mt t lu nay li
phc hi (c lit ch). Lng c pht tn xung
quanh ch rt ln, ngi dn hng li [3].
- Nhiu loi hi sn nh mc, c cam, c
gi, c nc, c nhng, c ngn, c lit, c rc...
tp trung thng xuyn v n nh ti ch [5]
4.2. Tnh bn vng v kh nng lm vic ca
m hnh
Ch m hnh hot ng tt, ph hp iu
kin thc t ti a phng. iu ny, c
a phng nh gi v c kim chng trong
trn p thp nhit i (sng to, gi v ma ln)
vo cc ngy 25, 26, 27 thng 7 nm 2010,
tu thuyn ti khu vc thnh ph Quy Nhn c
nhng thit hi nng v x Nhn L b chm 4
tu c, nhng ch m hnh vn an ton.
4.3. Hiu qu kinh t v kt hp gia Thy sn
vi Dch v du lch
- Kt qu khai thc ngun li ti ch ca t
Qun l b ch t thng 8/2010 - 10/2010:
+ Mc l: 453(kg) x 77.000(/kg) =
34.881.000(ng)
+ C cc loi: 5.700(kg) x 10.000 (/kg) =
57.000.000 (ng) [4], [5]
- Thu t dch v cu c ca khch du lch
n tham quan: 1.200.000 (ng) [4], [5].
- Hng ngy trung bnh c 5 - 7 thuyn
thng cu mc v khai thc c trc, c nc xung
quanh khu vc b ch, thu nhp t 100.000 -
400.000 ng/ngy [5].
4.4. Tc ng v mt x hi [5]
- ...em li li ch thit thc cho b con
ng dn, nht l h ngho, cn ngho v h kh
khn nh bt gn b.
- ...Pht trin du lch ngh c a phng,
tng thu nhp kinh t gia nh, gp phn xa i
gim ngho a phng. Ng dn t chc
a n khch du lch n tham quan cu c
thu tin
-...Nng cao thc cho b con ng dn
trong vic bo v ngun li thy sn a
phng, nhm khai thc ngun li thy sn bn
vng v lu di.
- T khi trin khai m hnh b ch ngi
dn ng tnh v ng h cao, v n to iu kin
thun li cho ng dn nh bt gn b, trong
hng li nhiu nht l ng dn thn L Hng
v L Lng.
4.5. Hnh thnh quy nh bo v ngun li ven
b
Ngnh Thy sn tnh Bnh nh ban
hnh quy nh qun l v khai thc ngun li
quanh khu vc ch nh: gii hn phm vi cm
hot ng ca cc ngh, ng c c s dng
khai thc c ti ch v vng quanh ch (gii hn
bi cc im A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, A
4
, hnh 13).
X Nhn L xy dng t qun l ch v
ngun li trong khu vc cn bo v bng kinh
ph hot ng t doanh thu bn sn phm khai
thc c ti ch.
Tuy vy, vn cn mt s tu thuyn v ng
dn n khai thc bt hp php ti ch [5]. Tt
nhin, sn lng hi sn khai thc c ti ch
ca cc tu thuyn ny UBND x Nhn L v t
Qun l b ch khng nm c. Ngha l, sn
lng khai thc c t ch cao hn s lng
thng k theo bo co ca UBND x Nhn L v
ca t Qun l b ch.
IV. KT LUN
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy: c th phc
hi ngun li ven b ti x Nhn L bng ngh
ch ro hoc bng phng php th rn nhn
to.
M ra hng pht trin ngh c gii tr phc
v khch du lch ca tnh Bnh nh v m hnh
qun l ngh c bin vng ven b da vo
cng ng.
C th trin khai m hnh n cc a
phng khc c iu kin t nhin v iu kin
mi trng vng bin ven b tng t.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Hong Vn Tnh (2010), Bo co tm tt kt qu nghin cu ngh ch ro x Nhn L - xut phng
n xy dng m hnh.
2. Hong Vn Tnh, Phm Vn Thng (2010), Bo co tng kt hot ng D n H tr xy dng m hnh
ch ro cho vn chi x Nhn L, thnh ph Quy Nhn, tnh Bnh nh.
3. nh gi ca ng Trng Ban Qun l D n ca S NN&PTNT tnh Bnh nh v kt qu hot ng
ca D n.
4. T Qun l ch b (2010), Bo co Tham lun V cng tc t chc qun l ch b x Nhn L ti Hi
tho Tng kt hot ng ca D n.
5. UBND x Nhn L (2010), Bo co Tham lun nh gi tc ng ca ch ro n mi trng, ngun
li thy sn v i sng cng ng dn c ven bin ca x ti Hi tho Tng kt hot ng ca D n.
fHONG B/O KHO/ HOC
XY DNG C S D LIU TI LIU MN HC -
HNH THC PHC V HIU QU CHO O TO TN CH
CA TH VIN TRNG I HC NHA TRANG
Nguyn Qu Hon
Th vin - Trng i hc Nha Trang
I. T VN
C s d liu ti liu tham kho mn hc
(CSDLMH) l mt sn phm mi ca Th vin
Trng i hc Nha Trang. N va l cng c
thun tin, va l ngun ti nguyn nng ng
v ht sc cn thit cho ngi dng. y l mt
trong nhng nhim v ch yu trong tin trnh
xy dng th vin hin i, p ng yu cu
nng cao cht lng o to ca Nh trng.
o to theo h thng tn ch l mt nhim
v v gii php mi nhm thc hin Ngh quyt
ca Chnh ph v i mi c bn v ton din
gio dc i hc Vit nam giai on 2006 -
2020. Mun vy, i hi phi chun b tht tt
t c s vt cht k thut, trang thit b, n
nhn lc, ti chnh trong c yu t quan
trng l i mi hiu qu hot ng thng tin -
th vin. Trng i hc cn c mt th vin
hin i cung cp ngun ti nguyn phong ph,
a dng cho ngi hc khai thc bt k lc
no, bt c u gip h t nng cao trnh
, kh nng phn tch v nh gi cc vn
trong qu trnh hc tp.
Vic qun l ngun ti nguyn theo mn loi
hoc theo ch ca bng phn loi th vin
ch yu cung cp nhng sn phm s v th,
ngi dng khng th tm kim nhanh v y
nhng thng tin hu ch cho h. p ng
c yu cu kim nh cht lng o to i
hc theo h thng tn ch, th vin cn phi c
nhng sn phm tinh - tc l cung cp nhng
gi thng tin tng i y i vi tng i
tng theo mt ch nht nh - nhm ch ra
ngun ti liu/ hc liu chnh v tham kho cho
tng mn hc. l hng i ht sc cn thit
tin ti mt th vin i hc thn thin v
hin i.
Mt s th vin trn th gii thuc cc nc
pht trin nh Anh, M u t trin khai
dng sn phm ny. trong nc, hin nay mi
ch c mt s Th vin i hc quan tm n xy
dng CSDLMH nh i hc Thi Nguyn, i
hc Quc Gia H Ni, Hc vin K thut Qun
s mt s trng khc, cng vic ny mi
c trin khai rt manh nha, nh l trn nhng
phn mm m ngun m, thiu nhiu module
cn thit qun l lu thng. V th vic xy dng
CSDLMH cng tr nn cp thit.
T yu cu trn, Th vin Trng i hc
Nha Trang trin khai nghin cu xy dng
CSDLMH cho cc ngnh v chuyn ngnh thuc
khoa C kh v khoa K thut tu thy. y
l bc i u tin cho vic xy dng nhng
sn phm tng t tip theo cho cc ngnh v
chuyn ngnh khc.
NGHIN CU
Th vin t chc ngun ti nguyn theo
CSDLMH cho cc ngnh v chuyn ngnh ang
o to, s gip cho ngi dng d dng tm
kim c danh mc ti liu tham kho cho
tng mn hc mt cch nhanh chng, d dng.
Vic ny cng s rt c ch cho cng tc qun l
v phc v ti liu cho o to theo h thng tn
ch, cng tc kim nh cht lng v k hoch
pht trin ngun ti nguyn thng tin ca th
vin cho tng hc phn.
Hin nay, Th vin Trng i hc Nha
Trang ang qun l khong 17.000 nhan ti
liu vn bn, tng ng 37.000 cun vi 60%
c thi im xut bn sau nm 2000, trong
ti liu ngn ng Vit chim 85%, ngn ng Anh
14%, ngn ng khc 1%. Ngoi ra, cn c trn
200 tn bo v tp ch, trn 2000 lun vn, lun
n v ti nghin cu khoa hc. Cng vi s
ti liu in, Th vin hin ang qun l khong
3000 tn ti liu in t trn th vin s v c
cp nht thng xuyn (bao gm ebooks, lun
vn, lun n, ti NCKH) cng vi mt s
CSDL trc tuyn: ProQuest, Hinari, Agora,
Willson v CSDL cc cng trnh nghin cu
quc gia
thc hin cng vic ny, Th vin phi
nghin cu trin khai r sot, thng k thng
tin th mc v ti liu s ton vn hin c, t
chc lp bng danh mc mn hc ca tt c cc
ngnh hc trong trng trn c s cng chi
tit hc phn ban hnh, ch cho c cc ti
liu dng tham kho cho tng mn hc c th.
CSDLMH cho cc ngnh o to ca hai
khoa C kh v K thut Tu thy c thc
hin trn KIPOS - l phn mm th vin s
chuyn nghip ca Cng ty CP tin hc Hin i -
vi nhiu modun tin ch v chc nng tra cu
tm tin, c th tra cu ti liu theo ch , theo
t kha, theo k hiu phn loi, tn ti liu, tn
tc gi
Vi s h tr ca nh cung cp phn mm,
Th vin x l v hon thnh CSDLMH 70%
s mn hc vi 2000 tn sch, gio trnh, lun
vn ca 7 ngnh v chuyn ngnh o to ca
2 khoa, bao gm cc chuyn ngnh v ngnh
o to: Thit k tu thy, ng tu thy, Thit
b nng lng tu thy, Cng ngh c - in t,
Cng ngh k thut xy dng, Cng ngh k
thut t v Cng ngh ch to my.
Ngi dng d dng truy cp vo ngun
ti nguyn ny trong th vin s thng qua
website ca Th vin bng vic nhp t kha
mn hc v thc hin tm kim thng tin theo cc
tnh nng nh tm lt, tm theo t kha c
c danh mc ti liu tham kho mong mun.
Ngoi vic p ng c yu cu ca
ngi dng, CSDLMH cn p ng tt cho cng
tc qun l ti liu ca Th vin, ng thi cc
n v lin quan nh Phng o to i hc
v Sau i hc, Phng Kim nh cht lng
o to v Kho th, cc khoa c th bit hin
trng ti liu p ng cho mi mt mn hc
c k hoch, gii php m bo gio trnh, ti
liu theo quy nh.
Vic xy dng thnh cng CSDLMH cho 2
khoa C kh v K thut Tu thy nhn c
nhng nh gi tch cc t pha ngi dng l
ging vin v sinh vin. CSDLMH c qun
l v lu thng trn th vin s, khng b gii
hn v khng gian v thi gian nn to mi
trng rng m v c hi bnh ng cho tt c
mi ngi khi s dng ngun ti liu hc tp.
CSDL ti liu s cng lc phc v cho nhiu i
tng khc nhau, khng ph thuc vo s lng
ngi dng, thi gian v v tr a l ca h.
CSDLMH ny cng tit kim c kinh ph
xy dng kho, kinh ph b sung ti liu, bo
qun... Hn ht l gip cho ngi dng - c
bit l sinh vin - c d dng thun tin trong
vic tm thng tin. Trong iu kin cn thiu
ngun ti liu tham kho hc tp in giy, th vic
Th vin c thm gii php ti liu s ha s
gip cho ngi hc c nhiu la chn phc
v cho k hoch hc tp ca c nhn.
CSDLMH kt hp vi th vin truyn thng
s phc v hiu qu hn cho vic i mi v
nng cao cht lng o to. V d nh hnh
thc o to trc tuyn, o to ngoi trng
ngi hc ch ng sp xp thi gian hc tp,
khng phi n th vin cng c th ly c ti
liu trn CSDLMH qua mng.
CSDLMH gp phn m rng i tng
phc v: c bit l c th p ng tt nhu cu
ti liu hc tp cho cc c s lin kt o to xa
trng v Phn hiu Kin Giang.
Xy dng th vin s l xu th tt yu, l
mc tiu ca cc th vin hin nay. Vic xy
dng CSDLMH khng nm ngoi mc ch
phc v tt hn cho i mi phng php dy
v hc, nng cao cht lng o to v NCKH
ca Trng. V vy, trong thi gian tip theo,
ngh Nh trng to iu kin cho Th vin tip
tc thc hin xy dng CSDLMH cho cc khoa
cn li, c bit l hai khoa Kinh t v K ton -
Ti chnh, v cc khoa ny c s lng sinh
vin ln, p lc m bo ti liu cho hc tp v
nghin cu rt cao.
Xy dng CSDLMH l mt cng vic hu
ch cho th vin cc trng i hc nghin cu,
tham kho c nhng kin gp , trao i.

TI LIU THAM KHO
1. iu l Trng i hc ban hnh theo Quyt nh s 156/2003Q-TTg ngy 30/7/2009 ca Th tng
Chnh ph.
2. Quy ch o to i hc v Cao ng h chnh quy theo h thng tn ch ban hnh theo Quyt nh s
43/2007/Q-BGDT ngy 15/8/2007 ca B GD&T.
3. Bi Loan Thy, Th vin i hc phc v o to, nghin cu khoa hc v chuyn giao cng ngh, p
ng cc yu cu ca hc ch tn ch, Tp ch thng tin t liu - s 4 , 2008.- tr14-17.
4. Nguyn Th Thanh Thy, Ci tin cng tc t chc, qun l th vin i hc trn a bn Tp. HCM, lun
vn thc s -2007.
5. V Trung Hng, Cc bc trin khai hc liu m Vit Nam, Tp ch thng tin t liu - s 3, 2009.-
tr 18-120.
6. Nguyn Vn Hnh, Kim nh cht lng o to i hc - thi c v thch thc i vi cc th vin i
hc Vit Nam, Tp ch Thng tin v T liu, 2007, s 1.- tr. 15-19.
7. Nguyn Vn Hnh, Th vin trng i hc vi cng tc pht trin hc liu phc v o to theo tn
ch. Tp ch Thng tin v T liu, 2009, s 2.- tr. 12-16
8. Nguyn Huy Chng, Tn Quc Bnh, Lm Quang Tng T chc ti nguyn s phc v i mi gio dc
i hc. K yu hi tho t chc hot ng TT-TV trong trng i hc. Nng, 28-29/10/2004 -
tr.71-79.
9. Hong c Lin, Gii php xy dng cc b su tp s Trung tm Thng tin - Th vin H Nng
nghip I H Ni.
10. Nguyn Minh Hip v on Hng Ngha, Thc hnh xy dng th vin s - TP. HCM: i hc Quc
gia, 2004.
11. Tamiko Matsumura, Th vin s Nht bn, Tp ch Thng tin v T liu, 2004, s 3.- tr. 19-13.
12. Witten, I. H. (Ian H.), How to build a digital library / Ian H. Witten, David Bainbridge, and David M.
Nichols.
13. Digital library use : social practice in design and evaluation / edited by Ann Peterson Bishop, Nancy A.
Van House, and Barbara P. Butteneld.
14. Library Management : Change management in academic libraries - 2 / Stephen OConnor.
15. WITTEN, Ian H. v BAIBRIDGE, David. How to Build a Digital Library. - New York : Morgan Kaufmann,
2003.
16. http:// thuvien.net
fHONG B/O KHO/ HOC
NH HNG CA LO I THC N V VITAMINE C B SUNG
LN T L SNG V SINH TRNG CA C CHIM VY VNG
TRACHINOTUS BLOCHII (LACEPEDE, 1801) C 30 - 40mm
EFFECT OF FOOD AND VITAMINE C ON GROWTH, SURVIVAL RATE OF
SNUB-NOSE POMPANO FINGERLINGS, TRACHINOTUS BLOCHII
(LACEPEDE, 1801) NURSED IN SEA CAGES
Chu Vn Thanh
TM TT
Th nghim c th c hi n nh m nh gi nh h ng c a lo i thc n v vitamine C b sung n t
l sng, sinh trng ca c chim vy vng ng bng lng trn bin. C c 41mm (1,4g) c th nghim
3 nghim thc th c n: (i) thc n cng nghi p UP, (ii) c ti, (iii) k t h p thc n cng nghi p UP vi c
ti. Th nghim ko di trong 30 ngy. Kt qu cho thy, lo i thc n nh hng ln t l sng, sinh trng
ca c chim vy vng (p<0,05). C nghi m th c th c n c ti (ii) v k t h p (iii) c t l s ng cao (66,7%
v 63,3%, theo th t ), kh c bi t c ngh a (p<0,05) so v i nghi m th c th c n cng nghi p UP (41,1%).
C nghi m th c k t h p c chi u d i l n nh t (78,7mm) v c nghi m th c c ti c chi u d i nh nh t
(68,0mm).
C c 31mm (0,8g) c th nghim 2 nghim thc: (i) thc n NRD 5/8 c trn vitamin C v (ii) thc
n NRD 5/8. Th nghim ko di trong 15 ngy. Kt qu cho thy, vitamine C c trn vo thc n khng nh
hng ln t l sng, sinh trng ca c chim vy vng (P>0,05).
T kha: T l sng, sinh trng, c chim vy vng, Trachinotus blochii.
ABSTRACT
The experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of food and vitamin C supplementation on
survival rate and growth rate of snub-nose pompano ngerling nursed in sea- cages.
Fingerlings at size of 41mm (1.4 g) were examined in 3 treatments: (i) fed by UP-pellet, (ii) fed by trash
sh and (iii) fed by trash sh combined with UP-pellet. The experiment was carried out within 30 days. The
results showed that sh in treatment (i) and (ii) had high survival rates (66.7% and 63.3%, respectively) that
were signicantly different (p<0.05) from sh in treatment iii (41.1%).
The best growth performance in term of standard length was recorded for treatment (iii), 78.7mm. The
lowest one was treatment (ii), 68.0mm.
Snub-nose pompano ngerlings at size of 31mm (0.8g) were also tested in 2 treatments: (i) fed by NRD
5/8 mixed Vitamin C and (ii) fed by NRD 5/8 as controlled treatment. The experiment was conducted within 15
days. The results showed that the supplementation of vitamin C on NRD 5/8 did not inuence on the growth
rate and survival rate of sh (p>0.05).
Keywords: Survival rate, growth, snub-nose pompano, Trachinotus blochii.
I. T VN
C chim vy vng (Trachinotus blochii
Lacepede, 1801) l loi c mi c cho
nhn to ti Vit Nam trong nhng nm g n y.
Vic ng gi ng c chim vy vng bng lng
bin cha c nghin cu. Do , xy dng
quy trnh ng c chim vy vng bng lng bin,
vn nghin cu nh hng ca lo i thc n
v vitamine C b sung vo thc n ln t l sng
v sinh trng ca c l rt cn thit.
Khnh Ha, ng dn s dng c ti
lm thc n ng cc loi c bin nh c
chm, c gi, c m rt ph bin; mt s h th
nghim s dng thc n cng nghi p nui
c chm trong ao t t kt qu kh tt; mt
khc phng bnh cho c, ng dn thng
trn vitamine C vo thc n cho c n. Hin
nay, cha c nhng nghin cu v vic s dng
c c lo i thc n ng gi ng c chim vy
vng bng lng bin. Do , th nghim ny
c thc hin vi thc n cng nghi p, c ti
v thc n cng nghi p c b sung vitamine C
nhm gp phn nng cao t l sng v tc
sinh trng ca c chim vy vng.
II. I TNG, VT LIU, PHNG PHP
B TR TH NGHIM
1. i tng nghin cu:
C chim vy vng (Trachinotus blochii
Lacepede, 1801).
2. Vt liu:
C con dng th nghim c ly t Tri
Sn xut Ging c Bin - Khoa Nui trng Thy
sn - Trng i hc Nha Trang ti ng -
Nha Trang. C c chn l nhng c th c
kch thc ng u, phn x linh hot, khng
b tn thng, khng d tt, mu sc t nhin.
C c ng trong cc lng nh c th
tch 120L/lng, vi mt 250 con v 267
con/m
3
(tng ng 30 con v 32 con/lng).
3. Phng php:
3.1. Phng php b tr th nghim
3.1.1. nh hng ca lo i thc n n t l sng
v sinh trng ca c:
C c th nghim cho n vi 3 nghim
thc: (i) C c cho n thc n cng nghi p
ca hng UP, 4 ln/ngy (lc 6 gi, 11 gi, 15
gi v 17 gi), t l cho n 10% khi lng thn
c (BW). (ii) C c cho n thc n c ti, 2
ln/ngy (lc 11 gi v 17 gi), t l cho n 20%
BW. (iii) C c cho n thc n cng nghi p
UP vi c ti, ngy cho c n 3 ln thc n UP
(lc 6 gi, 15 gi, 17 gi) v 1 ln c ti (lc
11 gi).
Thnh phn dinh dng ca thc n UP:
m th ti thiu 46%, cht bo th ti thiu
10%, tro ti a 15%, cht x ti a 1%, m ti
a 11%. C ti l loi c cm ti.
C chim vy vng c th nghim c chiu
di (SL) = 41 4,1 mm, khi lng thn trung
bnh (BW) = 1.4 g.
Th nghim c b tr ngu nhin hon
ton. Mi nghim thc c lp li 3 ln. Thi
gian th nghim ko di trong 30 ngy.
3.1.2. nh hng ca vitamine C b sung v o
th c n ln t l sng v sinh trng ca c:
C c th nghim 2 nghim thc: (i) C
c cho n thc n NRD 5/8 c trn vitamin C,
2 ln/ngy (lc 6 gi v 17 gi) cho c n lin
tip trong 7 ngy u. Vitamine C c trn vo
thc n l CEVITA 500 ca Vit Nam sn xut,
th tch mi ng l 5ml (Acid Ascorbic 500mg/5
ml), trn vi liu lng 5ml/1kg thc n, trn
xong sau khong 10 pht cho thuc ngm u
vo thc n ri cho c n. (ii) C c cho n
thc n NRD 5/8. Th nghim c b tr ngu
nhin hon ton. Mi nghim thc c lp li 3
ln. Thi gian th nghim ko di trong 15 ngy.
Cho c n thc n NRD 5/8 ca hng
INVER, 4 ln/ngy (lc 6 gi, 11 gi, 15 gi v
17 gi). T l cho n l 10% BW.
C chim vy vng c th nghim c chiu
di thn (SL) = 31 3,3mm, khi lng thn
(BW)

= 0,8 0,21g.
3.2. Phng php xc nh cc ch tiu v x l
s liu:
Khi kt thc th nghim, c cc th nghim
c thu ton b cn, o v m s lng,
xc nh khi lng trung bnh, chiu di ton
thn, h s phn tn v chiu di v t l sng.
Tc sinh trng c trng:
SGR

(%/ngy) = (Ln
2
- Ln
1
) x 100 / (t
2
-t
1
).
Vi
1
,
2
: khi lng thn trung bnh ti
thi im t
1
v t
2
.
H s phn n v chiu di:
CV (%) = S : x 100%.
Trong : S: lch chun , : chiu di
thn trung bnh.
S liu thu c t nghin cu c x l
thng k bng phn mm SPSS v Excell. Cc
gi tr trung bnh c so snh theo phng
php phn tch phng sai mt yu t (one-way
ANOVA). So snh s khc nhau gia cc gi tr
trung bnh sau phn tch phng sai (post hoc
test) theo kim nh Duncan v LSD vi tin
cy 95%.
1. nh hng ca lo i thc n n t l sng
v sinh trng ca c chim vy vng
T l sng ca c sau 30 ngy ng 2
nghim thc cho c n thc n cng nghi p UP
k t h p vi c ti v cho c n c ti (ln lt
63%, 66%) khc bit khng c ngh a (p>0,05),
ng thi khc bit c ngh a (p<0,05) vi nghim
thc cho c n thc n UP (41%). (B ng 1)
Chiu di thn c sau 30 ngy ng cc
nghim thc cho c n thc n UP k t h p vi
c ti, cho c n thc n UP v cho c n c
ti (ln lt l 78mm, 74mm v 68mm) khc
bit c ngh a (p<0,05). (B ng 1)
Khi lng thn c sau 30 ngy ng 2
nghim thc cho c n thc n UP k t h p vi
c ti, cho c n thc n UP (l 13g) khng
khc bit nhau (p>0,05), ng thi khc bit c
ngh a (p<0,05) vi nghim thc cho c n c
ti (9g). (B ng 1)
H s phn n v chiu di ca c sau 30
ngy ng cc nghim thc khc bit khng
c ngh a (p>0,05). (B ng 1)
T kt qu nghin cu cho thy rng: Khi
ng c chim vy vng c SL = 41mm, BW =
1,4 g, cho c n thc n cng nghi p k t h p
vi c ti s ci thin c t l sng v sinh
trng ca c.
Bng 1. Sinh trng v t l sng ca c 3 nghim thc thc n
Ch tiu
Nghim thc
Thc n
UP + c ti
Thc n UP Thc n c ti
T l sng (%) 63,3
a
5,10 41,1
b
6,17 66,7
a
5,77
Chiu di thn (mm) 78,7
a
0,20 74,2
b
1,76 68,0
c
0,63
Khi lng (g) 13,6
a
0,92 13,1
a
1,20 9,9
b
0,60
H s CV (%) 8,3
a
1,33 9,0
a
1,15 8,3
a
1,20
SGR(%) v chiu di 2,1
a
0,00 1,9
b
0,07 1,6
c
0,03
SGR(%) v khi lng 7,5
a
0,23 7,4
a
0,31 6,5
b
0,20
S liu trnh by: Trung bnh SE. S liu c so snh bng ANOVA mt yu t. K t m cng hng khc nhau ch
s khc bi t c ngha (p<0,05) vi kim nh Duncan.
2. nh hng ca vitamine C b sung vo
thc n ln t l sng v sinh trng ca c
chim vy vng
T l sng ca c sau 15 ngy ng 2
nghim thc cho c n thc n NRD c trn
vitamine C v cho c n thc n NRD (l 87%)
khc bit khng c ngh a (p>0.05). (B ng 2)
Chiu di ca c sau 15 ngy ng 2
Vitamine C v cho c n thc n NRD (ln lt
49mm v 48mm) khc bit khng c ngh a
(p>0.05). (B ng 2)
Khi lng ca c sau 15 ngy ng 2
Vitamine C v cho c n thc n NRD (ln
lt 2,5g v 2,2g) khc bit khng c ngh a
(p>0,05). (B ng 2)
H s phn tn v chiu di c sau 15 ngy
ng 2 nghim thc cho c n th c n NRD
c trn Vitamine C v cho c n thc n NRD
(ln lt 7% v 8%) khc bit khng c ngh a
(p>0.05). (B ng 2)
T kt qu nghin cu cho thy rng: C c
ch tiu v t l s ng, sinh tr ng c a c 2
nghi m th c kh c bi t khng c ngh a, c kh
nng th i gian th nghi m ng n (15 ng y) nn
cha th hi n s kh c bi t.
Bng 2. Sinh trng v t l sng ca c 2 nghim thc sau 15 ngy ng.
Ch tiu
Nghim thc
Th c n NRD Th c n NRD b sung Vitamine C
T l sng (%) 87,6
a
10,86
87,3
a
6,56
48,4
a
0,98
2,2
a
0,14
7,8
a
0,79
2,9
a
0,13
6,8
b
0,43
Chiu di thn (mm) 49,6
a
1,07
Khi lng (g) 2,5
a
0,10
H s CV (%) 6,8
a
0,74
SGR(%) v chiu di 3,1
a
0,14
SGR(%) v khi lng 7,5
a
0,22
S liu trnh by: trung bnh SE. S liu c so snh bng ANOVA mt yu t. K t m cng hng khc nhau ch
s khc bi t c ngha (p<0,05) vi kim nh LSD.
IV. KT LUN
1. Kt lun
Khi ng c chim vy vng, cho c n thc
n cng nghi p kt hp vi c ti s ci thin
c t l sng v sinh trng ca c.
Vi c b sung Vitamine C vo thc n NRD
5/8, khng nh h ng n t l sng v sinh
trng ca c chim vy v ng giai o n gi ng.
2. Kin ngh
Vic ng nui c chim vy vng bng lng
trn bin, cho c n thc n cng nghi p kt hp
vi mt t c ti s mang li hiu qu v kinh
t cho ngi nui v hn ch s nhim mi
trng, c th y l gii php nui bn vng.
fHONG B/O KHO/ HOC
TM HIU C IM SINH SN CA S SNG
(SIPUNCULUS ROBUSTUS KEFERSTEIN, 1865) TI VNG TRIU
VEN BIN CAM RANH - KHNH HA
STUDY ON REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF SAND WORM (SIPUNCULUS
ROBUSTUS KEFERSTEIN, 1865) IN COASTAL TIDAL ZONE OF
CAM RANH- KHANH HOA
Tn N M Nga, Nguyn Vn Thanh,
Hong Th Hng, Ng Anh Tun
TM TT
S sng Sipunculus robustus Keferstein, 1865 l loi sinh vt sng vng bi triu, c gi tr dinh
dng cao [12]. Trong nhng nm gn y, khai thc qu mc v nhim vng triu ven bin Khnh Ha
lm ngun li s sng gim st nghim trng. V vy, vic nghin cu c im sinh sn ca s sng ti y
l rt cn thit nhm gp phn bo v ngun li s sng cng nh b sung thm mt i tng nui mi. Mt
nghin cu c thc hin trong vng 6 thng (12/2009 - 5/2010). Kt qu cho thy cu trc gii tnh ca s
sng l 34,63% ; 36,8% , khng xc nh : l 28,57%, t l trung bnh : l 0,91:1. Kch thc thnh
thc ln u cha c xc nh chnh xc nhng nhm kch thc nh nht c c th thnh thc sinh dc l
7,2 - 10,2cm. Sc sinh sn tuyt i dao ng t 743.182 n 4.740.948 trng/ c th, trung bnh l 2.121.367.
Sc sinh sn tng i dao ng t 75.485 n 209.788 trng/g c th, trung bnh l 120.777. Phng trnh
tng quan gia sc sinh sn tuyt i v khi lng ton thn l W = 203965,815x X
0,803
(R = 0,833). Thng
3 - thng 4 l ma v sinh sn (trong , thng 4 l nh cao vi t l thnh thc sinh dc t 82,5%). H s
thnh thc sinh dc GSI ca loi tng theo giai on pht trin ca tuyn sinh dc, t t l cao nht giai
on III (43,37% c th c, 41,10% c th ci).
T kha: S sng, sinh sn, Sipunculus robustus
ABSTRACT
Sand worm Sipunculus robustus Keferstein, 1865 is a species which has a high nutritional value,
living in tidal zones [9]. In recent years, overshing and pollution in Khanh Hoa coastal tidal zones reduced
resource of sand worm seriously. So, a study on reproduction of sand worm here is very necessary, contributes
to protecting their resource as well as adds a new candidate to aquaculture. A study has been conducted for 6
months (12/2009 - 5/2010). The results showed that sexual structure of sand worm was 34.63% of , 36.8% of
, 28.57% of unidentidied :; average rate : was 0,91:1. Size of rst maturity has not been determined
exactly but the smallest maturation size group was 7.2 10.2 cm. Absolute fecundity ranged from 743,182 to
4,740,948 eggs/ individual, average 2,121,367. Relative fecundity ranged between 75,485 and 209,788 eggs/g
of body, average 120,777. Correlation equation between absolute fecundity and weight of entire body was
W = 203965.815x X
0.803
(R = 0.833). March- April was reproduction season (in which, April was the top with
mature percentage reached to 82.5%). Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) of this species increased together with
development stages of gonad glands, reaching to the highest percentage in stage III (43.37% in male, 41.10%
in female).
Keywords: Reproduction, sand worm, Sipunculus robustus
I. M U
Khu vc phn b ca lp s sng (Sipunculidea) ni chung rt rng, t vng bin nhit i cho
n Nam cc, t vng triu cho n vng bin su, nhng ch tp trung nhiu vng triu c nn
y ct hoc ct bn [3]. S sng c nhiu nht khu vc Thi Bnh Dng, n Dng v Bin
ng. Cc nc c loi ny phn b l Andaman, c, n , Trung Quc, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Philippine v Vit Nam [2], [3], [5], [6].
S sng c gi tr dinh dng cao [12] nhng hin tng khai thc qu mc v nhim bin
gn y lm cho ngun li s sng ngy cng gim st nghim trng. Trc tnh trng , vic
nghin cu c im sinh sn ca s sng (Sipunculus robustus Keferstein, 1865) ti vng triu ven
bin Cam Ranh - Khnh Ha l rt cn thit nhm lm c s khoa hc cho sinh sn nhn to, ti to
v bo v c hiu qu ngun li s sng.
II. I TNG, PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
1. i tng, thi gian, a im nghin cu
- Thi gian thc hin: T ngy 01/12/2009 n 01/06/2010
- a im thu mu: Vng triu ven bin Cam Ranh - Khnh Ha
- a im phn tch mu: phng thc tp Sinh l, Sinh thi - Khoa Nui trng Thy sn - trng
i hc Nha Trang
- i tng nghin cu: loi s sng Sipunculus robustus Keferstein, 1865
H thng kha phn loi nh sau [4]:
Ngnh: Sipuncula Ranesque, 1814
Lp: Sipunculidea Gibbsy & Culter, 1987
B: Sipunculiormes Gibbsy & Culter, 1987
H: Sipunculidae Gray, 1828
Ging: Sipunculus Linnaeus, 1767
Loi: Sipunculus robustus Keferstein, 1865
2. Phng php nghin cu
2.1. S khi ni dung nghin cu
2.2. Phng php thu v phn tch mu
2.2.1. Phng php thu mu
- Mi thng thu mu 1 ln vi s mu trn
30 mu/thng ti 1 khu vc thuc vng triu ven
bin Cam Ranh - Khnh Ha. Chn v tr ti ni
c du vt b ca s sng li trn mt t
thu mu.

0,5 m
2
xc nh din tch thu mu. Dng cuc,
xng o bi n su 50 - 60cm hoc
n su khng cn bt gp s sng. S dng
phng php thu mu ngu nhin.
- Thu cht y: dng 2 ng st trn (mt ng
di 80cm, mt ng di 70cm, vt nhn, ng
knh 10cm), n su xung ct t 40 -* 50cm
ly cht y.
2.2.2. Phng php nghin cu c im sinh
sn
- Mu s sng c thu hng thng vi tng
s 231 mu ti khu vc nghin cu. Mu c
c nh trong dung dch formalin 5%. Chuyn v
phng th nghim, ra sch v tin hnh phn
tch.
- Quan st hnh thi cu to v phn bit
c ci thng qua mu sc v tiu bn ct lt
bung trng.
* nh gi cc giai on pht trin ca
tuyn sinh dc
Tm hiu c im sinh sn ca s sng (sipunculus robustus keferstein, 1865)
ti vng triu ven bin Cam Ranh - Khnh Ha
Gii tnh, t
l c ci
Ma v
sinh sn
Sc sinh sn
Kch thc
thnh thc
sinh dc
ln u
Cc giai
on pht
trin tuyn
sinh dc
Thu thp v x l s liu
Kt lun v xut kin
Hnh 1. S im thu mu
im thu mu.
- Ti cc im thu mu, dng khung
- Cc giai on pht trin ca tuyn
sinh dc c nh gi theo thang 4 bc ca
Baron [1].
- Tiu bn bung trng v tinh so c
ct lt theo phng php ca Sheckan v
Hrapchack: tuyn sinh dc c c nh bng
formol 5%, nc c loi b bng Etanol v
lm sch bng xylene. Sau , mu c c
trong Paran v ct lt mng t 4m n 6m
bng my ct Microtome. Mu c nhum bng
Hematoxylin v Eosin. Tiu bn c quan st
bng knh hin vi quang hc vi phng i t
40 - 400 ln.
* T l c ci
- T l c ci ca s sng c phn tch
qua 06 ln thu mu ngu nhin vi tng s 231
c th theo kch thc v thi gian.
* Kch thc thnh thc ln u
Kch thc thnh thc sinh dc ln u
l nhm kch thc nh nht m cc c th
c tuyn sinh dc ang pht trin giai on
III chim t l 50% trn tng s mu thu
c [10].
* Sc sinh sn
Sc sinh sn tuyt i (Fa) (s trng/c th)
c xc nh bng cch m s lng trng
giai on thnh thc.
Phng php m: s sng c ngm
trong formol 5%. Ton b tuyn sinh dc c
ra sch (lc qua li 20m), ro nc, em
cn. Sau , xc nh c ci bng knh hin vi
quang hc. Trong trng hp l c th ci, ly
1g trng em pha long vi nc ct, to dung
dch huyn ph. S dng bung m ng vt
m s lng trng. Thao tc m trng lp
li 3 ln, tnh s lng trng trung bnh/1g mu.
Tng s trng ca c th c tnh theo cng
thc:
a
Fa =

W
t

n
Trong :
Fa : Sc sinh sn tuyt i,
a : s lng trng m c,
n : khi lng phn bung trng em m (g),
W
t
: khi lng bung trng (g).
Sc sinh sn tng i(F
Gr
): trng/gam c
th
Fa
F
Gr
=

W
Trong :
Fa: Sc sinh sn tuyt i,
W: khi lng ton thn s sng(g).
* Ma v sinh sn
- Ma v sinh sn c xc nh bng t l
c th ci c tuyn sinh dc giai on III.
- H s thnh thc sinh dc (GSI):
H s thnh thc sinh dc c xc
nh theo phng php ca Pravdin [10]: L
t l phn trm ca khi lng tuyn sinh dc
trn khi lng ton thn (gm c tuyn sinh
dc).
H s thnh thc sinh dc c tnh theo
cng thc sau:
Wtsd
GSI =
100%
Wt
Trong :
GSI : H s thnh thc (%)
Wtsd : Khi lng tuyn sinh dc (g)
Wt : Khi lng ton thn (g)
3. Phn tch s liu
S liu sinh hc sau khi thu c x l v
nh gi bng phn mm Excel v SPSS.
1. Cc giai on pht trin ca tuyn sinh dc
Hnh 2. Tuyn sinh dc giai on I: (a) phng i 100 ln; (b) phng i 400 ln
Tuyn sinh dc ca s sng Sipunculus robustus rt nh, kh phn bit bng mt thng, tri
qua 4 giai on pht trin t I n IV [1].
1.1. Giai on I
Tuyn sinh dc nh, mu sc ng nht, rt kh phn bit bng mt thng, khng phn bit
c c ci.
1.2. Giai on II (ang pht trin, tin thnh thc)
Hnh 3. Tuyn sinh dc giai on II ( phng i 100 ln): (a) c; (b) Ci
Tuyn sinh dc bt u pht trin, kch thc ln hn giai on I. c ci c phn bit bng
cc t bo trng v tinh so trong tuyn sinh dc.
Tuyn sinh dc c: mu vng nht, pht trin lan rng khp khoang c th nhng cn t.
Tiu bn qua knh hin vi cho thy t bo sinh dc c dng hnh cu nh v dnh kt vi nhau thnh
tng m.
Tuyn sinh dc ci: c mu vng nu. Tiu bn ct lt cho thy t bo c dng hnh cu nh,
cc t bo trng cn cha pht trin, nhn cha r rng.
1.3. Giai on III (giai on thnh thc)
Hnh 4. Tuyn sinh dc giai on III ( phng i 100 ln): (a) c; (b) Ci
Tuyn sinh dc cng phng, c mu c
trng cho tuyn sinh dc c v ci.
Tuyn sinh dc c: mu vng nu, kch
thc ln, pht trin rng v ko di trong
khoang c th. Cc t bo sinh dc tp trung
thnh tng bi. Khc vi giai on II, III, cc t
bo sinh dc c ri nhau, tinh trng bt u ri
khi cc t bo sinh dc.
Tuyn sinh dc ci: Bung trng pht trin
cng phng, rng khp khoang c th v c
mu nu . T bo sinh dc l cc non bo
hon thnh qu trnh tch ly vt cht dinh
dng v c kch thc ti a. Cc t bo trng
dng hnh cu, kch thc rt ln, ri nhau. S
sng sn sng trng.
1.4. Giai on IV
y l giai on sau khi , bung trng
xp, mm, trong bung trng cn ri rc 1 s
trng giai on II, III. Trong tuyn sinh dc c,
nang tinh ri ra hoc khng cn.
Tuyn sinh dc c (sau khi phng tinh):
c mu vng nht, cn li t trong khoang c th,
ri nhau, ti tinh rng. Mt s t bo sinh dc
c cn st li.
Tuyn sinh dc ci (sau khi trng):
Bung trng xp xung, c c trng bi s
c mt ca cc bo nang rng v mt s t bo
trng cn st li.
2. Gii tnh v t l c ci
Hnh 5. Mu sc tuyn sinh dc: (a) C th ci; (b) C th c
Sipunculus robustus l loi phn tnh c ci, c phn bit r rng da trn c im, mu
sc ca tuyn sinh dc. Tuy nhin, giai on I, khng phn bit c gii tnh v mu sc tuyn
sinh dc ging nhau.
giai on II, tuyn sinh dc ca s sng c c mu vng nu, ca s sng ci mu nu .
Kt qu phn tch t l c: ci trn 231 mu s sng c trnh by qua bng 1.
Bng 1. Bin ng t l c, ci
Thng mu
S sng c S sng ci Khng xc nh :
T l
:
N % N % N %
12 43 6 13,95 18 41,86 19 44,19 0,33:1
1 34 2 5,88 5 14,71 34 79,41 0,25:1
2 46 12 26,09 16 34,78 18 39,13 0,75:1
3 35 15 42,86 18 51,43 2 5,71 0,84:1
4 40 30 75,00 10 25,00 0 0,00 3:1
5 33 15 45,45 18 54,55 0 0,00 0,82:1
Tng 231 80 34,63 85 36,80 73 28,57 0,94:1
Hnh 6. Cu trc gii tnh ca s sng qua tng thng
Hnh 7. Cu trc gii tnh ca s sng trong c 6 thng
Bng 1, hnh 6 v hnh 7 cho thy thng 1 l thng c t l c ci thp, thng 2 v thng 3 c
cu trc gii tnh kh cn bng, thng 4 v thng 5 ch c gii tnh c v ci. T l c: ci c s
chnh lch gia cc thng, nht l thng 4 (: = 3:1). Nguyn nhn ca s chnh lch ny l do
thu mu ngu nhin. Tuy nhin, cu trc gii tnh trong c 6 thng khng c s mt cn bng ln. T
l c: ci trong 6 thng l 0,94 : 1, t l ny tng t vi t l c: ci ca mt s loi khc.
3. Kch thc thnh thc ln u
Bng 2. T l thnh thc sinh dc ca s sng theo nhm kch thc
Nhm kch thc
Chiu di thn
(cm)
S mu
S c th
thnh thc SD
T l thnh thc
(%)
Nhm 1 7,2 10,2 12 7 58,33
Nhm 2 10,3 13,3 31 16 51,61
Nhm 3 13,4 16,4 47 26 55,32
Nhm 4 16,5 19,5 64 21 32,81
Nhm 5 19,6 22,6 57 13 22,81
Nhm 6 22,7 25,7 14 3 21,43
Nhm 7 25,8 28,8 4 1 25,00
Nhm 8 28,9 31,9 2 0 0,00
Bng 2 v hnh 8 cho thy Sipunculus robustus thnh thc sinh dc ln u ngay nhm kch
thc nh nht trong nghin cu (7,2 - 10,2cm) vi t l cc c th chn mi sinh dc t 58,33%.
iu ny chng t, s sng thnh thc sinh dc tng i sm. Vy, nhm kch thc 7,2 - 10,2cm
l kch thc thnh thc sinh dc ca Sipunculus robustus vng triu ven bin Cam Ranh - Khnh
Ha. Tuy nhin, v mu ch c thu t thng 12 n thng 5 nn cha th xc nh c chnh
xc kch thc thnh thc ln u ca loi ny (c th nhm kch thc nh hn na) nn cn c
nhng nghin cu su hn v y hn.
Hnh 8. T l thnh thc sinh dc ca s sng theo nhm kch thc
4. Sc sinh sn
Bng 3: Sc sinh sn tuyt i v sc sinh sn tng i trung bnh
ca Sipunculus robustus
Sc sinh sn
S mu
(n)
S lng trng
Sc sinh sn tuyt i
(trng/ c th)
56
743.182 4.740.948
2.121.367 857.741
Sc sinh sn tng i
(trng/g c th)
56
75.485 209.788
120.777 31.531

GTNN GTLN
Ghi ch: S liu c trnh by l:

BT + GTLN
GTNN: Gi tr nh nht; GTLN: gi tr ln nht; TB: trung bnh; LC: lch chun
Trong thi gian thu mu, c 56 c th ci giai on thnh thc. Kt qu nghin cu trn 56 c
th c trnh by bng 3.

Hnh 9. Cc giai on khc nhau ca trng s sng trong mt c th
(a) Tuyn sinh dc ci giai on III soi ti ( phng i 100 ln);
(b) Tuyn sinh dc ci giai on III nhum mu
Bng 3 cho thy sc sinh sn tuyt i v sc sinh sn tng i ca s sng c s chnh lch
rt ln gia cc c th.
Nguyn nhn c th l do qu trnh thnh thc sinh dc khng ng u gia cc c th, ngay
c trong bung trng ca mt c th cng c trng cc giai on pht trin khc nhau. iu ny
cng ph hp vi nghin cu ca Guobao v Bing (2002) [7] - trong cng mt c th ca s sng,
c nhiu kch thc trng khc nhau.
Kt qu phn tch 56 c th ci cho thy sc sinh sn tuyt i v khi lng ton thn ca s
sng lin h vi nhau theo phng trnh tng quan W = 203965,815 x X
0,803
(W: khi lng ton
thn, X: sc sinh sn tuyt i) v c trnh by hnh 10.
Hnh 10. Mi tng quan gia sc sinh sn tuyt i v khi lng ton thn
5. Ma v sinh sn v h s thnh thc sinh dc (GSI)
5.1. Ma v sinh sn
Ma v sinh sn ca s sng c xc nh l thng c trn 50% s c th chn mi sinh dc,
ang tham gia sinh sn hoc xong [10].
Kt qu phn tch cc giai on pht trin tuyn sinh dc trong 6 thng iu tra c trnh by
bng 4.
Bng 4. T l cc giai on pht trin tuyn sinh dc ca s sng
Thng mu
Giai on I Giai on II Giai on III Giai on IV
n % n % n % n %
12 43 19 44,19 10 23,26 11 25,58 3 6,97
1 34 27 79,41 7 20,59 0 0,00 0 0,00
2 46 18 39,13 19 41,30 9 19,57 0 0,00
3 35 2 5,71 11 31,43 22 62,86 0 0,00
4 40 0 0 7 17,50 33 82,50 0 0,00
5 33 0 0 2 6,05 13 39,40 18 54,55
Bng 4 v hnh 11 cho thy thng 1 l thng s sng c tuyn sinh dc giai on I v giai on
II. Thng 3 v thng 4 l thng c t l s sng thnh thc sinh dc > 50%. iu ny cho thy ma
v sinh sn khng lin tc quanh nm, m chia thnh ma v c th coi 2 thng ny l ma v sinh
sn ca s sng ti vng triu ven bin Cam Ranh.
Vy, theo nh ngha v ma v sinh sn trn [10] th trong thi gian nghin cu (t thng 12 n
thng 5), chng ti xc nh c mt ma v sinh sn ca Sipunculus robustus l thng 3 - thng 4
(cng c th chng c thm mt hoc nhiu ma v sinh sn khc trong cc thng cn li ca nm
na, cn c nghin cu thm khng nh). Kt qu ny ca chng ti khc vi kt qu nghin
cu Trung Quc, s sng sipunculus sp. t thng 3 n thng 9 v tp trung t thng 5 n
thng 8 [7]; Qung Ninh, s sng tp trung sinh sn trong khong thi gian t thng 6 n thng 7
[8], Bn Tre, s sng tp trung t thng 10 n thng 12 v t thng 2 n thng 4 [9].
Hnh 11. T l cc giai on pht trin tuyn sinh dc
iu ny c th gii thch rng qu trnh thnh thc sinh dc cc c th ni chung ph thuc
rt nhiu vo iu kin mi trng sng nh nhit , mn, dinh dng, cht y... [11].
5.2. H s thnh thc sinh dc (GSI)
Bng 5. GSI ca s sng c
H s TTSD giai on II (%)
H s TTSD
giai on III (%)
H s TTSD giai on
IV(%)
Thng 12 31,88 2,58 38,16 0 26,79 3,64
Thng 1 33,00 5,40 0 0
Thng 2 31,22 2,78 35,17 8,18 0
Thng 3 33,41 3,51 39,13 3,44 0
Thng 4 33,85 6,74 45,8 10,58 0
Thng 5 28,76 1,56 35,86 0 26,69 3,73
Trung bnh 32,94 5,62 43,37 9,91 26,71 3,58
Bng 6. GSI ca s sng Sipunculus robustus ci
H s TTSD giai on II (%)
H s TTSD
giai on III (%)
H s TTSD giai on
IV(%)
Thng 12 31,03 2,16 37,63 6,43 29,00 1,46
Thng 1 30,81 3,25 0 0
Thng 2 31,05 2,52 39,04 1,36 0
Thng 3 0 42,09 7,35 0
Thng 4 0 44,39 6,21 0
Thng 5 0 40,67 4,71 27,49 2,92
Trung bnh 30,98 2,49 41,10 6,20 28,10 2,64
Kt qu nghin cu h s thnh thc sinh
dc s sng c trnh by bng 5 v 6.
Bng 5 cho thy nhn chung h s thnh
thc sinh dc (GSI) ca giai on II nh hn GSI
ca giai on III trong cng mt thng. Vy, h
s thnh thc sinh dc (GSI) s sng c tng
ln theo giai on pht trin ca tuyn sinh dc
t giai on II n giai on III v gim mnh
giai on IV.
S chnh lch ca h s thnh thc sinh
dc (GSI) ca cc c th trong cng mt giai
on gia cc thng cng c th hin rt
r. Thng 2, h s thnh thc sinh dc (GSI)
ca c th c c tuyn sinh dc giai on
III l 35,17 8,18 (%), thng 3 l 39,13 3,44
(%), thng 4 l 45,38 10,58 v sang thng 5,
h s ny gim tng i nhanh, t gi tr l
35,86 0,00 (%). iu ny chng t trong nhng
thng l ma v sinh sn ca s sng th GSI
cng t gi tr cao nht.
Bng 6 cho thy GSI ca s sng ci c xu
hng tng t giai on II n giai on III v
t ngt gim xung giai on IV.
IV. KT LUN V XUT KIN
1. Kt lun
- Gii tnh v t l c ci: Sipunculus
robustus l loi phn tnh c, ci. Cu trc
gii tnh trong thi gian nghin cu l: Khng
xc nh (KX) : l 28,57%; : 34,63%;
: 36,8%. T l trung bnh c: ci l 0,91:1.
- Kch thc thnh thc ln u: cha xc
nh chnh xc kch thc thnh thc ln u
ca loi nhng nhm kch thc nh nht c c
th thnh thc sinh dc l 7,2 - 10,2cm.
- Sc sinh sn: sc sinh sn tuyt i dao
ng t 743.182 n 4.740.948 trng/c th,
trung bnh l 2.121.367 trng/ c th. Sc sinh
sn tng i dao ng t 75.485 n 209.788
trng/g c th, trung bnh l 120.777 trng/g c
th. Sc sinh sn ca loi c xu hng tng theo
khi lng c th. Phng trnh tng quan gia
sc sinh sn tuyt i v khi lng ton thn:
W = 203965,815x X
0,803
vi R = 0,833
- Ma v sinh sn: Trong khong t thng
12/2009 n thng 6/2010 th thng 3 - thng
4 l ma v sinh sn. Trong , thng 4 l nh
cao sinh sn ca loi vi t l thnh thc sinh dc
t 82,5%.
- H s thnh thc sinh dc: GSI ca loi
tng theo giai on pht trin ca tuyn sinh
dc, t t l cao nht giai on III (43,37%
c th c, 41,10% c th ci).
2. xut kin
- Cn hn ch khai thc loi Sipunculus
robustus trong ma v sinh sn (thng 3 - thng
4) nhm bo v ngun li s sng t nhin.
- C n tip tc nghin c u t i n y trong
cc thng c n l i c a nm (t th ng 6 n
th ng 11) l m cn c x c nh ch nh x c hn
v m a v sinh s n v kch thc thnh thc
sinh dc ln u c a s s ng lo i Sipunculus
robustus.
- C n c nh ng nghin c u v c i m
sinh h c, sinh th i phn b c a lo i Sipunculus
robustus t i V ng tri u Cam Ranh.
- Cn c nhng nghin cu su hn v
nhm kch thc <7,2cm.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Baron (1992), Reproductive Cycles of the Bivalve Molluscs Atactodea striata (Gmelin), Gafrarisum
tumifdum Rding and Anadara scapha (L.) in New Caledonia.
2. Chaohua Z., Suzuki T. and Yoshie Y. (2000), Study on tasty substance and functional components of the
dried Sha-chong, Jourrnal of Zhanjiang Ocean University; vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 24-27.
3. Culter E.B. and Culter N.J. (1985), Averision of the genen Sipunculus and Xenosiphon (Sipuncula),
Zoological Journal of the linnean Socienty 85: 219-246.
4. Culter E.B. (1994), The Sipuncula: their systematic, biology, and evolution. Cornell University Press, 480
pp.
5. Edmonds S. J. (2000). Phylum Sipuncula, In: Polychaeta & Allies: The Southern Synthesis. Fauna of
Australia, Vol. 4A, Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. CSIRO Publishing,
Melbourne, pp. 375-400.
6. Edmonds, S. J., 2000, Phylum Sipuncula. In: Beesley, P.L., Ross, G.J.B., Glasby, C.J. (Eds.), Polychaetes
& Allies: The Southern Synthesis. Fauna of Australia, vol. 4A, Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora,
Echiura, Sipuncula. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp. 375400.
7. Guobao L. and Bing Y. (2002), The reproductive biology of peanut worm, Journal of sheries of China /
Shuichan Xuebao, vol.26, no. 6, pp. 503-509.
8. Hong Th Bch o (2005), c im sinh hc sinh sn & th nghim sn xut ging nhn to s huyt,
Lun vn tin s khoa hc, Ngnh NTTS, i hc Nha Trang, 150 trang.
9. Bi Quang Ngh (2009), Nghin cu c im sinh hc, sinh thi, phn b v xut cc gii php bo v
v khai thc hp l Sm t Bn Tre.
10. Pravdin I.F (1973), Hng dn nghin cu c (Phm Th Minh Giang dch), NXB KH & KT H Ni 1976,
278 trang.
11. V Trung Tng (1991), Sinh thi hc cc thy vc, i hc Quc gia H Ni, tr. 370.
12. Nguyn Thy D Tho, Nguyn Kim Trinh, V Huy Dng (2004), nh gi thnh phn cc axit amin
v hm lng cc nguyn t khong t trn bin, Hi tho khoa hc trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin,
HQG tp. H Ch Minh, ln th IV - 10/2004, bo co tm tt.
fHONG B/O KHO/ HOC
NGHIN CU CH TO CM IU KHIN PH TI V
KT NI MY TNH CHO LIN HP DIESEL - MY PHT
PHC V KHO NGHIM NG C
RESEARCHS TO MANUFACTURING OF LOAD CONTROL BOX AND PC CONNEC-
TION FOR COMPLEX UNIT OF DIESEL-GENERATOR, WITH THE AIM
OF TESTING THE ENGINE
L B Khang
Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Nha Trang
TM TT
Nhm nng cao chnh xc, tin cy cho s liu o trn lin hp diesel-my pht p ng yu cu o
to v nghin cu khoa hc, chng ti thit k, ch to cm iu khin ph ti kiu c - in, ng thi ch to
board mch vi cc linh kin in t c dng thu nhn tn hiu t cc cm bin v x l, truyn d liu
thng qua cng Com kt ni vi my tnh. Chng trnh giao tip vit trn nn Visual Basic cho php c cc
tn hiu v hin th ln mn hnh my tnh cc thng s tnh nng cn thit ca lin hp khi thit b hot ng.
Thit b lm vic n nh, s liu chnh xc, tin cy. Lin hp c kh nng p ng yu cu cho vic
nghin cu v dy - hc v my ng lc ti B mn K thut t, Khoa C kh, Trng i hc Nha Trang.
T kha: iu khin, linh kin in t, kt ni
ABSTRACT
This project has an aim to enhanc the accuracy and reliability for measurement data on the Complex
Unit of Diesel-Generator in order to meet the demand for training & study; we research and produce the
Control Box with mechanical-electrical type to control the load, we also produce the electrical board with
special electrical components for receiving the signals from sensors and processing, transmission of data
through the port COM which is connected to the PC.
Based on the Visual Basic program will read the signal and display the parameters on the PCs screen
when complex unit of Diesel-Generator is operated.
The data are settlet, accurate, reliable. The complex unit of diesel-generator and control box has
the capacity of responding the requirements of the research and training aboar engine at the Automotive
Enginneering Departement Faculty of Mechanics, Nha Trang University.
Keywords: Control Box, PC connected componnents
I. T VN
Lin hp ng c diesel - my pht (hnh
1) ti B mn K thut t, khoa C kh dng
kho st thng s tnh nng, xy dng ng
c tnh thc nghim phc v ging dy v
nghin cu ng dng nhin liu, du m bi
trn... Tuy nhin, phng php gia ti v thu
nhn s liu cn n gin, nhiu hn ch. Nhm
nng cao chnh xc, tin cy cho s liu o
p ng yu cu cht lng o to v nghin
cu khoa hc, chng ti ch to cm iu khin
ph ti v kt ni, hin th d liu cho lin hp
vi s tr gip ca my tnh v linh kin in
t. Phn nghin cu c trnh by sau y l
nhm ti mc ch trn.
II. I TNG, THIT B, PHNG PHP V
NI DUNG NGHIN CU
- i tng nghin cu: Cm iu khin
ph ti, board mch in t, phn mm cho
board mch, cho my tnh.
- Thit b phc v nghin cu: my tnh PC,
lin hp ng c diesel - my pht
- Phng php nghin cu: Nghin cu tng
hp l thuyt, ch to, th nghim v iu chnh.
Hnh 1. Lin hp ng c diesel lai my pht
1- ng c diesel; 11- Nm iu chnh ti;
2- ng h o nhit kh x; 12- p t mp;
3- ng h o p lc du bi trn; 13- Kt lm mt;
4- Cm bin nhit nc vo (t trn ng vo) lm mt ng c; 14- Qut lm mt;
5- Cm bin nhit nc lm mt ra (t trn ng ra); 15- Bm nc;
6- Cm bin nhit khng kh; 16- Thng nc;
7- My tnh; 17- in tr;
8- Bng tp l in; 18- inam;
9- Cm thu nhn v x l d liu; 19- Dy ai;
10- ng h ch bo; 20- Cm bin tc ng c;
21- my.
- Ni dung nghin cu:
+ Kt cu, nguyn l lm vic ca lin hp
ng c diesel lai my pht.
+ Phn tch, chn phng n v thit k,
ch to cm iu khin ph ti.
+ Thit k, ch to v vit phn mm cho
board mch thu nhn, x l, truyn d liu.
+ Thit k giao din, vit phn mm cho
my tnh, chy th v iu chnh.
1. Lin hp ng c diesel dn ng my
pht
S cu to nguyn l ca lin hp ng
c diesel lai my pht trnh by trn hnh 1.
Nguyn l hot ng:
Khi ng c (1) hot ng, thng qua b
truyn ai (19) dn ng, my pht xoay chiu
mt pha 10kW, in p 220
v
(18) pht in.
Dng in sinh ra c tiu th trn 6 in tr
thun (17) t c nh trong thng nc (16).
Khi thay i v tr ca nm iu chnh (11), s
lm thay i dng in trong mch iu khin v
dng in i qua cc in tr (17), dn n thay
i ph ti ng c.
Tn hiu t cc cm bin truyn n b
phn thu nhn (9), ti y tn hiu c x l
ri truyn n cng Com kt ni vi my tnh
v trn c s phn mm c vit, ci t sn
trong my PC s hin th ln mn hnh my tnh
gi tr ca cc thng s cn o.
m bo s truyn nhit ra n nh ca
cc in tr trong thng nc (16), ngoi vic
la chn loi in tr, gi khng i lng nc
trong thng, chng ti cn s dng bm (15)
vn chuyn nc v qut gi (14) gii nhit cho
nc khi n c bm chuyn ln kt (13) ri
v thng cha (16).
2. Thit k, ch to cm iu khin ph ti
Chng ti da vo cc lun c khoa hc
phn tch v kt hp tnh hp l, chn ra phng
n thit k, ch to cm iu khin ph ti cho
lin hp l loi c - in, c th iu chnh lin
tc ph ti. Chn gii php gi khng i in
p, thay i dng in n bin tr n t v
Triac iu chnh ph ti cho ng c. Mch
iu khin ph ti bao gm 6 TRIAC (loi dng
cho dng xoay chiu), 1 DIAC (gi n nh tn
hiu iu khin TRIAC), 6 in tr 50kW, 6 in
tr 1kW, 1 bin tr 1M, 2 t in 0,1mF v 0,01
mF, 6 in tr R
d
, c mc nh s ti hnh 2.
Khi hot ng, dng in i qua in tr 50k
n bin tr, n t C (xoay chiu) v i qua
TRIAC lm thng mch cc in tr (R
d
).
S dng c cu xoay - nm vn (11) thay
i in tr ca bin tr v dng np vo t C,
lm thay i thi im kch Triac thng mch
dn n thay i ph ti (bin tr cng vi t C
quyt nh m sm hoc mun gc pha in
p). Khi xoay nm vn theo chiu KH th in
tr ca bin tr s gim, gc m Triac s sm
do ph ti s tng v ngc li.
Hnh 2: S cu to nguyn l mch iu khin ph ti (D-DIAC; T-TRIAC)
mt ch c nh (khng xoay nm
vn) in tr ca bin tr khng i, dng i
qua np vo t khng i, lc ny TRIAC c
thng dn n dng i qua cc in tr trong
mt chu k khng thay i, do ph ti khng
i.
Chng ti lp t ng h vn k v am
pe k theo di s thay i cc thng s U,
I ca inam (kim tra cho kt qu tn tht
in trn dy ni nh khng ng k). Cm
iu khin c ch to c kh nng thay i
v n nh lin tc ph ti vi dng in t 5
n 38 A.
1- Board mch iu
khin
2- Dy ni n c
cu c - in
iu khin ph
ti, am pe k v
vn k
3- ng cha dy
ni n 6 in
tr Rd
4- Bin th
5- Qut lm mt
Hnh 3. Cm iu khin ph ti
3. Thit k, ch to v vit phn mm cho
board mch thu nhn, x l, truyn d liu
Board mch thu nhn, x l v truyn d
liu n my tnh c thit k, ch to trnh
by trn hnh 4. y, cu trc board mch vi
cc linh kin c chn da trn tnh ng dng
cao v hp l, gm 3 cm: Vi iu khin chnh
IC 89C51; khi AD c: IC 7406 (o tn hiu), IC
0809 (bin i sang tn hiu s), IC 74LS 254
(c gi tr tn hiu s), IC 7474 (to xung dao
ng cho AD hot ng); khi OPTO kh nhiu
v truyn tn hiu quang, ngoi ra cn c linh
kin LT 072 to in p chun v gi n nh
in p cho IC 0809 hot ng.
Phn kt ni vi my tnh thng qua cng
tip ni chun RS 232 (cng Com) vi s tr
gip ca IC Max 232.
qua cc giai on sau: T cm bin tn hiu
dng Analog c chuyn thnh tn hiu s AD.
Tn hiu s ny c x l nh lp trnh ti IC
89C51, sau truyn qua cng Com n my
tnh v mt ln na chng trnh ti my tnh s
c v hin th ln mn hnh. C th:
Ngun in cp ban u cho mch l in
xoay chiu U = 220V, do bin p t ngay u
vo m in p c h xung 12VAC, v nh
4 diode nn dng v n p 7805 m dng in
xoay chiu c chuyn i sang dng in
1 chiu 5
V
cp cho mch (chn s 20 ca IC
89C51 c ni vi masse, chn 40 ni vi
ngun + 5
V
).
Tn hiu t cm bin c chuyn n IC
7406 n IC 0809 chuyn thnh tn hiu s
AD (c cng no l do IC 89C51 quyt nh qua
3 chn a ch ca IC 0809) sau n c gi
qua IC 74LS254 c (gi tr) v n nh li ri
cho ra qua cc ng ca IC ny n OPTO kh
nhiu trc khi n IC 89C51.
Phn mm vit, ci t cho board mch
di dng Assembler. V ti IC 89C51 nh c
trnh dch ny n s x l tn hiu ri truyn ti
cng Com ca my tnh.
Vi s h tr ca IC Max 232 s chuyn
i mc tn hiu 5
V
ca IC 89C51 thnh 12
V

cu my tnh. V nh lp trnh vit trn nn
Visual Basic c ci vo my tnh PC m n s
c cc tn hiu (gi tr v a ch) t IC 89C51
chuyn qua gn gi tr ng hin th ln
mn hnh.
Trn board mch s dng 2 linh kin IC
7805 c nhim v cp in 5
V
cho 2 khu vc:
bin i AD v khu vc x l d liu ca IC
89C51.
4. Thit k giao din, vit phn mm cho my
tnh, chy th v iu chnh
Giao din c thit k kh n gin.
Chng trnh kho st thng s tnh nng cu

Hnh 4. Bo mch thu nhn tn hiu, x l
v truyn dn kt ni vi my tnh
1- Cm chuyn i in p 220
V
xung 5
V
; 5- Khi OPTO;
2- Khi AD; 6- Bin p ngun;
3- IC 89C51; 7- in tr ly dng.
4- u ra kt ni vi cng Com my tnh;
Nguyn l chung:
Tn hiu thu nhn c t cc cm bin khi
chuyn n my tnh hin trn mn hnh phi
lin hp (n, N
e
, G
nl
, g
e
, T
m
, T
x ...
) c vit da
vo phn mm Visual Basic v ci t vo
my tnh.
Sau khi chy th v iu chnh, giao din
ca phn mm v cc thng s tnh nng ca
lin hp ng c diesel dn ng my pht khi
hot ng trnh by trn hnh 5.
V gi tr cc thng s c chnh xc cao
hn so vi khi s dng thit b, ng h o cm
tay.
Hnh 5 Thng s tnh nng ca lin hp diesel - my pht hin th trn giao din ti mn hnh my tnh
- Cm iu khin ph ti thit k, ch to
lm vic n nh, tin cy, khc phc c nhc
im ca phng php c kh, gia ti theo nc
trc y.
- S dng board mch linh kin in t
thu nhn, x l, dn truyn, kt ni v hin th
thng s tnh nng ca lin hp ln mn hnh
my tnh, loi b c bn yu t ch quan,
nng cao chnh xc, tin cy cho s liu o khi
kho nghim ng c.
- Lin hp c kh nng p ng yu cu
ca vic nghin cu v dy - hc v my ng
lc ti Khoa C kh. V nu c, c th tip
tc trang b nng cp lin hp vi cc thit b
o hin i c chnh xc cao nh thit b o
nhin liu (G
nl
), thit b o p sut chy (p
z
,), thit
b o lt kh v.v...
V. TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Vng Khnh Hng, 2007. Chuyn Vi iu khin h MSC-51- ng dng v lp trnh vi IC n phin
AT 89C51. Nh xut bn Hng c.
2. u Quang Tun, 2006. T hc lp trnh Visual Basic 6.0. Nh xut bn Giao thng vn ti.
3. Ng Din Tp, 2005. Lp trnh ghp ni my tnh trong Windows, NXB Khoa hc k thut.
NNG CAO CHT LNG HOT NG PHC V DY HC
TRNG I HC NHA TRANG
Nguyn Th Hin, Nguyn Xun V
Trng i hc Nha Trang, BHXH Ph Yn
fHONG B/O KHO/ HOC
I. T VN
Mc ch ca nghin cu ny l nghin cu
khm ph cc nhn t tc ng n s tha mn
ca sinh vin i vi cht lng hot ng phc
v dy hc ca trng i hc Nha Trang thng
qua xem xt, tm hiu kin ng gp ca
sinh vin, t xut mt s gii php v kin
ngh nhm nng cao cht lng hot ng phc
v dy hc ca trng.
Kt qu nghin cu gip hnh thnh m
hnh nghin cu mi ph hp vi thc t da
trn m hnh nghin cu xut ban u.
m hnh nghin cu mi ny gm nhng thang
o c tin cy gip o lng thnh phn cht
lng hot ng phc v dy hc ca trng.
Tt c nhng kt qu ca nghin cu ch ra
c mc quan trng hay th t u tin ca
cc yu t nh hng n s tha mn ca sinh
vin. Ngoi ra nghin cu ny cn gp phn vo
h thng thang o cht lng hot ng phc v
dy hc ca trng i hc Nha Trang ni ring
v cc trng i hc ni chung.
The purpose of the study is to research for
exploring the factors affecting student satisfaction
to quality of activities for teaching in Nha Trang
University, and through which to consider and
nd out opinions of students. Then propose some
solutions and recommendations to improve
the quality of the activities. Results of the study
helps to build a new suitable study model for
the fact which is based on the research model
originally proposed. The new model includes
reliable scales to measure component quality
of activities for teaching. All results of the
study have pointed out importance degrees or
priority of factors affecting student satisfaction.
Besides, the study also contributes to the
system of teaching quality measuring scales
of Nha Trang University in particular and the
Universities in general.
II. C S L THUYT V M HNH NGHIN
CU
M hnh tha mn khch hng ca
Parasuraman v cc cng s (1985) l m hnh
nghin cu cht lng dch v kinh in, m
hnh ny kh hon chnh v cht lng dch v
Nghin cu so snh trong ngnh siu
th bn l ti Vit Nam - SERQUAL hay
SERVPERF ca Nguyn Huy Phong v Phm
Ngc Thy (2007), cc yu t nh hng n s
hi lng ca khch hng ti cc siu th bn l ti
Vit Nam l: tin cy, p ng, nng lc phc v,
ng cm, v phng tin hu hnh.
Gio dc c cc tnh cht v c im ca
ngnh dch v. Do m hnh tha mn khch
hng ca Parasuraman rt ph hp vi nghin
cu ny. M hnh nghin cu xut:
- S tin cy (Reliability): th hin qua s tin
tng ca sinh vin i vi nh trng v cn
b phc v trong trng;
- p ng (sesponsiveness) th hin qua
s mong mun v sn sng ca cn b cng
nhn vin phc v trong trng cung cp p
ng kp thi cho sinh vin;
- Nng lc phc v (Assurance): th hin
qua trnh chuyn mn, nghip v v cung
cch phc v chuyn nghip ca cn b cng
nhn vin phc v trong trng i vi sinh vin;
- Thi nhit tnh, cm thng (Empathy):
th hin s quan tm, chm sc, chia s n
tng c nhn sinh vin;
- Phng tin hu hnh (Tangibility): th
hin qua mc p ng v c s vt cht
phc v cho hc tp v n sinh hot ca sinh
vin;
- Chi ph hc tp v sinh hot ca sinh vin
(Price): Gi ph hp vi cht lng dch v sinh
vin cm nhn;
Hm hi quy a bin nh sau:
Yi = o + 1X1i + 2X2i + .+ nXni +
Yi : l bin ph thuc, c xem l s tha
mn ca sinh vin
Xi : l yu t nh hng n s tha mn ca
sinh vin
: l h s c tc ng tng ng
: sai s ca m hnh
Gi thuyt H1: Th hin qua s tin tng
ca sinh vin i vi nh trng, thy c v cn
b phc v trong trng; sinh vin nh gi S
tin cy cng cao th s lm gia tng mc
tha mn.
Gi thuyt H2: Sinh vin nh gi S p
ng cng cao th s lm tng mc tha mn
Hnh 1. M hnh nghin cu xut
S tha mn ca sinh vin
S tin cy
p ng
Nng lc phc v
Thi nhit tnh,
cm thng
Phng tin hu hnh
Chi ph hc tp v
sinh hot ca
sinh vin
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
Gi thuyt H3: Sinh vin nh gi nng lc
phc v cng cao th s lm tng mc tha
mn.
Gi thuyt H4: Sinh vin nh gi thi
nhit tnh cng cao th s lm tng mc tha
mn.
Gi thuyt H5: Sinh vin nh gi phng
tin hu hnh cng cao th s lm tng mc
tha mn.
Gi thuyt H6: Sinh vin nh gi chi ph
hc tp v sinh hot ca sinh vin hp l th s
lm tng mc tha mn ca h.
III. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
Nghin cu ny c thc hin thng qua
2 bc chnh: Nghin cu s b c thc hin
bng phng php nghin cu nh tnh vi k
thut tho lun nhm v phng vn th. Mc
ch ca nghin cu ny dng iu chnh v
b sung thang o cht lng hot ng phc
v dy hc. Nghin cu chnh thc c thc
hin bng phng php nghin cu nh lng.
Dng k thut thu thp thng tin trc tip bng
cch phng vn sinh vin ang theo hc ti
trng.
Phng php chn mu: Cn c s lng
ca tng khoa, tng kha do phng Cng tc
sinh vin cung cp, nhm iu tra tnh t l s
sinh vin cn iu tra theo tng lp ca tng
khoa. Trong thi gian ngh gii lao gia 2 tit
hc, nhm iu tra vo tng lp pht phiu iu
tra theo mu xc sut cho s sinh vin c
phn b cho lp .
Quy m mu: vic xc nh kch thc mu
theo Nguyn nh Th (2003) th trong phn tch
nhn t EFA cn 5 quan st cho 1 bin o lng
v c s mu khng t hn 100, nghin cu ny
c 52 bin, mu tt nht mi bin cn 10 quan
st, v vy m hnh d kin iu tra 520 mu.
Sau khi thu v lm sch v m ha thu c 344
bng cu hi hp l. Thng tin thu thp c
x l bng phn mm SPSS 16.0. Thang o
sau khi c nh gi tin cy da vo h s
Cronbachs alpha, Phn tch nhn t khm ph
EFA, phn tch hi quy a bin dng tm ra
mi quan h gia cc thnh phn trong m hnh
nghin cu ln s tha mn ca sinh vin.
Thang o c dng o mc tha
mn ca khch hng l thang o Likert 5 im
(Hon ton khng ng , Khng ng , Bnh
thng, ng , Hon ton ng ).
IV. KT QU NGHIN CU
nh gi chung v cht lng phc v dy
v hc ca trng i hc Nha Trang thng qua
kho st sinh vin. Kt qu iu tra trong mu
nghin cu cho thy gi tr trung bnh ca cc
yu t theo tng mc hi c thng k qua cc
bng sau:
Bng 1. S tin cy ca sinh vin i vi cng tc phc v dy v hc ca nh trng
Bin Mean
tincay1 Nh trng lun thc hin ng nhng cam kt i vi sinh vin 3,3227
tincay2 Thng tin t nh trng n vi sinh vin lun chnh xc, kp thi 3,0756
tincay3 Nh trng lun thc hin nhng hot ng cn thit phc v tt cho
qu trnh dy v hc
3,1076
tincay4 Thng tin v lch hc, lch thi v kt qu hc tp ca sinh vin c cng
b ng hn
3,1860
tincay5 Vic nh gi kt qu hc tp ca sinh vin l cht ch v chnh xc 3,0581
tincay6 Cn b vin chc ca trng lun nhn ra chnh xc yu cu ca sinh
vin
2,6948
tincay7 Cn b vin chc ca trng lun gii quyt yu cu ca sinh vin thu
tnh t l
2,8924
tincay8 Cn b vin chc ca trng thc hin ng cc chc trch c giao v
cng tc phc v dy v hc
3,1831
Bng 2. S m bo i vi cng tc phc v dy v hc ca nh trng
Bin Mean
Dapung1 Cc yu cu ca sinh vin lun c gii quyt mt cch nhanh chng 3,2006
Dapung2 Nh trng lun lng nghe cc yu cu ca sinh vin 3,4128
Dapung3 Vn phng khoa lun gii p cc thc mc ca sinh vin mt cch r
rng
3,4913
Dapung4 Vn phng khoa lun gii quyt cc yu cu ca sinh vin mt cch
nhanh chng
3,2209
Dapung5 Cc phng ban chc nng lun gii p cc thc mc ca sinh vin mt
cch r rng
3,2384
Dapung6 Cc phng ban chc nng lun gii quyt cc yu cu ca sinh vin mt
cch nhanh chng
3,2384
Dapung7 Nhn vin phc v thit b ging dy, m thanh ging ng lun phc
v nhanh chng, kp thi
3,4302
Dapung8 Nhn vin th vin lun p ng kp thi yu cu ca sinh vin 3,5203
Dapung9 Nhn vin qun l k tc x lun p ng kp thi yu cu ca sinh vin 3,2267
Dapung10 Nhn vin y t lun p ng kp thi yu cu ca sinh vin 3,1715
Bng 3. Nng lc phc v ca nh trng trong vic h tr sinh vin hc tp
Bin Mean
Nangluc1 Nhn vin cc b phn phc v chc nng trong trng x l cng
vic nhanh chng, chuyn nghip
3,9942
Nangluc2 Nhn vin vn phng khoa c phong cch lch s, chuyn nghip khi
lm vic, giao tip
4,0843
Nangluc3 Trang web nh trng h tr hc tp rt hiu qu 4,0233
Bng 4. S cm thng ca nh trng i vi hc sinh, sinh vin
Bin Mean
cthong1 Nh trng lun quan tm n iu kin n v hc tp ca sinh vin 3,3692
cthong2 Nhn vin phng cng tc chnh tr sinh vin lun quan tm su st i
vi sinh vin
3,1570
cthong3 Nhn vin y t lun sn sng gip sinh vin 3,2907
cthong4 Nhn vin qun l k tc x lun sn lng gip sinh vin 3,1453
cthong5 Qun tr K tc x lun quan tm n i u kin n c a sinh vin 3,1453
cthong6 Gio vin ch nhim lun tm hiu v quan tm n vic hc tp ca bn. 3,6017
cthong7
Nhn vin vn phng khoa lun n c n, thng c m v i sinh vin 3,1860
Bng 5. Bng nh gi phng tin hu hnh phc v dy v hc ca nh trng
Bin Mean
phtienhh1 Ton b kin trc ca Trng to cho bn n tng p 4,4448
phtienhh2 Trang thit b phc v cho dy v hc ca trng tt 4,5669
phtienhh3 C s thc tp, phng th nghim, thc hnh y thit b p ng
tt cho thc tp
4,5727
phtienhh4 Ging ng ch ngi cho sinh vin 4,0959
phtienhh5 Phng c th vin y sch v ti liu tham kho 3,7209
phtienhh6 K tc x ca trng khang trang 4,4186
phtienhh7 K tc x ca trng m bo an ninh, trt t cho sinh vin 4,4186
phtienhh8 Khu vc gi xe ca trng rng ri 3,8866
phtienhh9 Khu vui chi, gii tr v th thao p ng tt cho nhu cu ca sinh vin 4,2878
phtienhh10 Nh n sinh vin rng ri khang trang 3,5872
Bng 6. Chi ph cho hc tp v rn luyn ti trng
Bin Mean
Chiphi1 Ti sn lng chi tr mc ph cao hn c c cht lng hc tp tt
hn
3,9884
Chiphi2 Ti ngh rng chi ph cho hc tp hin nay ti trng l ph hp 3,9971
Chiphi3 Mc ph k tc x hin nay l ph hp vi ti tin ca ti 4,0640
Chiphi4 Theo ti gi nh n sinh vin phc v l hp l 3,8169
Chiphi5 Ti sn lng chi tr ph k tc x cao hn c c dch v sinh hot
tt hn
3,5145
Kt qu phn tch nhn t v tin cy c cho bng 7. (Cc trng s < 0.30 b loi b khi
bng).
Bng 7. Ma trn c trng ca cc nhn t
Cc khi
nim
Cc ch bo Cc nhn t
Cronbachs
alpha
S tin cy 1 2 3 4 5 6
TINCAY1 .791 0.829
TINCAY2 .667
TINCAY3 .610
TINCAY4 .593
TINCAY5 .683
TINCAY6 .639
TINCAY7 .542
TINCAY8 .334
p ng DAPUNG1 .875
0.951
DAPUNG2 .918
DAPUNG3 .889
DAPUNG4 .911
DAPUNG5 .815
DAPUNG6 .817
DAPUNG7 .724
DAPUNG8 .716
DAPUNG9 .777
DAPUNG10 .676
Nng lc NANGLUC1 .844 0.883
NANGLUC2 .878
NANGLUC3 .821
Thi
nhit tnh
cm thng
CTHONG1 .796 0.910
CTHONG2 .796
CTHONG3 .712
CTHONG4 .863
CTHONG5 .858
CTHONG6 .619
CTHONG7 .703
Phng
tin hu
hnh
PTHINH1 .878
0.936
PTHINH2 .842
PTHINH3 .828
PTHINH4 .834
PTHINH5 .694
PTHINH6 .903
PTHINH7 .894
PTHINH8 .657
PTHINH9 .859
PTHINH10 .593
Chi ph CHIPHI1 .987 0.980
CHIPHI2 .991
CHIPHI3 .969
CHIPHI4 .956
CHIPHI5 .855
KMO .881
Approx.
Chi-Square
15513.796
Df 903
Sig. .000
Sau khi trch c nhn t, tin hnh to ra 6 bin tng ng i din cho 6 nhn t S
tin cy (TINCAY); S p ng (DAPUNG); Nng lc phc v (NANGLUC); Thi nhit tnh,
cm thng (CAMTHONG); Phng tin hu hnh (PTHINH); Chi ph (CHIPHI) v bin S hi
lng chung (HAILONG). Kt qu phn tch cho thy cc bin u tha iu kin
tin hnh phn tch hi quy vi bin ph thuc l HAILONG v bin c lp l TINCAY;
DAPUNG; NANGLUC; CAMTHONG v PTHINH. Phn tich hi quy s c thc hin vi 6
bin c lp v mt bin ph thuc. Phn tch c thc hin bng phng php ENTER
(a vo mt lt, cc bin trong khi s c a vo m hnh cng mt lc) vi tiu chun
PIN (xc sut F vo) = 0.05 v POUT (xc xut F ra) = 0,10.
HAILONG = f(TINCAY, DAPUNG, NANGLUC,CAMTHONG,PTHINH,CHIPHI)
Bng 8. Kt qu phn tch hi quy
Unstandardized Coefcients
Standardized
Coefcients
t Sig. Collinearity Statistics
B Std. Error Beta Tolerance VIF
(Constant) 2.810E-18 .040 .000 1.000
TINCAY
.243 .045 .234 5.335 .000 .907 1.103
DAPUNG
.179 .043 .175 4.114 .000 .956 1.046
NANGLUC
.004 .043 .004 .086 .932 .876 1.142
CTHONG
.074 .043 .077 1.705 .089 .858 1.165
PTHINH
.491 .044 .499 11.117 .000 .862 1.160
CHIPHI
-.096 .044 -.098 -2.205 .028 .880 1.136
R 0.643
R square 0.415
Sig.
0.000
Qua kt qu hi quy t bng 8 cho thy:
- H s R bnh phng l 0,415. iu ny
cho thy rng tng thch ca m hnh l
41,5% hay ni cch khc l c khong 41,5%
phng sai s hi lng ca sinh vin c gii
thch bi 6 bin c lp trn.
- Khng c du hiu ca a cng tuyn,
hin tng a cng tuyn khng nh hng
n kt qu gii thch vi h s VIF*
1
- h s
phng i phng sai ca cc bin c lp
trong m hnh u <2 v nm trong khong t
1.046 - 1.165. Quy tc l khi VIF vt qu 10 th
l du hiu ca a cng tuyn.
- Cc kim tra khc (phn phi phn d, cc
biu ) cho thy cc gi thuyt cho hi quy
u khng b vi phm khi s dng phng php
hi quy bi.
Nh vy, phng trnh hi quy th hin mi
quan h tuyn tnh gia s hi lng ca sinh
vin (HAILONG) vi 6 thnh phn: TINCAY,
DAPUNG, NANGLUC, CAMTHONG, PTHINH
v CHIPHI c ngha sau:
S hi lng
(HAILONG) = 2.810 + 0.243*TINCAY + 0.179*DA
PUNG + 0.004*NANGLUC + 0.074*CTHONG +
0.491*PTHINH - 0.096 * CHIPHI
Trong :
Th t quan trng ca cc thnh phn tc
ng n s hi lng ca sinh vin c lit k
nh sau:
O Phng tin hu hnh (0.491)
O S tin cy (0.243)
O Kh nng p ng (0.179)
O Chi ph (- 0.096)
O Thi nhit tnh, cm thng (0.074)
O Nng lc phc v (0.004)
1
1 *1 VIF =
1 R
2
k
Trong : R l h s tng quan bi khi bin c lp i c d on t cc bin c lp khc.
Khi VIF vt qu 10 th l du hiu ca a cng tuyn
Tho lun
Kt qu phn tch hi quy bng 8 cho
thy thnh phn s tin cy c h s hi quy l
0.243 v c ngha thng k (sig. = 0.00) nh
vy thnh phn ny c tc ng dng n s
hi lng ca sinh vin i vi cng tc phc v
dy v hc ca nh trng. Nh vy gi thuyt
H1 c chp nhn ngha l s tin tng ca
sinh vin i vi nh trng, thy c v cn b
phc v trong trng; sinh vin nh gi tin
cy cng cao th s lm gia tng mc tha
mn ca h.
Thnh phn kh nng p ng c h s hi
quy l 0.179 v sig. = 0.000 c ngha thng
k nh vy thnh phn ny c tc ng dng
n s hi lng ca sinh vin i vi cng tc
phc v dy v hc ca nh trng. Nh vy,
chp nhn gi thuyt H2 c ngha l sinh vin
nh gi kh nng p ng cng cao th s
lm tng mc tha mn ca h i vi cht
lng phc v dy v hc ca nh trng.
Thnh phn nng lc phc v c h s hi
quy l 0.004 v sig. = 0.932 nh vy khng c
ngha thng k v gi thuyt H3 b bc b. C
nhiu nghin cu ch ra rng nng lc phc v
l mt trong nhng thnh phn c tc ng n
cht lng dch v. Tuy nhin, trong bi cnh
kho st ti trng i hc Nha Trang vic nhn
bit mc nh hng ca nng lc phc v
i vi sinh vin cn hn ch, sinh vin i a
s ch tip xc v lin h cng vic i vi Phng
Cng tc sinh vin v vn phng khoa l ch yu,
chnh v vy vic nh gi nng lc phc v ca
cc b phn chc nng cha c bao qut v
m nhng pht biu i vi thnh phn ny
khng gy c s ch nhiu ca sinh vin.
Thnh phn thi nhit tnh cm thng c
h s hi quy l 0.074 v sig. = 0.089 c ngha
thng k mc 10%. Nh vy thnh phn ny
c tc ng dng n s hi lng ca sinh vin
v gi thuyt H4 chp nhn c ngha l sinh vin
nh gi thi nhit tnh cm thng cng cao
th s lm tng mc tha mn ca h i vi
cht lng phc v dy v hc ca nh trng.
Thnh phn phng tin hu hnh c h s
hi quy l 0.491 v sig. = 0.000 c ngha thng
k nh vy thnh phn ny c tc ng dng
n s hi lng ca sinh vin i vi cng tc
phc v dy v hc ca nh trng. Nh vy,
chp nhn gi thuyt H5 c ngha l sinh vin
nh gi phng tin hu hnh cng cao th s
lm tng mc tha mn ca h i vi cht
lng phc v dy v hc ca nh trng.
Thnh phn chi ph c h s hi quy l -
0.096 v sig. = 0.028 c ngha thng k
mc 5% nh vy thnh phn ny c tc ng
ngc chiu n s hi lng ca sinh vin i
vi cng tc phc v dy v hc ca nh trng,
gi thuyt H6 c chp nhn c ngha l sinh
vin nh gi chi ph cho hc tp v sinh hot
cng cao th s lm gim mc tha mn ca
h i vi cht lng phc v dy v hc ca
nh trng.
IV. KT LUN V KIN NGH
Cht lng hot ng phc v dy hc l
nhn t quan trng gii thch cho s hi lng
ca ngi hc. Qua kt qu phn tch c th
thy yu t phng tin hu hnh tc ng ln
nht, tip n l s tin cy v kh nng p ng.
Nhm nng cao cht lng phc v dy hc ca
trng i hc Nha Trang cn thc hin ng
b cc gii php sau:
Th nht, tng cng vic m bo cc
iu kin phc v cho hot ng dy v hc nh
h thng m thanh, my chiu ging ng;
Phng th nghim thc hnh; Th vin
Th hai, m bo cc iu kin cho sinh
hot n ca sinh vin nh cht lng phng
v thi phc v ca nhn vin k tc x; H
thng cc cng trnh phc v sinh hot vn ha
th thao cho sinh vin; m bo cng tc phng
dch v y t hc ng
Th ba, ci tin nng cao bao gm cht
lng t chc hot ng dy hc cng tc gio
v, cng tc ti chnh. ng dng cng ngh
thng tin trong cng tc qun l nhm h tr vic
phc v o to tt hn. Hon thin trang web
ca trng gip ngi hc tip cn vi thng
tin t nh trng y v nhanh chng
Th t, nng cao cht lng c vn hc tp
v dch v cho sinh vin nh hnh thnh v t
chc c hiu qu hot ng ca Trung tm h
tr sinh vin, t chc i ng v cc hot ng
c th pht huy tt vai tr ca trung tm ny.
TI LIU THAM KHO
TING VIT
1. Nguyn Huy Phong v Phm Ngc Thy (2007), Nghin cu so snh trong ngnh siu th bn l ti Vit
Nam - SERQUAL hay SERVPERF. ti nghin cu cp B
2. Hong Trng Chu - Nguyn Mng Ngc (2005), Phn tch d liu nghin cu vi SPSS, NXB Thng k
3. Nguyn Hunh Thi Tm. (2009). Cc yu t tc ng n s hi lng ca khch hng i vi cht lng
dch v khm, cha bnh ph sn ti Trung tm Y t thnh ph Nha Trang. Lun vn thc s, trng i
hc Nha Trang.
4. Nguyn nh Th v Nguyn Th Mai Trang. (2003), o lng cht lng dch v siu th v nhng hm
cho kinh doanh siu th ti TP. H Ch Minh, ti nghin cu cp B.
5. Nguyn nh Th v Nguyn Th Mai Trang. (2007)., Nghin cu khoa hc Marketing, NXB i hc
Quc gia TP. H Ch Minh.
TING ANH
6. Choi, K. S., Lee, H., Kim, C. & Lee, S. (2005). The service quality dimensions and patient satisfaction
relationships in South Korea: Comparions across gender, age, and types of service. The Journal of Services
Marketing, Volume 19, No. 3; pp. 140-149.
7. Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A & Berry, L. L. (1985), A concept model of service quality and its
implications for future research, Journal of Marketing, 49 (Fall): 41 - 50.
8. Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A. & Berry, L. L. (1988). SERVPERF: a multiple-item scale for measuring
consumer perceptions of service quality. Journal of Reatailing, Volume 64, No. 1, pp. 12 - 40.
HIU QU KINH T NGH NUI C CHM THNG PHM
TI TNH KHNH HA
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF ASIAN SEA BASS COMMERCIAL FARMING
IN KHANH HOA, VIETNAM
Dng Tr Tho, Nguyn Xun Bo Sn
Khoa Kinh t - Trng i hc Nha Trang
TM TT
Nghin cu ny tp trung xem xt mt s kha cnh hiu qu kinh t ca ngh nui c Chm thng
phm ti tnh Khnh Ha qua hai nm 2007 v 2008. Da trn cc kt qu s liu iu tra t 220 h nui trong
hai nm 2007 v 2008, mt h thng ch tiu nh lng biu hin cho hiu qu kinh t ca ngh nui ny
c tnh ton m t v nh gi. Bn cnh , mt kho st cc kin phn nh nhng kh khn, cn tr
trong qu trnh nui cng nh nguyn vng ca cc h nui cng c thc hin. Kt qu nghin cu
cho thy: cc h c quy m din tch nui t 0,5ha n 1,0ha t hiu qu cao nht. Trong v nui nm 2007,
loi quy m ny c t sut li nhun/vn ch s hu dng cao nht, t 18,84%. Nu xt theo vng, Ninh Ha
l vng nui c hiu qu nht; t sut li nhun trn vn ch s hu nm 2007 t 43,63%. Nm 2008, hu
ht cc h nui tt c cc vng v cc quy m u thua l. Kt qu kho st cng cho thy, hin ti cc h
nui ang phi i mt vi nhiu kh khn v cn tr, nhng hu nh tt c cc h u c nguyn vng tip
tc pht trin ngh ny, tuy nhin h cn c s gip , h tr v cc mt nh tiu th sn phm, cung cp cc
thng tin v th trng, gi c, vn v cc mt khc.
T kha: C Chm, hiu qu kinh t, trang tri nui, li nhun, doanh thu
ABSTRACT
This study considers the economic efciency aspects of commercial farming of Asian Sea Bass in Khanh
Hoa province, Vietnam. Based on the results of a survey of 220 farmers conducted during 2007 and 2008,
economic quantitative variables related to performance are described and evaluated. The farmers opinions
of problems and obstacles in their farming process are also investigated. The results show that farms from 0.5
to 1.0 hectares in size have the highest efciency with an average return on equity (ROE) of 18.84% in 2007.
Regionally, Ninhhoa district was the most efcient region with an average ROE of farms in 2007 of 43.63%.
In 2008, almost all regions and sizes of farms sustained economic losses. Currently, farmers have faced
difculties and obstacles. Almost all households have expectations of developing this farming occupation, but
they need help with selling their products, information on market, price, capital, and other forms of assistance.
Keywords: Asian Sea Bass, economic effeciency, farms, prot, revenue
fHONG B/O KHO/ HOC
I. T VN
Sau khi cc m hnh nui c bin c trin
khai p dng, nm 2005, tng sn lng nui
trng thy sn Khnh Ha tng gp 2,04 ln so
vi nm 2004, t 17.460 tn; trong sn lng
c nui t 678 tn, chim 3,88% [1]. n nm
2007, sn lng c nui t 2.192 tn, chim
13,76%, trong sn lng c Chm ng
gp ng k vo tng sn lng c nui mn, l
ton tnh, t 1.000 tn [2], chim 45,62%.
Mt d nui c Chm Khnh Ha cn tim
nng rt ln v din tch mt nc nui trng
v c rt nhiu iu kin thun li v kh hu,
thy vn; ngun ging nhn to; nhiu c quan
chuyn ngnh ng trn a bn tnh. Tuy nhin,
vic pht trin ngh nui c Chm thng phm
Khnh Ha c tht s mang li hiu qu kinh
t hay khng? Cc kh khn, cn tr no v
ang nh hng n kt qu v hiu qu kinh t
ca ngh ny? nh hng ti cho s pht trin
ca ngh ny ra sao? Nhng cu hi ny t
ra vn cn xem xt, nh gi mt cch ng
n hiu qu kinh t ca ngh nui c Chm
thng phm ti Khnh Ha.
II. C S L THUYT V PHNG PHP
NGHIN CU
Hiu qu kinh t (HQKT) l mt phm tr
phn nh trnh v nng lc qun l, m bo
thc hin c kt qu cao nhng nhim v kinh t
x hi t ra vi chi ph nh nht (Nguyn nh
Phan & Nguyn K Tun, 2007) [3]. Nghin cu
ny, chng ti ch yu xem xt mt lng ca
HQKT i vi ngh nui c Chm thng phm
ti Khnh Ha. Ngha l da trn cc s liu iu
tra v cc ch tiu s lng ca cc mc khon
chi ph c nh, chi ph bin i, doanh thu v
tng quan gia chng (li nhun) nh gi
HQKT ca tng h v tng vng nui. C th,
xc nh HQKT y, chng ti s dng
mt s ch tiu biu hin HQKT ca ngh nui
trng thy sn (cc cng thc v phng php
tnh ton c th hin nh trong cc Bng 3; 4
v 5). Phng php phn tch s liu l phng
php phn tch tng hp, so snh cc ch tiu
theo thi gian v theo a im nghin cu.
D liu dng cho nghin cu:
+ Cc d liu th cp: s liu c ly t
Nin gim thng k Khnh Ha 2007 cng vi
cc s liu ca S Nng nghip v Pht trin
nng thn Khnh Ha.
+ Cc d liu s cp: c thu thp bng
cch iu tra trc tip t cc h nui c Chm
thng phm ti Khnh Ha thng qua b cu
hi.
- Phng php iu tra l phng php
chn mu ngu nhin n gin. S lng mu
cn iu tra cho nghin cu ny l 220 mu
(220 h nui), c tnh ton theo cng thc
ca Bartlett, Kotrlik & Higgins (2001)[4]. S mu
ny l ph hp quy nh ca FAO v mu trong
nghin cu iu tra thng k trong nui trng
thy sn.
- Cc ch tiu nh gi kt qu v HQKT ca
1 ha ao nui c Chm thng phm bao gm:
gi tr sn xut (GO); gi tr gia tng (VA); Thu
nhp hn hp (MI) v li nhun (Pr); gi tr sn
xut tnh cho 1 ng chi ph sn xut trung gian,
tnh cho 1 ng tng chi ph sn xut v tnh cho
1 lao ng
- Phn b mu: Phn b mu t l thun vi
quy m tng th [5], v mu ca tng a bn
nghin cu c m t bng sau:
Bng 1. Phn b mu nghin cu theo vng
a bn Tng h nui (h) S mu iu tra (h) T l mu (%)
1. Huyn Ninh Ha 20 9 45,0
2. Tp. Nha Trang 16 7 43,8
3. Huyn Cam Lm 231 100 43,3
4. Th x Cam Ranh 241 104 42,2
Tng s 508 220 43,3
1. nh gi kt qu kinh t trn 1 hcta mt nc nui c Chm thng phm
Thng tin cc Bng 2 v 3 cho thy, nm 2007, ngh nui c Chm Khnh Ha c hiu qu
kinh t rt cao, trong khi , nm 2008 th ngc li, ngi nui b l nng (trung bnh mi hcta (ha)
l 50,60 triu ng). Nguyn nhn chnh ca hin tng ny l: mt mt do nh hng suy thoi
kinh t ton cu nn hu ht gi cc loi sn phm thy sn xut khu u gim mnh, trong c
c Chm (gi bn sn phm mc rt thp, nm 2008 ch bng 77,11% so vi gi ca nm 2007).
Bng 2. Tng hp cc ch tiu kinh t ca 1ha ao nui c Chm
trong 2 v nui ca nm 2007 v nm 2008
Cc ch tiu VT
V nui nm 2007 V nui nm 2008
Cam
Lm
Cam
Ranh
Nha
Trang
Ninh
Ha
Tng
cng
Cam
Lm
Cam
Ranh
Nha
Trang
Ninh
Ha
Tng
cng
1. Din tch ha 18,60 65,25 1,30 3,90 89,05 71,45 82,50 4,60 7,90 166,45
2. Sn lng TT tn 93,33 359,84 6,80 18,35 478,32 512,94 646,95 31,30 57,68 1.248,87
3. Tng chi ph tr 3.957,1 14.983,9 266,8 767,5 19.975,3 22.137,3 27.684,4 1.296,8 2.414,1 53.532,6
4. Doanh thu tr 4.291,0 16.882,0 325,0 906,0 22.404,0 18.708,1 23.241,6 1.156,0 2.005,0 45.110,7
5. Li nhun tr 333,9 1.898,1 58,3 138,5 2.428,7 (3.429,2) (4.442,8) (140,8) (409,1) (8.421,9)
6. Nng sut BQ tn/ha 5,02 5,52 5,23 4,71 5,37 7,18 7,84 6,80 7,30 7,50
2. nh gi cc ch tiu HQKT cho 1ha nui trn cc vng nghin cu
Thng tin cc Bng 3; 4 v 5 cho thy: v nui nm 2007, bnh qun gi tr sn xut t 251,59
triu ng/ha; T sut gi tr sn xut/Chi ph trung gian trung bnh t 1,34 ln, tc l vi 1 ng chi
ph trung gian m cc h nui b ra u t nui c Chm trong v nui nm 2007 th thu c
gi tr sn xut l 1,34 ng; v vi 1 ng u t vo chi ph c nh nui c Chm th thu c
5 ng gi tr sn xut/ha/v nui. Vi mi 1 ng chi ph trung gian u t vo nui c Chm trong
v nui nm 2007 th n to ra c 0,34 ng gi tr gia tng. Bnh qun gi tr gia tng trn mi
hcta nui c Chm v nui nm 2007 l 64,42 triu ng/ha, nm 2008, tt c cc ch tiu u m.
Bng 3. Cc ch tiu v chi ph sn xut v li nhun trung bnh tnh cho 1 ha ao nui/v
VT: tr./ha
Cc ch tiu
Cam
Lm
Cam
Ranh
Nha
Trang
Ninh
Ha
Tng
cng
Cam
Lm
Cam
Ranh
Nha
Trang
Ninh
Ha
Tng
cng
1. Chi ph TB /ha/v 212,75 229,64 205,19 196,79 224,32 309,83 335,57 281,91 305,58 321,61
2. Bin ph TB /ha/v 161,77 179,31 164,54 146,05 173,97 257,24 278,97 236,41 242,09 266,71
3. nh ph TB /ha/v 50,97 50,33 40,65 50,74 50,34 52,59 56,60 45,50 63,49 54,90
4. Doanh thu TB /ha/v 230,70 258,73 250,00 232,31 251,59 261,83 281,72 251,30 253,80 271,02
5. Li nhun TB/ha/v 17,95 29,09 44,81 35,52 27,27 (47,99) (53,85) (30,61) (51,78) (50,60)
Ngun: Tnh ton t s liu iu tra mu ca tc gi, 4/2009.
Bng 4. Tng hp mt s ch tiu kt qu kinh t trn 1ha mt nc nui
VT: tr./ha
Cc ch tiu
Cam
Lm
Cam
Ranh
Nha
Trang
Ninh
Ha
BQ
Chung
Cam
Lm
Cam
Ranh
Nha
Trang
Ninh
Ha
BQ
Chung
1. Chi ph trung gian (IC) 175,87 192,07 180,12 161,48 187,17 264,83 283,44 241,89 247,72 272,61
2. Khu hao TSC (A) 3,06 3,49 2,00 3,77 3,39 2,25 3,63 2,09 4,06 3,02
3. Cng lao ng (CL) 33,82 34,08 23,08 31,54 33,76 42,75 48,50 37,93 53,80 45,99
4. Gi tr sn xut (GO) 230,70 258,73 250,00 232,31 251,59 261,83 281,72 251,30 253,80 271,02
5. Gi tr gia tng (VA) 54,83 66,66 69,88 70,82 64,42 (2,99) (1,73) 9,41 6,08 (1,59)
6. Thu nhp hn hp (MI) 51,77 63,17 67,88 67,05 61,03 (5,24) (5,36) 7,33 2,01 (4,61)
7. Li nhun (Pr) 17,95 29,09 44,81 35,52 27,27 (47,99) (53,85) (30,61) (51,78) (50,60)
Bng 5. Tng hp mt s ch tiu hiu qu kinh t trn 1ha mt nc ao nui
Cc ch tiu VT
Cam Lm
Cam
Ranh
Nha
Trang
Ninh
Ha
BQ
Chung
Cam Lm
Cam
Ranh
Nha
Trang
Ninh Ha BQ Chung
1. GO/IC Ln 1,31 1,35 1,39 1,44 1,34 0,99 0,99 1,04 1,02 0,99
2. VA/IC Ln 0,31 0,35 0,39 0,44 0,34 (0,01) (0,01) 0,04 0,02 (0,01)
3. GO/FC Ln 4,53 5,14 6,15 4,58 5,00 4,98 4,98 5,52 4,00 4,94
4. MI/IC Ln 0,29 0,33 0,38 0,42 0,33 (0,02) (0,02) 0,03 0,01 (0,02)
5. MI/FC Ln 1,02 1,26 1,67 1,32 1,21 (0,10) (0,09) 0,16 0,03 (0,08)
6. GO/LD Tr. 107,28 118,06 108,33 90,60 114,31 128,14 129,84 115,60 105,53 127,43
7. MI/LD Tr. 24,07 28,83 29,42 26,15 27,73 (2,57) (2,47) 3,37 0,84 (2,17)
8.TN BQ/LD/v Tr./v 15,73 15,55 10,00 12,30 15,34 20,92 22,35 17,45 22,37 21,62
9.Pr/(IC+CL+A+T) % 8,44 12,67 21,84 18,05 12,16 -15,49 -16,05 -10,86 -16,95 -15,73
3. T sut li nhun trn vn ch s hu (ROE) bnh qun tnh theo vng nui v quy m din
tch mt nc
Kt qu s liu bng 6 cho thy, nm 2007 t sut li nhun trn vn ch s hu bnh qun
cho tt c cc vng t 17,96%. Cc h nui c qui m t 0,5 - 1,0ha c hiu qu cao nht, trong
nm 2007, ROE ca cc h ny t 18,84%, tng ng vi mc li nhun l 28,260 triu ng/ha
(mc ny cao hn khong 1,346 triu ng so vi bnh qun chung ca tt c cc quy m). Trong
nm 2008, hu ht cc h nui tt c cc quy m u thua l (ROE m), nhng d thy rng loi
quy m 0,5 - 1,0ha c mc l thp hn. Nu xt theo vng, Ninh Ha l vng nui c hiu qu nht;
t sut li nhun trn vn ch s hu nm 2007 t 43,63%; li nhun t 35,52 triu ng/ha, trong
khi cc con s tng ng tnh trung bnh cho tt c cc vng ch t 17,96% v 27,27 triu ng/ha.
Bng 6. T sut li nhun bnh qun trn vn ch s hu ca cc h nui phn theo vng
v quy m din tch nui ca v nui nm 2007 v nm 2008
VT: %
V nui nm 2007
Vng nui
S
h
Di
0,5 ha
T 0,5 n
di 1 ha
T 1,0 n
di 1,5 ha
T 1,5 n
di 2,0 ha
Trung bnh
cho 1 ha
1. Ninh Ha 5 - 43,63 - - 43,63
2. Nha Trang 2 - 41,09 - - 41,09
3. Cam Ranh 86 16,33 18,84 16,82 - 18,03
4. Cam Lm 24 -2,08 12,33 16,16 - 13,16
Trung bnh 117 14,45 18,84 16,70 - 17,96
V nui nm 2008
Vng nui
S
h
Di
0,5 ha
T 0,5 n
di 1 ha
T 1,0 n
di 1,5 ha
T 1,5 n
di 2,0 ha
Trung bnh
cho 1 ha
1. Ninh Ha 9 - -13,35 -18,88 - -16,95
2. Nha Trang 7 - -10,86 - - -10,86
3. Cam Ranh 104 -12,43 -14,78 -18,10 -18,71 -16,19
4. Cam Lm 100 -18,95 -14,89 -18,19 -19,68 -16,16
Trung bnh 220 -15,85 -14,62 -18,20 -19,09 -16,08
Ngun: Tnh ton t s liu iu tra mu ca tc gi, 2009.
4. Nhng kh khn thng gp c nh hng n ngh nui c Chm thng phm ti
Khnh Ha
C Chm l i tng tng i d nui, rt ph hp vi iu kin t ai, th nhng Khnh
Ha. Tuy nhin, qua iu tra, thu thp thng tin t cc h nui c Chm ti Khnh Ha cho thy cc
h nui ang gp kh nhiu kh khn trong qu trnh nui t khu con ging n tiu th sn phm.
Kt qu iu tra chng ti thu c Bng 7.
Ngun u ra ch yu ca cc h nui c
Chm hin nay ch yu l cc nu, va nn
c n 134 trong 220 h c iu tra, chim
60,9% cho rng Rt kh khn v vn gi
c, h thng b cc nu va p gi; v c n
43,2% cho rng Kh kh khn; 13,2% cho rng
Rt kh khn v vn th trng v ngi
mua khng n nh.
Kt qu iu tra cng cho thy: c 88,6%
s h iu tra cho rng Kh kh khn v vn
thiu vn, v nhu cu v vn ca cc h nui
l rt ln m kh nng t thn ca cc h nui
cn nhiu hn ch, thiu vn ang hin l vn
bc xc i vi cc c s nui v l vn
thi s trong nng thn hin nay. C 109 h,
chim 49,55% s h iu tra cho rng kh khn
ca cc h ny gp phi khi vay vn ngn
hng l khng ti sn th chp. Mc d h
c nng lc, kinh nghim trong vic nui trng
thy sn cng nh trong nui c Chm nhng
ti sn ca h khng c gi tr ln th chp
vay u t nn h rt kh tip cn c vi
ngun vn ln u t vo nui c Chm. C
88 h, chim 40% cho rng kh khn m h
gp phi khi vay vn l chi ph khc qu cao;
c 121 h, chim 55% cho rng kh khn m
h gp phi khi vay vn l th tc vay phc tp,
v c 40 h, chim 18,18% cho rng kh khn
Bng 7. Nhng kh khn thng gp ca cc h nui c Chm ti Khnh Ha
Nhng kh khn ca cc h nui c Chm
Mc kh khn theo nh gi ca h nui (%)
Khng
gp kh
khn
Kh
khn
rt t
Trung
bnh
Kh
kh
khn
Rt kh
khn
Nhng
kh
khn
trong
qu
trnh
nui
1. Thiu din tch t 5.0 39.5 43.2 12.3 -
2. Thiu vn - - 0.5 88.6 10.9
3. Thiu ngun ging 3.2 32.3 55.5 9.1 -
4. Thiu ngun thc n 3.6 30.0 51.8 14.1 0.5
5. Thiu hiu bit khoa hc k thut 1.8 96.8 1.4 - -
6. Kh hu bin i 1.8 47.3 44.5 6.4 -
7. Mi trng nhim 0.5 7.7 47.7 42.7 1.4
8. Dch bnh 0.5 0.9 23.6 60.5 14.5
9. Thiu thng tin v th trng - 8.6 46.8 37.3 7.3
10. Kh tiu th sn phm - - 0.9 5.5 93.6
11. Thiu cc dch v h tr nui trng 34.1 51.4 14.1 0.5 -
Nhng
kh
khn
khi thu
hoch
c
bn
12. Kim tra d lng cht khng sinh 0.5 1.8 13.2 58.6 25.9
13. Bo qun c sau thu hoch 74.1 25.5 - 0.5 -
14. B p gi - - 4.5 34.5 60.9
15. Ngi mua khng n nh - 9.1 34.5 43.2 13.2
16. ng giao thng kh khn 21.4 50.9 24.1 3.6 -
m h gp phi khi vay vn l thi hn cho vay
ngn hn thi gian nui c/v, y l mt kh
khn ln m cc t chc ngn hng cn phi
to iu kin cc h nui c thi gian
hon tr cc khon vay.
5. Xu hng pht trin ca ngh nui c
Chm thng phm ti tnh Khnh Ha.
Do c nhng kh khn nht nh c
nu trn cng vi gi c gim st mnh lm
cho ngi nui thua l nn qua iu tra thng
k, c 181 h trong 220 h, chim 82,27% cho
rng vic nui c Chm khng hiu qu v
chuyn sang i tng nui khc. Tuy nhin,
bn cnh vn cn 34 h, chim 15,45%
cho rng nh hng sp ti ca h vn gi
nguyn khng i quy m nui v vn tip tc
nui ch n gi ln ca th trng; v tng
t c 24 h, chim 10,91% cho rng h vn
tip tc nui ch n gi ln ca th trng
nhng thu hp li din tch nui, chuyn mt
s din tch nui sang i tng nui khc c
thi gian nui ngn hn.
6. Nguyn vng pht trin ca cc h nui c
Chm thng phm
T nhng kh khn c cp trn,
nn v nguyn vng pht trin ca cc h nui
c Chm thng phm th c n 220 h, chim
100% s h c iu tra cho rng h mun
c h tr tiu th sn phm. C 104 h, chim
47,27% cho rng cn c cung cp thng tin
v th trng, gi c v c n 204 h, chim
92,73% cho rng cn c tr gip v vn
pht trin ngh nui ny, c 19 h, chim 8,64%
cho rng cn c to ngun ging c cht
lng v ch c 2 h, t l 0,91% cho rng cn
c tr gip k thut nui iu ny cho thy
rng c Chm l i tng rt d nui v kinh
nghim, trnh nui ca ngi dn c
nng cao.
1. Kt lun
C th ni, nui c Chm thng phm
ang l mt ngh c nhiu trin vng v tim
nng v hiu qu kinh t Khnh Ha. Kt qu
nghin cu theo phng php iu tra chn
mu vi 220 h nui ti 4 vng nui ca tnh
cho thy, trong v nui nm 2007 mi ha ao nui
c mc li 27,27 triu ng. Cc ch tiu khc
v hiu qu kinh t cho 1 ha ao nui v tt c
cc vng nui nm 2007 u t rt cao. Cc h
nui c quy m t 0,5 - 1,0ha c hiu qu cao
nht, trong nm 2007, ROE ca cc h ny t
18,84%. Mc d v nui 2008 cc kt qu ny
cha c khng nh m cn b thua l nng,
nhng nguyn nhn chnh ca iu ny l do
tnh hnh th trng v gi c gim st qu mnh.
Vic nui trng ca cc h hu nh cn mang
tnh t pht, cha c s nh hng v qun l
cng nh h tr kp thi ca cc c quan qun l
nh nc v cc t chc trung gian (ngn hng,
hip hi).
Ti 04 vng nui Khnh Ha, Ninh Ha
l vng nui c hiu qu nht xt theo t sut
li nhun trn vn ch s hu, nm 2007 t
43,63%; li nhun t 35,52 triu ng trn
1 ha.
Mc d hin ti cc h nui ang phi i
mt vi nhiu kh khn v cn tr, nhng hu
nh tt c cc h u c nguyn vng tip tc
pht trin ngh ny, tuy nhin h cn c s gip
, h tr v cc mt nh tiu th sn phm,
cung cp cc thng tin v th trng, gi c, vn
v cc mt khc.
2. Khuyn ngh
T nhng kt qu nghin cu trn c th
thy rng, ngh nui c Chm pht trin mt
cch c hiu qu, bn vng th cc c qun
qun l cc cp cn c nhng gii php tch cc
gip b con tho g v gii quyt trit nhng
kh khn, vng mc trong qu trnh nui bng
mt s vic lm c th l: cung cp thng tin
v th trng kp thi cho ngi nui; t chc
li sn xut theo hng hnh thnh Hip hi
ngh nui c Chm thng phm nhm tp hp
nhng c nhn v t chc thuc cc thnh phn
kinh t hot ng trong cc lnh vc sn xut
ging, nui, nghin cu khoa hc v tiu th c
Chm ti Khnh Ha hp tc, h tr, gip
ln nhau v kinh t, k thut trong sn xut -
kinh doanh, dch v, nng cao gi tr sn phm,
phng tr dch bnh, to ngun ging v thc n
tt. T chc trung gian ny (hip hi) cn l cu
ni v ci tin quan h giao dch vay vn gia
ngn hng v ch h nui, cho cc h nui
c th tip cn ngun vn u t, ngun vn
tn dng u i m khng cn th chp ti sn;
ngoi ra, cc t chc cho vay cn ci cch th
tc cho vay nhm trnh phin h.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Cc Thng k tnh Khnh Ha (2008), Nin gim thng k Khnh Ha 2007.
2. Hi Ngh c Khnh Ha (2009), Bo co Tnh hnh nui, tiu th, xut khu c Chm Khnh Ha.
3. Nguyn K Tun, Nguyn nh Phan (2007), Kinh t v Qun l Cng nghip, Nh xut bn i hc Kinh
t Quc dn, H Ni.
4. Bartlett, Kotrlik, &Higgins (2001), Organizational Research: Determining Appropriate Sample Size in
Survey Research. Information Technology, Learning, and Performane Juornal, Vol.19. No.1
fHONG B/O KHO/ HOC
TINH S CH CHITIN TH T PH LI U TM
NNG CAO CH T L NG CHITIN-CHITOSAN
PURIFICATION OF CRUDE CHITIN FROM SHRIMP WASTE
FOR IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF CHITIN-CHITOSAN

Nguy n Cng Minh
1
, Phm Th an Phng
1
,

Hong Ngc Cng
2
, Trang S Trung
1,*
1
Trng i hc Nha Trang

2
Trng i hc Bnh Dng
*T c gi lin h : trangsitrung@gmail.com
TM TT
Chitin th t ph li u tm c h m l ng kho ng v protein cao hn quy nh c th c tinh s ch b ng
cch x l vi dung dch HCl lo ng kh khong v x l vi dung d ch NaOH lo ng kh protein. K t
qu cho th y chitin sau khi tinh s ch c ch t l ng t tiu chu n ng d ng cng nghi p. Chitosan s n xu t t
chitin tinh s ch p ng c yu c u ch t l ng s dng trong cng nghip nh h m l ng kho ng, protein
th p, deacetyl m c ph bi n. Tuy nhin, nh t c a c c m u chitosan s n xu t t chitin tinh s ch th p.
T kh a: chitin th, kh kho ng, kh protein, chitin tinh s ch, chitosan
ABSTRACT
Crude chitin extracted from shrimp waste with high mineral and protein content can be puried by
treated with diluted HCl solution for demineralization and with diluted NaOH for deproteinization. Results
showed that chitin after purication had accepted quality for industrial application. Chitosans prepared from
the puried chitins had low ash and protein contents, suitable degree of deacetylation. However, viscosity of
these chitosan samples were low.
Keywords: crude chitin, demineralization, deproteinization, puried chitin, chitosan
I. M U
Trong v i th p nin qua, chitosan c
ng d ng ph bi n trong r t nhi u l nh v c t
th c ph m, nng nghi p, cng ngh sinh h c,
x l mi tr ng n d c h c (Hirano, 1996;
Stevens, 1996; Park v Kim, 2010). ng
d ng c hi u qu th u tin ch ng ta c n
ph i quan tm n ch t l ng v t nh ch t c a
chitosan nh deacetyl, phn t l ng, tinh
s ch. Hi n nay, chitosan ang s d ng ph bi n
trn th tr ng ch y u c s n xu t t chitin
chi t r t t ph li u tm. Ch t l ng chitin
quy t nh ch t l ng v t nh ch t ca chitosan
(Lertsutthiwong v c ng s , 2002). V v y, c
th s n xu t chitosan ch t l ng cao c th
ng d ng trong l nh v c cng nghi p th ch t
lng chitin nguyn li u ph i t yu c u, c
th h m l ng kho ng, protein <1%, khng
ch a t p ch t (Rao v cng s, 2007).
Tuy nhin, ph n l n cc quy trnh sn
xut chitin ang c ng d ng t i c c c
s chitin c nhi u ti n b nhng do cha
t p trung ng m c ki m so t ch t l ng
chitin nn chitin thu c ch d ng th, h m
l ng kho ng v protein c n l i trong th nh
ph m kh cao (>1%) v ch a t p ch t, mu
s c khng p. nng cao ch t l ng chitin
th c n x l chitin tip tc lo i b ph n
kho ng v protein c n l i n m c theo yu
cu. Trong b i b o n y, ch ng ti xin trnh by
quy tr nh tinh s ch chitin t chitin th v ch t
l ng c a chitosan c s n xu t t chitin
tinh s ch.
II. NGUYN VT LIU V PHNG PHP
NGHIN CU
1. Hai mu chitin th:
CTT 1: chitin th chit rt t ph liu tm
s (Penaues monodon) c thu nh n ti B c
Liu v CTT 2: chitin th chit rt t ph liu
tm th chn trng (Penaues vannamei) c
thu nh n ti Khnh Ha. C c h a ch t kh c
s d ng trong nghin c u l h a ch t d ng
tinh khi t.
2. Tinh s ch chitin th:
C c m u chitin th c ra sch, lo i b
t p ch t, ti p theo x l kh khong bng dung
d ch HCl vi nng 1, 2, 3%, t l chitin th/
dung dch ha cht: 1:5 (w/v), c c kho ng
thi gian 3, 6, 12 h nhit phng. M u
chitin c r a s ch n trung t nh v tip tc
c kh protein bng dung d ch NaOH c c
n ng 1, 2, 3%, t l chitin th/dung dch
ha cht 1:5 (w/v), 65
0
C v i c c kho ng th i
gian x l kh c nhau: 3, 6, 12 h. Tip theo mu
c ra sch n trung t nh thu c chitin.
M u chitin th CTT1 sau khi tinh sch c
t tn l CT1, mu chitin th CTT2 sau khi
tinh sch c t tn l CT2.
3. Chuy n chitin th nh chitosan:
C c m u chitin sau khi tinh s ch CT1 v
CT2 c deacetyl trong dung d ch NaOH
60% trong th i gian 3h 95
0
C, sau r a
s ch n trung t nh thu c c c m u
chitosan tng ng l CTS1 v CTS2.
4. nh gi ch t l ng c a chitin v
chitosan:
m, hm lng protein, hm lng
tro c phn tch theo phng php
chun ca AOAC (1990). nht c ca
chitosan c xc nh trn nht k Rto
Brookeld, M. deacetyl ha c xc
nh theo phng php quang ph (Wu v
Zivanovic, 2008).
5. Phng ph p x l s li u:
S liu bo co l trung bnh ca 3 ln
phn tch. Kt qu c phn tch thng k
bng phn mn Minitab. Gi tr ca p < 0,05
c xem l c ngha v mt thng k.
III. KT QU V THO LUN
1. Cht lng ca chitin th
C c m u chitin th c phn tch x c
nh cc ch tiu ch t l ng c bn v c
trnh by Bng 1.
Bng 1. Ch tiu ch t l ng c bn ca chitin th
Ch tiu cht lng
Mu chitin
CTT 1 CTT 2
Mu sc Vng sm, ti mu Vng sm, ti mu
ng u Trung bnh Thp
m (%) 7,5 0,4 7,3 0,5
Hm lng tro (%) 4,13 0,6 4,2 0,2
Hm lng protein (%) 3,02 0,11 3,67 0,06
Kt qu cho thy cc mu chitin th c mu vng sm, ti mu, ng u khng cao. C c
m u chitin CTT1 v CTT2 c h m l ng kho ng gi ng nhau nhng m u CTT2 c h m l ng pro-
tein cao hn. Tuy nhin, c hai m u u c hm lng khong v protein cao hn quy nh (>1%).
V vy, s n xu t c chitosan c ch t l ng t tiu chun ng dng cng nghip th c c m u
chitin th cn ph i c x l kh kho ng v protein.
2. X c nh i u ki n tinh s ch chitin th
Cc mu chitin c hm lng khong tng i cao (>4% so vi trng lng kh). V vy, cn
phi loi b phn khong cn li ny bng x l bng dung dch HCl long hm lng khong cn
li trong chitin <1%. Kt qu qu trnh kh khong chitin th c trnh by trn Hnh 1.
Hnh 1. Hm lng tro cn li trong chitin sau khi x l vi HCl nhi t ph ng (26 - 30
o
C)
Kt qu kh khong ca c c mu chitin th t ph li u tm s (CTT1) v tm th chn tr ng
(CTT2) cho thy nng HCl c nh hng rt ln n hi u qu c a qu tr nh kh kho ng, khi nng
HCl tng t 1% ln 2%, lng khong cn li trong mu chitin gim t gn 3% xung cn khong
1% sau khi x l 6h. Tuy nhin, khi tng nng ln 3% th lng khong trong mu gim khng
nhiu so vi x l 2% (H nh 1), do phn khong cn li ny lin kt cht ch vi chitin v protein
nn rt kho tch ra. t yu cu chitin k thut th hm lng khong phi di 1% nn ch
tch khong thch hp c chn l x l bng HCl nng 2%, thi gian 6 h, nhit phng.
Kt qu kh protein th bng NaOH long c trnh by trn Hnh 2.
i v i qu tr nh kh protein c a chitin th
cho th y n ng NaOH 1% khng lo i
protein trong m u chitin th n m c t yu c u
(<1%). n ng NaOH 2% th c s kh c bi t
v th i gian x l gi m h m l ng protein
t yu c u (<1%), c th v i chitin th CTT1
th th i gian x l c n thi t l 12h nhng i v i
chitin th CTT2 th th i gian c n thi t ch l 6h
(H nh 2). Tuy nhin, khi tng nng NaOH n
mc 3% th protein cn li gim khng nhiu so
v i n ng NaOH 2%, iu ny c th do phn
protein ny lin kt cht ch vi thnh phn
chitin nn rt kh tch ra. Tuy nhin, hm lng
protein mc di 1% th t yu cu cht
lng ca chitin k thut nn nng NaOH
thch hp l 2%, thi gian x l thch hp l 12h
i v i chitin th t tm s v 6h i v i chitin
th t tm th . Bn c nh , sau khi tinh s ch
m u s c c a chitin c i thi n nhi u, chitin tinh
s ch c m u tr ng ng .
2.1. xut quy tr nh tinh s ch chitin th t ph
liu tm
T k t qu nghin c u trn, s quy tr nh
tinh s ch chitin th t ph li u tm c xu t
theo s H nh 3.
Hnh 2. Hm lng protein cn li trong chitin sau khi x l vi NaOH 65
o
C
Hnh 3. S quy trnh tinh s ch chitin th
t ph liu tm
Chitin th t ph li u tm
Ra sch, lo i b t p ch t
Kh khong bng 2% HCl,
6h, nhi t ph ng
Ra trung tnh
Kh protein cn li bng
2%NaOH, 65
0
C, th i gian
1
Ra trung tnh
Sy/phi kh
Chitin
1
Th i gian x l l 12h v 6h tng ng v i chitin th t tm s v
tm th .
Chitin th c th t ngu n ph li u tm s
ho c tm th . Cng o n r a, lo i b t p ch t
lo i b b i b n, c c t p ch t nh gi y, c t,
s n. C c cng o n kh kho ng v kh protein c th c hi n i u ki n nu trn vi t l chitin
th/dung d ch l 1/5. Cng o n r a c n ph i m b o m u sau khi r a pH trung t nh. Chitin c
l m kh b ng phng ph p s y trong t s y nhi t 50 - 60
o
C ho c phi n ng. Chitin sau khi tinh
s ch c n ng g i c n th n v b o qu n ni tho ng m t.
2.2. nh gi ch t l ng chitin tinh s ch c s n xu t theo quy tr nh xu t
C c m u chitin th CTT1 v CTT2 c tinh s ch theo quy tr nh xu t trn v c c ch tiu
ch t l ng c b n c a chitin tinh s ch c tr nh b y B ng 2. K t qu cho th y chitin sau khi tinh
s ch c m u tr ng ng , ng u tng ln, h m l ng kho ng v protein <1%, p ng c
yu c u chitosan ng d ng trong cng nghi p (Rao v c ng s , 2007).
Bng 2. Ch tiu ch t l ng c bn ca chitin sau khi tinh s ch
Ch tiu cht lng
Mu chitosan
CT1 CT 2
Mu sc Trng ng Trng ng
m (%) 8,3 0,4 9,3 0,2
Hm lng tro
2
(%) 0,96 0,1 0,94 0,15
Hm lng protein
2
(%) 0,91 0,1 0,96 0,07
2
T nh theo kh i l ng kh tuy t i
3. T nh ch t chitosan s n xu t t chitin tinh s ch
Chitin tinh s ch c ti p t c deacetyl chuy n th nh chitosan, c th c c m u chitosan
CTS1 v CTS2 thu nh n c t m u chitin tinh s ch CT1 v CT2 tng ng. CTS1 v CTS2 c
x c nh c c ch tiu ch t l ng c b n v tr nh b y t i B ng 3.
Bng 3. Ch tiu ch t l ng c bn ca chitosan s n xu t t chitin tinh s ch
Ch tiu cht lng
Mu chitosan
CTS 1 CTS 2
Mu sc Trng ng Trng ng
m (%) 7,9 0,3 8,3 0,4
Hm lng tro
3
(%) 0,92 0,1 0,93 0,12
Hm lng protein
3
(%) 0,91 0,1 0,96 0,07
nht (cps) 294 28 213 21
deacetyl ha (%) 84,4 2,4 86,6 2,1
tan (%) 99,7 0,2 99,6 0,2
c (NTU) 27,5 2,2 24,5 2,7
3
T nh theo kh i l ng kh tuy t i
K t qu cho th y chitosan s n xu t t c c m u chitin tinh s ch c m u tr ng ng ,
ng u cao. H m l ng kho ng v protein trong c c m u chitosan th p. Ngo i ra, c c m u
chitosan c deacetyl n m trong kho ng ph
bi n c a chitosan thng m i, tuy nhin
nh t th tng i th p (Cho v c ng s , 1998).
nh t th p c th do l trong qu tr nh s n
xu t chitin th t ph li u tm th ng c x
l trong mi tr ng HCl v NaOH n ng cao
v th i gian d i, lm c t m ch chitin, d n n
chitosan s n xu t t c c m u chitin n y c
phn t l ng th p v nh t th p (Trung v
c ng s , 2010).
V. KT LUN
Chitin th t ph li u tm c th c tinh
s ch b ng phng ph p n gi n. Chitin th
c kh kho ng b ng dung d ch HCl lo ng
v kh protein b ng dung d ch NaOH lo ng thu
c s n ph m chitin c ch t l ng t tiu
chu n ng d ng cng nghi p. Cht lng ca
chitosan s n xu t t chitin tinh s ch cng t
tiu chun ng dng cng nghip mc d
nh t hi th p.
VI. LI CM N
Nhm tc gi xin chn thnh cm n s
ng gp kin ca GS. W. F. Stevens, i hc
Mahidol, Thi Lan v GS. Kjell Morten Varum,
i hc Khoa hc Cng ngh Na Uy, Na Uy
trong vic thc hin nghin cu ny.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. AOAC, 1990. Ofcial Method of Analysis, 15th ed. Arlington, VA: Association of ofcial analytical
chemists, 70.
2. Cho, Y. I., No, H. K. and Meyers, S. P. 1998. Physicochemical characteristics and functional properties of
various commercial chitin and chitosan products. J. Agric. Food Chem., 46, 3839-3843.
3. Hirano, S. 1996. Chitin biotechnology application. Biotechnology Annual Review, 2, 237-258.
4. Lertsutthiwong, P., How, N. C., Chandrkrachang, S., Stevens, W. F., 2002. Effect of Chemical Treatment
on the Characteristics of Shrimp Chitosan. Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals, 12, 1, 11-18.
5. Park, B. K., Kim, M.M., 2010. Applications of chitin and its derivatives in biological medicine.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 11, 5152-5164.
6. Rao, M.K., Kyaw, A.K., Trung, T.S., Stevens, W.F., 2007. Optimum parameters for production of chitin
and chitosan from squilla. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 103, 3694-3700.
7. Stevens, W. F. 1996. Chitosan: A key compound in biology and bioprocess technology. Proceedings of
2nd Asia Pacic Chitin-Chitosan Symposium, Bangkok, Thailand, Stevens, W.F., Rao, M.S. and
Chandrkrachang, S. (Eds), pp. 13.
8. Trang S Trung, Nguy n Anh Tu n, Tr n Th Luy n, Nguy n Th H ng Phng, 2010. Chitin-chitosan t
ph li u th y s n v ng d ng. Nh xu t b n Nng Nghi p.
9. Wu, T., Zivanovic, S., 2008. Determination of the degree of acetylation (DA) of chitin and chitosan by an
improved rst derivative UV method. Carbohydrate Polymers, 73, 248253.
fHONG B/O KHO/ HOC
C IM PHN B CA C CI (CONUS SPP)
TI VNH VN PHONG KHNH HA
DISTRIBUTION OF CONE SNAIL (CONUS SPP) AT VAN PHONG BAY,
KHANH HOA
ng Thy Bnh, Bi Vn Khnh, Nguyn Th Thu Nga
Vin Ngin cu CNSH & MT - Trng i hc Nha Trang
TM TT
c ci (Conoidea) l ging c c c gi tr m ngh v l ngun dc liu qu. Nghin cu ny xc
nh thnh phn loi, c im phn b ca c ci ti vnh Vn Phong (Khnh Ha) v xy dng bn phn
b ca mt s loi ph bin. Tng s 19 loi c tm thy ti 10 im thu mu i din cho ma kh v ma
ma. S lng c th/im thu mu vo ma kh cao hn ma ma v dao ng t 15 - 55/100m
2
. Cc loi
ph bin l Conus textile (83 c th/ 8 im thu mu); C. striatus (54 c th/10 im thu mu); C. vexilum (42
c th/8 im thu mu); v C. miles (38 c th/6 im thu mu). Bn phn b ca cc loi c ph bin cho
thy c ci hin din hu ht cc im thu mu nhng mt phn b ma kh cao hn ma ma (ln lt
l 29 - 55 v 12 - 22). D liu trn lm c s cho cc nghin cu bo tn ngun li ging c ci c gi tr kinh
t v y hc.
T kha: Conus, bn phn b, vnh Vn Phong, c ci
ABSTRACT
The Cone snail (Conoidea) is the toxic Conus species known as precious drug. This study presents
the species composition and distribution of Conus species at Van Phong Bay, Khanh hoa Province. Based
on this data, the distribution of four common Conus species has been mapped. Nineteen species have been
totally found at 10 sampling sites representatively for dry and rainy seasons. The number of individuals per
location was found higher in dry than in the rainy seasons (29-55 and 12-22, respectively). Dominaant species
are Conus textile (83 individuals/8 sampling sites); C. striatus (54 individuals/10 sampling sites); C. vexilum
(42 individuals/8 sampling sites); and C. miles (38 individuals/6 sampling sites). The distribution maps show
that diminant Conus species has been found in most of sampling sites, but the density is higher in dry season
compared to the rainy one. These data can be used for further research on conservation of this high value and
medical species.
Keywords: Conus, distribution map, Van Phong Bay, Cone snail
I. T VN
B bin Vit Nam di 3.260km v c hn
3.000 o ln nh. Nm 1992, Trung tm
quan trc bo tn th gii (World Conservation
Monitoring Center) nh gi Vit Nam l mt
trong 16 quc gia c s a dng di truyn cao
trn th gii. a dng sinh hc ca Vit Nam
c trng bi 11.458 loi ng vt, 21.017 loi
thc vt v 3.000 loi vi sinh vt. Vit Nam c
tim nng v kinh t bin vi khong 20 h sinh
thi bin, trong c khong 11.000 loi bao
gm 2.500 loi c bin, 225 loi tm, hn 200
loi thy sinh vt, gn 700 loi ng vt ni v
100 loi thc vt rng ngp mn, 15 loi c bin
v hn 6.000 loi ng vt khng xng sng.
Theo c tnh, c khong 1.122km
2
rn san h
phn b t Bc vo Nam, 90% cc loi san h
cng vng bin n - Thi Bnh Dng
c tm thy Vit Nam (Dang v Chu, 2005).
nc ta, c l mt trong nhng ngun
li hi sn c mc phong ph v thnh phn
loi, c gi tr thc phm v kinh t cao. Song
nhng nm gn y, tnh trng khai thc qu
mc cng vi s nhim mi trng ang
lm cho ngun li c c chiu hng suy gim
nghim trng. Nhiu loi nhuyn th c gi tr
cao ang c nguy c tuyt chng nh c t v,
c n, c bn tay, trai tai tng, c v nng
(http://www.baomoi.com/Home/DuLich/cand.
com.vn/).
c ci l loi ng vt thn mm, c nc
c, sng ch yu cc vng nc nng nhit
i. Vit Nam c hn 76 loi (Hylleberg v
Kilburm, 2003) v khong 500 - 700 loi c
ghi nhn trn ton th gii (Nam v cs, 2009;
Cunha v cs, 2005). Chng thng c khai
thc lm hng m ngh v cn l ngun thc
phm cao cp mt s quc gia nh Vanuatu,
New Caledonia, Philippines. Gn y, c ci cn
c bit n nh l mt loi dc liu qu
cha cc cn au mn tnh, ung th v nhiu
bnh khc (Oliverra, 2002; Terlau v Olivera,
2004; Puillandre v cs, 2010).
Nhng nghin cu v c ci Vit Nam
phn ln vn cn mc kho st, thu
thp mu v t liu lin quan (Hylleberg v
Kilburm, 2003); phn loi, m t c im hnh
thi (Nguyn Ngc Thch, 2002); xc nh c
tnh v kim chng tnh cht ca mt s c t
(http://www.vnio.org.vn/). Ng ng Ngha v
cs (2010) tin hnh kho st, phn loi, m
t c im hnh thi, xy dng mi quan h
tin ha v bc u kho st c tnh ca cc
loi c ci thu ti vng bin Nam Trung b. Tuy
nhin, nhng nghin cu su v c im phn
b ca c ci vn cn rt hn ch.
Nghin cu ny xc nh thnh phn loi
v c im phn b c ci vnh Vn Phong
(Khnh Ha) xy dng bn phn b ca
mt s loi c ci ph bin lm c s cho cc
nghin cu bo tn ngun li ging thy sn c
gi tr kinh t v y hc.
II. VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN
CU
1. a im, phng php thu mu v phn
loi
Mu c ci c thu 2 ln/ nm, i din
cho ma ma v ma kh (thng 5 v thng
10 nm 2010) quanh o Hn Ln thuc
vnh Vn Phong (Khnh Ha). Mu c thu
theo phng php ln quan st theo mt ct
(Transect surveys) v quan st t do khng theo
mt ct (free-swimming observations) (Hodgson,
1998; English v cs, 1997).
Cc thng tin lin quan n a im kho
st (v tr, thi gian) c m t v ghi chp y
vo s nht k thc a lm c s cho vic
lp bn phn b sau ny. V tr cc mt ct
(im kho st) c din tch khong 100m
2
v
c xc nh bng my nh v cm tay GPS
(Magellan JPS colour tract, h quy chiu GW 84,
i Loan). c ci c nh danh theo Rckel
v cs (1995) v Nguyn Ngc Thch (2007).
Thng tin v 10 im thu mu c trnh by
bng 1.
2. Nghin cu phn b c ci
Mu c ci c phn loi s b, o kch
thc, khi lng, v chp nh, vn chuyn
nhanh v phng th nghim trong nit lng, sau
c lu gi -70
0
C.
D liu phn b (s c th/im thu mu)
ca mt s loi ph bin c s dng xy
dng bn phn b bng phn mm Golden
Software Surfer ver 8.
III. KT QU NGHIN CU
1. Thnh phn loi, mt phn b c ci
Chng ti tin hnh thu mu ti Vnh
Vn Phong (Khnh Ha) ti 10 im thu mu.
Thnh phn, s lng c th v s phn b ca
cc loi c ci c trnh by bng 2. Qua
kho st cho thy c ci vnh Vn Phong kh
a dng v thnh phn loi (bng 2), c th
Vn Phong tm thy 19 loi ti cc im thu mu
khc nhau gia ma kh v ma ma (9 - 12
loi ma kh v 5 - 9 loi ma ma). Hnh
thi ngoi ca cc loi trn c bin hin
hnh 1. Mt s loi biu hin s a dng v mt
hnh thi, c s khc nhau v mu sc v vn
trn v (C. caractericus, hnh 1 - 22,23) hay s
khc bit v kiu vn trn v (C. betulinus, hnh
1 - 4,5). Mt s loi c c im hnh thi rt
ging nhau nn d gy nhm ln (C. litteratus
v C. leopardus, hnh 1 - 1,2); C. bandanus v
C. marmoreus, hnh 1 - 11,12).
Loi ph bin nht l Conus textile (83 c
th ti 8/10 im thu mu (nhiu nht l 18 c
th ti im 3, t nht 5 c th im 8,9), Mt
s loi khc cng kh ph bin l C. striatus
(54 c th phn b kh ng u ti 10/10 im
thu mu), loi C. vexilum (42 c th phn b ti
8/10 im thu mu), v loi C. miles (38 c th
phn b ti 6/10 im thu mu). Loi C. betulinus
v C. quercinuss c mt phn b trung bnh.
Mt s loi rt him gp nh C. arenatus v
C. leopardus. Cc loi c kch thc ln nh
C. textile, C. striatus, C. vexilum, C, betulinus,
C. distans v C. leopardus. Loi c kch thc
dao ng ln nh C. litteratus v C. lividus. S
lng c th ti cc im thu mu dao ng t
15 - 55/100m
2
khu vc thu mu, cao nht l ti
im 3 v 5, ln lt l 52 v 55 c th.
Kt qu cng cho thy tn xut bt gp
c ci vo ma kh cao hn so vi ma ma
(29 - 55 tng c th/im thu mu vo ma kh
Bng 1. V tr cc im thu mu Vn Phong (Khnh Ha)
K hiu Thi gian (ma) Kinh V
D1 5/2010 (kh) 109180.84E 123756.23N
D2 5/2010 (kh) 1091825.88E 123852.65N
D3 5/2010 (kh) 1091825.88E 123852.65N
D4 5/2010 (kh) 1091834.30 123612.03N
D5 5/2010 (kh) 1092124.82E 123410.39N
D6 10/2010 (ma) 1092233.27E 123311.45N
D7 10/2010 (ma) 109
0
. 19
.51.6
E 12
0
.38
02.7
N
D8 10/2010 (ma) 109
0
. 20
.19.4
E 12
0
.38
02.7
N
D9 10/2010 (ma) 109
0
. 17
.31.6
E 12
0
.37
31.6
N
D10 10/2010 (ma) 109
0
. 18
.36.9
E 12
0
.38
39.6
N
v 15 - 22 tng c th/im thu mu vo ma
ma). (hnh 2). S lng c th c ti tng im
thu mu cng nhiu hn (5 - 18 i vi cc loi
ph bin v 2 - 5 i vi cc loi kh ph bin.
Tuy nhin, i vi cc loi him i khi ch gp
1 n 2 c th. V thnh phn loi cng c c
im tng t. Cc im c s lng loi nhiu
l D1 v D4 (c 12 loi); tip theo l cc im
D2, D3, D5 v D7 (c 9 loi) (bng 2)
Hnh 2. Phn b c th c ci theo im thu mu
ti vnh Vn Phong.
im 1 - 5 thu vo ma kh v 6 - 10 thu vo ma ma
2. c im phn b c ci
S phn b ca c ci c th hin bng
bn phn b trn hnh 3, cc loi ph bin
nht C. textile, C. striatus, C. vexilum v C.
miles. Loi C. textile phn b rng (8/10 im)
v s c th c tm thy nhiu nht cc
im thu mu 2 - 5 (10 - 18 c th), trong khi
loi C. striatus v C. vexilum c tm thy
hu ht cc im vi s lng c th gn nh
ng u (thp nht 4 c th, cao nht 10 c
th). Loi C. miles c tm thy 6 im thu
mu vi s lng c th trung bnh (5 - 8 c th).
IV. THO LUN
1. Thnh phn loi, mt phn b c ci
Thnh phn loi v s phn b ca ng
vt thn mm c nghin cu trn hu ht
cc vng bin th gii, trong nhiu nht l
vng bin n - Thi Bnh Dng. Nguyn
Ngc Thch (2007) xc nh c 39 loi Vit
Nam thuc h Conidae, trong h ph Coninae
gm ging Conus L 1758 (loi c trng (type
species) l Conus marmoreus L 1758) c
phn thnh cc lp ph Asprella Schaufuss,
1869; Chelyconus Morch, 1852; Darioconus
Iredale 1930; Hermes Montifort, 1810;
Lithconus Morch, 1852; Phasmoconus Morch,
1852; Pimoconus Morch, 1852; Rhizoconus
Morch, 1852; Stephanoconus Morch, 1852;
Vigiconus Cotton, 1945; Viroconus Iradale,
1930. Tc gi cng ghi nhn mt s loi cha
c nh danh, v d c ci thon di (Conus
sp1.), c ci thon nh (Conus sp2.), c ci rnh
cn (Conus (Rhizoconus) sp1.); c ci y bng
(Conus (Rhizoconus) sp1.).
Tp hp tt c cc nghin cu trong v
ngoi nc v cc mu vt thu c v khu h
ng vt thn mm bin Vit Nam t trc n
nay sau khi xem xt v iu chnh, Hylleberg
v Kilburn (2003) xc nh bin Vit Nam c
khong 2.200 loi thuc 700 ging ca 200 h
ph c cng b Vit Nam. Trong ,
ging c ci c ghi nhn c khong 76 loi.
Cc tc gi cng ghi ch 18 loi c ci c
m t bi Nguyn Ngc Thch (2007) hoc cc
cng b khc, nhng nhng loi ny khng
c ghi nhn c mt Vit Nam hoc tn ca
chng thay i theo Rckel v cs (1995) nh
Conus luteus Sowerby, 1833; Conus monachus
Linnaeus, 1758.
Trong nghin cu ny, chng ti tm thy 19
loi ti vnh Vn Phong (chim 30% s loi bt
gp Vit Nam). Tt c cc loi trn c
nh danh chnh xc da trn c im hnh
thi v s a dng v mu sc v vn trn v
c ghi nhn (hnh 1). Cc loi ph bin
nht l C. textile, C. striatus v C. vexilum. Kt
qu ny cng kh ph hp vi cc nghin cu
trc (Ng ng Ngha, 2010). Loi C. miles
cng phn b rng nhng tn sut bt gp v s
lng c th t hn.
Tuy nhin, qua t kho st ti vnh Vn
Phong, cng nh thu mu dc b bin Nam
Trung B (L Sn, C Lao Chm, Bnh Thun,
Sng Cu) u khng thy s xut hin ca
c ci a l (C. geographus) l loi c cng
b ph bin Vit Nam. y l loi c n c
v c bit n l mt trong cc loi c tnh
c cao nht trong s cc loi c ci (http://
vn.vinaseashells.com/oc-coi-nau.htm). C th
c ci a l c thi quen sn mi vo ban m,
ban ngy thng vi mnh trong ct nn rt kh
pht hin hoc do c th c kch thc ln, mu
sc p nn chng b khai thc tp trung dn
n s suy gim v s lng.
So snh vi d liu phn b ca c ci thu
Vn Phong nm 2009 (Ng ng Ngha v cs,
2010), chng ti nhn thy nm 2010 c s a
dng hn v loi v s lng c th. C th kt
qu kho st 4 tnh (Qung Nam, Qung Ngi,
Khnh Ha v Bnh Thun) nm 2009 tm thy
18 loi, trong vnh Vn Phong c 12 loi ti
6 im thu mu. C. textile 13 c th, C. striatus
13 c th v C. vexilum 5 c th; Tuy nhin loi
C. miles c s lng c th l 19, trong khi nm
2010 chng ti thu c loi C. striatus 54 c
th, C. textile 83 c th v C. vexilum 42 c th;
v C. miles c s lng c th l 38. C th s
lng t/im thu mu nm 2010 nhiu hn
v tp trung vo ma kh v u ma ma nn
tn sut bt gp nhiu hn so vi mu thu nm
2009 (ch yu vo cui ma ma).
Qua 2 t thu mu, chng ti nhn thy tn
xut bt gp c ci vo ma kh cao hn ma
ma (hnh 2); Vo ma ma, c th do nhit
xung thp hn, chng trn vo cc hc, ghnh
, rn san h. Theo iu tra kho st chng
ti nhn thy vo ma kh l lc thu mu d v
nhiu nht. ng thi kch c mu c ca cng
loi thu vo vo ma kh (6 - 8cm) ln hn hn
so vi cc mu thu c vo ma ma (3 - 4cm).
2. c im phn b c ci
Ging c ci thng phn b vng v
gia 40
0
Bc v 40
0
Nam, thuc cc vng
bin: n - Thi Bnh Dng, Panamic,
Caribbean, Peruvian, Patagonic, Ty v Nam
Phi v a Trung Hi. Mt vi loi c th phn
b v trn 40
0
Bc - Nam nh Nam Phi.
Nam Australia, Nam Nht Bn v bin a Trung
Hi. Nhn chung, c ci xut hin hu ht cc
vng bin nhit i v cn nhit i, nhng a
dng nht khu vc n - Ty Thi Bnh
Dng (Indo-West Pacic). Mt phn b ln
nht ca chng t 40 c th/m
2
(Kohn v cs,
2001). c ci c tm thy ch yu cc rn
san h. Chng c th cc vng nc nng
gn rn san h, di rn san h, vi mnh trong
ct hoc di cc tng hoc si (Rckel v
cs, 1995). Mt vi loi c ci sng rng ngp
mn. Mt s lng ng k c ci sng xa b
hoc nhng vng nc su n 400m (Rckel
v cs, 1995)
Vit Nam, c ci phn b ch yu cc
vng ven bin thuc khu vc Nam Trung b t
Nng (Khnh Ha, Bnh Thun...) n Vng
Tu, Kin Giang, v quanh cc o (nh L Sn,
C Lao Chm, Trng Sa, Hong Sa, Ph Qu,
Long H, Cn o). Cc loi c c ghi nhn
ph bin Vit Nam nh C. vexilum, C. quercinus,
C. imperialis, C. striatus, C. generalis, C.
geographus, C. litteratus v C. distans. Chng
c di phn b rt rng, t vng di triu n
su kh ln, nhng thng sng chui trong
cc k rn san h su t 10 - 70m. i
khi thy chng vi trong ct vng rn phng.
Mt s loi c th sng vng xa b (http://
vn.vinaseashells.com/oc-coi-nau.htm).
Da trn bn phn b ca cc loi c
ci (hnh 3) ta thy loi C. textile, C. striatus v
C. vexilum c phm vi phn b gn nh nhau,
trong , loi C. textile c s lng c th c
tm thy nhiu nht. S lng c th ma kh
cao hn so vi ma ma, c bit i vi loi
C. textile. Loi C. miles c mc phn b ng
u gia ma kh (im D1, D4 v D5) v ma
ma (im D8, D9, D10) nhng s lng c th
ma kh tng i nhiu hn.
Loi C. textile c ghi nhn l phn b
trn ton khu vc n - Thi Bnh Dng
(Rckel v cs, 1995). C. striatus phn b rt
nhiu vng khc nhau ti khu vc n - Thi
Bnh Dng, t Nam Phi n Bin , Hawaii
v bn o Php. Trong khi , loi C. vexilum
c ghi nhn phn b nhiu khu vc thuc
n - Thi Bnh Dng nh Aldabra, qun
o Chagos, Tazania, Madagasca, Bin .
Theo Rckel va cs (1995), loi C. miles phn
b trn ton khu vc n - Thi Bnh Dng,
tr vng Bin . Tuy nhin, Vine (1986) li ghi
nhn s c mt ca loi Bin . C bn loi
trn u c vng phn b rt rng.
Vit Nam nm trong khu vc Thi Bnh
Dng, v vy tn xut bt gp cc loi trn
cng rt cao. Kt qu ca Ng ng Ngha v cs
(2010) cng cho thy cc loi trn bt gp cc
vng kho st thuc khu vc Nam Trung b vi
mt cao. Kt qu nghin cu ca chng ti
cng kh ph hp vi cc nghin cu trc y.
c ci c dng lm hng m ngh, v
vy cc loi c kch thc ln v mu sc p
ang b khai thc vi s lng ln. Tuy cha
c loi c ci no c xp trong sch hoc
c ghi nhn c nguy c tuyt chng, nhng
vi tc khai thc nh hin nay, loi c vi gi
tr dc liu cao s phi i mt vi nguy c
suy gim ngun li nghim trng v nh hng
n cu trc qun th t nhin. Theo Ng ng
Ngha v cs (2010) v kinh nghim ca ng dn
cho thy cng xa b, su cng ln th kh
nng bt gp cc loi c ci cng nhiu v c
kch thc ln (6 - 8cm) so vi gn b (3 - 4cm).
iu ny cng c th do s tng cng nh
bt c ci c kch thc ln cc khu vc gn
b trong nhng nm gn y dn dn s suy
gim v s lng v kch thc loi.
V. KT LUN
c ci l ngun ti nguyn qu gi v mt
m ngh v gn y rt c ch trng v nhng
ng dng ca c t trong nghin cu sinh hc
thn kinh v y dc hc. c ci vnh Vn Phong
(Khnh Ha) kh a dng v loi (19 loi) v cc
loi ph bin c mt phn b cao l Conus
textile; C. striatus; C. vexilum; v C. miles. Cc
loi him gm C. arenatus v C. Leopardus. c
ci c mt hu ht cc im thu mu nhng
mt phn b ma kh cao hn ma ma. Kt
qu nghin cu v thnh phn loi, mt v
khu vc phn b ca c ci vnh Vn Phong
(Khnh Ha) c th lm c s cho cng tc bo
tn v bo v ngun li.
Hnh 1. Hnh thi v ca cc loi c ci phn b bin Vit Nam
1. Conus leopardus; 2. C. litteratus; 3,4. C. betulinus, 5. C. quercinus; 6. C. terebra; 7. C. magus; 8. Conus cf. disstans;
9. C. distans; 10. C. textile; 11. C. bandanus; 12. C. marmoreus; 13. C. imperialis; 14, 15. C. vexilum; 16. C: capitaneus; 17. C. miles; 18. C. stratus;
19. C. generalis; 20. C. lividus; 21. C. tessulates; 22,23. C. caracteriscus.
B
n
g

2
.

T
h
n
h

p
h
n

v
n
g

c
c

l
o
c

c
i

t
h
u

t
i

v
n
h

V
n

P
h
o
n
g

(
K
h
n
h

H
a
)

n
m

2
0
1
0
S
T
T
T
n

l
o
i
D
1
D

2
D

3
D

4
D
5
D
6
D

7
D

8
D

9
D
1
0
T
n
g

s
1
C
.

t
e
x
t
l
i
e

1
0
1
8
1
6
1
5
8
6
5
5

8
3
2
C
.

s
t
r
i
a
t
u
s
7
6
1
0
7
5
4
4

6
5
5
4
3
C
.

v
e
x
i
l
l
u
m
4
5
8
6
5
4
5
5

4
2
4
C
.

m
i
l
e
s
7

8
6

6
5
6
3
8
5
C
.

b
e
t
l
u
l
i
n
u
s
3

2
5
1

2

2
1
5
6
C
.

q
u
e
r
c
i
n
u
s

3
2

4

1
1
1
1
7
C
.

c
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
c
u
s
2
1

3

1

2
9
8
C
.

c
a
p
i
t
a
n
e
u
s
2

3

2

1

8
9
C
.

m
a
g
u
s
1

1
3

1

1
7
1
0
C
.

b
a
n
d
a
n
u
s
1

1

3

5
1
1
C
.

l
i
v
i
d
u
s

2

1

1
1

5
1
2
C
.

l
i
t
t
e
r
a
t
u
s
1

3

1

5
1
3
C
.

d
i
s
t
a
n
s

1

1

2

4
1
4
C
.

g
e
n
e
r
a
l
i
s
1

2

1

4
1
5
C
.

i
m
p
e
r
r
i
a
l
i
s
2

2

1

1

4
1
6
C
.

m
a
r
m
o
r
e
u
s
2

1
1

4
1
7
C
.

t
e
s
s
u
l
a
t
u
s

1

1
1

3
1
8
C
.

t
e
r
e
b
r
a

1

2

3
1
9
C
.

l
e
o
p
a
r
d
u
s

1

1
S

t
h
m
t
h
u

m
u
3
3
2
9
5
5
5
3
3
7
2
1
2
2
1
5
2
2
1
7

S

l
o
i
/
m

t
h
u

m
u
1
2
9
9
1
2
9
5
9
7
7
6

Hnh 2. Bn phn b cc loi c ci ph bin
(Conus textile, C. striatus, C. vexilum v C. miles) ti 10 dim thu mu (nh s t D1 D10) vnh Vn Phong (Khnh Ha) nm 2010.
ln ca cc vng trn th hin s lng c th c ca tng loi.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Cunha RL, Castilho R, Ruber L, Zardoya R. 2005. Patterns of cladogenesis in the venomous marine gas-
tropod genus Conus from the Cape Verde islands. Syst Biol, 54:634-650.
2. Dang Thi An, Chu Th Thu H. 2005. Biodiverity in Vietnam. The 2005-report (the fourth) of Vietnam
Environmental Monitors (VEM).
3. English, S., Wilkinson, C., Barker, V. 1997. Survey Manual for Tropical Marine resources. Second edition.
Australian Institute of Marine Science. Townsville. Australia.
4. Hodgson, G. 1998. Reef Check and sustainable management of coral reefs. Pp. 165-68. In: C.Wilkinson
(ed) Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 1998. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia
184 p.
5. Hylleberg, J and Kilburm, R.N. 2003. Marine Molluscs of Vietnam, Proceeding of. 16
th
International
Congress and Workshop, Tropical Marine Molluscs Program (TMMP).
6. Kohn AJ, Omori M, Yamakawa H, Koike Y. 2001. Maximal species richness in Conus: diversity, diet and
habitat on reefs of northeast Papua New Guinea. Coral Reefs 20: 2538.
7. Nam HH, Corneli PS, Watkins M, Olivera B, Bandyopadhyay P. 2009. Multiple genes elucidate the
evolution of venomous snail-hunting conus species. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 53:645-652.
8. Ng ng Ngha v cs. 2010. Bo co tng kt d n Bo tn tim nng di truyn cc loi thy hi sn
Vit Nam. 2009-2010. 200 pp.
9. Nguyen Ngc Thch, 2007. Recently collected shells of Vietnam. L Informator Piceno & N.N.T. Italy.
10. Olivera BM. 2002. Conus venom peptides: reections from the biology of clades and species. Annu Rev
Ecol Syst 33.
11. Puillandre N, Watkins M, Olivera BM. 2010. Evolution of conus peptide genes: Duplication and positive
selection in the a-superfamily. J Mol Evol (in press)
12. Rckel, D., Korn, W., Kohn, A.J., 1995. Manual of the Living Conidae (Vol. I: Indo- Pacic Region).
Verlag Christa Hemmen, Wiesbaden, Germany.
13. Terlau, H., Olivera, B. M. 2004. Conus Venoms: A rich source of novel ion channel-targeted peptides.
Physiol Rev. 84: 4168.
14. Vine, K. 1986. Red Sea Invertebrates. Immel Publishing, London. 224 pp.
fHONG B/O KHO/ HOC
THNH PHN LOI H TM HE (PENAEIDAE) KHNH HA
SPECIES COMPOSITION OF PENAEID SHRIMPS IN KHANH HOA PROVINCE
L Th Hng M, Trn Vn Dng, Nguyn Thi Duy
TM TT
H tm he (Penaeidae) bao gm nhiu loi c gi tr kinh t cao v hin l nhng i tng nui chnh
ca ngh nui trng thy sn nc ta. Ngun li tm he t nhin v s phn b ca chng l c s quan trng
cho vic khai thc, nui trng v bo tn cc i tng ny. Nghin cu phn loi thnh phn loi tm he ti
tnh Khnh Ha c thc hin nhm xc nh thnh phn loi trong h tm he ca tnh v nh gi mc
a dng ca chng so vi cc vng bin khc. Cc mu tm he c thu t thuyn ca ng dn, cng c v
ch trn a bn tnh v c nh loi thng qua nhng ti liu phn loi tm he ph bin hin hnh. Kt qu
nghin cu cho thy, 21 loi thuc 6 ging trong h tm he c nh loi ti Khnh Ha. Trong , ging
Penaeus c s lng loi phong ph nht (7 loi, 33,3%), tip theo l cc loi thuc ging Metapenaeopsis
(5 loi, 23,8%), Metapenaeus (4 loi, 19%) v Trachypenaeus (3 loi, 14,3%). Ging Parapenaeus v
Litopenaeus c s lng loi thp nht (cng 1 loi, 4,8%). Kt qu nghin cu cng cho thy, thnh phn
ging loi tm he vng bin Khnh Ha tng t nh cc vng bin khc vi s phong ph v thnh phn
loi thuc cc ging Penaeus v Metapenaeus. V c bn, mc a dng v thnh phn loi tm he Khnh
Ha mc trung bnh v tng t nh cc vng bin Qung Bnh - Nng nhng thp hn so vi vng
bin Qung Ngi v vnh Bc B.
T kha: H tm he, thnh phn loi, Khnh Ha
ABSTRACT
Penaeid shrimps (Penaeidae) consist of a large number of highly priced species and have become
common and important cultured species in the aquaculture industry in Vietnam. Natural resources and
distribution of penaeid shrimps are important bases for exploitation, culture, and conservation of the shrimps.
The present study was therefore designed to investigate the species composition of the penaeid shrimps in
Khanh Hoa province and evaluate their diversity level compared to other coastal areas. Samples of penaeid
shrimps were collected from ships and boats, shing ports and coastal markets in Khanh Hoa province and
then identied by using the currently common materials and methods. The result showed that 21 species
belonging to 6 genera of the penaeid family were found and identied in Khanh Hoa province. Within the scope
of these results, the genus of Penaeus had the largest number of species (7 species, 33.3%), followed by the
genera of Metapenaeopsis (5 species, 23.8%), Metapenaeus (4 species, 19%) and Trachypenaeus (3 species,
14.3%), respectively. The genera of Parapenaeus and Litopenaeus had a lowest number of species (1 spe-
cies, 4.8%). The result also showed that the species composition of penaeid shrimps in Khanh Hoa province
was similar to those of other coastal regional faunas in Vietnam where there is an abundance of the species
abundance of the genera Penaeus and Metapenaeus. Basically, the species abundant level of penaeid shrimps
in Khanh Hoa province considered to be average level and similar to that of Quang Binh - Da Nang provinces
but lower than that of Quang Ngai and the Guft of Tonkin.
Keywords: Penaeid shrimps, species composition, Khanh Hoa
I. M U
H tm he (Penaeidae), vi 60 loi thuc 10
ging, l h tm c thnh phn loi phong ph
v gm nhiu loi c gi tr kinh t nht trong cc
h tm bin nc ta [3, 4, 6]. Ngh nui tm
he, vi hai i tng chnh l tm s (Penaeus
monodon) v tm th chn trng (Litopenaeus
vannamei), v ang gi mt v tr rt quan
trng trong c cu ngnh thy sn nc ta, gip
tng thu nhp, to cng n vic lm cho nhiu
nng ng dn. Tuy nhin, nhng bt cp v
thiu thng nht trong vic quy hoch v qun
l ngh nui v khai thc tm he nh hng
n ngun li v s pht trin bn vng ca
ngh nui tm he. Vic nh hng s dng bn
vng ngun li tm he l vn cp bch, i
hi u t hn na cho cng tc nghin cu v
khu h ng vt bin ni chung v ngun li tm
he ni ring. Mt s nghin cu cp n
thnh phn loi tm he ca mt s vng bin
nc ta [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]; tuy nhin, cc dn liu v
thnh phn loi tm he vng bin Khnh Ha
vn cha c cp. Nghin cu c thc
hin nhm thng k thnh phn loi tm he hin
c ti vng bin Khnh Ha, l c s khoa hc
cho vic quy hoch, khai thc v s dng bn
vng ngun li tm he, ng thi gp phn a
dng ha i tng nui.
NGHIN CU
i tng nghin cu l thnh phn loi h
tm he ti Khnh Ha. Cc mu tm he c
thu t cc thuyn ca ng dn, cc cng c v
cc ch trn a bn tnh t thng 5/2007 n
thng 5/2008.
Mu sau khi thu c bo qun trong dung
dch formol 10%. Cc du hiu phn loi bao
gm: Hnh dng chy, cu to rng chy v cng
thc chy. Cc gai, g, rnh hin din trn gip
u ngc v cc t bng. Cu to chn ngc
v cc t trn chn ngc, t ui. S lng
gai trn telson. Hnh dng v cu to c quan
sinh dc (thelycum v petasma). Mu sc t
nhin ca tm khi cn sng. Trong nghin cu
ny, chng ti nhn mnh vic nh loi thnh
phn loi h tm he thng qua cc c im
ca thelycum v petasma. Chiu di ton thn
(TL, Total Length: khong cch t mi chy n
cui telson khi thn tm nm trn 1 ng thng
[1]) c xc nh bng thc o c chnh
xc 1mm.
Cc ti liu phn loi c s dng trong
nghin cu ny bao gm: kha nh loi ca
Kubo (1949), Starobogatov (1972), Holthuis
(1980), Nguyn Vn Chung v Phm Th D
(1995), Nguyn Vn Chung, ng Ngc Thanh
v Phm Th D (2000) [3, 4, 7, 8, 9]. Mu sau
khi nh loi c lu gi ti Phng Bo tng
Thy sinh vt, trng i hc Nha Trang.
1. Thnh phn loi h tm he
(Penaeidae) thu c Khnh Ha
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy: 21 loi thuc
6 ging ca h tm he c nh loi
Khnh Ha (Bng 1). Kt qu ny tng t vi
s lng loi thu c ti mt s vng bin nh
Qung Bnh - Nng (21 - 22 loi thuc 5 - 6
ging) [2], nhng t hn so vi vng vnh Bc
B (35 loi thuc 10 ging) [4, 5] v Qung Ngi
(33 loi thuc 7 ging) [5]. Trong s cc loi thu
c, cc loi c gi tr kinh t cao thuc ging
Penaeus v Metapenaeus chim u th ln lt
l 7 v 5 loi trong tng 21 loi thu c.
Nhn chung, cc loi tm he thu c trong
nghin cu ny l nhng loi c gi tr kinh t cao
v u c s dng lm ngun thc phm c
gi tr, c bit l cc loi thuc ging Penaeus
v Metapenaeus. Cc loi thuc ging ny u
c kch thc ln (120 - 320mm) hn so vi cc
ging cn li (40 - 160mm). Ngoi tr hai loi
Penaeus longistylus v Metapenaeus lamellata t gp trong qu trnh thu mu, a s cc loi cn li
u thng gp, nht l cc loi thuc ging Penaeus.
Bng 1. Danh mc thnh phn loi h tm he Khnh Ha
STT Phn loi Tn ting Vit Kch thc (mm)
I Litopenaeus Prez Farfante, 1969 Tm he chn trng
1 L. vannamei* Boone, 1931 Tm he chn trng 140 160
II Metapenaeopsis Bouvier, 1905 Tm v
2 M. barbata de Haan, 1850 Tm v bng 60 85
3 M. palmensis Haswell, 1879 Tm v u rng 50 85
4 M. lamellata de Haan, 1850 Tm chy phin 50 91
5 M. dalei Rathbun, 1902 Tm ali 40 60
6 M. mogiensis Rathbun, 1902 Tm vn 50 100
III Metapenaeus Wood Mason, 1891 Tm ro
7 M. ensis de Haan, 1850 Tm ro t 132 159
8 M. intermedius Kishinouye, 1900 Tm ro ui xanh 80 140
9 M. afnis H. M. Edwards, 1837 Tm bt 90 150
10 M. dalli Racek, 1957 Tm ro an 65 85
IV Parapenaeus Schmitt, 1885 Tm he gi
11 P. ssuroides Alcock, 1901 Tm he gi g cao 50 105
V Penaeus Fabricius, 1798 Tm he
12 P. merguiensis de Man, 1888 Tm bc th 160 180
13 P. semisulcatus de Haan, 1850 Tm rn 150 180
14 P. japonicus Bate, 1888 Tm he Nht Bn 140 180
15 P. latisulcatus Kishinouye, 1896 Tm vn 130 170
16 P. longistylus Kubo, 1943 Tm he 140 180
17 P. monodon Fabricius, 1798 Tm s 180 320
18 P. indicus H. Milne- Edwards, 1837 Tm he n 120 160
VI Trachypenaeus Alcock, 1901 Tm anh
19 T. curvirostris Stimpson, 1860 Tm anh mc 40 90
20 T. longipes Paulson, 1875 Tm anh chn di 50 100
21 T. pescadoreensis Schmitt, 1931 Tm anh vng 40 90
* Loi c ngun gc t Trung - Nam M c di nhp vo Vit Nam t nm 2002
2. Cu trc thnh phn loi
2.1. Thnh phn v t l cc loi tm he ti Khnh Ha
Bng 2. Thnh phn v t l cc loi tm he ti tnh Khnh Ha
STT Tn ging S lng loi T l (%)
1 Litopenaeus 1 4,8
2 Metapenaeopsis 5 23,8
3 Metapenaeus 4 19,0
4 Parapenaeus 1 4,8
5 Penaeus 7 33,3
6 Trachypenaeus 3 14,3
Tng 21 100
Kt qu nh loi thnh phn v t l ging loi h tm he ti Khnh Ha cho thy: Ging tm
he Penaeus c s lng loi nhiu nht (7 loi) chim 33,3%. Tip theo ln lt l cc ging tm
v Metapenaeopsis (5 loi, 23,8%), ging tm ro Metapenaeus (4 loi, 19%) v ging tm
anh Trachypenaeus (3 loi, 14,3%). Ging tm he gi Parapenaeus v ging tm he chn trng
(Litopenaeus) c s lng loi thp nht (cng 1 loi, 4,8%) (Bng 2).
Kt qu ny tng t nh cc kt qu thu c t cc vng bin min Trung khc t Qung
Bnh n Qung Ngi vi s lng loi thuc ging Penaeus v Metapenaeus chim u th hn hn
(ln lt l 9/33 v 6/33 loi Qung Ngi v 6/22 v 5/22 loi cc tnh Qung Bnh - Nng)
[2, 5]. Kt qu nghin cu cng cho thy, s loi thuc ging Metapenaeopsis chim u th vng
bin Khnh Ha (5/21 loi) v Qung Ngi (6/33) trong khi chng li ch chim t l thp ti cc vng
bin Qung Bnh - Nng (3/22 loi). ng ch l cc loi thuc ging Parapenaeopsis chim t
l cao cc vng bin min Trung khc (4 - 7 loi) [2, 5] trong khi li khng bt gp Khnh Ha.
Nguyn nhn ca s khc bit ny c th lin quan n vic thu mu, ma v khai thc v iu kin
t nhin v cn c lm sng t trong cc nghin cu tip theo.
2.2. Thnh phn ging loi tm he ti Khnh Ha so vi cc vng bin khc
Bng 3. Thnh phn loi tm he Khnh Ha so vi cc vng bin khc
STT Vng bin S ging T l (%) S loi T l (%)
1 Vnh Bc B [5] 10 100 35 58,3
2 Qung Bnh [2] 6 60 21 35,0
3 Qung Tr [2] 6 60 21 35,0
4 Tha Thin Hu [2] 6 60 25 41,7
5 Nng [2] 5 50 22 36,7
6 Qung Ngi [5] 7 70 33 55,0
7 Khnh Ha 6 60 21 35,0
8 B sng Cu Long [6] 9 90 26 43,3
9 Nam B [5] 6 60 26 43,3
Tng [4] 10 100 60 100
Theo Nguyn Vn Chung v ctv. (2000),
vng ven bin nc ta c 60 loi tm he thuc
10 ging [4]. Nhn chung, kt qu nghin cu
cho thy, mc phong ph v a dng v
thnh phn ging loi ca h tm he Khnh
Ha thuc mc trung bnh v tng t nh
cc vng bin Qung Bnh, Qung Tr v
Nng (Bng 3). S a dng hn v thnh phn
cc ging trong h tm he c ghi nhn
vng bin vnh Bc B (10/10 ging) v ng
bng sng Cu Long (9/10 ging), trong khi,
s a dng v thnh phn loi c ghi nhn
vng bin vnh Bc B (35/60 loi) v Qung
Ngi (33/60 loi) [4, 5, 6]. iu ny c gii
thch l do v tr a l v iu kin t nhin
khc nhau ca mi vng bin dn n mt
s loi c ngun gc phng bc (nhm loi
Trung Hoa - Nht Bn) xm nhp xung pha
nam ch ti vnh Bc B hoc Bc Trung b.
Ngc li, mt s loi c ngun gc phng
nam m rng phn b ln pha bc, ch thy
c vng bin t Nam Trung b ti vng bin
pha ng v pha Ty Nam b [4]. Tuy nhin,
cn c nhng nghin cu su hn v iu
kin t nhin ca cc vng bin lm r s
khc bit ny.
3. Hnh nh cc loi thuc h tm he thu c Khnh Ha
Litopenaeus vannamei Metapenaeopsis barbata M. palmensis
M. lamellata M. dalei M. mogiensis
Metapenaeus ensis M. intermedius M. afnis
M. dalli Parapenaeus ssuroides Penaeus merguiensis
P. semisulcatus P. japonicus P. latisulcatus
P. longistylus P. monodon P. indicus
Trachypenaeus curvirostris T. longipes T. pescadoreensis
Thnh phn ging loi h tm he
(Penaeidae) Khnh Ha bao gm 21 loi
thuc 6 ging. Trong , ging Penaeus
c s loi phong ph nht vi 7 loi (chim
33,33%), tip theo l cc loi thuc ging
Metapenaeopsis (5 loi, 23,8%), Metapenaeus
(4 loi, 19%) v Trachypenaeus (3 loi, 14,3%).
Ging Parapenaeus v Litopenaeus c s lng
loi thp nht (1 loi, 4,8%).
Hu ht cc loi tm he thu c ti
Khnh Ha u l nhng loi c gi tr kinh
t cao v thng gp, c bit l cc loi
thuc ging Penaeus v Metapenaeus. Mt
khc, cc loi thuc ging ny u c kch thc
ln hn (120 - 320mm) so vi cc ging cn li
(40 - 160mm).
Thnh phn ging loi tm he Khnh Ha
tng t nh cc vng bin khc vi u th ca
cc loi thuc ging Penaeus v Metapenaeus.
V c bn, mc a dng v thnh phn loi
tm he Khnh Ha mc trung bnh v
tng t nh cc vng bin Qung Bnh -
Nng nhng thp hn so vi vng bin Qung
Ngi v vnh Bc B.
Cn c nghin cu v iu tra ngun li
tm he ti vng bin Khnh Ha lm c s khoa
hc cho vic khai thc, nui v bo v bn vng
ngun li tm he.
Cn c nhng nghin cu v sn xut ging
thm mt s loi tm he c gi tr kinh t cao
nhm a dng ha i tng nui v gp phn
bo tn ngun li tm he.
V. TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Trn Minh Anh (1989). c im sinh hc v k thut nui tm he. NXB Tp. H Ch Minh.
2. Tn Tht Cht, Phan Th Hu T, Nguyn nh Mo, Nguyn Vn Chung, 2008. Nghin cu phn loi
h tm he (Penaeidae) mt s tnh vng ven bin min Trung Vit Nam. Tp ch Khoa hc - Cng ngh
Thy sn, 4.
3. Nguyn Vn Chung v Phm Th D (1995). Danh mc tm bin Vit Nam. NXB Khoa hc v K Thut,
H Ni.
4. Nguyn Vn Chung, ng Ngc Thanh, Phm Th D, 2000. ng vt ch Vit Nam - Tm bin, tp I.
NXB Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni.
5. Nguyn Vn Thun v Cao Th Thanh H, 2008. Thnh phn loi h tm he (Penaeidae) vng ven bin
tnh Qung Ngi. Tp ch Khoa hc, i hc Hu, 49.
6. Nguyn Vn Thng, 2006. Cp nht v h thng nh danh tm bin v ngun li tm h Penaeidae
vng bin ng bng sng Cu Long. Tp ch Nghin cu Khoa hc, trng i hc Cn Th, 134 - 143.
7. Holthuis, L.B.,1980. FAO Species catalogue. Vol. 1. Shrimps and Prawns of the world. An annotated
catalogue of species of interest to sheries. FAO Species catalogue. Vol. 1. FAO. Fisheries Synopsis, FAO,
Roma.
8. Kubo I. (1949). Studies on the Penaeides of the Japanese and its adjacent water, Jour, Tokyo, Coll, Fish,
36(1), 1 - 467.
9. Starobogatov Y.I. (1972). Penaeidae (Crustacea, Decapoda) of Tonking Gulf. The Fauna of the Tonking
Gulf and condition of life in it, Explorations of the fauna of the sea, X, Acad USSR, Zool, Inst, 359 - 415.
fHONG B/O KHO/ HOC
XY DNG CY PHT SINH CHNG LOI PHN T CA C CI
CONUS SPP. VNG BIN NAM TRUNG B VIT NAM
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF VENOMOUS CONE SNAILS CONUS SPP. IN THE
COASTAL REGIONS OF SOUTHERN CENTRAL OF VIETNAM
Phm Thu Thy, ng Thy Bnh, Trng Th Thu Thy, Ng ng Ngha
Vin Nghin cu CNSH & MT - Trng i hc Nha Trang
TM TT
Ging c Conus thuc h c ci Conidae, lp chn bng Gastropoda, b Sorbeoconcha, phn b ch
yu cc vng bin nhit i v vng bin m v c xem l ngun dc liu qu. Mc tiu ca nghin cu
ny l nhm xy dng cy pht sinh chng loi ca cc loi c Conus spp. phn b vng ven bin Nam Trung
b, Vit Nam da vo ch th di truyn phn t 16S rDNA ty th. Tng s 18 loi c ci c ly mu. Sau
khi gii trnh t gen, trnh t cc on gen 16S rDNA ca 18 loi ny c kt hp vi 3 trnh t t Genbank
xy dng cy chng loi pht sinh bng cch s dng 3 thut ton maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood
v Bayesian inference. Kt qu cho thy s dng ch th 16S rDNA phn chia cc loi c ci thuc cc kiu
dinh dng khc nhau (n giun bin, n c, n nhuyn th) thnh 4 nhnh chnh. Trong , cc loi c thuc
nhm n giun bin c phn tch r rng hn trn cy tin ha vi hai nhm dinh dng cn li. y l ln
u tin mt nghin cu quan h pht sinh loi mc phn t c tin hnh trn cc cc loi c ci Vit
Nam, gp phn quan trng vo cng tc bo tn v lu gi ngun gen c ci.
T kha: Conus, 16S rDNA, pht sinh chng loi phn t
ABSTRACT
The genus Conus belonging to the family Conoidea, class Gastropoda, order Sorbeoconcha, distributes
mostly in warm tropical seas and are considered as precious pharmaceuticals. The aim of this study is to
construct a phylogenetic tree of Conus species collected from coastal regions in the Southern Central of
Vietnam based on the mitochondrial genetic molecular marker, 16S rDNA. Total 18 Conus species were
collected. After sequencing, the partial 16S rRNA gene sequences were combined with 3 sequences from
Genbank to construct a phylogenetic tree using three analysis methods of maximum parsimony, maximum
likelihood and Bayesian inference. The results indicate that using the 16S rDNA marker the phylogentic tree of
Conus species with different feeding modes (vermivorous, molluscivorous and piscivorous species) was divided
into four main clusters. Among them, vermivorous species were separated more clearly than molluscivorous
and piscivorous species. It is the rst time a molecular phylogentic analysis of Conus species in Vietnam was
reported, contributing to the conservation of Conus genetic sources.
Keywords: Conus, 16S rDNA, molecular phylogeny
I. T VN
H c ci Conidae thuc lp chn bng
Gastropoda, b Sorbeoconcha, cng vi h
Terebridae v Turidae lm thnh tng h
Conoidea. Trong chim a s l ging c ci
Conus (Linnaeus, 1758) vi khong 700 loi
(Nam v cs, 2009). Chng phn b ch yu
cc vng bin nhit i v vng bin m nh
Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, Mexico, Florida
v Hawaii. Tuy nhin, mt s loi c th thch
ng vi s thay i ca iu kin mi trng
nh vng bin nng mi Ho Vng, Nam Phi
hay vng bin lnh pha ty Califonia, Hoa K.
Hu ht cc loi c Conus nhit i sng trong
hoc gn cc rn san h, trong khi cc loi cn
nhit i c tm thy ch yu ti vng di
triu su t 10 - 30m v di cc tng
vng triu nng. c ci c hnh chp thun di,
c mu sc sc s v hoa vn rt a dng, kch
thc rt khc nhau ty theo loi (loi ln nht
c th di n 23cm).
c ci l ng vt n tht, chng n mi
sng. Thc n chnh ca chng l giun bin,
nhuyn th, cc loi c nh v thm ch cc loi
c ci khc. Mt s cng trnh nghin cu
cho thy mi tng quan r rt gia cu trc v
hnh dng di rng kitin ca c ci vi phng
thc dinh dng chuyn bit (James, 1980;
Franklin v cs, 2007). Do di chuyn chm nn
khi bt mt s con mi di chuyn nhanh nh c
chng s dng c t tn cng lm t lit con
mi. c t c ci (conotoxin) l nhng chui
peptide tng i nh, giu lin kt disulde, di
khong 10 - 40 amino acid (Olivera v cs, 2000).
Tuyn c ca mi loi c ci cha khong t
100 - 200 polypeptide khc nhau. V vy, ngi
ta d on c khong 70.000 peptide c t c
ci khc nhau.
T cc nghin cu c t ca cc loi c
n c cho thy nhng loi c quan h gn gi
thng cha cc peptide c t tng ng v
mt chc nng hn so vi cc loi c quan h
xa (Regina, 2006; Duda v cs, 2009). V vy,
nghin cu mi quan h tin ha gia cc loi c
ci ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic pht
hin v xc nh c tnh ca cc conotoxin mi.
Vic phn tch quan h pht sinh chng loi
ca cc loi da trn cc c im hnh thi gii
phu (ch yu l kch thc, mu sc v hoa
vn v, cu to ca h thng tiu ha) thng
mang li kt qu khng n nh nht l i vi
cc loi c quan h gn gi v v vy c nhiu
c im hnh thi gii phu ging nhau (Rckel
v cs, 1995).
i vi lp chn bng Gastropoda, DNA ty
th c chng minh l cng c hu hiu
trong phn tch a dng loi (McArthur v cs,
2003; Grande v cs, 2008; Nam v cs, 2009).
Cc marker chun ca DNA ty th thng c
s dng l cc gen m ha cytochrome b, 12S
rRNA, 16S rRNA, tRNA-Val v mt s vng
khng m ha nh vng lin gen trnF-cox3,
atp6-trnM, cox1-cox2, cox3-trnK, nad1-trnP.
Vic s dng ton b trnh t DNA ty th cng
nng cao phn gii v tin cy thng k
so vi s dng tng on gen ring l (Mueller,
2006; Grande v cs, 2008).
Tuy nhin, cho ti nay, mi quan h pht
sinh chng loi ca cc loi thuc ging c ci
vn cha c gii quyt mt cch trit do
cc marker phn t ca DNA ty th t ra t tin
cy khi c p dng xc nh v tr phn
loi ca cc loi mi tch ra (Espiritu v cs,
2002; Duda v cs, 2001; Duda v Kohn, 2005).
Chnh v vy, trong cc nghin cu tin ha
gn y, cc ch th DNA ty th thng c
s dng kt hp vi cc ch th nhn c tc
tin ha thp hn v trong mt s trng hp
cho thy mi quan h tin ha r hn (Duda
v Palumbi, 1999; Cunha v cs, 2005; Duda v
Kohn, 2005; Bandyopadhyay v cs, 2008; Nam
v cs, 2009). Cc ch th nhn c kho
st bao gm cc vng gen m ha 18S rRNA,
28S rRNA, EF1-, Histone H3, calmodulin, v
vng khng m ha nh on chn ITS1 v
ITS2 (Nam v cs, 2009).
Ti Vit Nam, c ci phn b ch yu
cc vng ven bin thuc khu vc Nam Trung
b t Nng n Kin Giang v quanh cc
hi o (nh Trng Sa, Hong Sa, Cn o)
vi khong 76 loi (Hylleberg v Kilburn, 2003).
Tuy nhin, cc nghin cu v c ci Vit Nam
cho ti nay mi ch c thc hin mc
kho st, thu thp mu v t liu lin quan, xc
nh c tnh v kim chng tnh cht ca mt
s c t. Hin vn cha c nghin cu pht
sinh chng loi no v c ci Vit Nam c tin
hnh mc phn t. Mt vn gy quan
ngi l mt s loi c ci c v rt p, vn
a dng nn thng c khai thc ly v lm
m ngh. Nu khng c nhng nghin cu
bo tn kp thi, ngun dc liu qu ny c th
b mai mt. V vy, trong ti ny, nghin cu
pht sinh chng loi mc phn t c tin
hnh trn cc i tng c ci Vit Nam nhm
gp phn vo cng tc bo tn v lu gi ngun
gen c ci Vit Nam.
II. VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN
CU
1. Mu c ci
Cc loi c ci c thu thp ti cc vng
bin thuc khu vc o L Sn (Qung Ngi),
C Lao Chm (Qung Nam) v vnh Vn Phong
(Khnh Ha) t nm 2008 - 2010. Cc mu c
ci sau c phn loi s b da trn cc
c im hnh thi theo m t ca Rckel v cs
(1995) v Nguyn Ngc Thch (2007). Cc loi
c kho st bao gm: Conus arenatus, C.
bandanus, C. betulinus, C. capitaneus, C. carac-
teristicus, C. distans, C. generalis, C. imperialis,
C. literatus, C. lividus, C. magus, C. marmoreus,
C. miles, C. quercinus, C. striatus, C. tessulatus,
C. textile v C. vexillum. Cc c th c ci c
gi trong nit lng v bo qun -70
o
C. Mi loi
c 3 c th c chn cho cc nghin cu phn
t tip theo.
2. Tch chit DNA v nhn gen bng k thut
PCR
DNA tng s c tch chit t phn m
c chn b ca tng c th c ci bng b kit
Wizard SV genomic DNA purication system
(Promega) theo hng dn ca nh sn xut.
on gen 16S rDNA c khuch i bng
cp mi 16S (Integrated DNA Technologies) c
trnh t nh sau: mi xui 16SF 5-CCGGTCT-
GAACTCAGATCACGT-3 v mi ngc 16SR
5-GTTTACCAAAAACATGGCTTC- 3 (Espiritu
v cs, 2001).
Phn ng PCR c tin hnh vi tng th
tch 50 l (bao gm 20 ng khun DNA, Taq buffer
1X, 0,25 nM mi loi dNTP, 0,2 pM mi mi, 2
mM MgCl
2
v 1 n v Taq polymerase) trn my
lun nhit Icycler (Bio-rad) theo chng trnh
nhit nh sau: bin tnh ban u ti 94
o
C trong
3 pht, tip theo l 35 chu k ca 94
o
C trong 40
giy, 47
o
C trong 40 giy, 72
o
C trong 90 giy v
giai on cui 72
o
C trong 5 pht.
Sn phm PCR c in di trn gel
agarose 1,2% nhum ethidium bromide. Kt qu
c ghi nhn s dng h thng ghi nh gel
t ng Geldoc v phn mm Quantity One
(Bio-rad).
3. Gii trnh t gen
Sn phm PCR c tinh sch bng b kit
PCR clean up system (Promega) theo hng
dn ca nh sn xut v s dng lm khun
trc tip cho phn ng tin gii trnh t theo
nguyn tc dye-labelled dideoxy terminator (Big
Dye
Terminator v.3.1, Applied Biosystems) vi

cc on mi 16SF v 16SR theo chng trnh
nhit nh sau: 96
0
C trong 20 giy, 50
0
C trong
20 giy v 60
0
C trong 4 pht. Sn phm phn
ng c phn tch trn my phn tch trnh t
t ng ABI Prism
3700 DNA Analyser (Applied

Biosystems). Cc trnh t xui v ngc c
kt ni bng phn mm Vector NTI v.9.
4. Phn tch trnh t
Trnh t ca cc loi c ci c xc nhn
bng chng trnh BLAST (http://blast.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi). Cc trnh t c chnh
sa bng phn mm BioEdit 7.0.1 (Hall, 1999)
v ging hng bng phn mm Clustal X v.1.8
(Thompson v cs, 1997).
5. Phn tch pht sinh chng loi cc loi c
ci
Phn tch pht sinh chng loi c thc
hin da trn trnh t on gen 16S rDNA ca
18 loi c ci thuc nghin cu hin ti v 3
trnh t t Genbank (Bng 1). Trnh t 16S rDNA
ca 2 loi c thuc h Conidae l Lophiotoma
erithiformis v Thatcheria mirabilis t Genbank
c s dng lm nhm ngoi.
Phn tch c tin hnh da trn 3 thut
ton maximum parsimony (MP), maximum
likelihood (ML) v Bayesian inference (BI) bng
cc phn mm PAUP 4.0 (Swofford, 2001) v
MrBayes 3.1.2 (Huelsenbeck v Ronquist, 2001).
i vi thut ton MP, 1000 lp li ngu nhin
c p dng. Tuy nhin, i vi thut ton ML,
lp li l 100 v tng s trnh t nghin cu
qu ln. Trc khi tin hnh thut ton ML v BI,
cc m hnh tin ha c kim tra bng phn
mm Modeltest 3.7 (Posada v Crandall, 1998)
v MrModeltest 2.2 (Nylander, 2004). M hnh
ti u l HKY+I+G vi tn sut cc base nit l
A = 0,3487; C = 0,1299; G = 0,1744; T = 0,3470,
t l cc v tr a hnh l 0,4011 v thng s dng
phn b gamma l 0,4110.
i vi thut ton BI, cc m hnh thay
th c tnh ton. Chng trnh c chy
trn 4 knh vi 1 triu th h, vi tn sut tnh
ton trn 100 th h. Phn tch c lp li 2
ln xc nh chnh xc ca phng php
phn tch. Gi tr tin cy c biu hin trn
cc nhnh ca cy tin ha (Huelsenbeck v
Ronquist, 2001).
Gi tr bootstrap c tnh ton xc nh
tnh chnh xc ca thut ton MP vi lp li
100. Do s hn hp v thi gian v s lng
trnh t qu ln, chng ti p dng phng
php xp x lin tip (successive approximation
approach) (Sullivan v cs, 2005) i vi thut
ton ML, xc nh cy tin ha da trn m
hnh tin ha v so snh kt qu thu c vi
phng php phn tch MP v BI. Cy a dng
loi c hin th v hiu chnh bng phn mm
TreeView 1.6.6 (Page, 1996).
III. KT QU
1. Khuch i on gen 16S rDNA
DNA tng s ca cc mu c sau khi kim
tra nng v tinh sch c dng lm
khun cho phn ng khuch i gen 16S rDNA.
Theo tnh ton l thuyt, khi s dng cp mi
16S, sn phm PCR thu c l on DNA c
kch thc ~ 550 bp. Kt qu nhn gen c
hin th trn Hnh 1. Sn phm in di l mt
bng m nt c kch thc ph hp vi tnh
ton l thuyt.
Hnh 1. nh in di sn phm PCR on gen 16S
rDNA ca cc mu c ci
Sn phm PCR (6 l) c in di trn gel agarose 1,2%.
Ging 1: thang DNA chun 100 bp. Ging 2-7,
sn phm PCR ca cc mu c ci. Ging 8: i chng m.
2. Gii trnh t on gen 16S rDNA ca cc
loi c ci
m bo tin cy, phn ng gii trnh t
c tin hnh theo c hai chiu xui v ngc
vi mi mu c lp li 2 ln. Sau khi phn
tch v kim tra, trnh t on gen 16S rDNA ca
18 mu c ci nghin cu c ng k trn
Genbank. M s trnh t v thng tin chi tit v
cc loi c ci c trnh by trong Bng 1. Hu
ht cc loi c ci thu thp ti cc vng ven bin
Vit Nam thuc loi n giun bin (k hiu l V).
C 3 loi thuc nhm n nhuyn th (k hiu l
M), 1 loi n c (k hiu l P) v 2 loi va n
giun bin v c ty theo giai on pht trin ca
chng (k hiu l P&V)). Cc loi c ch n
cha c nghin cu c th k hiu l U (Nam
v cs, 2009; Duda v cs, 2001).
3. Xy dng cy pht sinh chng loi c ci
Sau khi so snh v ging hng, trnh t
thu c gm 548 bp on gen 16S rDNA ca
18 loi c ci nghin cu c s dng cho
phn tch. Trong c 347 nucleotide khng
i (constant character), 76 nucleotide khng
mang thng tin (parsimony-uninformative
character) v 125 nucleotide mang thng
tin (parsimony-informative character). Trnh t
on gen 16S rDNA ca 3 loi c ci khc trn
Genbank cng c s dng trong xy dng
cy pht sinh chng loi vi nhm ngoi l 2
loi c Lophiotoma cerithiformis v Thatcheria
mirabilis.
Phn tch cy pht sinh chng loi c
tin hnh da trn c 3 thut ton maximum
parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) v
Bayesian inference (BI). Kt qu phn tch d
liu trnh t gen 16S rDNA da trn phng
php MP v BI cho kt qu tng t v cy a
dng loi. Tuy nhin, phng php ML cho thy
mc thp trong mi quan h loi.
Cy phn loi loi thu c theo phng
php MP c trnh by trn Hnh 2 vi gi tr
bootstrap (BT) v tin cy (PP) c biu hin
trn cc nhnh. i vi thut ton MP, cy a
dng loi thu c vi 549 bc (Consistency
index = 0,5301, Retention index = 0,5204). Theo
Hnh 2 cho thy cc loi thuc ging c ci c
s tng ng cao vi gi tr bootstrap v
tin cy cao (PR 99%, BI 100%). T cy pht
sinh loi cho thy cc loi c ci nghin cu
phn thnh 4 nhm loi (t nhm I-IV) vi gi tr
bootstrap v tin cy tng i (>70%), v 1
loi (nhm V) c v tr phn loi khng xc nh
(C. imperialis).
Nhm I v nhm II ln lt li tip tc c
chia thnh 2 nhm nh: nhm I.1 bao gm cc
loi C. distans, C. bandanus, C. mamoreus, C.
betulinus; nhm I.2 bao gm cc loi C. magus,
C. achatinus, C. striatus, C. generalis; nhm II.1
bao gm cc loi C. tessulatus, C. eburneus, C.
literatus, C. leopardus; v nhm II.2 bao gm cc
loi C. caracteristicus, C. textile, C. arenatus.
Nhm III bao gm 2 loi C. quercinus v C.
lividus. Nhm IV gm 3 loi C. capitaneus, C.
miles v C. vexillum.
Bng 1: Danh mc cc loi c ci s dng cho phn tch pht sinh chng loi
da trn trnh t on gen 16S rDNA
STT Tn loi M s Genbank
Ch dinh
dng
Ti liu tham kho
1 Conus arenatus HM212491 V Nghin cu hin ti
2 Conus bandanus HQ234757 M Nghin cu hin ti
3 Conus betulinus HQ234758 V Nghin cu hin ti
4 Conus capitaneus HM212492 V Nghin cu hin ti
5 Conus caracteristicus HM212493 U Nghin cu hin ti
6 Conus distans HM212494 V Nghin cu hin ti
7 Conus generalis HQ234761 V Nghin cu hin ti
8 Conus imperialis HQ234755 V Nghin cu hin ti
9 Conus literatus HM212495 V Nghin cu hin ti
10 Conus lividus HQ234760 V Nghin cu hin ti
11 Conus magus HM212496 V&P Nghin cu hin ti
12 Conus marmoreus HQ234759 M Nghin cu hin ti
13 Conus miles HQ234756 V Nghin cu hin ti
14 Conus quercinus HM212497 V Nghin cu hin ti
15 Conus striatus HM212498 P Nghin cu hin ti
16 Conus tessulatus HM212499 V Nghin cu hin ti
17 Conus textile HM212500 M Nghin cu hin ti
18 Conus vexillum HM212501 V Nghin cu hin ti
19 Conus eburneus AF174165 V&P (Duda v cs, 2001)
20 Conus leopardus AF174175 V (Duda v cs, 2001)
21 Conus achatinus FJ868053 U (Puillandre v cs, 2010)
22 Lophiotoma cerithiformis EU682307 (Nam v cs, 2009)
23 Thatcheria mirabilis GU137313 (Nam v cs, 2009)
Hnh 2. Cy pht sinh chng loi ca cc loi c ci thu nhn
ti cc vng ven bin Nam Trung b, Vit Nam
Phn tch c thc hin da trn trnh t on gen 16S rRNA ca 21 loi c trong c 18 loi thuc nghin cu hin ti v 3 trnh t t Genbank
(c k hiu vi ui gb). Cc loi c Lophiotoma cerithiformis v Thatcheria mirabilis c s dng lm nhm ngoi.
Gi tr bootstrap (phn tch MP) v gi tr tin cy (phn tch BI) c biu hin ti cc nhnh. Cy pht sinh loi c chia lm 4 nhm chnh.
Ch dinh dng ca cc loi trong nhm c hin th trong ngoc n (M: n nhuyn th; V: n giun bin;
P: n c; V&P: n c v giun bin; U: cha bit).
IV. THO LUN
1. Mi quan h loi ca c ci (Conus spp.)
Vit Nam c nghin cu mc phn
t
Vic phn loi c ci theo phng php
truyn thng thng da trn cc c im hnh
thi nh kch thc v, kiu hoa vn v mu sc
vn trn v, s vng xon phn nn, ch
dinh dng v c im hnh thi cc di rng
chitin. Tuy nhin, do cc c im hnh thi c
th chu tc ng ca mi trng, hay bin d
c th cng loi v khc loi, nn d gy nhm
ln trong qu trnh phn loi. Chnh v vy, cc
marker phn t ca DNA ty th v DNA nhn
hin ang c s dng rng ri trong cc
nghin cu di truyn, nh danh v xy dng mi
quan h tin ha (Nam v cs, 2009; Duda v
cs, 2001; Espiritu v cs, 2001; Duda v Kohn,
2005).
Nghin cu hin ti s dng ch th 16S
rDNA phn chia cc loi c ci thnh cc
nhm ring bit. Kt qu phn tch pht sinh
chng loi ca chng ti cng ph hp vi cc
nghin cu trc . V d hai loi thuc nhm
n nhuyn th C. bandanus v C. marmoreus,
c phn nn rng, c chia v cng nhm I.1;
hai loi C. tessulatus v C. eburneus c phn
chia v cng mt nhnh (Nam v cs, 2009).
Cc loi C. magus v C. striatus; C. miles v C.
vexillum; C. quercinus v C. lividus c quan h di
truyn rt gn gi (Espiritu v cs, 2001).
Mc d vy mi quan h tin ha gia cc
loi thuc cc nhm dinh dng khc nhau
vn cha c phn tch r rng. V d loi
C. distans thuc nhm n giun bin c xp
vo nhm I.1 cng vi hai loi thuc nhm n
nhuyn th, iu ny cho thy vic s dng ch
th 16S n l cha gii quyt trit c mi
quan h gia cc loi c thuc cc nhm dinh
dng.
Bandyopadhyay v ng tc gi (2008)
s dng ch th 16S rDNA v vng lin gen
coxI/coxII nhm phn tch quan h pht sinh
chng loi ca cc loi c ci Philippines. Kt
qu cho thy, vng lin gen coxI/ coxII ca cc
loi c ci dao ng t 130 - 170 bp, trong
on gen ny ca C. textile ln hn so vi tt
c cc loi cn li. Nhm tc gi nh gi rng
on chn ny rt hu dng trong cc nghin
cu tin ha, cng nh nh danh loi.
Hn na, gn y Nam v ng tc gi
(2009) s dng ch th nhn ITS2 (on chn
gia gen m ha 5,8S v 28S rRNA) nhm nh
gi mi quan h tin ha ca 26 loi c thu
thp ti vng bin thuc qun o Marinduque,
Philippines. Kt qu cho thy trnh t ITS2 c
bo tn gia cc c th thuc cng mt nhm
dinh dng, nhng li th hin s a dng
mc ph hp cho vic xc nh v tr phn
loi ca cc loi mi phn ha. Hn na, vic
s dng kt hp cc ch th ty th (12S rDNA,
16S rDNA v COI) v ch th nhn ITS2 chia
nhm n nhuyn th (M) thnh 3 nhnh r rng
l Conus, Cyclinder, v Darioconus. Chnh v
vy, trong cc nghin cu tip theo ca chng
ti, ch th DNA ty th cn c s dng kt hp
vi ch th nhn c th nh gi chnh xc
hn mi quan h loi ca c ci Vit Nam.
Trong nghin cu ny, chng ti xy
dng cy pht sinh chng loi ca 18 loi c
ci Vit Nam da trn trnh t on gen ty th
16S rDNA. y l ln u tin mi quan h loi
ca ging c ci Conus Vit Nam c nghin
cu mc phn t. V vy, kt qu nghin
cu ny c ngha quan trng gp phn vo
cng tc bo tn v lu gi ngun gen c ci
Vit Nam.
2. Mi lin h gia pht sinh loi vi ch
dinh dng v c t c ci
Duda v cng s (2001) kho st mi
quan h gia pht sinh loi v ch dinh
dng ca 76 loi c ci thu thp t cc vng
bin n , Thi Bnh ng v Ty i Ty
Dng. Kt qu cho thy hnh thc dinh dng
n giun bin nhiu t (errant polychaetes) l
hnh thc c xa nht. Cc dng dinh dng
khc nh n cc loi chn bng, v mt s h
giun bin khc nh Terebellidae, Nereidae v
Amphinomidae c tch ra cng mt ln, trong
khi cc loi n c c th tch ra t 2 n 3 ln
trn cy tin ha.
Cc loi c ci Vit Nam trong nghin cu
hin ti ch yu thuc loi n giun bin. C ba
loi thuc nhm n nhuyn th l C. bandanus,
C. marmoreus v C. textile. Ch duy nht mt loi
n c (C. striatus) v mt loi c ch n a
dng, va n giun bin va n c ty theo giai
on sng (C. magus) c kho st. Trong ,
hu ht cc loi thuc nhm n giun bin c
tch ra t gc cy tin ha (Hnh 2). iu ny
kh ph hp vi l thuyt khi ch n giun bin
l phng thc dinh dng c xa nht (Duda
v cs, 2001). Hn na cc loi thuc nhm n
giun bin c phn chia thnh cc nhm rt r
rng l nhm III v nhm IV.
Tuy nhin, mt s loi n giun bin khc
cng c nhm cng vi cc loi n nhuyn
th (nhm I.1), v vi cc loi va giun bin va
n c, cng nh vi cc loi m ch n cha
c nghin cu (nhm I.2 v nhm II.1). iu
ny cho thy s chuyn bit ca cc ch dinh
dng trong qu trnh tin ha ca c ci.
Cui cng, phn tch mi quan h tin ha
gia cc loi c ci ng vai tr quan trng trong
vic nghin cu tnh a dng ca cc c t c
ci, cng nh vic pht hin v xc nh c tnh
ca cc c t mi. y l ngun dc liu qu
sn xut thuc gim au trong y hc. Chng
hn, Espiritu v cs (2001) phn tch ngun
gc tnh a dng ca c t -conotoxin trn 9
loi c ci bng s dng ch th 16 rDNA ty th.
Kauferstein v cs (2004) cng s dng cc trnh
t 16 rDNA i din cho 104 haplotype nhm
kho st kh nng sn xut cc c t (thuc
siu h I) mi pht hin cc loi c ci khc
nhau.
V. KT LUN V KIN NGH
Bng cch s dng ch th phn t 16S
rDNA ty th, chng ti xy dng cy pht sinh
chng loi ca 18 loi c ci Conus thu thp ti
cc vng bin thuc khu vc Nam Trung b, Vit
Nam. Kt qu cho thy cc loi c ci thuc 3
nhm dinh dng c chia lm 4 nhm chnh
trn cy chng loi pht sinh. iu ny ph hp
vi cc nghin cu trc . Mc d vy, vic
s dng ch th 16S rDNA vn c nhng hn ch
nht nh trong vic phn tch cc loi c c
quan h tin ha gn gi. V vy, c th xc
nh chnh xc mi quan h loi ca c ci Vit
Nam, trong cc nghin cu tip theo, cc ch th
a phn t trong c cc gen m ha c t c
ci s c s dng.

TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Bandyopadhyay PK, Stevenson BJ, Ownby JP, Cady MT, Watkins M, Olivera BM (2008). The
mitochondrial genome of conus textile, coxi-coxii intergenic sequences and conoidean evolution. Mol
Phylogenet Evol, 46:215-223.
2. Cunha RL, Castilho R, Ruber L, Zardoya R (2005). Patterns of cladogenesis in the venomous marine
gastropod genus conus from the cape verde islands. Syst Biol, 54:634-650.
3. Duda TF, Jr., Kohn AJ (2005). Species-level phylogeography and evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse
marine gastropod genus conus. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 34:257-272.
4. Duda TF, Jr., Palumbi SR (1999). Developmental shifts and species selection in gastropods. Proc Natl
Acad Sci USA, 96:10272-10277.
5. Duda TF, Kohn AJ, Palumbi SR (2001) Origins of diverse feeding ecologies within Conus, a genus of
venomous marine gastropods. Biol. J. Linnean Soc, 73:391-409.
6. Espiritu DJ, Watkins M, Dia-Monje V, Cartier GE, Cruz LJ, Olivera BM (2001). Venomous cone snails:
Molecular phylogeny and the generation of toxin diversity. Toxicon, 39:1899-1916.
7. Franklin JB, Fernando SA, Chalke BA, Krishnan KS (2007) Radular morphology of Conus (Gastropoda:
Caenogastropoda: Conidae) from India. Molluscan Research, 27(3):111-122.
8. Grande C, Templado J, Zardoya R (2008). Evolution of gastropod mitochondrial genome arrangements.
BMC Evol Biol, 8:61.
9. Hall TA (1999). BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for
Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acid Symposium Series, 41:95-98. Oxford University Press.
10. Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F (2001). Mrbayes: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics,
17:754-755.
11. Hylleberg J, Kilburn RN (2003). Marine Molluscs of Vietnam. Tropical marine mollusk Programe
(TMMP), 106-111.
12. James MJ (1980). Comparative morphology of radular teeth in conus: observations with scanning electron
microscopy. J Mollus Stud, 46(1):116-128.
13. Kaufersteina S, Huysb I, Kucha U, Melauna C, Tytgatb J, Mebsa D (2004). Novel conopeptides of the
I-superfamily occur in several clades of cone snails. Toxicon, 44(5):539-548.
14. McArthur AG, Harasewych MG (2003). Molecular systematics of the major lineages of the Gastropoda.
Smithsonian Books, Washington,140-160.
15. Mueller RL (2006). Evolutionary rates, divergence dates, and the performance of mitochondrial genes in
bayesian phylogenetic analysis. Syst Biol, 55:289-300.
16. Nam HH, Corneli PS, Watkins M, Olivera B, Bandyopadhyay P (2009). Multiple genes elucidate the
evolution of venomous snail-hunting conus species. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 53:645-652.
17. Nylander JA (2004). Mr Modeltest v2. Program distributed by the author. Evolutionary Biology Centre.
Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
18. Nguyn Ngc Thch (2007). Recently collected shells of Viet Nam. L Informatore piceno & N.N.T: 7-8
& 24-142.
19. Page RD (1996). Treeview: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Comput
Appl Biosci,12:357-358.

20. Puillandre N, Watkins M, Olivera BM (2010). Evolution of conus peptide genes: Duplication and positive
selection in the a-superfamily. J Mol Evol (in press)
21. Rckel D, Korn W, Kohn AJ (1995). Manual of the Living Conidae (Vol. I: Indo- Pacic Region). Verlag
Christa Hemmen, Wiesbaden, Germany.
22. Sullivan J, Abdo Z, Joyce P, Swofford DL (2005). Evaluating the performance of a successive-approxima-
tions approach to parameter optimization in maximum-likelihood phylogeny estimation. Mol Biol Evol,
22:1386-1392.
23. Swofford DL (2002). PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version 4.
Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
24. Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG (1997). The clustal-X windows
interface: Flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids
Res, 25:4876-4882.
TNH HNH NGHIN CU H C C (ARIIDAE L. S. BERG, 1958)
CURRENT STATUS OF ARIIDAE FAMILY (L. S. BERG, 1958)
Trn Vn Phc
TM TT
H c c (Ariidae) thuc b c Trn (Siluriformes) bao gm 14 ging v 120 loi vng nhit i
v nhit i. C c giai on nh phn b cc vng ca sng c mn thp v c trng thnh phn
b phong ph cc vnh v ca sng c nhit v mn thun li cho cc hot ng sinh sn. Chng c
kch thc ln, tui th ln, v tc tng trng chm. Cc thng s sinh trng, L
= 29,86 124,84 cm,

K = 0,06 0,34, t
0
= - 1,5 (- 0,21) v ch s tng trng, = 2,487 3,040. Ph thc n c trng thnh
rt rng, th nht l xc hu c cha phn hy v th hai l gip xc, c, hi sm v thn mm. Sc sinh sn
ca chng thp (20 64 trng/c ci), c c p trng v ngm u trng cn non hong. Ma sinh sn din
ra t thng 5 n thng 8. Trng c bn knh l 12 - 19mm, mu xanh lc v dng trng chm. Trng n sau
30 ngy trong iu kin nhit l 30
0
C.
T kha: c c, dinh dng, phn loi, sinh thi phn b, sinh trng, sinh sn
ABSTRACT
The Ariidae family (Siluriformes) includes 14 genera and 120 species of tropical and sub-tropical
marine catshes. Sea catsh juvenile remain in low salinity estuarine areas and adult distribution abundance
in gulf coastal and estuarine waters have been related to spawning activities as wel as to water temperature
and salinity. In general, these species attain large sizes, are long living, slow growing and growth parameters,
such as L
(29.86 124.84cm), K (0.06 0.34), t

0
(- 1.5 (-0.21)) and growth performance index, = 2.487
- 3.040. Sea catsh adults ingested a broad of food primarily on unidentied organic matter, the secondary
food is crustaceans, shes, sea cucumber and mollusks. These species have low fecundity (from 20 to 64 eggs
per female), mouthbreed their eggs and yolk-sac larvae by male. Sea catsh spawn from May to August. Their
eggs are 12 to 19 mm in diameter, greenish and demersal. Eggs of sea catsh hatched in approximately 30 days
at 30
0
C.
Keywords: Sea catsh, feeding, classication, distribution ecology, growth, reproduction
fHONG B/O KHO/ HOC
I. T VN
Vng bin ven b ch chim khong 11%
vng c quyn kinh t ca nc ta, trong khi
s tu khai thc ven b chim trn 75% s tu
c nc. V th cc ng trng truyn thng
ven b b khai thc qu mc, ngun li ven
b ang trn suy kit, nhiu loi hi sn qu
him c nguy c bin mt, cuc sng ca cng
ng ng dn gp kh khn hn so vi trc
kia (Cc Khai thc v Bo v ngun li thy sn,
2008). C c (Ariidae) c xp vo nhm c
kinh t ch yu nc ta (B Thy sn, 1996).
Tuy nhin, hin nay ngun li c c suy gim
rt nhiu so vi trc y. Trn th gii v
nc ta, h c c cha c loi no c nghin
cu su v a vo nui. Bi bo ny l kt qu
nghin cu h c c lm c s khoa hc cho
khai thc hp l, bo v v pht trin ngun li
theo hng bn vng.
II. NI DUNG
1. c im hnh thi v phn loi
1.1. c im phn loi
Trc y, h c c (Ariidae) c gp
trong h ln Doradoidea, nhng sau c
chuyn sang h ln Bagroidea (cng vi
Austroglanididae, Claroteidae, Schilbeidae,
Pangasiidae, Bagridae v Pimelodidae) (Nelson,
2006). Hai ging Gogo v Ancharius c
chuyn sang h khc gi l Anchariidae (Hee,
Sparks, 2005). H c c (Ariidae) cng tng
c phn loi trong h ln Arioidea, bao gm
Ariidae v Anchariidae (Sullivan et al., 2006).
H c c (Ariidae) gm 12 ging 120 loi,
phn b cc vng nc ngt, nc l v nc
bin. H c c l mt h c da trn, ch yu
sinh sng ngoi bin, vi mt s loi sinh sng
trong cc mi trng nc l hay nc ngt.
Chng c tm thy trong cc khu vc n i
m v nhit i (Berg, 1940). Tuy nhin, mt s
nh nghin cu nh Nelson (1976), Rimmer v
Merrick (1982), Reis (1986a) cho rng h c c
bao gm 14 ging v 120 loi c c bin nhit
i v nhit i. Nhn chung, cc loi ny c
kch thc ln, tui th ln, tng trng chm,
sc sinh sn thp v p trng trong ming
c c.
Nguyn Hu Phng v Nguyn Nht
Thi (1994) xc nh c 10 loi c c
bin Vit Nam nh c c Trung Hoa (Arius
sinensis Lacepede, 1803), c c u cng
(Arius leiotetocephalus Bleeker, 1846), c c
thng (Arius thalassinus Rppell, 1837), c
c chm (Arius maculatus Thungerg, 1792),
c c trng (Arius sciurus H.M. Smith, 1931),
c c Gai mm (Arius maculacanthus H.M.
Smith, 1945), c c Qut (Arius caelatus Cuvier
& Valenciennes, 1840), c V Ch (Arius sagor
(Hamilton [n Bunchanan], 1822), c c Thiu
gi (Arius harmandi Sauvage, 1880) v c Thiu
(Hemipimelodus siamensis Sauvage, 1878).
1.2. c im hnh thi
H c c (Ariidae) c vy ui x thy su.
Thng thng chng c 3 cp ru. Chng c
mt vi tm xng trn u v gn cc vy lng
(Nelson, 2006). Wongratana v Bathia (1974)
xc nh mt s ch tiu hnh thi c c chm
Arius maculatus: D I, 7 - 7; A I, 16 - 30; P I;
V 6 - 6. Perret v ng tc gi (1971) xc nh
mt s ch tiu hnh thi c c Arius felis: D I, 7;
A 19-20; P I, 6-10; V 6. C c 2 i ru ngn
hm di v i ru di gn u. Vy ngc v
vy lng khng c tia gai ring bit. C th di,
c mu xanh lc pha trn v mu bc pha di.
Chiu di ti a l 495mm. C c thng Arius
thalassinus, thn tng i di. Vy ui chia
thnh hai thy rt su, bng nhau. Vy lng th
nht c gai, vy lng th hai l vy m tng
i pht trin, vy hu mn ngn. Vy ngc ln
hn v di hn vy bng rt r rt. Khng c ru
mi. Mng mang lin vi eo mang. C ru mp
v ru cm. Chiu di u xp x bng chiu cao
thn v bng khong 1/4 ln chiu di t mt
mm n ch vy ui. Lng mu xm bc hoc
xm tro, hai bn thn mu sng hn v cng
v phn bng cng chuyn dn sang mu trng
bc. Cc vy mu ti hn. Kapoor v Bhargava
(1967) nghin cu v ru c c thng gm
c 3 i ru, mt i hm trn v hai i hm
di. Thnh phn ru gm c biu b, h b v
phn sn gia hnh que.
Hnh 1. C Thiu Arius thalassinus khai thc
(TL 99 cm v W
t
12,9 kg)
2. c im sinh thi phn b
H c c (Ariidae) c tm thy khp
th gii trong khu vc n i m v nhit i
(Nelson, 2006). H ny l bt thng trong s
cc loi c da trn: chng ch yu sinh sng
ngoi bin trong khi phn ln cc loi thuc h
c da trn khc sinh sng trong khu vc nc
ngt v t chu c nc l hay nc mn.
H c ny c tm thy ch yu ti cc vng
bin nng ven b ca Bc v Nam M, Chu
Phi, Chu v c. Chng khng c mt ti
cc vng bin thuc Chu u v Chu Nam
Cc. Mt s loi sinh sng ti khu vc nc
ngt. Ti Bc v Nam M c khong 43 loi
sinh sng trong vng nc l hoc ch nc
ngt. Ging Doiichthys bao gm cc loi nc
ngt khc c tm thy New Guinea. C c
thng Arius thalassinus c tm thy vng
Bin v Ty Bc n dng. Chng cn
xut hin cc vng bin lin quan Philippine
v Vnh Thi Lan.
Ngun: GBIF OBIS
Hnh 2. Vng phn b ca h c c
Ba loi c c bin Ty Chu Phi (Arius
heudeloiti, A. parkii, A. latiscutatus) thuc h c
c Ariidae phn b vng ven b Guinea. Chng
phn b vng ca sng ven bin c y bn
v su 20m. Nhit cao quanh nm t 25
0
C
n 29
0
C. Chng phn b vng gn b vo
ma ma v ma kh th chng phn b vng
nc su. u trng v c con xut hin nhiu
vng ven b v c ln th xut hin vng nc
su (Conand et al., 1995).
Dantas v ng tc gi (2010) nghin
cu cc vng chnh ca ca sng Goiana
rng 23ha. Cc loi c c (h Ariidae) l phong
ph nht vi mt 1.600 c th/ha, chim
53%. Trong , loi Cathorops spixii l phong
ph nht vi mt 1.340 c th/ha. Mt
(7.394 c th/ha) cao nht c xc nh vng
gia ca sng vo u ma ma. Mt loi
C. spixii khc nhau c ngha gia cc vng v
ma (p < 0,01), loi C. agassizii ch khc bit c
ngha gia cc ma (p < 0,01). Sinh khi cc
loi C. spixii, C. agassizii v Sciades herzbergii
sai khc c ngha gia cc ma; hai loi C.
spixii v C. agassizii sai khc c ngha gia
cc vng (p < 0,01). qun l v bo tn cc
loi ny ca sng cn da vo vng i ca
chng khc nhau gia cc vng v ma.
C c Arius felis phn b phong ph vng
vnh ven b v ca sng c iu kin thun li
v nhit (> 20
0
C) v mn (> 20) cho hot
ng sinh sn (Franks et al., 1972). Nhit thch
hp cho c c trng thnh trn 25
0
C (Jones
et al., 1978) v trnh cc vng nc c nhit
trn 37
o
C (Landry, Strawn, 1973; Gallaway,
Strawn, 1974). C c s di c t vng ni a ra
vng bin su hn (Swingle, 1971) hoc ra bin
su khi nhit nc di 5 - 6
0
C (Perret et
la., 1971; Juneau, 1975). Barret v ng tc gi
(1978) pht hin c c khai thc bng li r ti
vng ven b Louisiana c nhit nc t 10
n 20
0
C. C c trng thnh trnh vng nc
c nhit thp di c ra vng bin su vo ma
ng v tr vo b vo ma xun.
C c Arius felis trng thnh c nh
bt vng nc c mn 0 - 40 (Jones et
al., 1978). Harvey (1972) tm thy u trng c
c cn non hong trong ming c b vng
nc c mn t 8 n 13, c con xut
hin vng nc c mn t 16 n 29.
Gunter v Hall (1965) pht hin c con phn
b vng nc c mn 0,1. C con tp
trung ni mn thp nhiu hn c trng
thnh (Swingle, Bland, 1974; Kelley, 1965;
Tarver, Savoie, 1976; Jones et al., 1978). Perret
v ng tc gi (1971) pht hin c c phn b
ch yu vng c mn 10 hoc cao hn.
Gunter (1945) bt gp c c vng c
mn t 2 n 36,7 nhng ch yu l vng c
mn trn 30.
Benson (1982) tm thy c c phn b
cc knh cng vi lng oxy ha tan thp.
Tabb v Manning (1961) pht hin c c cht
vnh Florida do oxy ha tan thp sau cn bo
Donna vo nm 1960.
Reid (1957), Ragan v ng tc gi (1978),
Shipp (1981) cho rng c c phn b phong ph
vng c nhiu cht hu c y. su thch
hp ca c c phn b c lin quan n nhit
ca nc v thnh phn cht y. Chng s
di c ra vng nc su hoc di c n vng
c nhit m hn (Swingle, 1971) khi nhit
thp hn t 10 n 15
0
C v chng s
quay tr li vo ma xun khi nhit cao hn.
Chng phn b phong ph cc vng nng ven
b (< 20m) v vng ca sng.
Reid (1957) cho bit c c tp trung vng
di triu gn Rollover Pass, Texas. S chuyn
ng ca nc nh hng n v tr v kh nng
bt mi ca c c (Landry, Strawn, 1973). Hot
ng sinh sn v p trng xy ra cc vng
vnh nng hn c dng chy chm. Giai on c
con sng c lp b m, chng phn b vng
nc yn tnh (Swingle, Bland, 1974).
Platania v Ross (1980) pht hin c c
Arius felis phn b vng nc nng, ven b
v nc c vi nn y ct, y bn. Gunter
(1947) cho rng c c Galeichths felis sinh sn
vng nc c trong t 0,6 - 3,0m ti vnh
Copano, Texas.
Yanez Arancibia v Lara Dominguez (1988)
nghin cu v sinh thi 3 loi c thuc h
c c vng ven bin nhit i pha Nam vnh
Mexico. C c Arius felis xut hin quanh nm
trong vnh c mn 0 - 37, nhit 21 - 32
0
C
v trong 0,3 - 2,1m. C c Arius melanopus
xut hin quanh nm trong vnh c mn
0 - 36 (giai on c nh phn b vng c
mn < 5 v trng thnh 25 - 35), nhit
20 - 32
0
C v trong 0,3 - 1,2m. C c Bagre
marinus xut hin vng c mn 4 - 32, nhit
22 - 32
0
C v trong 0,2 - 1,6m.
Vit Nam, c c (Arius) c xp vo
nhm c kinh t ch yu. C c chim 1,59%
sn lng c khai thc bng li ko y ti
min Trung nm 1987. C c thng (Arius
thalassinus) chim 0,87% sn lng c kinh t
khai thc ti vng bin ng Nam b. Vng bin
Ty Nam b, c c chim 3,8% sn lng khai
thc (B Thy sn, 1996). Vnh Bc b, c c
chim 1,45% tng sn lng (L Trng Phn v
ng tc gi, 1999).
3. c im sinh trng
Chiu di ti a ca c c Arius felis c
xc nh l 571mm (Jones et al., 1978). Gallaway
v Strawn (1974) xc nh c c ging
vnh Galveston, Texas c chiu di thn chun
t 40 n 44mm vo thng 7 nm 1968 v tng
n 93mm vo thng 10 trc khi ri khi vnh.
Gunter v Hal1 (1963) xc nh c c Arius felis
0
+
tui c chiu di ton thn t 118 n 133 mm
v t 193 mm khi 1
+
tui Ty Nam Florida.
Conand v ng tc gi (1995) nghin
cu v tui v sinh trng ca 3 loi c c
bin Ty Chu Phi (Arius heudeloiti, A. parkii,
A. latiscutatus) thuc h c c Ariidae phn b
vng ven b Guinea. c im sinh trng ca
chng c nghin cu da trn gai lng th
nht. Cc loi ny c c im sinh hc gn
ging nhau. Mi 1 vng tui c trng cho mt
nm bt u t ma ma. y l nhng loi
sinh trng chm, c th 6 tui c chiu di thn
(FL) l 400mm. T l cht t nhin thp, sc
sinh sn v t l n thp.
Reis (1986b) nghin cu tui v sinh
trng c c Netuma barba thuc h c
c Ariidae vng ca sng ven m Patos
(Brazil). Xc nh tui da trn cc vng
tui ca tai c v xc nh chiu di bng
cch tnh ngc. Phng trnh sinh trng l
L
t
= 638 [1 - exp
(- 0.1287(t + 0.195))
]. Mu c ci ln
nht c xc nh c chiu di 980 mm.
Kt qu nghin cu v cc thng s sinh
trng (L
, K, t
0
) v ch s tng trng () ca
mt s loi thuc h c c (Ariidae) (Bng 1).
Bng 1. Cc thng s sinh trng v ch s tng trng
Tn khoa hc Vng L
(cm) K (/nm) t
0
Ngun
Arius heudelotii Guinea 70.00* 0.14 -0.39 2.842 Conand et al (1995)
Arius latiscutatus Guinea 65.00* 0.15 -0.31 2.813 Conand et al (1995)
Arius parkii Guinea 61.20* 0.17 -0.28 2.806 Conand et al (1995)
Arius spixii Venezuela 29.86** 0.34 - 2.487 Etchevers (1978)
Arius thalassinus Kuwait 106.40 0.06 -0.21 2.860 Bawazeer (1987)
Arius thalassinus India 92.23* 0.10 -0.79 2.925 modied from
Dmitrenko (1975)
Genidens barbus Brazil 48.00 0.20 -1.50 2.782 Velasco et al (2007)
Hexanematichthys
guatemalensis
Mexico 124.84* 0.07 -0.38 3.040 modied from
Warburton (1978)
L
: *

tnh ton da vo chiu di thn (L
f
), ** da vo chiu di chun (L
s
) v cc trng hp khc da vo chiu di tng (L
t
)
vnh Bc b, chiu di ln nht ca c
c c th ln n 900mm, nng 8,7kg. Thng
nh bt ch yu loi 4 - 5 tui, c chiu di
600 - 800mm, nng 2,4kg (L Trng Phn v
ng tc gi, 1999).
4. c im dinh dng
Merrian (1940) xc nh thnh phn thc
n ca c c Galeichths felis gm to, c bin,
ng vt rut khoang, hi sm, c, giun nhiu t,
gip xc (tm, cua gh) v c. giai on nh
khi cn c bo v trong ming c b, chng
n gip xc c nh. Darnell (1961) xc
nh thnh phn thc n trong d dy c con
gm 56% mn xc hu c, 26% ng vt khng
xng c nh v 16% ng vt khng xng c
ln. C trng thnh n 44% mn xc hu c,
34% ng vt khng xng c ln v 21% ng
vt khng xng c nh.
Gallaway v Strawn (1974) cho rng c c
tp trung vng nc m di 38
o
C. Thc n
trong d dy d tiu ha v phn hy, thc n
cn li ch yu trong d dy l cua xanh nh v
cng ging vi kt qu nghin cu ca mt s
tc gi khc nh Gudger (1916), Gunter (1945),
Darnell (1961), McClane (1965).
nghin cu c im dinh dng ca 3 loi
c thuc h c c vng ven bin nhit i pha
Nam vnh Mexico. Thc n ca c c Arius felis
trng thnh c t nht l 16 loi, ch yu l c,
gip xc, thn mm, cua xanh v giai on c
nh bao gm gip xc chn cho, thn mm,
tm he, u trng v trng ng vt khng xng
sng. Thc n ca c c Arius melanopus
trng thnh c t nht 16 loi, ch yu l gip
xc v giai on c nh gm gip xc, mnh v,
thn mm. Thc n ca c c Bagre marinus
trng thnh c t nht 12 loi, thc n ca c
giai on nh bao gm trng v u trng ng
vt khng xng sng, gip xc.
5. c im sinh sn
Hu ht cc loi thuc h c c trng c
kch thc kh ln, c c tnh gi trng; con
c ngm v bo v trng, c con trong ming.
C c Arius felis ti vnh Mehico thnh thc sinh
dc trc 2 tui (Benson, 1982). C c Arius
felis t thng 5 n thng 8 vng vnh nng
su t 0,6 n 1,2m vi mn t 13 n
30. Trng c c Arius felis c ng knh t
12 n 19mm, mu xanh lc l loi trng chm,
hnh dng trng th tinh c hnh ovan hoc
elip v chiu di t 14 n 18mm, c lp mng
mng khng mu bao bc cht quanh trng.
Lp mng ny s mt i theo s pht trin phi.
Thi gian pht trin phi khong 30 ngy nhit
30
o
C (Jones et al., 1978). Trng c c Arius
felis c kch thc ln v s lng trng ra
t, 20 - 64 trng/con ci (Merriman, 1940). Ward
(1957) c tnh s lng trng c ci t 40
n 62 trng. Ngoi ra, cn c loi trng nh
hn, trong sut, khng chc nng, bm vo cc
trng ln cc thc vt. Nhng trng ny l
ngun cung cp dinh dng cho c c trong
sut thi gian ngm trng (Gunter, 1947). u
trng non hong ca c c Arius felis c chiu
di thn tng t 29mm n 45mm. C c khng
tri qua giai on u trng. C ging c chiu di
ton thn 68 - 88mm (Jones et al., 1978).
Lee (1937) cho rng c c Galeichths
felis ci bt u c trng pht trin khi chiu
di thn chun t 126mm, nhng kch thc
nh nht c du hiu khc bit gii tnh bng
vy hu mn c c hoc c ci l 150mm.
Merriman (1940) cho rng kch thc thnh thc
sinh dc ln u c c ci t 120 n 200mm
nhng ch yu nhm kch thc ln hn, i
vi c c t 190 n 200mm. Ward (1957)
pht hin rt nhiu m thanh c c Galeichths
felis c ti bi sinh sn Mississippi vo thng
3 v thng 4, nhng gii tnh c cn bng
vo thng 5. C c vut chy s t thng 3
cho n gia thng 7. C ci c bung trng
ang giai on pht trin trong cc thng 3, 4
v 5. u thng 6, non bo nhanh chng tng
kch thc nh s tch ly non hong. ng
xc nh c ng knh non bo c c
Galeichths felis ci t 6 - 8mm vo thng 4,
9 - 14mm thng 5, 14 - 16mm thng 6 v
thng 7. Trng c tng trng mnh vo u
thng 6 nh tch ly non hong v tr thnh
mu lc trc khi rng trng. C c mang tinh
dch t thng 3 n gia thng 7. C b ngm
c con ming t u thng 5 n u thng 8.
c c Galeichths felis ci, m m vy hu
mn pht trin thnh dng np (Lee, 1937) v
vy hu mn ln hn cc c th c (Merriman,
1940). Lee (1937), Merriman (1940), Mansueti
v Hardy (1967), Jones v ng tc gi (1978)
cha xc nh c chc chn s lng trng
ca c c Galeichths felis ci bi v s lng
ln trng nh khng chc nng (khng th tinh)
bm vo cc trng ln. Gunter (1947) cho rng
trng c c Galeichths felis ci ra c th
tinh trn vy hu mn v s c chuyn t vy
hu mn vo ming c c. Nhng trng nht
ln t y khng c kh nng pht trin. V vy,
Merriman (1940) cho rng c ci khng mt
ln ht s lng trng thnh thc m nhiu
t trong mt ln bo m cho s chuyn
trng.
Ti c, Rimmer v Midley (1985) th
nghim p trng v nui u trng hai loi Arius
graeffei v A. leptaspis n giai on ging trong
ng nha v li gp thnh gc, m phng iu
kin nh trong khoang ming. T l phi v u
trng non hong b cht cao. Cc phi b cht
khi ang trong thi gian n c quan st thy
do s co tht li ca cc mch mu trn khi
non hong gy nn do mng mng bc bn
ngoi rch ra qu sm.
nghin cu v c im sinh sn ca 3
loi c thuc h c c vng ven bin nhit
i pha Nam vnh Mexico. C c Arius felis
c ngm trng khi c chiu di ton thn
236 - 307mm. Ma sinh sn ca c vo ma
ma (thng 6 - thng 9), mn 24 - 25, nhit
30 - 31
0
C v su khng qu 3,5m. C c
Arius melanopus c ngm trng khi c chiu
di ton thn 163 - 211mm. Ma sinh sn ca c
vo cui ma kh v ma ma (thng 4 - thng
9), mn 21, nhit 29
0
C v su khng
qu 3,5m. Ma sinh sn c c Bagre marinus
vo cui ma kh n u ma ma (thng 4 -
thng 6).
vnh Bc b, ma sinh sn c c t thng
3 n thng 5, r vo thng 3 - thng 4, lng
trng t 150 - 200, ng knh trng 11,7mm,
nng 0,98g, ht du b (L Trng Phn v ng
tc gi, 1999).
Nhn chung trn th gii, cha c loi no
thuc h c c (Ariidae) thc s c a
vo nui. C kh nhiu nghin cu trn cc i
tng ny nhng ch yu v cc c im hnh
thi, phn b. Thng tin v c im sinh sn,
p trng, ng nui u trng rt hn ch, ch
c nghin cu th nghim p trng v ng u
trng ca hai loi Arius graeffei v A. leptaspis.
Vit Nam, vn cha c cng trnh nghin cu
su hn v c im sinh hc ni chung, c
im sinh hc sinh sn ni ring, ngoi tr cc
ti liu v hnh thi, phn loi, phn b v s
lc v mt s c im khc. V vy, nghin
cu c im sinh hc h c c lm c s
khoa hc cho sinh sn nhn to, bo v v pht
trin ngun li bn vng l vic lm cp thit.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. B Thy sn (1996). Ngun li thy sn Vit Nam. Trng ban bin tp: Nguyn Tn Trnh. NXB Nng
nghip H Ni.
2. Cc Khai thc v Bo v ngun li thy sn (2008). Hin trng ngh khai thc hi sn ven b Vit Nam.
Thng tin Khoa hc Cng ngh - Kinh t thy sn, s thng 7/2008, trang 10 - 13.
3. L Trng Phn, Trn n v H S Bnh (1999). C s sinh hc c bin nhit i Vit Nam. Vin Hi
Dng hc Nha Trang. NXB Nng nghip TP.HCM.
4. Nguyn Hu Phng, Nguyn Nht Thi (1994). Danh mc c bin Vit Nam. Tp II: Lp c Xng
(Osteichthyes) - T b c Cho bin (Elopiformes) n b c i (Mugilformes). NXB Khoa hc v K
thut H Ni.
5. Arturo AP, Betancur R, Ricardo (2007). Monophyly, afnities, and subfamilial clades of sea catshes
(Siluriformes: Ariidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters 18 (2): 133 - 143.
6. Barrett BB, Merrell JL, Morrison TP, Gillespie MC, Ralph EJ, Burdon JF (1978). A study of Louisianas
major estuaries and adjacent offshore waters. La. Dep. Wildl. Fish. Tech. Bull. 27. 197 pp.
7. Bawazeer AS (1987). The shery management of the stock of chim, the giant sea catsh Arius thalassinus
in Kuwait waters. Kuwait Bull. Mar. Sci,. 9: 87-100.
8. Benson NG (1982). Life history requirements of selected nsh and shellsh in Mississippi Sound and
adjacent areas. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ofce of Biological Services, Washington, D. C. FWS/
OBS-81/51. 97 pp.
9. Berg LS (1940). Clasication of Fishes and sh - like animals, both recent and fossil. Trudy Zool A Nauk
SSSR 5 (2): 87 - 345.
10. Biswas SP (1993). Manual of Methods in Fish Biology. 1
st
Edn., South Asian Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi, ISBN: 1-881318-18-4, pp: 157.
11. Conand F, Camara SB, Domain F (1995). Age and growth of three species of Ariidae (Siluriformes) in
coastal waters of Guinea. Bull. Mar. Sc.,. 56 (1): 58-67.
12. Dantas DV, Barletta M, Costa MF, Barbosa-Cintra SCT, Possatto FE, Lima JAA, Saint-Paul U (2010).
Movement patterns of catshes (Ariidae) in a tropical semi-arid estuary. Journal of Fish Biology 76: 2540
- 257.
13. Darnell RM (1961). Trophic spectrum of an estuarine community, based on studies of Lake Pontchartrain,
Louisiana. Ecology 42 (3): 553-568.
14. Dmitrenko EM (1975). Size-age composition of the giant catsh, Arius thalassinus, in the vicinity of
Kathiawas Peninsula (India). J. Ichthyol., 15: 622-629.
15. Etchevers SL (1978). Contribution to the biology of the sea catsh, Arius spixii (Pisces, Ariidae), south of
Margarita Island, Venezuela. Bull. Mar. Sci., 28 (2): 381-385.
16. Franks JS, Christmas JY, Siler WL, Combs R, Waller R, Burns C (1972). A study of nektonic and benthic
faunas o f the shallow Gulf of Mexico off the State of Mississippi as related to some physical, chemical
and geological factors. Gulf Coast Res. Lab. 1972:140 pp.
17. Gallaway BJ, Strawn K (1974). Seasonal abundance and distribution o f marine sheries at a hot-water
discharge in Galveston Bay, Texas. Contrib. Mar. Sci. 18:71-137.
18. Gudger EW (1916) The Gaff-topsail (Felichthys felis) a sea catsh that carries its eggs in its mouth.
Zoologica II (5): 125-158.
19. Gunter G (1945). Studies on marine shes of Texas. Publ. Inst . Mar. Sci. Univ. Tex. l (1): l - 190.
20. Gunter G, Hall GE (1963). Biological investigation of the St. Lucie estuary (Florida) in connection with
Lake Okeechobee discharges through the St. Lucie Canal. Gulf Res. Rep. 1 (5): 189 - 307.
21. Gunter G, Hall GE (1965). A biological investigation of the Caloosahathee estuary of Florida. Gulf Res.
Rep. 2 (1): 1-71.
22. Harvey EJ (1972). Observations on the distribution of the sea catsh Arius felis larvae with and without
chorion, with respect to salinity in the Biloxi Bay - Mississippi Sound Area. Miss. Acad. Sci. 17: 77.
23. Hee NH, Sparks JS (2005). Revision of the endemic Malagasy catsh family Anchariidae (Teleostei:
Siluriformes), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters 16
(4): 303 - 323.
24. Jones PW, Martin FD, Hardy JDr (1978). Development of shes of the Mid-Atlantic Bight. An atlas of
egg, larval and juvenile stages. Volume I Acipenseridae through ictaluridae. U. S. Dep. Interior, Fish Wildl.
Serv., Biol. Serv. Prog. FWS/OBS -78/12. 366 pp.
25. Juneau CL (1975). An inventory and study o f the Vermilion Bay - Atchafalaya Bay Complex. La. Wildl.
Fish. Comm. Oysters, Water Bottoms, Seafoods Div. Tech. Bull. 13. 153 pp.
26. Kapoor BG, Bhargava SC (1967). A study on the barbels of a marine catsh, Arius thalassinus (Ruppell,
1837). Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, Vol. XIV, nos 4/6: 201 - 206.
27. Kelley JR (1965). A taxonomic survey o f the shes o f Delta National Wildlife Refuge with emphasis upon
distribution and abundance. M.S. Thesis. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. 133 pp.
28. Landry AM, Strawn K (1973). Annual cycle of sportshing activity at a warmwater discharge into Gal
veston Bay, Texas. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 102 (3): 573-577.
29. Lee G (1937). Oral gestation in the marine catsh, Galeichthys felis. Copeia: 49-56.
30. Mansueti AJ, Hardy JD (1967). Ariidae-sea catsh. Pages 155-157 in E.E. Deubler, Jr., ed. Development
of shes o f the Chesapeake Bay region. Part I. Nat. Res. Inst. University of Maryland.
31. McClane AJ, editor (1965). McClanes standard shing ency-clopedia and international angling guide.
Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York. 1057 pp.
32. Merriman D (1940). Morphological and embryo1 ogical studies on two species- of marine catsh, Bagre
marinus and Galeichths felis. Zoologica 25 (13): 221 - 248.
33. Nelson JS (1976). Fishes of the world. John Wiley e Sons Inc., 416 p.
34. Nelson JS (2006). Fishes of the World, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0471250317.
35. Perret WS, Barrett RB, Latapie WR, Pollard JF, Mock WR, Adkins GB, Gaidry WJ, White CJ (1971).
Cooperative Gulf of Mexico estuarine inventory and study, Louisiana. Phase I. Area description by Perret
WS. Phase II. Biology p. 31-69. La. Wildl. Fish. Comm. 171 pp.
36. Platania SP, Ross SW (1980). Arius felis (Linnaeus) hardhead catsh page 476 in Lee DS, Gilbert CR,
Hocutt CH, Jenkins RE, McAllister DE, Stauffer JR, Jr., eds. Atlas of North American freshwater shes.
N.C. State Mus. Nat. Hist., Biol. Surv. Publ. No. 1980-12.
37. Ragan JG, Melancon FJ, Harris AH, Falgout RN, Gann JD, Green JH (1978). Bottomshes of the
Continental Shelf off Louisiana. Nicholls State Univ. Prof. Pap. Ser. (Biol.) 2: 34pp.
38. Reid GK (1957). Biologic and hydrographic adjustment in a disturbed gulf coast estuary. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 2 (3): 198-212.
39. Reis EG (1986a). Reproduction and feeding habits of the marine catsh, Netuma barba (Siluriformes,
Ariidae), in the estuary of the Patos Lagoon (Brazil). Atlanatica, 8:35-55.
40. Reis EG (1986b). Age and growth of the marine catsh, Netuma barba (Siluriformes, Ariidae), in the
estuary of the Pato lagoon (Brasil). Fisheries Bulletin: Vol 84, No 3: 679 - 686.
41. Rimmer MA, Merrick JR (1982). A review of reproduction and development in the forktailed catshes
(Ariidae). Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 107 (1): 41-50.
42. Rimmer MA, Midgley SH (1985). Techniques for hatching eggs and rearing larvae of the Australian
mouthbrooding catshes, Arius graeffei and Arius leptaspis (Ariidae). Aquaculture, Vol. 44, Issue 4:
333-337.
43. Shipp RL (1981). Summary o f knowledge of forage sh species in Mobile Bay and vicinity. Pages
167-176. in Loyacano HA, Smith JP, eds. Symposium on the natural resources of the Mobile Estuary,
Alabama. May 1979,U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Ala.
44. Sullivan JP, Lundberg JG, Hardman M (2006). A phylogenetic analysis of the major groups of catsh-
es (Teleostei: Siluriformes) using rag1 and rag2 nuclear gene sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 41 (3):
636 - 662.
45. Swingle HA (1971). Biology of Alabama estuarine areas - Cooperative Gul f of Mexico estuarine
inventory. Ala. Mar. Resour. Bull. 5. 123 pp.
46. Swingle HA, Bland DB (1974). A study of the shes o f the coastal water courses of Alabama. Ala. Mar.
Resour. Bull. 10: 17- 102.
47. Tabb DC, Manning RB (1961). A checklist of the ora and fauna o f Northern Florida Bay and adjacent
brackish waters o f the Florida mainland col lected during the period July 1957 through September 1960.
Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf and Caribb. l l (4): 552-649.
48. Tarver JW, Savoie LB (1976). An inventory and study of the Lake Pontchartrain - Lake Maurepas estuarine
complex. Phase II Biology. La. Wildl. Fish. Comm. Oysters, Water Bottoms, and Seafoods Div. Tech. Bull.
19: 7-99.
49. Velasco G, Reis EG, Vieira JP (2007). Calculating growth parameters of Genidens barbus (Siluriformes,
Ariidae): using length composition and age data. Journal of Applied Ichthyology. Vol 23, Issue 1: 64 69.
50. Warburton K (1978). Age and growth determination in a marine catsh using an otolith check technique.
J. Fish Biol., 13: 429-434.
51. Ward JW (1957). The reproduction and early development of the sea catsh, Galeichths felis, in the Bi1oxi
(Mississippi) Bay. Copeia 4: 295-298.
52. Wongratana T, Bathia U (1974). Ariidae. In Fischer W, Whitehead PJP (eds.) FAO species identication
sheets for shery purposes. Eastern Indian Ocean (shing area 57) and Western Central Pacic (Fishing
Area 71). Volume 1. FAO, Rome.
53. Yanez-Arancibia A, Lara-Dominguez AL (1988). Ecology of three sea catshes (Ariidae) in a tropical
coastal ecosystem - Southern Gulf of Mexico. Marine ecology Progress series, Vol. 49: 215 - 230.

ISOLATION AND SCREENING OF MARINE BACILLUS STRAINS AS
BIOCONTROL AGENTS AGAINST PATHOGENIC VIBRIO IN BLACK
TIGER SHRIMP IN CENTRAL VIETNAM
PHN LP V TUYN CHN VI KHUN BACILLUS BIN C HOT TNH I
KHNG VI VIBRIO GY BNH TRN TM S MIN TRUNG VIT NAM
Nguyen Van Duy*, Du Thi Luu
Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Nha Trang University
*Corresponding author: Tel: 058-2461303; Fax: 058-3832075; Email: duyntu@ymail.com
SUMMARY
Microbial disease outbreaks are currently a serious problem in shrimp culture, leading to an annual
total loss of millions of USD in Vietnam. Benecial microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus
species are increasingly popular becoming to be used as probiotic biocontrol agents to ght vibriosis, a major
bacterial disease in shrimp. The aim of our research is to screen Bacillus strains from marine sources in
Central Vietnam which inhibit against pathogenic Vibrio on black tiger shrimp Panaeus monodon in local
farms. Total eighteen Bacillus and six Vibrio strains were isolated from shrimp gut content. Then Bacillus
isolates were further tested for their antagonistic activity in a well-diffusion agar against six screened Vibrio
spp. and two standard pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus strains. The results have shown that four Bacillus
isolates are conrmed as potential probiotics in the in vitro condition to control pathogenic Vibrios in marine
aquaculture. For the rst time in our knowledge, marine microbial strains was screened to be further used as
probiotics against pathogenic Vibrio in aquaculture in Vietnam.
Keywords: Bacillus, marine aquaculture, Panaeus monodon, probiotics, Vibrio
Abbreviations: LB (Luria Bertani medium), TCBS (Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Sucrose agar)
TM TT
S bng pht dch bnh do vi sinh vt gy ra hin ang l vn nghim trng trong ngh nui tm
bin, dn n thit hi hng triu la M mi nm Vit Nam. Cc vi sinh vt hu ch nh vi khun lactic v
Bacillus ngy cng c s dng rng ri nh cc chng probiotic nhm phng tr dch bnh do phy khun
Vibrio, mt nhm vi khun gy bnh chnh tm nui. Mc tiu ca nghin cu ny l nhm tuyn chn cc
chng vi khun Bacillus c ngun gc t bin c hot tnh i khng vi cc chng Vibrio gy bnh trn tm
s Panaeus monodon ti cc tri nui khu vc min Trung. Tng s 18 chng Bacillus v 6 chng Vibrio
c phn lp t rut tm. Sau s dng phng php khuch tn trn thch a, chng ti th nghim
hot tnh i khng ca cc chng Bacillus vi 6 chng Vibrio phn lp c v 2 chng V. parahaemolyticus
chun gy bnh. Kt qu xc nhn hot tnh i khng mnh ca 4 chng Bacillus vi tt c 8 chng ny
nn chng c th c s dng nh cc chng probiotic trong phng tr dch bnh do cc loi Vibrio gy ra
trong nui trng hi sn. Theo hiu bit ca chng ti, y l cng b u tin Vit Nam v cc chng vi sinh
vt bin c hot tnh probiotic i khng vi cc vi khun Vibrio gy bnh.
T kha: Bacillus, nui trng hi sn, Panaeus monodon, probiotic, Vibrio
fHONG B/O KHO/ HOC
I. INTRODUCTION
Aquaculture is currently the fastest growing food-production sector in Vietnam and other
Asian-Pacic countries. In the Central region of Vietnam, black tiger shrimp (Panaeus monodon)
farming is a main aquaculture activity for poor coastal communities because of its high prot for
exported food production and excellent natural conditions yearound for culture. However, there is
a serious problem with microbial disease outbreaks, leading to an annual total loss of millions of
USD in shrimp culture. A major bacterial disease of shrimps is vibriosis, which is caused by Vibrio
species. Owing to the problem of antibiotic resistance and subsequent reluctance of using
antibiotics, the usage of benecial bacteria as probiotic biocontrol agents is becoming increasingly
popular. A few species of microorganisms, such as lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus species, are
attempted as probionts against pathogenic Vibrio in shrimp.
Kozasa (1986) isolated and used Bacillus toyoi to cure European eel infected by Edwardsiella
fujianensis. It was the rst application of benecial microorganisms in aquaculture. Since then the
research and application of benecial microbes abruptly boomed, especially in Pasic-Asian
countries, thanks to their environment-friendly feature, health promotion and economic efciency
enhancement (Vine et al., 2004; Zhou et al., 2009). In India, Shakila et al. (2006) showed that the
microora of P. monodon gut predominantly consisted of Vibrio sp. (30-52%) followed by Bacillus,
Pseudomonas, Photobacterium, and Plesiomonas, in which, 26.27% showed antagonistic action
against sh/shrimp pathogens. B. subtilis BT23 and B. cereus were also challenged for probiotic
activity in P. monodon against pathogenic Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio spp. (Vaseeharan et al., 2003;
Ravi et al., 2007). In Thailand, the probiont Bacillus S11 was used as a feed supplement leading
to increase 49% higher of annual shrimp yield (Rengpipat et al., 2003). In Malaysia, marine
Bacillus spp. were found to decrease millions times in viable counts of Vibrio alginolyticus VaM11 and
V. parahaemolyticus VpM1 (Banerjee et al., 2007). In Australia, B. pumilus isolated from the
mid-gut of healthy P. monodon was shown to be strongly inhibitory against the marine pathogens
V. alginolyticus, V. mimicus and V. harveyi (Hill et al., 2009).
In Vietnam, no marine Bacillus isolated from coastal regions was tested their effects on the
growth of pathogenic Vibrios in P. monodon. Even research on Bacillus species to be used as
probiotics in marine aquaculture has rarely been reported. Unique exceptions including taxonomic
analyses of marine microora of mollusks and corals in Nha Trang Bay were found that Vibrio
spp., Bacillus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. were the most predominant (Beleneva et al., 2007).
The presence of pathogenic Vibrio species was believed to be the reason for the high death rate
of farmed animals. Therefore, Bacillus could be benecial microbes to compete and inhibit these
pathogens in microecology of the gut of marine animals including shrimps.
Some imported commercial probiotics are currently available in Vietnam but all of them are
either very expensive for farmers or unsuitable for local cultured conditions. The aim of our research
is to screen Bacillus strains from marine sources in Central Vietnam which inhibit against pathogenic
Vibrios on black tiger shrimp P. monodon in local farms. For the rst time in our knowledge, marine
microbial strains was screened for further using as probiotics in marine aquaculture in Vietnam.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. Shrimp sampling
Diseased and healthy black tiger shrimps (P. monodon) were collected in three samples (M1,
M2, M3) from Nha Trang Bay, Khanh Hoa province in January and February 2010 for Bacillus and
Vibrio isolation (Fig. 1).
2. Isolation of benecial Bacillus
Potential Bacillus strains were isolated from shrimp gut content using a heat-resistant spore
method (Balczar, Rojas-Luna, 2007). Gut content samples (1 g suspended into 3 g of 0.9% m/v
NaCl solution) were added into a presterilized McCartney bottle containing nutrient broth (9 ml)
and incubated for 24 h at 30C followed by incubation at 45C for 10 min in a convection oven to
activate the sporulation process. The bottles were added with 50% (v/v) ethanol to a total volume of
20 ml, mixed and then incubated at 20C for 1h. The mixtures were be centrifuged at 10 000 g, the
supernatants decanted and the resultant pellets incubated at 105C in a convection oven for 5 min.
The dry pellets were reconstituted into 20 ml of sterile physiological saline and serially diluted to
10
-4
- 10
-1
increments. Thereafter, aliquot of 0.1 ml of each serial dilution were spread onto nutrient
agar plates supplemented with polymyxin B (10 mg/l, Merck, Germany). The plates were incubated
for 24 h at 30C.
Single colonies isolated from these plates were puried and subjected to Gram staining, and an
assessment of catalase activity. Isolates were grown in the LB medium containing 0.8% m/v yeast
extract, 0.005% m/v MnSO4, 0.01% m/v CaCl2 and 0.03% m/v MgSO4.7H2O. All cultures were
stored in 30% glycerol at -80C.
3. Isolation and indentication of pathogenic Vibrio
Vibrio strains were isolated from the intestine of tiger shrimps by performing in alkaline peptone
medium (10 g/l, pH 7.8) at 37C, then transfered to the selective medium TCBS (Hi-media, India).
Oxidase positive strains were selected based on morphological and colonial characteristics,
biochemical capabilities, salinity and temperature tolerance. Vibrio species were determined
according to Bergeys Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (Garrity et al., 2004). All cultures
was stored in 20% glycerol at -80C and further used as target organisms for next steps. Target
bacteria chosen include of all isolated Vibrio strains and two standard pathogenic isolates Vibrio
parahaemolyticus C1 and C2 from the strain collection of our research group (Nguyen Van Duy,
Pham Thu Thuy, 2011).
4. In vitro tests
The Bacillus isolates were further tested for their reproducible antagonistic activity in a
well-diffusion agar against Vibrio strains (target pathogens). Bacillus strains were cultured overnight
on the LB liquid medium, shaking at 200 rpm at room temperature, whereas Vibrio isolates were
grown on the APW medium containing alkaline peptone of 10 g/l at pH 7.8, shaking at 150 rpm at
room temperature. In vitro tests were started at the middle stage of exponential growth of bacteria,
that is, the value OD
540
of 0.8 - 1.0 (10
5
CFU/ml) for Bacillus, and about 0.4 - 0.6 (10
4
CFU/ml) for
Vibrio. Each 0.1 ml of Vibrio culture was equally spread onto the Petri plates containing 10 ml LB
medium, followed by the generation of wells with a diameter (d) of 5 mm. Wells were then lled with
50 l of live suspension of Bacillus culture. After an incubation at room temperature for 24 h, the
diameter of clearance zones (D) was measured (Ravi et al., 2007). These experiments were
replicated three times. The antagonistic activity is determined by a diameter of inhibition zone.
5. Characterization of screened Bacillus strains
Screened Bacillus isolates were further cultured using standard microbiological methods to
dene morphological characteristics and relationship between growth and antagonistic activity.
III. RESULTS
1. Isolation of Bacillus and Vibrio from P. monodon
Fig 1. Black tiger shrimps (P. monodon) sampled for Bacillus and Vibrio isolation
Three samples (M1, M2, M3) of black tiger shrimps collected from Nha Trang Bay were prepared
for Bacillus and Vibrio isolation (Fig 1). Bacillus strains were isolated by incubating shrimp intestine
at 80 - 85
o
C for 15 mins in order to kill cells, followed by the activation of heat-tolerant spores on
the LB medium at 37
o
C. In parallel, Vibrio strains were also isolated on the selective TCBS medium.
The results from Table 1 have shown that 18 Bacillus and 6 Vibrio strains in total were collected and
puried.
Table 1. The number of Bacillus and Vibrio strains isolated from shrimp samples
Shrimp samples Bacillus spp. Vibrio spp.
M1 4 2
M2 8 2
M3 6 2
Total 18 6
2. The primary screening of Bacillus strains agaisnt two Vibrio strains
In the rst step of screening, we investigated the antagonistic activity of all 18 isolated Bacillus
strains against two Vibrio strains V 3.1 and V 3.3. The antagonistic activity of Bacillus strains is
determined by the difference between D and d as shown in Table 2. Results from Table 2 have
indicated that there are 10 Bacillus strains (55.56%) with strong antagonistic activity against Vibrio
spp. V3.1 and V3.3. The strain B3.8 was observed to display the maximum antagonistic activity
against these Vibrio strains.
Table 2. The antagonistic activity of 10 Bacillus isolates against Vibrio spp. V 3.1 and V 3.3
Inhibition diameter D d (mm)
Vibrio sp. V 3.1 Vibrio sp. V 3.3
Bacillus sp. B 1.1 15 0.33 17 0.13
Bacillus sp. B 1.2 11 0.67 13.5 0.67
Bacillus sp. B 1.3 14.5 0.33 16 0.27
Bacillus sp. B 2.1 12.5 0.17 10 0.50
Bacillus sp. B 2.2 13.5 0.23 15 0.67
Bacillus sp. B 2.3 11 0.63 10 0.33
Bacillus sp. B 3.7 14 0.13 18 0.50
Bacillus sp. B 3.8 16 0.33 20 0.33
Bacillus sp. B 3.9 17.5 0.50 10 0.25
Bacillus sp. B 3.10 15 0.50 19 0.67
3. The second screening of Bacillus strains agaisnt all six isolated Vibrio strains and two
standard pathogens
After the rst step of screening, 10 Bacillus strains were further tested for antagonistic activity
against all six Vibrio strains isolated from P. monodon and two standard pathogenic isolates
Vibrio parahaemolyticus C1 and C2 from the strain collection of our research group. The results from
Table 3 have indicated that 4/10 strains (40%) including B1.1, B2.2, B3.7 and B3.10 could inhibit the
growth of all eight Vibrio spp. Their antagonistic activity against Vibrio sp. V3.3 was illustrated in Fig
2. The strain B 3.10 displayed the maximum antagonistic activity against eight Vibrio strains with the
average inhibitory diameter of 18.3 mm. Although the strain Bacillus sp. B 3.8 displayed the
maximum antagonistic activity against two strains V 3.1 and V 3.3 in the primary screening, their
activity were not observed against two other strains V 2.1 and V 2.4. It is probably that the growth
inhibition of Bacillus against Vibrio strongly depends on strain characteristics. Therefore, four
screened strains of Bacillus would further be tested for their biological characterization.
Table 3. The antagonistic activity of four Bacillus isolates against six isolated Vibrio strains
and two standard pathogens V. parahaemolyticus C1/C2
Inhibition diameter D d (mm)
V 2.1 V 1.1 V 1.3 V 2.4 V 3.1 V 3.3 C1 C2
B 1.1 13 0.67 16.5 0.13 19 0.67 17 0.22 15 0.50 16 0.50 17 0.25 16.5 0.56
B 2.2 15 0.33 13.5 0.50 16.5 0.33 16 0.50 15.5 0.20 14.5 0.33 16 0.33 15.5 0.50
B 3.10 19 0.25 16.5 0.25 22 0.50 14 0.33 16.5 0.15 21.5 0.56 16 0.67 21 0.33
B 3.7 13.5 0.50 8.5 0.67 12 0.50 11 0.33 13 0.50 22.5 0.67 14 0.13 20.5 0.17
Fig 2. Growth inhibition zone of Bacillus isolates against Vibrio sp. V3.3. (A): Bacillus spp. B1.1, B2.2, B3.7, B3.10,
B3.10 and control (C). (B): Bacillus sp. B 3.10. (C): Bacillus sp. B 3.7.
4. Biological characterization of four screened Bacillus strains
4.1.Growth and antagonistic activity
Four Bacillus strains B1.1, B2.2, B3.7 and B3.10 were cultured on LB medium, shaking at 200
rpm at 30
o
C. Growth and antagonistic activity against Vibrio V 1.3 were measured based on an
optical density at 540 nm (OD
540
) and a diameter of inhibition zone (mm), respectively. Results
from Fig. 3 have shown that the strain B 3.7 displayed the strongest growth compared to three
other strains but its antagonistic activity decreased from 6 to 30 h after incubation. In contrast, the
antagonistic activity of B1.1, B2.2 and B 3.10 increased up to the maximum at 24 h after incubation,
when the growth of bacterial population went to the late log phase.
Fig 3. Growth () and antagonistic activity (- - -) against Vibrio sp. V 1.3 of four Bacillus strains B1.1 (-u-), B 2.2
(--), B 3.7 (-O-) and B 3.10 (-X-)
4.2.Cultural and morphological characteristics
Colonies of four Bacillus strains B1.1, B2.2, B3.7 and B3.10 well grown on LB agar displayed
a high diversity in shape, color and size (Fig 4, left). Cells were then prepared for Gram staining
and observed under a microscope (Fig 4, right). The results showed that all strains are positive
Gram with rod-shaped cells typical for Bacillus genus (Table 4). Further biochemical and molecular
characterization should be dened for species identication.
Fig 4. Image of colonies (left) and Gram-stained cells (right) of Bacillus sp. B 3.7
Table 4. Morphological characteristics of four Bacillus strains B 1.1, B 2.2, B 3.7 and B 3.10
after 48h cultured on LB medium
Colony Cell
Color Shape Diameter (mm) Gram staining Shape
Bacillus sp. B 1.1 Slight brown Round, not smooth 3 - 4 Positive Rod
Bacillus sp. B 2.2 Brown-blue
Nearly round, bright
zone around
5 - 6 Positive Rod
Bacillus sp. B 3.7 Milk white Round, smooth 2 - 3 Positive Rod
Bacillus sp. B 3.10 Blue-grey
Bright zone around
a rough edge
4 - 5 positive Rod
IV. DISCUSSION
Probiotics are usually live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts
confer a health benets on host. They are also becoming an integral part of the aquaculture practices
to obtain high production. The common probiotics that are used for aquaculture practices include
Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Enterococcus, Carnobacterium, Shewanella, Bacillus,
Aeromonas, Vibrio, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Clostridium, and Saccharomyces species. The
involvement of probiotics in nutrition, disease resistance and other benecial activities in farmed
animals has proven beyond any doubt (Nayak, 2010).
Bacillus species are endospore-forming Gram-positive bacteria with the advantage of an
excellent candidate as probiotics in aquaculture. Previous reports have shown that they can
increase shrimp yield, are environment-friendly and convenient for industry production. Firstly, they
protect their host shrimp from pathogens by producing metabolites to inhibit the colonization/ growth
of other microbes or by competing with them for nutrients or space. Besides, most of them are not
harmful to humans and producers of a high and diverse amount of secondary metabolites (antibiotics,
enzymes). Finally, Bacillus species can grow efciently with very low-cost carbon and nitrogen
sources, and form endospores, thereby making culture and longterm storage cheaper and easier
(Zhou et al., 2009).
In the present study, four Bacillus isolates are screened, which conrms their potential as
probiotics in the in vitro condition to control pathogenic Vibrios in marine aquaculture. The
antagonistic activity of Bacillus isolates were observed to display a inhibition diameter of
10 - 23 mm against eight different Vibrio strains including two standard pathogens V. parahaemolyticus.
Similarly, Balczar and Rojas-Luna (2007) isolated B. subtilis UTM 126, which exhibited inhibitory
activity against three strains of V. harveyi, V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus isolated from
diseased shrimp with the inhibitory zones about 10-15 mm in diameter. Moreover, the probiotic
effect of B. subtilis was tested by feeding juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) food
supplemented with B. subtilis (10
5
CFU/g) for 28 days before an immersion challenge with V. harveyi
at 10
5
CFU/ mL for 24h. The treatment with B. subtilis UTM 126 decreased nal mortality to 18.25%,
compared with 51.75% in the control group. Therefore, Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 has potential
applications for controlling pathogenic V. harveyi in shrimp aquaculture (Balczar, Rojas-Luna, 2007).
Other current results have clearly indicated the synergistic positive effect of Bacillus spp. on
pathogen inhibition and water quality in vitro and in vivo (Lalloo et al., 2007). Therefore, four selected
Bacillus isolates in present research should be further evaluated by in vivo trials. Besides, the mode
of action regarding pathogen inhibition should be dened and removal of waste ions should be
tested, prior to progress towards commercial probiotic products.
V. CONCLUSION
In our research 18 Bacillus and 6 Vibrio strains in total were isolated from the intestine of black
tiger shrimp P. monodon. The antagonistic activity of four Bacillus isolates were observed to display
a inhibition diameter of 10-23 mm against six screened Vibrio spp. and two standard pathogenic
V. parahaemolyticus strains. It is probably that they could be used as potential probiotics to control
pathogenic Vibrios in marine aquaculture in Vietnam.
REFERENCES
1. Nguyen Van Duy, Pham Thu Thuy (2011), Detection of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus through toxin
gene-based PCR and sequence analysis in seafood in Nha Trang, Vietnam. VAST Journal of Science and
Technology. (accepted)
2. Balczar JL, Rojas-Luna T (2007), Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against
Vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Curr
Microbiol, 55(5):409-12.
3. Banerjee S, Devaraja TN, Shariff M, Yusoff FM (2007), Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous
marine Bacillus spp. in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and Artemia. J Fish Dis, 30(7): 383-9.
4. Beleneva IA, Zhukova NV, Le LH, Nguyen TDH (2007), Taxonomic composition of bacteria associated
with cultivated mollusks Crassostrea lugubris and Perna viridis and with the water of the Gulf of Nha
Trang Lagoon, Vietnam. Mikrobiologiia, 76(2): 253-62.
5. Garrity G, Bell J, Lilburn T (2004), Taxonomic Outline of the Prokaryotes Bergeys Manual of Systematic
Bacteriology, 2nd ed. Springer, New York.
6. Hill JE, Baiano JC, Barnes AC (2009), Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp
that is inhibitory against marine pathogens. J Fish Dis, 32(12):1007-16.
7. Kozasa, M (1986), Toyocerin (Bacillus toyoi) as growth promotor for animal feeding. Microbiol Aliment
Nutr, 4: 121-135.
8. Lalloo R, Ramchuran S, Ramduth D, Grgens J, Gardiner N (2007), Isolation and selection of Bacillus
spp. as potential biological agents for enhancement of water quality in culture of ornamental sh. J Appl
Microbiol, 103(5):1471-9.
9. Nayak SK (2010), Probiotics and immunity: a sh perspective. Fish Shellsh Immunol, 29(1):2-14.
10. Ravi AV, Musthafa KS, Jegathammbal G, Kathiresan K and Pandian SK (2007), Screening and evaluation
of probiotics as a biocontrol agent against pathogenic Vibrios in marine aquaculture. Lett Appl Microbiol,
45: 219223.
11. Rengpipat S, Tunyanun A, Fast AW, Piyatiratitivorakul S, Menasveta P (2003), Enhanced growth and
resistance to Vibrio challenge in pond-reared black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon fed a Bacillus probiotic.
Dis Aquat Organ, 55(2):169-73.
12. Shakila RJ, Saravanakumar R, Vyla SAP, Jeyasekaran G and Jasmine GI (2006), Antagonistic Activity
of the Gut Microora Isolated from Farmed Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Asian Fish Science,
19:247-255.
13. Vaseeharan B, Ramasamy P (2003), Control of pathogenic Vibrio spp. by Bacillus subtilis BT23, a possible
probiotic treatment for black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. Lett Appl Microbiol, 36: 8387.
14. Vine NG, Leukes WD, Kaiser H, Daya S, Baxter J & Hecht T (2004), Competition for attachment of
aquaculture candidate probiotic and pathogenic bacteria on sh intestinal mucus. J Fish Dis, 27: 319326.
15. Zhou Q, Li K, Jun X, Bo L (2009), Role and functions of benecial microorganisms in sustainable
aquaculture. Bioresource Technol, 100: 37803786.
NH HNG CA TINH BT BIN TNH N CHT LNG
CA SURIMI C H BO QUN NG
THE EFFECT OF MODIFIED STARCH ON THE QUALITY OF HAIRTAIL
(TRICHIURUS HAUMENLA) SURIMI DURING FROZEN STORAGE

Thi Vn c, Nguyn Vn Minh
TM TT
Kt qu nghin cu b sung tinh bt bin tnh vi t l 3.6%, 3.8%, 4.0%, 4.2% v 4.4% vo surimi c
H v bo qun ng nhit -18
o
C cho thy khi s dng tinh bt bin tnh lm cht ng to gel vi t l
b sung 4.2% th cht lng surimi c H bo qun ng c ci thin ng k v cht lng cm quan, tnh
cht lu bin v gim s thot dch ra khi surimi khi r ng.
ABSTRACT
The effect of different starch concentrations of 3.6%, 3.8%, 4.0%, 4.2% and 4.4% on the quality of
hairtail (Trichiurus haumela) surimi after processing and during frozen storage at -18
o
C for 50 days was
investigated. The results indicate that starch signicantly improved the quality of surimi after processing,
resulting in better rheological properties and sensory attributes of surimi. During storage period, the
quality of surimi decreased, however the added starch samples remained higher general sensory scores
and share stress values, and lower drip loss values than those of the non-added starch samples (controlled
samples). From our ndings, it can be concluded that the optimal starch concentration used in hairtail surimi
processing was 4.2%.
fHONG B/O KHO/ HOC
I. T VN
Trong cng ngh sn xut surimi trong
c surimi c H th vn s dng tinh bt lm
cht ng to gel c nhiu nh nghin cu
v surimi trn th gii v nc ta quan tm.
C nhiu loi tinh bt c ngun gc khc nhau
nh tinh bt m, tinh bt sn, tinh bt khoai ty,
tinh bt np [3], tinh bt bin tnh v.v... Nhng
loi tinh bt no ph hp cho qu trnh sn
xut surimi, m bo cht lng surimi nht l
surimi c H c cht lng vn l vn cha
c cu tr li v cn phi nghin cu. Trn
c s chng ti tin hnh nghin cu nh
hng ca tinh bt bin tnh n cht lng
ca surimi c H bo qun ng vi mc ch
nh gi kh nng s dng tinh bt bin tnh
(tinh bt phosphate) [5] trong sn xut surimi
c H.
II. NGUYN VT LIU V PHNG PHP
NGHIN CU
1. Nguyn vt liu
1.1. Nguyn liu c H
C H (Trichiurus haumenla) ti thu mua
ti ch c Vnh Trng - Nha Trang; chn c H
ti c kch c ng u vi trng lng trung
bnh 1kg/con v t tiu chun c ti (TCVN
3250 - 88). C H sau khi thu mua, ra sch
p , vn chuyn v phng th nghim
dng ngay cho qu trnh nghin cu.
1.2. Mt s ph gia s dng trong nghin cu
- Gelatin: gelatin thc phm, t tiu chun
dng trong cng ngh thc phm do cng ty
TNHH Hong Anh cung cp.
- Sorbitol: s dng sorbitol lng, tinh khit
t tiu chun dc phm do cng ty TNHH
Hong Anh cung cp.
- Tinh bt phosphate (c gi l tinh bt
bin tnh dng phosphate) l tinh bt bin tnh
c gn gc phosphate do Nht Bn sn xut v
cng ty TNHH Hong Anh - TP. HCM nhp khu
v phn phi. Tinh bt bin tnh hin c dng
lm ph gia thc phm tng kh nng nh
ha, tnh n nh, to dai, n hi trong cc
loi gi ch, ch c, m si, xc xch
2. Phng php nghin cu
2.1. Phng php phn tch
Xc nh hm lng nc bng phng
php sy kh (TCVN 3700 - 90).
Xc nh hm lng protein bng phng
php Kjeldahl (TCVN 3705 - 90).
Xc nh hm lng lipid bng phng
php Soxlet (theo TCVN 3703 - 90).
Xc nh hm lng tro theo tiu chun
TCVN 5105 - 90.
Xc nh pH bng giy o pH.
nh gi cht lng cm quan surimi theo
28 - TCN 119:1998 [2].
Xc nh n hi bng phng php
th un gp (28 TCVN 119: 1998)
2.2. Phng php b tr th nghim
Nguyn liu c H sau khi l, loi b phn
khng n c nh u, ui, vy, vy, ni
tng, mang c, da, xng, gn, tch ly phn
tht c v ra tht c bng nc lnh nhit
4
0
C. Sau nghin s b tht c v ra tht c
3 ln nh sau: ln 1 bng dung dch nc mui
n 5%, thi gian ra 10 pht, t l nc ra
so vi tht c (v/w) l 4/1; ln 2 bng dung dch
axit axetic 0.03% , t l v/w l 4/1, thi gian ra
10 pht; ln 3 bng nc lnh nhit 4
0
C,
thi gian ra 10 pht, t l v/w l 4/1. Trong qu
trnh ra phi khuy o u. Sau khi ra tht
c c p tch nc qua khun n m
76 - 78% (lc p 0,21 kG/cm
2
, thi gian p 10
pht). Sau b sung tinh bt bin tnh vi t l
khc nhau: 0.0% (mu i chng), 3.6%, 3.8%,
4%, 4.2% v 4.4%; Cn cc ph gia khc c nh
nh sau: sorbitol 6%, gelatin 0.3%. Nghin trn
trong 7 pht, nh hnh v n nh trong 2 gi
nhit phng. Sau surimi c bo qun
ng nhit -18
0
C, sau cc khong thi gian
10, 20, 30, 40 v 50 ngy ly mu kim tra cht
lng surimi qua cc ch tiu: bn ng kt,
cm quan, hm lng nc tht thot sau r
ng (Hnh 1).
Hnh 1. S b tr th nghim nghin cu nh hng ca tinh bt bin tnh n cht lng surimi c H
trong bo qun ng
Nguyn liu c H
Tip nhn
X l - tch tht
Nghin s b
Ra bng dung dch mui n
Ra bng dung dich axit acetic
Ra bng nc lnh
p tch nc
Gelatin
Tinh bt bin tnh
Phi trn
Sorbitol
Nghin gi
nh gi cht lng
Bo qun ng
nh hnh
2.3.Phng php x l s liu
S liu thc nghim c x l bng phn mm Unscrambler phin bn 9.1 (Cng ty Camo,
Nauy) v phn mm SPSS-16. Khc bit c ngha ti gi tr p < 0.05. V th bng phn mm
Microsoft Ofce Excel 2007.
1. nh hng ca t l tinh bt bin tnh n bn ng kt ca surimi c H bo qun ng
Kt qu nghin cu nh hng ca tinh bt bin tnh n bn ng kt ca surimi c H bo
qun ng c th hin trn hnh 2 (mu i chng: 0%).

Hnh 2. nh hng ca t l tinh bt bin tnh n s bin i bn ng kt ca surimi c H bo qun ng
Kt qu nghin cu hnh 2 cho thy
bn ng kt ca tt c cc mu surimi bo
qun ng u gim ng k theo thi gian bo
qun (p<0.05). Mc gim bn ng kt
ca cc mu surimi c b sung tinh bt bin tnh
vi nng khc nhau khng c s khc bit
ng k (p>0.05). Nhng c s khc bit ng
k v mc gim bn ng kt gia cc
mu c b sung tinh bt bin tnh so vi mu
i chng (p<0.05). cng mt thi gian bo
qun mu surimi bo qun ng khng b sung
tinh bt (mu i chng) c mc gim bn
ng kt nhiu hn so vi cc mu surimi c b
sung tinh bt bin tnh. Sau 45 ngy bo qun
gim bn ng ca mu i chng gim
ti 90.18%, trong khi cc mu surimi bo
qun ng c b sung tinh bt bin tnh vi t l
t 3,6% 4,2% c bn ng kt gim chm
hn v nm trong khong 63.34% 81.34%. Kt
qu ny c th l gii l do trong cu trc ca
tinh bt bin tnh c cha nhiu nhm hydroxyl
c bit l cc gc phosphat tch in. Chnh
cc gc phosphat l cht c th tham gia to cu
ni i vi cc mch bn tch in dng ca
axit amin nm trong cu trc protein ca surimi
nn khi c mt ca cc gc ny cu trc gel ca
surimi hnh thnh tt hn. Mt khc cc nhm
hydroxyl v gc phosphat cn c kh nng lin
kt tt vi cc phn t nc c tnh phn cc
nn lm hn ch s bc thot nc ra khi
surimi khi bo qun ng [5]. V th surimi c
b sung tinh bt bin tch c bn ng kt
tt hn v t b gim bn ng kt hn so vi
mu i chng. Kt qu nghin cu cng cho thy mu surimi bo qun ng vi t l b sung tinh
bt 4.2% c bn ng kt tt hn c v mc gim bn ng kt ca mu surimi ny khi bo
qun ng thp nht. Chng t t l b sung tinh bt bin tnh vo surimi c H 4.2% l ph hp.
2. nh hng ca t l tinh bt bin tnh n cht lng cm quan ca surimi c H bo qun
ng
Kt qu nghin cu nh hng ca tinh bt bin tnh n cht lng cm quan ca surimi c
H bo qun ng c th hin trn hnh 3 (mu i chng: 0%).
Hnh 3. nh hng ca t l tinh bt bin tnh n tng im cm quan ca surimi c H bo qun ng
Kt qu nghin cu hnh 3 cho thy cng
tng t nh s bin i ca bn ng kt,
tng im cm quan ca cc mu surimi c H
c b sung tinh bt bin tnh v mu i chng
u gim theo thi gian bo qun ng. Nhng,
mc gim tng im cm quan ca mu i
chng nhanh hn ng k so vi mu surimi
c b sung tinh bt bin tnh (p<0,05). Nguyn
nhn l do khi b sung tinh bt bin tnh, cc
nhm hydroxyl trong tinh bt bin tnh s tham
gia vo cc lin hydro, cn cc gc phosphat
s to thnh cc cu ni ion gp phn lm bn
vng cu trc ca gel surimi. Hn na cc nhm
hydroxyl v gc phosphat cn c kh nng lin
kt tt vi nc nn lm hn ch hin tng
thng hoa ca nc khi bo qun ng v hn
ch s mt nc khi r ng.
Kt qu nghin cu cn cho thy mu
surimi b sung tinh bt bin tnh vi nng
4.2% c cht lng cm quan gim t nht khi
bo qun ng.
3. nh hng ca tinh bt bin tnh n s
hao ht khi lng ca surimi c H bo
qun ng
Kt qu nghin cu nh hng ca tinh bt
bin tnh n s hao ht khi lng ca surimi
c H bo qun ng c th hin trn hnh 4
(mu i chng: 0%).
Hnh 4. nh hng ca tinh bt bin tnh n mc hao ht khi lng ca surimi c H bo qun ng
tng t nh s bin i ca bn ng kt
v tng im cm quan, cc mu surimi c H
c b sung tinh bt bin tnh v mu i chng
u c mc hao ht khi lng tng theo
thi gian bo qun ng. Nhng mc hao
ht khi lng ca mu i chng ln hn ng
k so vi cc mu c b sung tinh bt bin tnh
(p<0.05) v khng c s khc bit ng k v
mc hao ht khi lng gia cc mu surimi
b sung tinh bt vi t l khc nhau (p>0.05). C
th sau 50 ngy bo qun ng, mu i chng
(khng b sung tinh bt bin tnh) c mc hao
ht khi lng l 5.08%, trong khi b sung
3.6% tinh bt bin tnh ch c mc hao ht khi
lng l 2.38%, mu b sung 4.2% tinh bt bin
tnh hao ht khi lng ch l 1.77%. Nguyn
nhn ny c th l gii l do cc nhm hydroxyl
c bit l cc gc phosphat tch in c trong
tinh bt bin tnh c kh nng lin kt vi nc
v vi protein, nn lm hn ch s mt nc
ca surimi [5], [6]. V vy, khi cng tng t l phi
trn tinh bt bin tnh vo surimi th mc hao
ht khi lng ca surimi c H bo qun ng
cng gim ng k.
4. nh hng ca tinh bt bin tnh n
lng dch thot ra sau tan gi surimi c H
bo qun ng
Kt qu nghin cu nh hng ca tinh
bt bin tnh n lng dch thot ra sau tan gi
surimi c H bo qun ng c th hin trn
hnh 5 (mu i chng: 0%).
Hnh 5. nh hng ca tinh bt bin tnh n lng dch thot ra sau tan gi ca surimi c H bo qun ng
tng t nh s bin i ca bn ng kt,
tng im cm quan v mc hao ht khi
lng, cc mu surimi b sung tinh bt bin
tnh u c lng dch thot ra t hn th hin
mc hao khi lng sau r ng thp hn so
vi mu i chng. Cc mu b sung tinh bt
bin tnh vi t l cao hn c mc hao khi
lng sau r ng thp hn. Kt qu ny ch c
th l gii l do cc nhm hydroxyl v cc gc
phosphat tch in c trong tinh bt bin tnh c
kh nng lin kt vi nc v vi protein, nn
lm bn cu trc ca khi gel surimi v hn ch
s thot nc ra khi surimi [7], [8]. Do vy khi
r ng cc mu surimi c b sung tinh bt bin
tnh vi t l cao hn s c lng dch thot v
khi lng hao ht t hn. C th, sau 50 ngy
bo qun ng mu i chng c lng dch
thot ra cao nht ti 4.41% trong khi mu b
sung 3.6% tinh bt bin tnh c lng dch thot
ra l 2.83%, mu b sung 4.2% tinh bt bin tnh
th lng dch thot ra ch l 1.85%.
5. nh gi tng hp s bin i cc ch tiu
cht lng ca surimi theo thi gian bo
qun (x l s liu a bin)
Nhm nh gi mt cch y s bin i
cc ch tiu cht lng ca surimi theo thi gian
bo qun, chng ti tin hnh x l s liu bng
phn mm Unscrambler phin bn 9.1 s dng
phng php x l PCA (Principal Component
Analysis). Kt qu c th hin trn hnh 6 v
hnh 7.
Hnh 6. Kt qu nhm cc nng tinh bt bin tnh b sung
Hnh 7. Kt qu nghin cu s tng quan gia cc ch tiu cht lng theo thi gian bo qun
HSTH: Hiu sut thu hi sau khi gia nhit;
CQ: Cm quan; DBDK: bn ng kt;
DTSTG: Dch thot sau tan gi; HHKL: Hao ht
khi lng.
Kt qu phn tch a bin t hnh 6 v 7
cho thy vic nhm cc ch tiu cht lng ca
surimi theo thi gian bo qun c th hin
rt r thnh 2 nhm. Nhm pha bn tri gm
cc ch tiu hao ht khi lng (HHKL) v lng
dch thot sau tan gi (DTSTG), hai ch tiu
ny c tng quan vi nhau v c trng cho
surimi trong thi gian u ca qu trnh bo
qun. Nhm pha bn phi bao gm cc ch tiu
hiu sut thu hi sau gia nhit (HSTH), im
cm quan chung (CQ), trng (DT) v bn
ng kt (DBDK). Cc ch tiu ny c tng
quan vi nhau v c trng cho s thay i cht
lng ca surimi theo thi gian bo qun. Kt
qu phn tch a bin ny th hin cc ch tiu
cht lng ny ca surimi gim dn theo theo
thi gian bo qun.
IV. KT LUN
T kt qu nghin cu trn cho php rt
ra mt s kt lun sau:
- Tt c cc mu surimi bo qun ng c
b sung tinh bt bin tnh u c mc gim
bn ng kt, mc gim tng im cm
quan v mc hao ht khi lng thp hn
cc mu i chng khng b sung tinh bt bin
tnh.
- xc nh c t l phi trn tinh bt
bin tnh thch hp cho sn xut surimi c H
l 4,2%.
Kt qu nghin cu ny gi m kh nng
s dng tinh bt bin tnh ci thin cht
lng surimi c H trong qu trnh bo qun
ng. Chng ti ngh tip tc th nghim s
dng tinh bt bin tnh trong sn xut surimi t
cc i tng nguyn liu khc.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Trn c Ba, Nguyn Vn Ti (2004), Cng ngh lnh Thy sn, Nxb. i hc Quc gia TP. H Ch Minh.
2. B Thy Sn, 28TCN119:1998.
3. Thi Vn c (2004), Nghin cu nh hng ca mt s cht ng to gel n cht lng Surimi c mi
trong bo qun ng v th nghim sn xut sn phm m phng, Lun vn thc s k thut, Trng i
hc Nha Trang.
4. Trn Th Luyn (1996), C s k thut v nguyn l ch bin sn phm thy sn c gi tr gia tng
(tp I), Trng i hc Thy sn Nha Trang.
5. L Ngc T, Bi c Hi, Lu Dun, Ng Hu Hp, ng Th Thu, Nguyn Trng Cn (1994), Ha hc
thc phm, Nxb Khoa hc v k thut.
6. MacDonald G. A., Lanier T. C. (1991), The role of carbonhydrate as cryoprotectants in meats, Food
technology 45, Pp. 150-159.
7. Matsumoto J. J. (1979), Denaturation of sh muscle proteins during frozen storage, American Chemical
Society, Pp. 205-226.
8. Niwa E. (1992), Chemistry of surimi gelation, Marcel Dekker - New York.
LM PHT V TNH TRNG NGHO CA H GIA NH NG DN
TI KHU VC DUYN HI NAM TRUNG B
INFLATION AND POVERTY STATUS OF HOUSEHOLD FISHERMEN
IN SOUTHERN COASTAL CENTRAL AREAS
Phm Hng Mnh
TM TT
Nghin cu ny nhm nh gi nh hng ca lm pht ti tnh trng ngho i vi cng ng ng
dn ngh khai thc ven b ti cc a phng ven bin khu vc Nam Trung b. Trn c s phn tch s bin
ng v ch s gi tiu dng CPI ca Vit Nam giai on 2006 - 2010 xc nh mc chun ngho v thu
nhp thc t ca h gia nh ng dn ti khu vc ny tnh ton cc ch s o lng ngho i, nh t l m
u ngi, khong cch ngho v su ca tnh trng ngho. Kt qu phn tch cho thy lm pht l nguyn
nhn gy ra s bin ng v tnh trng ngho i vi h gia nh ng dn hot ng trong ngh khai thc ven
b ti khu vc Nam Trung b. Trn c s , nghin cu xut mt s gii php nhm km ch lm pht v
h tr nhng ng dn ngho ti khu vc ny.
T kha: lm pht, ng dn, ngho, ngh khai thc ven b
ASTRACTS
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ination to the poor condition of the sheries communities
inshore shing in coastal locals South Central region. Based on analysis of the variation in Consumer Price
Index (CPI) in Vietnam period 2006 - 2010 to determine the actual poverty line and actual income of the
shermen households in this region to calculate the indicators measuring poverty, such as: head count ratio,
poverty gap and depth of poverty. Analysis results show that ination is the cause of the variation in poverty
status for sheries communities inshore shing in South Central areas. On that basis, the study suggests some
solutions to curb ination and support the poor shermen in this area.
Keywords: ination, poverty, shermen, inshore shing.
fHONG B/O KHO/ HOC
I. T VN
Tri qua hn 20 nm i mi, Vit Nam
t c nhiu thnh tu quan trng trn nhiu
lnh vc kinh t - x hi. T nm 1990 - 2009, tc
tng trng kinh t lin tc trung bnh mc
7,44%/nm, nm 2010 tc tng trng GDP
c t 6,78% [1], [19]. T l ngho i gim
ng k t 60% nm 1990 xung cn 9,45% vo
nm 2010 [16], c cu kinh t chuyn dch theo
chiu hng tch cc Tuy nhin, trong nhng
nm qua, tc tng trng kinh t nhanh, cng
vi ni lng cc chnh sch v m nh chnh
sch tin t, v.v lm cho ch s gi tiu
dng tng cao. c bit, t cui nm 2010 v
r nht t u nm 2011, tnh hnh kinh t th
gii din bin phc tp, lm pht tng, gi du
th, gi nguyn vt liu c bn u vo ca sn
xut, gi lng thc, thc phm trn th trng
th gii tip tc xu hng tng cao. Cng vi
thin tai, thi tit bt li nh hng xu n
sn xut v i sng ca ngi dn; mt s mt
hng l u vo quan trng ca sn xut nh
in, xng du vn cha thc hin y theo
c ch gi th trng buc phi iu chnh tng,
v.v [20]. iu ny va tc ng xu n vic
n nh mi trng kinh t v m phc v cho
qu trnh tng trng, va nh hng ti phc
li ca h gia nh. Tng trng kinh t v nng
cao thu nhp cho cng ng dn c l mc tiu
ca bt k quc gia no trn th gii, do vy tp
trung kim ch lm pht, n nh kinh t v m,
bo m an sinh x hi l mc tiu, nhim v
xuyn sut trong cc chnh sch ca Chnh ph.
T nhiu nm qua, vn lm pht v tnh
trng ngho c nhiu t chc v nh nghin
cu cp ti di nhiu kha cnh v gc
khc nhau, nh: ADB [7], Nguyen Viet Cuong
[8], Hyun H. Son v ng nghip [11], William
Easterly [12], hay ca Siyanbola Tomori v ng
nghip v.v Nhng nghin cu ny to nn
tng c s l lun v phng php tip cn trong
vic nghin cu mi quan h gia lm pht v
tnh trng ngho.
nh gi s nh hng ca lm pht ti
tnh trng ngho ca h gia nh ti Vit Nam,
trong bi vit ny, tc gi tp trung xem xt tc
ng ca lm pht ti tnh trng ngho ca h
gia nh ng dn ti khu vc Nam Trung b
tm kim nhng bng chng thc nghim v
xut mt s gi chnh sch nhm km ch lm
pht gip ngi ngho n nh cuc sng
trong bi cnh gia tng lm pht nhanh nh hin
nay.
II. C S L THUYT
1. Lm pht v nh hng ca lm pht
Khi nim v lm pht c hiu nh l s
gia tng lin tc ca gi c ni chung trong nn
kinh t. T l lm pht c ngha l t l tng ca
mc gi c ni chung trong nn kinh t trong mt
khong thi gian nht nh. Mt trong nhng
thc o ph bin nht v s gia tng mc gi
c ni chung l ch s gi tiu dng [18].
Ch s gi tiu dng l t s phn nh gi
c ca mt r hng ha chn la qua cc nm
khc nhau so vi gi ca cng r hng ha
trong mt nm c chn l nm gc. Tuy ch s
gi tiu dng khng hon ton phn nh chnh
xc mc lm pht do ch s ny ch phn nh
s gia tng trong gi c cc hng ha tiu dng
trong khi lm pht khng nhng ch phn nh s
thay i gi c cc hng ha tiu dng m cn l
s thay i trong gi c ca cc hng ha khc
m ngi tiu dng khng trc tip mua hoc
khng c a vo tnh ton. Mc d vy, gi
tiu dng l mt thc o ca lm pht, gi tiu
dng tng cao, mt iu tt yu s dn n lm
pht [6], [18].
Lm pht c th tc ng tiu cc ti tng
trng kinh t [17], [18] nh: du hiu bt n
kinh t v m; tng s khng chc chn ca cc
hot ng u t; lm pht lm thay i gi c
tng i, lm mo m qu trnh phn b ngun
lc; lm pht cn c xem nh l mt loi thu
nh vo nn kinh t. Bn cnh , lm pht
tng cao v ko di s c nhng nh hng tiu
cc n ton b nn kinh t. Nhng tc ng
ch yu bao gm: Gi c tng mnh s lm tng
chi ph sn xut kinh doanh, nh hng n kh
nng cnh tranh ca cc doanh nghip v ton
b nn kinh t. Lm pht cao lm gim gi tr
ng tin trong nc. Ngi dn ngy cng lo
lng v vic sc mua trong tng lai ca h b
gim xung v mc sng ca h cng v vy
m km i. Lm pht cao khuyn khch cc hot
ng u t mang tnh u c trc li hn l
u t vo cc hot ng sn xut. Lm pht
cao c bit nh hng xu n nhng ngi
c thu nhp khng tng kp mc tng ca gi c,
c bit l nhng ngi sng bng thu nhp c
nh nh l nhng ngi hng lng hu hay
cng chc. Phc li v mc sng ca h s b
gim i.
2. Ngho i - phng php tip cn v o
lng
Theo Ngn hng Th gii (WB) ngho l
tnh trng khng c kh nng c mc sng ti
thiu. Vi cch nh gi ny th im khi u
xc nh ranh gii i ngho l nhu cu kcalo
(nng lng) ti thiu c dng cho mi ngi
mi ngy [13].
Ti Vit Nam, khi nim v i ngho c
s dng chnh thc trong chin lc gim
ngho ca Chnh ph trn c s khi nim c
a ra ti Hi ngh v chng ngho i do y
Ban Kinh t - X hi khu vc Chu - Thi Bnh
Dng (ESCAP) t chc ti Thi Lan vo thng
09 nm 1993 v c cc quc gia trong khu
vc thng nht, l: Ngho l tnh trng mt
b phn dn c khng c hng v tha mn
cc nhu cu c bn ca con ngi m nhng
nhu cu ny c x hi tha nhn ty theo
trnh pht trin kinh t - x hi v phong tc
tp qun ca a phng [2].
phc v cho cc chin lc pht trin
kinh t x hi, Chnh ph xy dng chun
ngho tuyt i cho tng giai on. K t 1993
n nay Chnh ph 6 ln iu chnh mc
chun ngho. Chun ngho c iu chnh
nm ln vo cc nm 1993, 1997, 1998, 2001,
2005 [15]. Chun ngho c p dng cho giai
on 2006 - 2010 i vi khu vc nng thn,
nhng h c mc thu nhp bnh qun t 200.000
ng/ngi/thng (2.400.000 ng/ngi/nm)
tr xung l h ngho, cn khu vc thnh th
nhng h c thu nhp bnh qun t 260.000
ng/ngi/thng (di 3.120.000 ng/ngi/
nm) tr xung l h ngho [3].
Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm qua c bit
l giai on 2006 - 2010, s tng trng kinh t
nhanh lm cho cc bin s v m c nhng
thay i ln, ch s gi tiu dng tng cao
lm cho chun ngho tuyt i khng cn ph
hp trong vic p ng cc nhu cu c bn ca
h gia nh [15], [18], [20]. iu ny, mt ln
na Chnh ph phi c ch th iu chnh chun
ngho mi ph hp vi iu kin kinh t x hi
hin nay. Theo Quyt nh ca Th Tng Chnh
ph s 09/2011/Q-TTg v vic ban hnh chun
h ngho, h cn ngho p dng cho giai on
2011 - 2015, mc chun ngho p dng cho giai
on 2011 - 2015: khu vc nng thn nhng
h c mc thu nhp bnh qun t 400.000 ng/
ngi/thng (t 4.800.000 ng/ngi/nm) tr
xung l h ngho; khu vc thnh th, nhng h
c mc thu nhp bnh qun t 500.000 ng/
ngi/thng (t 6.000.000 ng/ngi/nm) tr
xung l h ngho [4].
o lng tnh trng ngho, cc nh
nghin cu s dng mt s ch tiu thng k
phn nh quy m, mc v tnh nghim trng
ca ngho i [14]. Nhng ch tiu thng k ny
bao gm (i) ch s m u ngi (headcount
index) - xc nh t l ngho i theo s lng
trong dn s, (ii) khong cch ngho i (poverty
gap) - xc nh su ca ngho i v (iii) bnh
phng khong cch ngho i, phn nh phn
phi trong thu nhp gia cc nhm ngho - xc
nh tnh nghim trng ca ngho i. Trong :
Ch s m u ngi (Headcount index)

=

(1)
Trong :
n l quy m dn s (tng s ngi trong dn s)
q l s ngi di chun ngho
- Khong cch ngho i (Poverty gap)
Nu gi l thu nhp trung bnh ca ngi
ngho, v z l chun ngho th I = z - l khon
thu nhp thiu ht trung bnh. Ch tiu ny o lng mc tin thiu ht cn gia tng t mc ngho
n mc chun ngho. Hn ch ch yu ca ch s khong cch ngho i l tht bi trong vic
phn nh s lng ngi ngho trong tng dn s.
Mc nghim trng ca ngho i (Bnh phng khong cch ngho i)
Ch s ny o lng khong cch t mc ngho n mc chun ngho cng vi s bt bnh
ng gia cc nhm ngho.
Foster, Greer v Thorbecke [9] tm ra mt cng thc o lng s ngho i bao gm s
thay i trong tng s ngi ngho, thay i trong tnh trng thiu ht thu nhp v s nhy cm ca
ngho i nh sau:

hay (2)
Trong :
> 0
n : l tng s h ngho trong cng ng dn c
q : l s h ngho di mc chun ngho
g
i
: l khong cch ngho i ca h gia nh th i
y
i
: l thu nhp ca h ngho th i
z : l chun ngho
Khi
> 0
th P
0
chnh l ch s m u ngi (Headcount index). Ch s ny ph bin nht
v d tnh nhng khng phn nh mc nghim trng t thu nhp (chi tiu) ca ngi ngho so
vi ngng ngho.

=

(3)
Khi = 1, P
1
l ch s o lng khong cch ngho i (Poverty gap)

=

(4)
Ch s ny cho bit s thiu ht trung bnh trong chi tiu ca cc h ngho so vi ngng ngho
v n biu hin nh mc trung bnh ca tt c mi ngi trong tng th. C th xem y l chi ph
ti thiu xa b ngho i trong gi nh mi khon chi chuyn nhng u n ng i tng.
Tuy nhin trong thc t vic chuyn giao thng c hao ht v chi ph hnh chnh cho nn chi ph
thc t xa b ngho i thng l bi s ca khong cch ngho i trung bnh.
Khi = 2, P
2
l ch s o lng mc nghim trng ca ngho i. y l ch s khong cch
i ngho bnh phng (Squared poverty gap index) hay ch s nhy cm ngho (Sensitive gap ratio
of poverty). Ch s ny th hin mc nghim trng (hay cng ) ca ngho i v lm tng
thm trng s cho nhm ngi ngho nht trong s nhng ngi ngho.

=

(5)
l i lng o mc quan tm n s bt bnh ng gia nhng ngi ngho.
III. NH HNG CA LM PHT N TNH TRNG NGHO CA H GIA NH: BNG CHNG
THC NGHIM TI KHU VC NAM TRUNG B
1. Tnh hnh l m ph t c a Vi t Nam giai on t 2000 n nay
Ch s gi tiu dng ca Vit Nam trong giai on 2000 - 2010 c s gia tng nhanh chng.
Ngoi tr nm 2000, ch s CPI ca Vit Nam gim 1,6% so vi nm 1999 th t nm 2001 n nay,
ch s CPI tng lin tc. c bit trong nm 2008, ch s CPI tng ti 23% so vi nm 2007
[23]. y l nm c ch s gi tiu dng tng cao nht giai on 2000 - 2010, trong tng cao nht
l cc mt hng v lng thc - thc phm. Din bin v ch s gi tiu dng c th hin qua
Hnh 1.
CPI (%)
Hnh 1. Din bin ch s gi tiu dng ca Vit Nam giai on 2000 - 2010
Ngun: Tng Cc Thng K [23]
Nm
Trong 3 thng u nm 2011, nhng tc
ng bt li ca th trng th gii lm cho
ch s CPI ca Vit Nam tip tc c nhng din
bin phc tp. Ch s gi tiu dng thng 1
tng 1,74% so vi thi im cui nm 2010,
thng 2/2011 tip tc tng cao mc 2,69%
so vi thng 01/2011 v tng 4,77% so vi
thng 12 nm 2010; trong tng mnh nht
l nhm hng thc phm v dch v n ung
tng 5,03% so vi thng trc, nhm ung
tng 4,42% [21]. Ti hi ngh giao ban trc tuyn
bo co vic trin khai thc hin Ngh quyt s
11/NQ-CP [5], Chnh ph v B K hoch & u
t cho rng mc d c nhng bin php tch
cc kim ch nhng ch s gi tiu dng
trong qu mt vn tng ti 6,1% so vi thi im
cui nm 2010 v ring trong thng 3, gi tiu
dng tng n 2,2% [22].
Nh vy, c th thy rng nhng din bin
bt li ca ch s gi tiu dng trong thi gian
qua khng nhng gy ra nhng tc ng bt li
i vi nn kinh t m cn lm cn tr n lc
gim ngho ca Chnh ph v cc a phng
trong giai on mi ny.
2. nh hng ca lm pht ti tnh trng
ngho ti khu vc Nam Trung b
2.1. Khi qut v mu iu tra
Nghin cu thc hin vic thu thp thng
tin t cc h gia nh ng dn vi 1.200 phiu
c iu tra trong giai on cui nm 2010.
Sau khi loi nhng phiu khng t yu cu
nh: khng c thng tin cn thit cho nghin
cu, kim tra s liu thng k khng c tnh i
din trong mu, v.v s phiu t cht lng s
dng cho phn tch l 876 mu.
T kt qu iu tra cng cho thy, mc thu
nhp bnh qun u ngi trong gia nh a
s nm trong khong thu nhp t 400 n 700
nghn ng/ngi/thng. Tuy nhin, s h c
mc thu nhp bnh qun u ngi di 400
nghn ng/ngi/thng cng l trn 30% v ch
c t l nh h gia nh c mc thu nhp bnh
qun u ngi/ thng trn mt triu ng. T l
h ngho trong cng ng ng dn ny l kh
thp so vi trung bnh ca c nc, ch mc
1,3% khi p dng chun ngho c Chnh ph
ban hnh cho giai on 2006 - 2010 mc 200
nghn ng/ ngi/ thng i vi khu vc nng
thn.
2.2. nh hng ca lm pht ti tnh trng
ngho ca h gia nh
Gi s rng thu nhp ca h gia nh l
tng i n nh trong giai on ny. Do vy,
nh gi nh hng ca ch s gi tiu dng
[23] i vi tnh trng ngho ca h gia nh,
tc gi s dng cc ch s o lng tnh trng
ngho nh: t l m u ngi, khong cch
ngho v su ca tnh trng ngho, trong
:
S dng mc chun ngho do Chnh ph
quy nh (ti thi im ban hnh vo nm 2005)
cho giai on 2006 - 2010 l 200 nghn ng/
ngi/thng cho khu vc nng thn.
Mc chun ngho thc s c iu chnh
theo ch s gi tiu dng CPI trong tng nm
trong giai on 2006 - 2010.
Thu nhp h gia nh ti thi im iu
tra vo cui nm 2010 s c tnh ton theo
thu nhp thc t ca tng nm trong giai on
2006 - 2010.
Theo Tng Cc Thng K, ch s gi tiu
dng cao trong giai on 2006 - 2010 c bit
trong nm 2008, trung bnh CPI ca nm ny
tng ti 23%. iu ny lm cho chun ngho
thc t tng nhanh so vi thi im ban hnh.
Mt khc s tng CPI lm cho thu nhp thc
t ca cc h gia nh gim ng k so vi thi
im iu tra. Din bin v ch s CPI trung bnh
v thu nhp thc t ca h gia nh trong giai
on ny c th hin trong Bng 1.
Bng 1. Din bin ca lm pht v tnh trng ngho trong cng ng ng dn
Khu vc Nam Trung b
Nm 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Ch s lm pht bnh qun nm (%)
*
7,5 8,3 23 6,9 9,19
Chun ngho thc t (nghn ng/ngi/h)
**
215,00 232,85 286,40 306,16 334,30
Thu nhp thc t bnh qun
(nghn ng/ngi/h)
**
361,09 388,17 420,39 517,08 552,76
T l h ngho (%)
**
19,3 19,9 32,2 19,9 20,9
Khong cch ngho (ln)
**
0,0389 0,0401 0,0676 0,038 0,0414
su ca tnh trng ngho (ln)
**
0,0109 0,0114 0,0208 0,0106 0,0118
Ngun:
*
S liu t Tng Cc Thng K [23]
**
Tnh ton t s liu iu tra ca tc gi
T Bng 1 cho thy rng, t l ngho ca
h gia nh ng dn tng ln rt nhanh. Nu
nh trong nm 2006, mc chun ngho v
thu nhp thc t c iu chnh theo ch s
tng gi tiu dng th t l h ngho l 19,3%. T
l ny tng cao trong nm 2008 mc 32,2%
mc d c s gim ng k vo cc nm 2009
v 2010. iu ny c th thy rng, t l h gia
nh mc cn ngho l kh ln v c bin
dao ng cao. Nhng h ny c nguy c cao
ri vo din ngho trc nhng thay i bt
thng ca cc yu t kinh t - x hi nh lm
pht, v.v
Bn cnh , khong cch ngho v su
ca tnh trng ngho trong cng ng ny cng
c nhng thay i ng k khi iu chnh chun
ngho v thu nhp thc t theo tng nm ca
giai on ny. C th:
Trong nm 2006, khong cch gia h
ngho v h khng ngho l 0,0389; su ca
tnh trng ngho l 0,0109.
Trong nm 2007, khong cch gia h
ngho v h khng ngho l 0,0401; su ca
tnh trng ngho l 0,0114.
Nm 2008 khong cch ngho v su
ca tnh trng ngho i vi h gia nh tng
ln nhanh chng. Khong cch gia h ngho
v h khng ngho l 0,0676; su ca tnh
trng ngho l 0,0208.
Khong cch ngho v h su ngn cch
ca tnh trng ngho trong cng ng ng dn
ti khu vc ny gim ng k trong nm 2009
khi ch s gi tiu dng gim, vi khong cch
ngho l 0,038 v su ca tnh trng ny l
0,0106. S thay i cc ch s ngho i trong
iu kin tc ng ca ch s gi tiu dng qua
cc nm giai on 2006 - 2010 c th hin
trong Hnh 1.
Nh vy, t cc ch s o lng trn cho
thy tnh trng ngho ca h ng dn ngh ti
khu vc ny l thp khi p dng mc chun
ngho ca Chnh ph p dng cho giai on
2006 - 2010. Tuy nhin, cc ch s ny li tng
cao khi thc hin vic iu chnh chun ngho
v thu nhp ca h gia nh theo mc tng ca
ch s gi tiu dng. iu ny cho thy mc
nh hng ca lm pht i vi tnh trng
ngho l r rng. S gia tng ch s gi tiu dng
trong nhng nm qua lm cho t l i ngho,
khong cch ngho cng nh su ca tnh
trng ngho ti cc h gia nh ng dn ti khu
vc ny tng ln nhanh chng. Ni khc i, lm
pht gia tng l yu t gy nh hng xu n
i sng ca h gia nh. Nhng h ngho v
h cn ngho l nhng i tng c nguy c d
b tn thng cao. Khong cch giu ngho c
xu hng ngy cng rng v su, cng lm trm
trng thm tnh trng bt bnh ng trong x hi.
T kt qu nghin cu cho thy, nh hng
ca lm pht l r nt i vi cng ng ng
dn ngho ti khu vc Nam Trung b. S gia
tng ch s gi tiu dng ngn cn nhng n
lc gim ngho ca cc a phng ti khu vc
ny. Do vy, thc hin cc gii php km ch
lm pht v m bo an sinh x hi cho nhng
ngi c thu nhp thp, c bit l nhng h
ngho v h cn ngho tr nn cp bch trong
giai on hin nay. Thc hin tt c vn
ny s l mt gii php quan trng trong vic
nng cao cht lng ca cng tc gim ngho,
gp phn thc hin thnh cng mc tiu pht
trin Thin nin K m Vit Nam cam kt. Mt
s vn cn quan tm thc hin, l:
Th nht, c cc gii php hu hiu gim
st vic thc hin Ngh quyt 11 ca Chnh Ph
trong vic km ch lm pht, n nh kinh t v m
v m bo an sinh x hi. S ng thun ca
cc c quan, chnh quyn cc a phng cng
nh s chia s trch nhim vi x hi ca ngi
Hnh 2. S thay i cc ch s ngho i trong iu kin tc ng ca lm pht
Ngun: Tnh ton t s liu iu tra ca tc gi
dn l rt quan trng thc hin ngh quyt
thng qua cc hnh ng c th nh: (i) tuyn
truyn thng xuyn ngi dn v ton x
hi thc su sc c tc ng ca lm pht
i vi i sng x hi, mi ngi, mi nh
tit kim trong s dng v chi tiu hng ha v
dch v; (ii) gim st vic tun th ng thi kin
quyt x l cc sai phm trong vic thc hin
cc quy nh ca Chnh Ph i vi cc t chc
tn dng, hot ng chi tiu cng. Cn thit phi
c cam kt bng nhng con s c th ca cc
c quan, t chc v doanh nghip s dng ngn
sch nh nc trong vic ct gim chi tiu cng
trong giai on hin nay.
Th hai, cn c nhng chnh sch thc y
sn xut v gii quyt vic lm, u tin h tr
thc y sn xut trong khu vc nng nghip,
thy sn. thc hin c iu ny, Chnh
Ph v chnh quyn cc a phng nn quan
tm vo cc vn , nh: (i) h tr u vo cho
cc hot ng sn xut ti cc khu vc nng
thn nh ging, in v c bit l cc gii
php k thut i ph vi nhng bt li ca
thi tit hin nay; (ii) chnh sch h tr vn i
vi hot ng khai thc hi sn, thc hin vic
gim st cht ch hot ng kinh doanh xng
du trn a bn m bo ng dn trnh
c nhng thit hi t yu t u vo quan
trng ny; (iii) thc y tm kim th trng v h
tr xut khu i vi mt hng c th mnh nh
thy sn trn th trng quc t.
Th ba, m n nh an ninh lng thc
gp phn gim cc ch s gi c ca cc mt
hng lng thc thc phm l mt trong nhng
bin php cn c u tin. Trong nhng thng
u nm 2011, ch s cc mt hng v lng
thc thc phm tng cao tc ng xu ti
ngi ngho. Do vy, tip tc vic thc hin
chnh sch trong vic bnh n gi nhng mt
hng thit yu gip ngi ngho vt qua kh
khn m bo n nh i sng v x hi. Bn
cnh , cn ch a dng ha cc knh phn
phi, m bo c hng bnh n n c
vi h ngho ti cc vng nng thn l rt quan
trng. Trong nhng trng hp cn thit, xut
go d tr quc gia cp khng thu tin cho
h ng bo b thin tai, thiu i.
Th t, thc hin cc hnh thc h tr khc
nhng h ngho n nh cuc sng nh: (i)
gi n nh mc thu hc ph, vin ph v vic
r sot cp bo him y t min ph cho h
ngho; (ii) tip tc cho sinh vin, hc sinh i
hc, cao ng, hc ngh trong cc h ngho,
h c hon cnh kh khn c vay u i
hc tp.
Th nm, cn ch l phi xy dng c
ch v kim tra vic thc thi cc chnh sch
ca Chnh Ph, bo m ngun h tr ca Nh
nc n ng i tng, khng b tht thot,
tham nhng.
Thu nhp l ch bo kinh t phn nh kha
cnh phc li ca con ngi. Trong iu kin
lm pht tng cao so vi mc tng thu nhp ca
ngi dn th iu tt yu s lm cho phc li
ca h gia nh gim ng k. T kt qu phn
tch ny cng cho thy mt vn tim n cho
vic p dng chun ngho mi ca giai on
on ny khi ch s gi tiu dng tng cao
trong nhng thng u nm 2011 chc chn s
lm cho t l h ngho ca Vit Nam ni chung
v cng ng ng dn ca khu vc ny ni ring
s c nhng thay i ln. y s l yu t lm
cn tr nhng n lc gim ngho ca Chnh
Ph v chnh quyn cc a phng nu khng
c nhng gii php hu hiu v kp thi km
ch lm pht trong giai on hin nay.
TI LIU THAM KHO
TING VIT
1. Nguyn Th Cnh v ng nghip (2011), Cc nhn t tc ng n tng trng Kinh t Vit Nam, Tp
ch Cng ngh Ngn hng, s 1+2/2011.
2. Chnh ph (2002), Chin lc ton din v tng trng v xa i gim ngho giai on 2001 - 2010,
H Ni.
3. Chnh ph (2005), Quyt nh s 170/2005/Q-TTg

(Quyt nh ban hnh mc chun ngho c Chnh
ph ph duyt giai on 2006 - 2010), H Ni.
4. Chnh ph (2011), Quyt nh ca Th Tng Chnh ph s 09/2011/Q-TTg v vic ban hnh chun h
ngho, h cn ngho p dng cho giai on 2011 - 2015, H Ni.
5. Chnh ph (2011), Ngh quyt s 11/NQ- CP v nhng gii php ch yu tp trung kim ch lm pht, n
nh kinh t v m, m bo an sinh x hi, H Ni.
6. Lu Vn Nghim (2008), Lm pht v nhng gii php kim ch lm pht Vit Nam, Tp ch Kinh t
v d bo.
TING ANH
7. ADB (2008), Food Price and Ination in Developing Asia: Is Poverty Reduction Coming to an End?,
Economics and Research Department, Asia Development Bank.
8. Nguyen Viet Cuong (2006), Can Vietnam Achieve Millennium Devopment Goal on Poverty Reduction in
High Ination and Economic Stagnation?, Vietnam Development Forum (sn c ti website: www.vdf.
org.vn/Doc/2009/112WS15July09NVCuongPaper.pdf).
9. Foster, J., Greer, J. and Thorbecke, E. (1984) A Class of Decomposable Poverty Measures,
Econometrica 52, No.3, p.761-766.
10. Siyanbola Tomori, Olasupo Akano, Adebayo Adebiyi, Wakeel Isola, Olukemi Lawanson and Omolara
Quadri (2005), Protecting the poor from macroeconomic shocks In nigeria: an empirical investigation and
policy Options, (A study commissioned by the Global Development Network (GDN) under the auspices of
an international research project on Macroeconomic Policy Challenges of Low Income Countries).
11. Hyun H. Son, Nanak Kakwani (2006), Measuring The Impact Of Price Changes On Poverty, International
Poverty Centre, United Nations Development Programme.
12. William Easterly, Stanley Fischer (2004), Ination and the Poor (This paper was prepared for the
Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, April 1999), World Bank, Washington, D.C.
13. World Bank (1990), World Development Report 1990: Poverty, World Bank, Washington, D.C.
14. World Bank (2005), Introdution to poverty analysis, World Bank, Washington D.C.
15. Ti liu t Internet
16. Chun ngho cn ph hp vi thc t, http://baodientu.chinhphu.vn/Home/Chuan-ngheo-can-phu-hop-
voi-thuc-te/20108/34747.vgp, cp nht ngy 11/08/2010.
17. Chng trnh gim ngho Quc gia bc sang giai on mi, http://www.isp.org.vn/, cp nht ngy
16/02/2011.
18. Kim sot lm pht Vit Nam: Thc trng v gii php, http://www.tinkinhte.com/tai-chinh-dau-tu/lam-
phat-khung-hoang/kiem-soat-lam-phat-o-viet-nam-thuc-trang-va-giai-phap.nd5-dt.102734.123214.html,
cp nht 02/06/2010.
19. Lm pht cao v nhng tc ng n i sng kinh t, http://www.mof.gov.vn/portal/pls/portal/SHARED_
APP.UTILS.print_preview?p_page_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mof.gov.vn%2Fportal%2Fpage%2Fpo
rtal%2Fmof_vn%2F1370586&p_itemid=2658923&p_siteid=33&p_persid=2177079&p_language=vi,
cp nht ngy 16/12/2004
20. Mt s ch tiu ch yu v ti khon quc gia, http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=388&idmid=3&
ItemID=9897, cp nht ngy 20/03/2011.
21. Tp trung kim ch lm pht, n nh kinh t v m, bo m an sinh x hi, http://www.cpv.org.vn/cpv/
Modules/News/NewsDetail.aspx?co_id=30638&cn_id=447395, cp nht ngy 24/02/2011.
22. Tnh hnh kinh t - x hi 2 thng u nm 2011, http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=403&idmid=
2&ItemID=10918, cp nht ngy 01/03/2011.
23. Tnh hnh thc hin cng tc thng 02 nm 2011 v chng trnh cng tc thng 3 nm 2011, http://bao-
dientu.chinhphu.vn/Home/Tinh-hinh-thuc-hien-cong-tac-thang-02-nam-2011-va-chuong-trinh-cong-tac-
thang-3-nam-2011/20113/69500.vgp, cp nht ngy 16/03/2011.
24. Ch s gi tiu dng, ch s gi vng v la M bnh qun nm, http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabi
d=393&idmid=3&ItemID=10359, cp nht ngy 22/03/2011.
M HNH SN XUT THNG D V H THNG THNG TIN A L
SURPLUS PRODUCTION MODELS AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
Phm Vn Thng
Khoa Khai thc Thy sn - Trng i hc Nha Trang
TM TT
cung cp cho cc nh qun l, nh chuyn mn thm cng c tnh ton i vi m hnh sn xut
thng d ca Schaefer v Fox. Ti s dng s liu nghin cu ca Munro, Thompson v Corsi sau dng
phn mm h thng thng tin a l ArcView GIS 3.2 phn tch chng. Kt qu cho thy h thng thng tin a
l gip chng ta c mt ci nhn tng quan v tnh trng n c trong mt thi gian ngn, gip khc phc
c mt trong nhng gi thuyt m Munro v Thompson a ra.
T kha: M hnh sn xut thng d, h thng thng tin a l.
ABSTRACT
In order to provide for managers, professions a calculator tool about surplus production model of
Schaefer and Fox. I have used reseach data of Munro, Thompson and Corsi. Then I have used Geographic
Information System software - ArcView GIS 3.2 to analyse them. As the result, geographic information system
have helped us to have an overview about the status of school of sh in a short time and overcome one of the
assumptions that was offered by Munro and Thompson.
Keywords: Surplus production models, Graphic Information System -GIS.
V/N L fP/O Ol
I. M U
xy dng chin lc qun l ngh c,
cc nh khoa hc v nh chnh sch phi bit
tr lng c hin ti, nhng nhn t nh hng
n tr lng c, v th nhiu thp k qua nhng
cng c, m hnh nh gi tr lng c c
p dng. Mt trong nhng cng c c s
dng ph bin l m hnh sn xut thng d
ca Schaefer (1954) v Fox (1970). Tuy nhin,
khi s dng m hnh Schaefer v Fox th cn thu
thp s liu v sn lng nh bt trn mt n
v cng lc (Catch Per Unit of Effort-CPUE) v
cng lc trong mt thi gian di, ng thi phi
s dng hai gi thuyt ca Munro v Thompson
(1983) l:
i tng nghin cu t di c, mi vng c
mt i tng nht nh.
Nng xut sinh hc ti cc ng trng khc
nhau khng ng k v th ch c s khc bit
v cng lc khai thc i vi mi ng trng.
S pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh
thng tin cung cp cho chng ta mt cng
c hu ch tnh ton m hnh Schaefer v
Fox. Cng c quan trng l h thng thng
tin a l (Geographic Information System GIS),
GIS to c hi cho con ngi c ci nhn su
sc v tnh trng n c trong mt khong thi
gian tng i ngn, khc phc tnh trng phi
nghin cu CPUE v cng lc trong thi gian
di khi s dng m hnh Schaefer v Fox, ng
thi gip chng ta xc nh hin trng khai thc
cc vng bin.
Vic p dng m hnh sn xut thng d
v GIS s gip cc nh qun l, quy hoch xc
nh c s lng tu thuyn, sn lng khai
thc bao nhiu l hp l cho tng khu vc, vng
bin. c bit l i vi vng ven b, khi xc
nh c cng lc khai thc hp l.
II. NI DUNG
1. Gii thiu tm tt m hnh sn xut thng
d Schaefer (1954) v Fox (1970)
M hnh sn xut thng d Schaefer (1954)
v Fox (1970) xc nh mc cng lc khai thc
c sn lng cc i m khng nh hng
n nng sut ca n c trong thi gian di,
sn lng cn c gi l sn lng khai
thc bn vng ti a (Maximum Sustainable
Yield-MSY). Hn na, m hnh sn xut thng
d cn cp n CPUE trong mi tng quan
vi cng lc khai thc, n nh l thng s u
vo v gi nh sinh khi t l vi CPUE.
M hnh sn xut thng d c th c
p dng khi d bo c tr lng tng loi,
CPUE v cng lc khai thc (shing effort-f)
trn nm. iu kin tin quyt l cng lc phi
c s thay i ln theo thi gian. M hnh sn
xut thng d c th c tm tt nh sau:
th m hnh Schaefer nh l hm s vi
bin f: Y= a+bX hoc CPUE = a + b* f
Sn lng tnh ton, MSY v cng lc
khai thc cho MSY (F
MSY
- Cng lc khai thc
bn vng ti a) c tnh ton nh sau:
Sn lng tnh ton = a*f + b*f
2
;
F
msy
= - 0,5*a/b; MSY = - 0,25*a
2
/b
Trong : a l hng s; b l h s gc.
V d 1: Phn tch s liu khai thc c rn
san h bng ngh lng by Jamaica.
S liu c thu thp bi (Munro v
hompson 1983) nh sau:
Bng 1. S liu khai thc c rn san h Jamaica [3]
Ng trng Cng lc (Xung/km
2
) CPUE (kg/xung/nm) Mc khai thc
A 1,63 2.367 Di mc
B 0,38 3.279 Di mc
C 3,09 1.407 Di mc
D 5,63 556 Qu mc
E 4,43 974 Qu mc
F 5,51 1.306 Qu mc
G 4,58 564 Qu mc
H 4,20 767 Qu mc
I 1,49 1.875 Di mc
Hnh 1. ng cong Schaefer c rn san h Jamaica
f (xung/km
2
)
f (xung/km
2
)
Hnh 2. ng cong sn lng c rn san h Jamaica
T bng 1 v hnh 1, 2 cho ta kt lun:
CPUE = 2941,7 + (-432,46*f) a = 2941,7; b = - 432,46
Sn lng khai thc = a*f + b*f
2
2941,7 * f + (-432,46) * f
2
F
msy
= -0,5*a/b -0,5 * (2941,7/(-432,46)) = 3,4 xung/km
2
MSY = -0,25*a
2
/b -0,25 * [(2941,7*2641,7)/(-432,46)] = 5002,5 kg/nm
2. ng dng GIS trong m hnh sn xut thng d
V d 2: Phn tch i tng tm hm (Cherax graensis) h Kadim ca Pescan
Tm hm h Kadim chim mt phn nh nhng gi tr kinh t rt cao. i tng ny c nhng
c trng sau:
- t di chuyn, trong sut vng i ca n ch di chuyn trong phm v 3km
2
.
- Sng su ti 6m, s phn b ca chng khng lin quan n cc yu t sinh hc nh
cht dip lc, trong ca nc.
- c nh bt bng ngh by c nh
tng y.
C hai cch phn tch d liu nh sau:
- Cch th nht: Tnh gi tr trung bnh ca
cng lc v CPUE mi vng t d liu iu
tra c. Xy dng ng cong Schaefer,
sau dng gi tr a, b t th tnh ton
F
msy
(=-0,5*a/b). Tip theo ni suy li bn
ca tham s (s lng by/ha) trong ranh gii
khu vc khai thc v tm ra khu vc khai thc
qu mc vi lnh truy vn [S lng
by/ ha] > [F
msy
].
- Cch th hai: To li bn cho tham
s CPUE v S lng by/ha. Sau thc hin
lnh hi quy li bn gia hai yu t va to
ra v thu c gi tr a v b, s dng gi tr a v
b tnh c F
msy
. Cui cng thc hin lnh truy
vn li bn v cng lc khai thc tm
ra vng khai thc qu mc v vng khai thc
di mc. Vng khai thc di mc vi lnh
truy vn: [S lng by/ ha] < [F
msy
].
Thc hin tnh ton theo cch th 2 v
s dng ngun d liu [3]:
- S dng chng trnh ArcView GIS 3.2
vi tnh nng Spatial Analyst thc hin cc cng
vic:
+ M ArcView; sau m 1 Project v 1
View mi ri thm cc lp Lobster data.shp
depth.shp, shing zones.shp, shing villages.
shp, Lake Kadim boundary.shp v Pais pesca
country.shp vo View mi m ny.
+ To li bn cho lp shing zones.
shp to ranh gii ni suy bn .
+ To li b mt cho lp Lobster data.shp
theo ch s CPUE v f.
+ S dng cng c hi quy (Regression
tool) tin hnh hi quy vi CPUE l bin ph
thuc v f l bin c lp, kt qu nh hnh 3.
Hnh 3. th phn b hi quy CPUE v f
+ S dng kt qu a, b thu c t ni suy tnh F
msy
v MSY nh mc 1.
+ S dng cng c phn tch bn Map Query tm ra khu vc khai thc di mc v
qu mc theo lnh: Vng khai thc qu mc [f]>[F
msy
], vng khai thc di mc [f]<[F
msy
]. Kt qu
nh hnh 4.
Vi kt qu phn tch trn gip ta d dng
nhn ra tng khu vc khai thc vt mc,
khng vt mc cho php khai thc v c th
xc nh c din tch ca tng vng. Tuy
nhin c c s phn b u v phn chia
mu sc cc khu vc r rng nh trn l rt kh.
Nhm khc phc nhng tn ti nh nu ta
xem xt v d 3 vi nhng bc nng cao
hn.
V d 3: Phn tch i tng c tuyt
(Merluccius merluccius) vng bin a Trung Hi
C tuyt l i tng c gi tr kinh t cao
vng bin a Trung Hi. Chng sng tng
y, thng su gia 70m v 370m vo ban
ngy nhng ban m chng di c xung tng
nc su hn. C tuyt c xem l loi thc
phm quan trng cho ngi dn Ty u trong
sut lch s. Chng c nh bt bi ngh li
ko y, nhng cng c th nh c bi ngh
cu, li r tng y. Tng sn lng nh bt
c tuyt trong nm 2000 l 71.627 tn. Theo s
liu thng k ca FAO nm 2000, nhng nc
nh bt c tuyt nhiu nht l Ty Ban Nha
24.853 tn, 9.291 tn.
Sut nhng nm gia thp k 1990, c
mt s cuc iu tra th nghim gn b bin
Tyrrenian ca nc . S dng cch tip cn
ca Corsi (2001) phn tch s liu iu tra c
[3] nh sau:
Corsi s dng GIS phn tch sn lng
nh bt v cng lc khai thc trong giai on
1994 1996. Cc d liu c s dng gm:
- Cng lc khai thc (f) th hin qua thng
s (tn/km
2
) v CPUE c th hin qua thng
s (kg/gi ko li).
- S liu 3 cuc iu tra ngh li ko vi
130 im kho st mt cch ngu nhin. Sn
lng trung bnh/gi c ni suy bng cng c
Universal Kriging cho ton khu vc nghin cu
thu c CPUE cho ton vng.
- Li m t cng lc khai thc cho ton
khu vc nghin cu thu c t vic thc hin
m hnh suy lun, li ny ch ra v tr c cng
lc khai thc nh trong ton khu vc khai thc
Hnh 4. Hin trng khai thc h Kadim
Vng mu xanh (mu nht) khai thc di mc, vng mu (mu m) l khai thc qu mc
da trn chc nng kt hp su v khong
cch t cng trn b.
- Nhng khu vc nh bt chnh trong vng.
- S liu o su ton khu vc nghin cu.
Dng phng php ca Munro v
Thompson phn tch d liu c tuyt vng bin
a Trung Hi
S dng phng php ca Munro v
Thompson tnh ton F
msy
v xc nh c v
tr khai thc qu mc. Cc bc thc hin ging
v d 2 nhng thc hin cho cc lp d liu
Fishing zones.shp, Ports.shp, Coastline.shp
v Hake data.shp, kt qu hi quy nh hnh 5.
Kt qu phn tch hi quy t hnh 5 cho thy
h s b=1,62 l khng hp l.
Tip tc chn thm lp Depth.shp vo bn
, kt qu nh hnh 6. T hnh 6 cho thy khu
vc khai thc c s thay i ln v su. C
tuyt l loi sng tng y, cc khu vc khai
thc khng ng nht v mt sinh thi. iu ny
c ngha l vi phm gi thuyt ca Munro v
Thompson.
Dng phng php ca Corsi phn tch d
liu c tuyt vng bin a Trung Hi
Corsi c m hnh khc phc nhng vn
khc nhau v nng sut sinh hc cc vng,
mt phn b n khc nhau. Cc gi nh
c bn trong phn tch ca Corsi l h s gc
CPUE
(b) ca ng cong Schaefer vn khng i vi
cc vng c nng sut sinh hc khc nhau, trong
khi hng s (a) thay i vi nhng vng khc
nhau.
S dng Microsoft Excel phn tch v v
ng cong phn b Schaefer t bin cng
lc khai thc v CPUE trong c s d liu
Corsi model.xls. Kt qu thu c ng thng
hi quy Schaefer Y=6,165,34*X (a = 6,16 v
b = - 5,34), CPUE = - 5,34 * f + 6,16
T hnh 7 ta thy: Tp hp dy c cc
im c to ra t phn tch li b mt
CPUE v f, 3 ng thng, 3 ng cong
Schaefer vi cng dc b = -5,34 nhng 3
gi tr a khc nhau.
Hnh 5. th hi quy ca CPUE v f Hnh 6. su b bin ti Tyrrenean
Hnh 7. D liu c tuyt
Mi ng cong
Schaefer F
msy
c
tnh ton lin quan n
CPUE ti F
msy

(CPU-
E
msy
). Hm c bn ca
m hnh Corsi c
m t CPUE
msy
= -b * f.
Hm ny c gi l
hm li cun (attractor
function)
Tnh ton v
ng cong Schaefer
cho tham s sn lng
nh bt v CPUE vi
cng h s dc (b).
T hnh 8 cho thy mi
tng quan gia F
msy
v
CPUE
msy
l mt ng
thng mu xanh, nt
t, CPUE
msy
= 5,34 * f
Hnh 8. Hm li cun c
Gi nh tp hp cc im
ni suy c t li bn ca
tham s f v CPUE s to nn
v s cc im chy song song
vi ng cong Schaefer i vi
cc im trong vng khai thc.
Sau s dng hm li cun
phn chia tp hp im ny.
Nu CPUE < CPUE
msy
th ni
khai thc qu mc, ngc li
CPUE>CPUE
msy
th ni y khai
thc di mc nh hnh 9.
Hnh 9. ng cong Schaefer c tuyt Thyrrenean
S dng lnh Map Query tm ra vng khai thc di mc v qu mc theo lnh nh sau:
[CPUE]>[Attractor] th vng ny khai thc di mc, hin th bng mu xanh (hnh 10)
[CPUE]<[Attractor] th vng ny khai thc qu mc, hin th bng mu (hnh 10)
CPUE tng
Hnh 10. Hin trng khai thc c tuyt a Trung Hi theo m hnh ca Corsi
Vng mu xanh (mu nht) khai thc di mc v vng mu (mu m) khai thc qu mc
III. KT LUN
T nhng v d trn cho thy u im ca vic s dng GIS trong m hnh sn xut thng d:
Khc phc c hn ch ca m hnh Schaefer v Fox.
Khc phc c gi thuyt th hai ca Munro v Thompson (1983).
D liu th hin trn GIS trc quan, d hiu, d quan st.
Tuy nhin s dng tt GIS trong m hnh sn xut thng d ca Schaefer v Fox cn quan
tm n gi thuyt th nht ca Munro v Thompson (1983) v i tng nghin cu phi t di c
v mi vng c mt i tng nht nh.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Phm Vn Thng (2010), ng dng GIS v RS trong khai thc thy sn, i hc Nha Trang.
2. G. de Graaf, F.J.B. Marttin, J. Aguilar-Manjarrez & J. Jenness (2003), Geographic Information Systems in
sheries management and planning, FAO.
3. 2 CD d liu km theo ti liu 2.
THC TRNG AN TON LAO NG CA NGH NUI TM HM
LNG TRN BIN TH X CAM RANH
THE STATUS OF SAFETY AT WORK FOR THE LOBSTER AQUACULTURE
AT THE CAM RANH TOWN
Nguyn c S
Khoa Khai thc Thy sn - Trng i hc Nha Trang

T M T T
B i b o tr nh b y k t qu i u tra th c tr ng an to n lao ng c a ngh nui tm h m l ng trn bin
m t s a phng thu c th x Cam Ranh. K t qu i u tra cho th y k thu t an to n v phng ti n b o v
c nhn ca ngh nui cha b o m, ti m n nhi u nguy c tai n n cha c ng dn v c quan qun l
ngh c quan tm ng m c.
ABSTRACT
The article presents the results of the investigation present condition of occupational safety of the
cage lobster-farming at sea of several locals in Cam Ranh town. The results of the investigation showed that
safety technique and means of individual protection for worker of the cage lobster-farming at sea not ensure
yet, implicit of threats accident at work which didnt be interested the proper care in sherman and shery
management agency.
V/N L fP/O Ol
I. M U
Khnh Ha l m t trong nh ng a phng
c ngh nui tm hm ln nht Vit Nam, t p
trung ch y u th nh ph Nha Trang (8.472
lng), huy n Vn Ninh (7.598 lng), th x
Cam Ranh (13.230 lng). Sn lng tm hm
nui Khnh Ha b nh qun t 1.000 tn/nm,
mang l i hiu qu kinh t cao cho ng i nui v
gi bn tm h m kh cao [2]. Th nhng, do s
pht trin ngh nui m t c ch t ph t, thi u quy
ho ch nn mi trng nui tm ng y c ng b
nhim, tm cht v dch bnh khi n cho m t s
h nui tm ng tr c nguy c b ph s n. Vn
an ton lao ng trong hot ng nui tm
hm trn bi n nh trang b i n ph c v vi c
cung c p kh cho ng i l n, c c phng ti n
b o v c nhn, trang b phao c u sinh cho vi c
i l i gi a b v i b v ng c l i... cha c
ng dn quan tm ng m c. x y ra mt s
v tai n n lao ng khi cho tm n trong l ng
nui do thi u trang b b o h lao ng. Cc yu
t tc ng c a i u ki n thi tit b t l i c ng
ang ti m n cc nguy c gy tai nn trong hot
ng nui tm hm c n ph i c quan tm
nghin c u.
II. NI DUNG
1. Thc trng v ng c
1.1. Kiu lng h
- Kch thc lng nui c nhi u lo i:
4m x 4m; 3m x 4m v 4m x 5m, chiu cao cc
lng t ni c su t 2 5m lc thy triu
thp nht.
- Cc g: ng k nh 15 20mm c
vt nhn mt u v c cm cht xung t,
khong cch gia 2 cc t 1,5 2m.
- Np ngang: thng dng g trn c
ng k nh 120 150 mm hoc dng g x
(g 40 x 60mm), np cch nhau t 1,5 2m.
- Khung lng: b ng st ng k nh
18 20mm c lm thnh cc khung hnh ch
nht, khong cch gia 2 thanh st t 1 1,2 m,
chiu rng khung st lm thn lng t 1 2m,
li lng c bn trc tip vo cc khung st
sau lp ghp li v c c nh b i khung
cc g.
- Li lng: theo kiu lng 1 hoc 2 lp li
ghp vo nhau. Vt liu li PE ho c Nilon, kch
thc mt li 2a = 25 35mm (ty theo c
ging th nui).
i vi tm li y cn lm thm mt lp
li rui nhm m bo thc n khng b lt ra
ngoi khi cho n. Ngoi ra, ng i ta c n gia c
thm mt lp li cc (cc 150 180mm),
kch thc mt li 2a = 35 40mm ti nhng
phn c lm khung st. Nhng lng s dng
ng tm hm ging th kch thc mt li nh
hn tm con khng chui ra c (2a < 5mm).
- Mt trn ca lng c np y bng li
ph ng trnh trm c p ho c th y triu dng cao
ngp lng nui.
1.2 Kiu lng kn
Lng nui tm c hn bng st trn c
ng knh 16mm c hn thnh khung ch
nht hay hnh vung, c cng v rn chc.
Gc lng thng c gia c c c ming s t ch u
l c hnh tam gic vung cn.
Lng nui c cc c: (4m x 4m x 1,8m);
(3m x 3m x 1,3m). Khung lng bng st thng
c sn chng g.
Li bc lng c kch thc mt li
2a = 30 40mm. Chnh gia lng, mt trn lm
mt ca hnh vung, din tch 0,8m
2
ngi
nui tm ln vo trong lng cho tm n hoc dn
v sinh lng v ly thc n tha ra ngoi.
Lng nui tm hm c sn xut vi gi
thnh khong 4 triu ng/lng, mi lng ng
dn th nui t 80 90 con tm hm thng
phm.
Thi gian s dng lng: s dng cho ti khi
no hng th thi, khng c thi gian c nh,
li bc lng rch ng dn v li hoc thay li
mi.
Lng chm c t ven b, ni c su
nh, khong t 4 5m v c neo c nh
xung y bin, pha trn c buc phao bng
cc can nha nh du v bo cho mi
ngi v v tr t lng.
Lng ni c lin kt vi b bng dy
thng ti bn gc ca lng, t cch mt nc
1m.
1.3 Kt cu b
B nui tm c lin kt bng cc cy
g, ng knh t 100 150mm, chiu di
t 3 3,5m, hoc cc thanh g c kch thc
100mm 150mm 3 (3,5)m. Cc thanh g c
lin kt vi nhau bng cc c vt, to thnh cc
c kch thc 4m 4m t cc lng gia.
neo b, ngi ta s dng cc neo Hi
qun trng lng t 30 50kg, ln neo bng dy
thng c ng knh t 10 15mm, thi gian s
dng t 7 10 nm. Mi b s dng 9 neo, gm
4 neo chnh v 5 neo ph, 4 neo chnh c t
4 gc ca b.
Do c im a hnh khu vc nui tm,
nn mn pha Bc t 3 neo ph, mn pha
Nam t 2 neo ph. Khi lng ca neo cng
nh chiu di ln neo c ng dn tnh ton
theo kinh nghim. Ln neo c lm bng vt
liu tng hp, ng knh t 60 70mm, ln neo
dng cho neo ph c ng knh 30mm.
2. Thc trng trang thit b phc v qu trnh nui
- My nn kh: l loi my MPQ 906 RESUN do Trung Quc sn xut, cng sut 120W, ho t
ng do ngu n i n c a bnh c-quy 12V cung c p.
- Dy d n kh: lm bng nha, ng knh 10mm, chiu di 10 15m.
3. Trang b phng tin bo v c nhn
Bng 1. Phng tin bo v c nhn trang b trn b nui tm hm
Phng tin bo
v c nhn
M
(ci)
ng
(i)
Gng
tay
(i)
o
ma
(ci)
Gng
ln
(ci)
Khu
trang
(ci)
Qun
o ln
(b)
o
phao
(ci)
S lng 0 0 0 10 40 0 0 0
4. Cc s c v tai nn lao ng trn b nui tm hm lng trn bin
4.1 S c xy ra vi h thng neo b
Bng 2. S c xy ra vi h thng neo b
S v tai nn Nguyn nhn Bin php khc phc
25 t ln neo chnh do sng gi ln Thay ln neo mi
18 t ln neo ph do sng gi ln Thay ln neo mi
10 Neo b b t ln khi y Thc hin th neo ln 2
4.2 S c i vi my nn kh
Bng 3. S c my sc kh
Thi gian s dng (th ng) 3 6 9 12
S l n s c 4 9 27 36
4.3. Tai nn lao ng trn b
Bng 4. Cc d ng tai nn lao ng trn b
STT Loi tai nn S v T l %
1 Gi m inh 15 37,5
2 B in git 02 05
3 Trt ng xung bin 23 57,5
Tng cng 40 100
5. Nh n x t v nh ng y u t ti m n tai n n
c a ngh nui tm h m l ng trn bin
5.1. Kt cu lng nui tm hm
Qu trnh cho tm n v v sinh lng nui,
vi kch thc ca ngi ln v mt s vt dng
mang theo, trong trng hp b tut ng dn kh,
hoc my sc kh ngng hot ng, khng cung
cp kh cho ngi ln, th thi gian cho ngi
ln ngoi ln khi mt nc l rt ngn, vic thot
ra khi lng rt khn cp, nu chm tr s rt
nguy him n tnh mng.
Tr ng h p mi trng nc b c, khng
thy c ca lng, hoc trong iu kin sng
ln cng lm cho ngi ln kh tip xc c
vi ca lng chui ra.
Lng nui c lin kt vi b bng dy
thng, trong thi gian di s d ng, dy b gim
bn, c th b t do tr ng l ng ca chnh
bn thn lng hoc do sng ln.
Khi c ngi ln ang lm vic bn trong
l ng, trng hp dy bu c l ng b t, ngi ln
v lng s chm theo, lc ny ng dy cung cp
kh cho ngi ln c th b tut ra khi ngi
ln, khng cung cp kh cho ngi ln dn n
tai nn nguy him.
Din tch ca lng 0,8m
2
l qu h p thot
thn khi c s c xy ra.
5.2. Kt cu b nui tm hm
B c lm t cc cy g trn c ng
knh 100 150mm hoc cc thanh g c kch
thc 100 150mm khng phi l loi g tt v
c s dng qua nhiu nm, d b mc hng.
Khi i li trn b, trong iu kin sng gi
ln b b lc, ngi lao ng c th gim chn
ln cc cy g b mc d b trt chn ng, ho c
gi m ph i inh nh ln gy ra thng t ch.
Trong qu trnh neo b, ln neo buc vo b
lun lun cng. Trong iu kin sng gi ln c
th lm ln neo b t, bt neo ln khi y hoc
b r neo.
5.3. Trang thit b phc v qu trnh nui
My nn kh khng ph i l lo i my chuyn
dng cho vic ln bin. Ngu n i n cung c p
cho my l bnh c-quy 12V, cc cc ca bnh,
cc kp in, cng tc ngun b g st, tip xc
in km, vic cung cp in cho my sc kh
th ng b gin on, khng n nh, th m ch c
trng hp bnh ht in t ngt trong khi c
ngi ang lm vic bn trong lng.
ng dy d n kh cho ngi ln c lm
bng ng nha, trong qu trnh lm vic khi
ngi ln di chuyn trong lng, ng dy d b
vng vo cc tr hoc cc chng ngi vt
trn lng, vng vo dy buc phao lng chm,
lm cho ng dn kh b tut ra khi ming ca
ngi ln. Ngo i ra, ng dn kh c th b gp
li trong qu trnh s dng v khng cung cp
c kh cho ngi ln.
5.4. Trang b bo h lao ng
Trong qu trnh lm vic, ngi lao ng
cha c trang b qun o l n gi m,
cha trang b phao o, phao trn cu sinh trn
b hoc trn thuyn thng khi di chuyn t b ra
b v ngc li.
Khi phi lm vic trong iu kin th i ti t
b t l i, n u khng c o phao cu sinh c nhn
th nguy c xy ra tai nn cho ngi lao ng l
rt cao.
III. KT LUN V XUT
1. Kt lun
Nguyn nhn gy ra cc tai nn ch yu l
do s bt cn ca ng dn trong qu trnh lm
vic trn b.
Thi gian s dng lng, b khng m bo,
cch thc neo b, thi gian s dng ln neo, kt
cu b, vt liu lm b khng m bo.
My nn kh khng c ng dn thc hin
y ch bo dng sa cha thng
xuyn, cc b phn ca my b g st dn n
tip xc km, khng cung cp in cho my
trong khi ln.
ng dy cung cp kh c ng knh nh,
mm d b gp li trong qu trnh ln. ng dy
d b mc hoc vng vo cc b phn khc
ca b v lng nui.
Trang b bo h lao ng cha c trang
b y , thiu nghim trng.
2. xut
Trang b y cc phng tin phc v
ln bin cho tm n v v sinh lng b nh
gng ln, qun o ln, bnh xy, cc phng
tin bo v c nhn nh phao o, ng, gng tay
cho ngi lao ng lm cc cng vic trn b
hoc di chuyn bng thuyn thng t b ra b
v ngc li.
My mc cung cp kh phi l m y chuyn
d ng, p ng y lng kh cung cp cho
ngi ln tin hnh cc cng vic bn trong
lng trong mt khong thi gian di.
Thay th cc ng dy mm dn kh bng
cc ng dy c cht lng tt, kh th
trong khi ln. Khi c s c nguy cp c th s
dng ng dy ko ngi b nn ra khi ming
lng.
Khi thc hin nhim v ln cn phi c
ngi th hai theo di trn b.
Khi c sng gi mnh t cp 6, cp 7 tr ln,
p thp nhit i hoc bo nh hng ti khu
vc nui tm hm lng, cc c quan c thm
quyn cn c bin php nghim cm khng cho
ng dn ra khu vc nui tm.
Cn ph bin kin thc v an ton lao ng
trn bin cho ng dn.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. B Nng nghip v PTNT (2008), Quyt nh 2383/Q-BNN-NTTS v nui tm hm thng phm,
H Ni 2008.
2. Chi cc Khai thc v bo v Ngun li Thy sn Khnh Ha (2008), Gii thiu tnh hnh nui tm hm
Khnh Ha.
3. Trung tm Kh tng Thy vn khu vc Nam Trung b (2004), c im kh tng thy vn tnh
Khnh Ha.
4. ng Vn Duy (2009), nh gi cc yu t tim n tai nn trong sn xut ca ngh nui tm hm lng
thn Bnh Ba, x Cam Bnh, th x Cam Ranh, tnh Khnh Ha, n tt nghip, i hc Nha Trang 2009.
THNH TU GIM NGHO CA MT S QUC GIA TRN TH
GII: BI HC KINH NGHIM CHO VIT NAM
ACHIEVEMENT IN POVERTY REDUCTION IN SOME COUNTRIES IN THE
WORLD: EXPERIENCE LESSONS FOR VIETNAM
Phm Hng Mnh
TM TT
Bi vit ny nhm i m qua nh ng kinh nghi m gi m ngho c a m t s qu c gia trn th gi i c v tr
a l v i u ki n x h i tng ng nh Vi t Nam r t ra nh ng b i h c kinh nghi m ph c v cho cng t c
gi m ngh o c a Vi t Nam giai o n 2011 - 2015. T nh ng k t qu trong cng t c gi m ngh o c a nh ng qu c
gia n y cho th y, m t s b i h c th nh cng c r t ra l : s n nh chnh tr v kinh t v m m bo
cho tng trng kinh t nhanh, bn vng; xy dng cc chnh sch hng ti ngi ngho m bo hiu qu
v linh hot; pht trin v nng cao hiu qu th trng ti chnh vi m ti khu vc nng thn v cu i c ng
ch nh l s cam kt ca Chnh ph v chnh quyn cc a phng trong vic th c hi n cng t c gim ngho
v chng ti ngho. y ch nh l nh ng kinh nghi m qu gi p Ch nh Ph v ch nh quy n c c a phng xy
dng cc chnh sch gim ngho nhanh, b n v ng trong giai o n t i.
T kha: kinh nghi m, gi m ngh o, ngho
ABSTRACT
This article airms to point the poverty reduction experience from some countries the world that is
similarities geographic location and social conditions as Vietnam to draw lessons learned for Vietnam poverty
reduction strategies for the period 2011 to 2015. From the results of poverty alleviation in these countries
shows that, a few lessons are drawn that is: political stability and macroeconomic ensure rapid economic
growth, sustainable; building the pro-poor policies to ensure effective and exible; development and raising
the efciency of the micronance market in rural areas and nally is the commitment of the Government and
authorities local in the implementation of poverty reduction and anti-poverty. These are the good experiences
to help the Vietnam Government and local authorities to build faster poverty reduction policies, sustainable in
the coming period.
Keywords: experience, poverty reduction, poverty
V/N L fP/O Ol
I. M U
i ngho lun nh n c quan tm c a
m i qu c gia trn th gi i trong bt k giai on
pht trin no. Nhiu qu c gia v t chc quc
t r t n l c trong vi c xy d ng v a ra
c c ch nh s ch gi m ngh o cho qu c gia m nh
[5]. Nhi u cu c h i th o qu c t c t ch c
nh m chia s nh ng kinh nghi m th nh cng
c a c c qu c gia nh m th c y ti n tr nh x a
i, gi m ngh o t i m i qu c gia t c
c c m c tiu ph t tri n Thin nin k .
T i Vi t Nam, v n x a i gi m ngh o
s m nh n c s quan tm c a Ch nh Ph .
i u n y c th hi n trong c c chi n l c v
k ho ch ph t tri n kinh t x h i trong m i giai
o n [1], [2]. Nh ng th nh cng b c u c a
Vi t Nam trong n l c gi m ngh o v ch ng t i
ngh o c c ng ng qu c t ghi nh n [11],
[15]. y c coi l ng l c quan tr ng
Vi t Nam ti p t c th c hi n cng t c gi m ngh o
trong giai o n m i, h ng t i gi m ngh o ch t
l ng v b n v ng [14]. Tuy nhin, cng t c
gi m ngh o hi n nay v n ang ti m n nhi u b t
n, nh: l m ph t, c c ch nh s ch gi m ngh o t
linh ho t, ng i dn t i c c khu v c ngh o v n
c n h n ch trong vi c ti p c n th tr ng t n
d ng vi m, v.v [3], [4], [12], [13] v n l nh ng
y u t ang l m c n tr qu tr nh n y.
Xut pht t nh ng vn trn, bi vit ny
nh m i m qua nh ng kinh nghi m gi m ngh o
c a m t s qu c gia, c bi t l nh ng qu c gia
trong khu v c l m r thm nh ng b i h c
th nh cng m Vi t Nam c th h c h i trong
vi c xy d ng c c ch nh s ch gi m ngh o trong
giai o n m i.
II. NH NG TH NH T U GI M NGH O C A
VI T NAM TRONG TH I GIAN QUA
K t khi i Hi VI ca ng vo nm
1986, Vit Nam chuyn sang kinh t th trng
nh hng XHCN, t mt nc thiu lng
thc vn ln thnh nc xut khu go, v
gi v tr trong nhm cc nc xut khu go ln
nht th gii. T n nay, an ninh lng thc
quc gia lun c n nh.
u thp nin 1990, nguy c i ngho
c nhn r, m trc ht l s liu tr em
suy dinh dng mc bo ng gn 50%
[6]. Ngay u nm 1991, vn xa i gim
ngho ra trong cc din n, cc nghin
cu, v trin khai thnh phong tro xa i gim
ngho. Ngh quyt Quc hi Vit Nam v nhim
v nm 1993 nh gi cao tinh thn cng
ng, tng thn tng i trong nhn dn
pht trin nhiu hot ng t thin gip nhau
v phong tro xa i gim ngho, n n p
ngha, v.v. Sng kin ca Th tng Chnh
ph c Mt trn T quc Vit Nam ly ngy
17 thng 10 l Ngy v ngi ngho, cng
l ngy Lin Hp Quc chn l ngy Th gii
chng i ngho [16], [17].
Nm 2000, Vit Nam k vo Tuyn b
Thin nin k vi 8 mc tiu: (i) xa b tnh trng
cng cc v thiu i; (ii) t ph cp gio dc
tiu hc; (iii) Tng cng bnh ng gii v nng
cao v th ph n; (iv) Gim t l t vong tr s
sinh; (v) Tng cng sc khe b m; (vi) Phng
chng bnh HIV/AISD, st rt v cc bnh khc;
(vii) m bo bn vng mi trng v (viii)
Thit lp quan h i tc ton cu v mc ch
pht trin [2]. Trn c s ny Th tng Chnh
ph ph duyt Chin lc ton din v tng
trng v xa i gim ngho [1]. y l chin
lc y , chi tit ph hp vi mc tiu pht
trin Thin nin k (MDG) ca Lin Hp Quc
cng b. Trong qu trnh xy dng chin lc
c s tham gia ca chuyn gia cc t chc quc
t ti Vit Nam nh IMF, UNDP, WB, v.v... tng
hp thnh cc mc tiu pht trin Vit Nam. Vic
c th ha chin lc thng qua cc chng
trnh, d n c trin khai, gim st v nh
gi thng xuyn ca cc c quan chc nng.
Kt qu thc hin Chng trnh mc tiu
Quc gia gim ngho giai on 2006 - 2010
t c trong giai on ny, nh: (i) xy dng
cc cng trnh c s h tng thit yu cho phn
ln cc x c bit kh khn vng bi ngang
ven bin v hi o; (ii) c 6 triu lt h
ngho c vay vn tn dng u i; (iii) thc
hin khuyn nng - lm - ng, chuyn giao k
thut, hng dn cch lm n cho 4,2 triu lt
ngi ngho; (iv) min, gim hc ph hc ngh
cho 150 nghn ngi ngho; (v) 100% ngui
ngho c Nh nc cp th bo him y t,
khi m au i khm, cha bnh c Qu bo
him y t thanh ton theo quy nh; (vi) min,
gim hc ph v cc khon ng gp xy dng
trng cho 19 triu lt hc sinh ngho, trong
c 9 triu hc sinh tiu hc; (vii) tp hun
nng cao nng lc cho 170 nghn cn b tham
gia cng tc gim ngho cc cp, trong
95% l cn b cp c s; (viii) h tr xa nh
tm cho 500 nghn h ngho [17].
t c nhng kt qu trn, Chnh
ph huy ng mt ngun vn ng k cho
cng tc ny. Tng ngun vn cho gim ngho
giai on 2006 - 2010 khong 43.488 t ng.
Trong , ngn sch trung ng chim 28,68%,
ngn sch a phng l 5,2%, ngun vn huy
ng t cng ng l 5,66%, ngun vn huy
ng quc t l 0,68%, v ngun vn tn dng
l 59,79% [17].
Trong bo co nh gi ca UNDP
khng nh: Trong thp k qua, Vit Nam
t c nhng thnh cng to ln trong cuc
chin chng i ngho vi t l ngho i gim
t 58,1% nm 1993, xung di 12,1% vo nm
2008, t l ny vn cn tng ng vi trn 10
triu ngi ngho trn c nc. Nhng ngi
ngho, ch yu tp trung vng ni, vng xa
v vng dn tc thiu s, ang ngy cng kh
c th t mnh thot khi i ngho do b c
lp v khng c kh nng tip cn vi ngun
thng tin, th trng v cc ngun lc, c bit
l t ai [11]. Theo Quyt nh 1785/TTg ngy
27/09/2010 ca Th tng Chnh ph v Tng
iu tra nng thn, nng nghip v thy sn nm
2011 s cho s liu mi v i ngho, nu theo
chun mi th s h i ngho, cn i ngho s
ln hn 10%. Nhng thch thc c t ra: (i)
chnh lch giu ngho theo hng tng s giu
v tng c s ngho do qu trnh phn b ngun
lc, phn b thu nhp v li th v nhng bt li
nghing v khu vc nng thn, min ni, ng
bo dn tc v vng thin tai; (ii) nguy c ti
ngho do bin i kh hu ton cu vi mc
thin tai ngy cng nng n lm cn tr nhng
n lc xa i gim ngho vng thin tai; (iii)
qu trnh hi nhp v cnh tranh quc t, ngay
trong quc gia cng vi xu th cng nghip ha,
th ha xut hin thm nhng ngi ngho
do khng hi nhp c vi xu hng mi,
nguy c khng khong kinh t v tht nghip
vn cn, v.v...
III. TH C TI N V KINH NGHI M GI M
NGH O C A M T S QU C GIA TRN TH
GI I
Cuc u tranh chng ngho kh ang
ngy cng c ch trng v tr thnh vn
chung ca mi quc gia, nhng cho n nay
cc quan nim v ngho i, cng nh cc gii
quyt, la chn bin php xa i gim ngho
ca cc quc gia cng rt khc nhau.
1. Trung Quc
Trong nh gi v tng kt kinh nghim ca
Trung Quc ti hi tho v i ngho c t
chc ti Thng Hi [10] cho thy, cc chng
trnh gim ngho ca Chnh ph Trung Quc
em li nhng bi hc kinh nghim quan trng
ti quc gia ng dn nht th gii ny.
Trong thi gian ci cch t nm 1978, Trung
Quc gim ng k t l i ngho quy m ln
thng qua ci cch chnh sch m c th Chnh
ph c nhng chnh sch thc y nhanh
tng trng chng. Theo mc chun ngho quc
gia, s ngi ngho c tnh gim t khong
200 triu ngi trong 1981 xung cn 28 triu
ngi trong nm 2002. Theo chun ngho ca
Ngn hng Th gii mc 1$/ngi/ngy th s
ngi ngho ca nc ny gim t khong
490 triu ngi xung cn 88 triu ngi trong
giai on ny. T l ngho i t 49% trong
1981 xung cn 6,9% trong nm 2002. S gim
ngho nhanh chng ca Trung Quc t c
ch yu thng qua cc chnh sch thc y tng
trng kinh t nhanh chng. Tc tng trng
GDP trung bnh 9,4%/nm trong giai on
1979 - 2003. Vic thc hin thng qua tin trnh
ci cch lin tc v thay i cu trc trong nn
kinh t t k hoch tp trung sang c ch th
trng, ng thi tp trung trong lnh vc sn
xut nng nghip v chuyn giao cng ngh.
T nm 1994, Chnh ph Trung Quc
a ra chng trnh 8 - 7 (chng trnh quc
gia v xa i gim ngho). Trong chng trnh
ny, Chnh ph nhn mnh n trch nhim
lnh o ca chnh quyn a phng v hiu
qu ca cng tc gim ngho trong a bn ph
trch. Mc tiu ca chin lc 8 - 7 l: (i) h
tr cc h ngho bng tin mt c t sn
xut v chn nui, ci thin c hi tip cn c
vic lm phi nng nghip; (ii) u t xy dng
m bo hu ht cc th trn c ng giao
thng, in, v ci thin tip cn vi nc sch
cho hu ht cc vng qu ngho, v (iii) hon
thnh ph cp tiu hc gio dc v chm sc
sc khe ban u, phng v cha bnh.
T nm 1997, chng trnh 8 - 7 tp
trung vo ba chng trnh chnh: (i) cc khon
vay tr cp, thc phm v h tr vic lm do
Chnh ph u t t ngn sch Trung ng.
Tr cp cc khon vay, hn mt na ca tng
s vn theo k hoch ban u ch yu l dnh
cho cc doanh nghip v h gia nh hot ng
trong ngnh cng nghip v nng nghip. Gn
30% tng s vn cho chng trnh ny l u t
vo cc ngnh sn xut lng thc, thc phm
nhm to vic lm, ng thi s dng lao ng
d tha trong nng thn pht trin c s h
tng. Gn 30% ngun vn dnh cho chng
trnh c u t cho lnh vc nng nghip
v 35% cho u t c s h tng.
Tuy vy, chng trnh 8 - 7 t ch trng
hn vo gio dc nng thn v chm sc sc
khe. Trong thi gian 1994 - 2000, Chnh ph
Trung Quc ti tr v cc chng trnh gim
ngho t 113 triu Nhn dn t (tng ng
vi 13,6 t USD), trung bnh hng nm chim
5 - 6% tng s chi tiu Chnh ph (tng ng
mt t USD), mt ngun vn ng k trong ngn
sch chi tiu ca Chnh ph.
Cc chng trnh 8 - 7 trong vic h tr gim
ngho ca Trung Quc gp phn pht trin
kinh t - x hi ti cc khu vc ngho. Bn cnh
, vic phn b kinh ph theo t l i ngho
ti mi a phng v quan trng hn, ngun
ti chnh n c vi nhng ngi ngho.
Tc tng trng GDP trong nng nghip ti
cc khu vc ngho tng ln 7,5%, cao hn
so vi mc trung bnh c nc l 7%. Nng lc
ca Chnh ph huy ng ngun lc l yu
t quan trng, trong s phi hp ca Chnh
ph vi cc t chc nh: cc doanh nghip, cc
t chc ti chnh, cc t chc phi Chnh ph v
cc t chc quc t trong qu trnh thc hin
cc chng trnh gim ngho. S hc hi v th
nghim lin tc cho php Trung Quc c nhng
kinh nghim ring ca mnh.
Vic la chn cc chng trnh, thit k d
n, qun l v nh gi c thc hin vi s
tham gia ca ngi dn nhm gim thiu nhng
trng hp u t vo cc chng trnh v d
n ngho i khng p ng c nhu cu ca
nhng ngi ngho. Da trn bi hc quan
trng ny, Chnh ph Trung Quc khi ng v
thc hin mt chng trnh gim ngho cho khu
vc nng thn giai on 2001 - 2010. Bn cnh
nhng i tng ngho trc y, s c thm
50.000 lng ngho c a vo chng trnh.
Chng trnh mi cng c bit nhn mnh s
tham gia ca ngi dn vo cc chng trnh
gim ngho. Hn na, bnh tt cng c xem
nh l mt yu t gy ra tnh trng ngho cho
khu vc nng thn. V vy, Chnh ph Trung
Quc tip tc y mnh hn cc chng trnh
chm sc sc khe v an sinh x hi nng
thn. Quan trng hn l chng trnh mi ny
cn kt hp vi cc chnh sch nhm gim tnh
trng di dn t nng thn ra thnh th v tng
cng dch v gio dc nng thn.
C th ni rng Trung Quc t c thnh
tu gim ngho nh trn l do nhng ci cch
ng n v s pht trin mnh ca khu vc
nng thn to ra nhng kt qu tht s n
tng trong chin lc gim ngho ca mnh.
2. Malaysia
Malaysia l mt quc gia ng Nam vi
din tch 329,758km
2
, dn s khong 26,2 triu
ngi (nm 2006). C cu kinh t thay nhanh
chng: nng nghip 7,3%, cng nghip 33,5%,
dch v 59,1%, thu nhp bnh qun u ngi
mc 11.160 USD trong nm 2006. Vic thc
hin cc chnh sch gim ngho ca nc ny
t c nhng kt qu quan trng. Theo bo
co ca Chng tr nh ph t tri n Lin Hi p Qu c
[9], t l ngho gim xung nhanh chng t
khong 50% - 60% vo nhng nm 1970 xung
cn 8,9% vo nm 1995, 7,5% vo nm 1999
v ch cn 5,1% vo nm 2002. c bit, t l
i ngho nng thn gim n 15,3% v
khu vc thnh th l 3,7%. S thnh cng trong
nhiu chng trnh ca Chnh ph ci thin
cht lng cuc sng ca ngi ngho nng
thn. n cui nm 1995, khong 88% h gia
nh ngho ti khu vc th v 72% h gia
nh nng thn ngho Malaysia c in. Ngoi
ra, 92% s h ngho thnh th v 65% s h
nng thn tip cn vi nc sch. V kh
nng tip cn cc c s y t, khong 88% ngi
ngho khu vc thnh th v 77% nng thn
tip cn c cc c s khm cha bnh
ca Chnh ph hoc khu vc t nhn. Ngoi ra,
94% h gia nh nng thn ngho v hu ht
ngi ngho ti th c i hc. Trong phm
vi 9km c mt trng ph thng v mt trng
trung hc. Hn na, cc loi h tr gio dc
nh hc bng v min ph sch gio khoa, thc
phm, ch , v ng phc c cung cp cho
nhng hc sinh ca cc h ngho.
Bn cnh , Chnh ph Malaysia ch
ti vn gii quyt vic lm, phn phi nhng
thnh qu ca t tng trng kinh t. c
s phn phi ngy cng cng bng hn gia
cc nhm thu nhp khc nhau. H s Gini gim
t 0,513 trong nm 1970 xung cn khong
0,464 vo nm 1995. Thu nhp ca h gia nh
nm trong 40% nhm ngho nht tng t
11,5% - 13,4% so vi cng thi k.
Nhng kinh nghim thnh cng trong cng
tc gim ngho v s pht trin kinh t x hi
ca Malaysia l: (i) gi c s on kt
gia cc dn tc c c s n nh chnh
tr, khng to ra nhng cn tr v xung t trong
pht trin x hi; (ii) cc chnh sch ca Chnh
ph u c s tham gia ca ngi dn, do ,
cc chnh sch cng c thc hin bi mt
s ng thun cao, thc s gii quyt nhu cu
ca nhn dn; (iii) c nhng gii php tng
trng kinh t nhanh chng to ra nhng
nn tng trong n lc gim ngho, trong ch
trng gii quyt vic lm cho ngi ngho nhm
tng thu nhp ca h; (iv) quan tm trong vic
phn phi nhm m bo cng bng trong cc
tng lp dn c; (v) nhng cam kt ca Chnh
ph trong tin trnh xa i gim ngho, s phi
vi cc t chc quc t to ngun lc cho
vic gim ngho; (vi) tp trung ti a vo cc
chng trnh kinh t mi nhn nhm tng nng
sut v thu nhp cho ngi lao ng; (v) ch
trng v gio dc v o to cho ngi ngho,
v vy khng c s chuyn giao i ngho gia
cc th h; (vi) chnh sch cng v cc chng
trnh cng cng mang tnh linh hot nhm m
bo hiu qu; (viii) khuyn khch cc t chc phi
Chnh ph v khu vc t nhn gii quyt cc
vn x hi trong c xa i gim ngho v
quan trng hn khng c coi l i th cnh
tranh vi Chnh ph.
3. Hn Quc
Trong bo co ti Hi tho c t chc
ti Thy in [7] cho thy Hn Quc t rt
nhiu tin b v pht trin kinh t v kinh nghim
gim ngho. Vo trc nhng nm 60, vi xut
pht im ca Hn Quc l quc gia rt ngho
v ti nguyn thin nhin, vn v cng ngh khi
thc hin chnh sch v chin lc pht trin
kinh t theo hng xut khu. Cc chnh sch
v chin lc y ha hn rng ngho i s
c loi b trong qu trnh tng trng. Kt
qu l Hn Quc t tc tng trng
cao k lc khong 9%/nm trong sut thi k
1962 - 1988. V nu cn c vo chun ngho
tuyt i ca nm 1988 c p dng cho cc
h nng dn l 5525 USD/nm/h th t l s
h ngho i nm gim xung cn 6,5%
so vi 33,7% nm 1967. Th nhng do pht
trin kinh t qu nhanh nn bc tranh ngho i
li hon ton khc. Chun ngho i p dng
cho cc h nng dn nm 1988 Hn Quc
l 7324 USD/nm/h. T l ngho trong nng
thn tnh cho nm 1988 l 17,9% so vi 36,1%
nm 1967 v 31,6% nm 1970. iu chng
t tng trng kinh t thc s lm gim t
l s h thuc din ngho i nng thn. Tuy
vy, chun ngho Hn Quc li phn bit kh
r gia cc vng thnh ph ln, thnh ph va
v nh v vng nng thn. Chun ngho vng
nng thn ch bng 80% chun ngho thnh
ph ln v bng 90% chun ngho thnh ph
va v nh. Nhn chung, t l cc h ngho
vng nng thn tuy c gim nhng vn cn
chm, h ngn cch giu ngho c dn ra nhanh
chng nhng nhn chung cho n nm 1993 th
h s Gini vn khng qu ln, ch khong trn
0,31. Trong nhng nm 90, Hn Quc t
c nhng tin b vt bc trong cng cuc
gim i ngho: t l i ngho thnh th
gim trung bnh xung cn 20% mt nm trong
giai on 1990 - 1997 v khng c s gia tng
bt bnh ng. Nhng khi khng hong n ra
th tht nghip v i ngho tng ln nhanh
chng. Din i ngho khu vc thnh th
tng gp i t 9% nm 1997 ln n 19,2%
nm 1998. Tht nghip tng t 2,6% trong qu 2
nm 1997 ln ti nh im l 8,7% vo u nm
1999. Chnh sch ti kha m rng nm 1998
v 1999 ng vai tr thit yu ngn chn suy
thoi kinh t. Chi tiu cho bo tr x hi tng
ba ln, t 0,6% nm 1997 ln 2,0% nm 1999.
Chnh ph s dng ba cng c bo tr x
hi chnh gip ngi tht nghip, ngi
ngho v ngi gi: (i) m rng chng trnh
bo him tht nghip; (ii) to ra thm vic lm
trong khu vc cng v (iii) ban hnh chng trnh
bo m cc iu kin sng. V nhng chng
trnh nh vy c nh gi l c tc ng
tt ti ngi ngho. Tnh n cui nm 2001,
t l ngho m u Hn Quc ch c 4% v
GDP bnh qun u ngi l 19.400 USD.
R rng Hn Quc l nc tiu biu cho
chnh sch pht trin kinh t bt ln trc, x l
ngho i theo sau v c nhng thnh cng
nht nh.
4. Bangladesh
Bangladesh c dn s gn 130 triu ngi
v mt nn kinh t c bn da vo nng nghip.
Nng nghip ng gp trn 35% GDP v s
dng 60% lc lng lao ng. t ai l quan
trng nht cc vng nng thn nhng s phn
b li rt phn tn. Hn 50% dn s h gia nh
nng thn khng c t m a phn trong s
h i sng li ph thuc vo nng nghip. GDP
bnh qun u ngi l 314 $ /nm (theo gi ca
nm 1995 - 1996) v l mt trong nhng nc
ngho nht trn th gii. Tnh theo chun ngho
v lng thc - thc phm, t l h ngho gim
t 63% trong nhng nm 1983 - 1984 xung cn
47% trong nhng nm 1995 - 1996 [8].
Mt vn m Bangladesh thc hin
l ngi ngho xy dng chnh sch pht
trin thng qua cc nguyn tc: (i) pht trin kinh
t phi to ra thu nhp v vic lm cho ngi
ngho. Khi xy dng chnh sch kinh t, u tin
hng u phi c m bo l c y
vic lm to ra thu nhp; (ii) to ra mi trng
thun li u tin cho ngnh nng nghip; (iii)
m bo ngi ngho tip cn vi nhng
ngun lc quan trng nh t ai, tn dng v
nh . Ngi ngho cng phi c cung cp
v tip cn vi cc dch v cng nh: gio dc,
cc dch v chm sc sc khe ban u, chm
sc sc khe sinh sn, k hoch ha gia nh,
nc sch v v sinh mi trng.
Ngoi ra, s cam kt ca Chnh ph trong
cng tc chng ngho i, to mi trng
ngi ngho tham gia cc hot ng ca h
thng chnh quyn a phng. Chnh ph m
bo vic s dng minh bch cc qu cng,
khuyn khch tng trng ca khu vc t nhn,
thc y chuyn giao c hiu qu cc dch v
thit yu v quan trng nht, thit lp cc quy
nh php lut ngi ngho c th d dng
tip cn vi h thng t php.
Bn cnh , vn tn dng vi m cho
cc vng nng thn ngho cng c ch
m Grameen Bank l mt in hnh. Grameen
Bank c chnh thc thnh lp t nm 1976
em li mt kt qu rt n tng trong chng
trnh tn dng vi m. n cui nm 2003, sau
hai mi nm k t ngy chnh thc thnh lp,
Grameen Bank c 3,02 triu ngi n vay,
trong 95% l ph n. Tng s khon n cn
lu hnh l 262,71 triu USD, tng s vn cho
vay tnh t ngy thnh lp l 4,12 t USD trong
3,73 t USD c hon tr li. T l hon
tr vn vay t 99,08%. Grameen Bank cho vay
theo nhm ngi ngho m khng cn phi th
chp v p dng cc mc li sut linh hot vi
nhiu li sut, ty theo mc ch v i tng
vay. Vi cch lm ny, ngn hng ny da
trn hai nguyn tc c bn l s tn nhim
nhau v lin i chu trch nhim tp th gia
nhng ngi ngho. ng thi, Grameen Bank
cng chng minh c rng ngi ngho c
kh nng chi tr v hot ng tn dng vi m vn
m bo hiu qu.
nh gi chung ca nhng ngi hot ng
trong t chc ny cho thy phi thc s kin tr
v mc tiu phc v ngi ngho v khai thc
trit nhng c im khi dy nhng mt
tch cc ca h. Nh s h ngho t vn
ln thot ngho bng cc khon vay nh t
Grameen Bank ang tng ln ngy mt nhiu.
C th thy rng nng nghip vn l ngnh
chim u th trong hu nh tt c cc nc trong
khu vc v phn ln dn s ph thuc vo nng
nghip. Thc t ny cho thy rng, xa i gim
ngho nng thn phn ch yu l t kt qu
to vic lm v tng trng trong nng nghip.
Bi hc kinh nghim t Bangladesh cho thy s
h tr tch cc ca cc t chc phi Chnh ph
chng minh rng h thnh cng trong vic t
chc cho ngi ngho, to ra nhng ng lc
h t pht trin thng qua cc chng trnh
h tr nh: o to v tn dng vi m ngi
ngho c th thot ra khi by ngho i.
IV. B I H C KINH NGHI M I V I VI T
NAM TRONG CNG T C GI M NGH O GIAI
O N 2011 - 2015
T vic nghin cu kinh nghim gim
ngho ca mt s quc gia trong khu vc, c
iu kin v tr a l v xut pht im kh
tng ng, Vit Nam c th hc hi nhng
kinh nghim ny phc v cho chin lc gim
ngho trong giai on ti, c bit t khi chun
ngho mi c chnh ph ph duyt giai on
2011 - 2015, l:
Th nht, n nh chnh tr v kinh t v m
m bo cho tng trng kinh t nhanh v bn
vng. Kinh nghim ca cc quc gia cho thy,
mt trong nhng iu kin tin quyt cho qu
trnh gim ngho mi quc gia l m bo
n nh chnh tr, n nh kinh t v m lm nn
tng cho tng trng. Mun vy, cn c nhng
gii php cn thit v tp trung vo nhng vn
chnh: (i) gi c s on kt gia cc dn
tc c c s n nh chnh tr, khng to
ra nhng cn tr v xung t trong pht trin x
hi; (ii) c nhng gii php tng trng kinh t
nhanh chng to ra nhng nn tng trong n lc
gim ngho nh gii quyt vic lm to thu
nhp cho khu vc nng thn. Trong bi cnh ca
Vit Nam, lao ng ti khu vc nng thn vn
chim t l cao. Do vy, cn to ra mi trng
thun li u tin cho ngnh nng nghip
pht trin bn vng; (iii) tp trung ti a vo cc
chng trnh kinh t mi nhn nhm tng nng
sut v thu nhp cho ngi lao ng; (iv) ch
ti vn phn phi thnh qu t tng trng
kinh t, m bo s cng bng gia cc tng
lp dn c.
Th hai, xy dng cc chnh sch hng
ti ngi ngho m bo hiu qu, thit thc v
linh hot. S cam kt ca Chnh ph v s phi
hp gia cc c quan, chnh quyn a phng
trong qu trnh thc thi cng l yu t nh
hng ti s thot ngho ca cng ng. Bn
cnh vic m bo ngi ngho tip cn
vi nhng ngun lc quan trng nh t ai,
tn dng v nh l rt cn thit. Ngi ngho
cng phi c cung cp v tip cn vi cc
dch v cng nh: gio dc, cc dch v chm
sc sc khe ban u, chm sc sc khe sinh
sn, k hoch ha gia nh, nc sch v v
sinh mi trng. Do vy, vic xy dng v thc
thi cc chnh sch hng ti i tng ngho
l rt quan trng: (i) cc chnh sch ca Chnh
ph nn c s tham gia ca ngi dn, c bit
l cc chnh sch cng nhm t c mt s
ng thun cao, thc s gii quyt nhu cu ca
nhn dn; (ii) vic la chn cc chng trnh,
thit k d n gim ngho cn c qun l v
nh gi vi s tham gia ca ngi dn nhm
gim thiu nhng trng hp u t vo cc
chng trnh v d n gim ngho mu thun
vi nhu cu ca chnh nhng ngi ngho.
Th ba, pht trin v nng cao hiu qu th
trng ti chnh vi m ti khu vc nng thn.
Kinh nghim t cc nc nh Trung Quc v
Banglades cho thy, cng c ti chnh vi m l
n by quan trng trong qu trnh xa i gim
ngho ti cc quc gia ny. Do vy, cc chnh
sch tn dng v c bit l tn dng vi m hng
ti cc vng nng thn ngho rt cn c y
mnh v x hi ha. Ch trng ti nhng khon
vay theo nhng nhm ngi ngho m khng
cn phi th chp v p dng cc mc li sut
linh hot, ty theo mc ch v i tng vay.
Mt vn quan trng khc l cc khon tn
dng vi m cn da vo s tn nhim v trch
nhim lin i tp th gia nhng ngi ngho.
S kin tr v mc tiu phc v ngi ngho
khai thc trit nhng c im nhm khi dy
nhng mt tch cc ca h, gip h t vn ln
thot ngho bng cc khon vay nh l rt quan
trng. Tuy vy, cng cn t vn v c nhng gii
php gip nhng i tng cha th tham gia
hoc khng mun tham gia cc chng trnh tn
dng ny do h qu ngho hay nhng h khng
c kh nng v kinh nghim trong vic s dng
ngun vn tn dng s dng ngun vn c
hiu qu.
Th t, cam kt ca Chnh ph v chnh
quyn cc a phng trong vic gim ngho
v chng ti ngho. Kinh nghim ca
Malaysia v mt s quc gia cho thy vic cam
kt ca Chnh ph trong cc hot ng chng
i ngho, ng thi to mi trng thch hp
ngi ngho tham gia hiu qu thng qua
cc hot ng pht trin ti h thng chnh
quyn cc a phng l rt quan trng. Nh
nc cn m bo vic s dng minh bch cc
qu cng cng, khuyn khch tng trng ca
khu vc t nhn, thc y chuyn giao c hiu
qu cc dch v thit yu v quan trng nht,
xy dng th ch ngi ngho c th d
tip cn vi h thng t php. Bn cnh vic
y mnh hn na cc chng trnh bo tr x
hi cho khu vc nng thn cng l nhng mc
tiu m mt s quc gia thc hin nh chng
trnh bo him tht nghip hay to thm vic
lm trong cc khu vc cng.
TI LIU THAM KHO
TING VIT
1. Chnh ph, 2002. Chin lc ton din v tng trng v xa i gim ngho giai on 2001 - 2010, H
Ni.
2. Chnh ph, 2005. Vit Nam thc hin cc mc tiu pht trin thin nin k (Th tng chnh ph ph duyt
ti Vn bn s 4947 VPCP-QHQT ngy 01 thng 09 nm 2005), H Ni.
3. B Lao ng - Thng binh - X hi, y ban Dn tc v C quan Lin hp quc ti Vit Nam, 2009. nh
gi gia k chng trnh mc tiu quc gia gim ngho v chng trnh 135-II, giai on 2006 - 2008
(Nhn li qu kh i mt thch thc mi), H N i.
4. Phm Hng Mnh, H Th Thiu Dao, 2010.nh hng ca cc yu t ti nh s dng dch v tn dng
vn vay ca h gia nh ng dn ti ngn hng. Tp ch Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, (s18),
12/2010.
5. T chc Lao ng Quc T, C quan hp tc v pht trin quc t Thy in, Chng trnh pht trin
Lin Hp Quc, 2004. Thc y tng trng kinh t nhanh, bn vng v v ngi ngho nhm t mc tiu
pht trin thin nhin k Vit Nam. H Ni.
TI NG ANH
6. Australian Agency For International Development, Center for International Economics, 2002. Vietnam
Poverty Analysis, Canberra and Sydney.
7. Huck-ju Kwon, Ilcheong Yi, 2008. Economic Development and Poverty Reduction in Korea: Governing
Multifunctional Institutions (this paper is to be presented at the RC 19 annual conference on The Future
of Social Citizenship: Politics, Citizenship and Outcome. Co-organized by the Institute for Future Studies
and Swedish Institute for Social Research, Stockholm University, 4-6 September 2008), Sweden.
8. Inter - America Development Bank, 2004. Priorities And Strategies In Rural Poverty Reduction:
Enperiences From Latin America And Asia: Role of the State and NGOs in Curbing Poverty in South Asia:
The Bangladesh Case, New York. (pp. 93 - 108).
9. UNDP, 2008. Malaysia: measuring and monotoring poverty and inequality, Malaysia.
10. Wang Sangui, Li Zhou and Ren Yanshun, 2004. The 8-7 National Poverty Reduction Program in China
- The National Strategy and Its Impact (Scaling Up Poverty Reduction: A Global Learning Process and
Conference, Shanghai, May 25-27, 2004). Shanghai, China. (info.worldbank.org/.../reducingpoverty/.../
China-8-7PovertyReduction%20Summary.pdf)
T i li u tham kh o t Internet
11. Bo co pht trin con ngi 2009, hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_VN_Summary.pdf, cp nht ngy
17/09/2010.
12. Chng lm pht v an sinh x hi, http://daibieunhandan.vn/default.aspx?tabid=75&NewsId=204967, c p
nh t ng y 02/03/2011.
13. Chun ngho cn ph hp vi thc t, http://baodientu.chinhphu.vn/Home/Chuan-ngheo-can-phu-hop-
voi-thuc-te/20108/34747.vgp, cp nht ngy 11/08/2010.
14. Hng ti gim ngho cht lng v bn vng, http://vovnews.vn/Home/Huong-toi-giam-ngheo-chat-
luong-va-ben-vung/200910/124421.vov, c p nh t ng y 17/10/2009.
15. LHQ nh gi cao Vit Nam v quyn con ngi http://vovnews.vn/Home/LHQ-danh-gia-cao-Viet-Nam-
ve-quyen-con-nguoi/20113/169442.vov, c p nh t ng y 16/03/2011.
16. Tho lun:Ngho, http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A3o_lu%E1%BA%ADn:Ngh%C3%A8o, cp
nht ngy 16/11/2010.
17. Xa i gim ngho: Thnh tu v thch thc, http://www.tapchicongnghiep.vn/News/channel/1/
News/151/13229/Chitiet.html, cp nht ngy 15/10/2010.
D-ACID AMIN TRONG THC PHM
D-AMINO ACID IN FOOD
Nguyn Minh Tr, Nguyn Th Thanh Hi, Nguyn Vn n
TM TT
Thc phm l ngun cha D-acid amin ch yu, hnh thnh do qu trnh nu nng hay do tc ng ca
qu trnh ch bin khc nhau c s dng trong cng ngh thc phm. L-acid amin trong protein thc phm
b chuyn i sang dng D mc no . Thc phm trong mt s trng hp cha lng ng k D-acid
amin, chng c hi v mt tiu ha v sc khe cho ngi s dng.
Cc yu t chnh nh hng n s chuyn i dng D-acid amin l pH ca mi trng, x l nhit v
thi gian x l kim v cu trc ca acid amin. D-acid amin c hnh thnh trong qu trnh x l vi kim
hay nhit cao lm gim cht lng v gim mc an ton. S hin din ca D-acid amin trong protein
dn n gim kh nng tiu ha. iu ny dn n lm gim lng ng phn dng L cc acid amin cn thit,
nh vy cc lin kt peptid khng th c ct theo cch bnh thng. Mt s D-acid amin c th gy ra tc
dng c v c kh nng to cc thay i tc dng sinh hc ca Lysinoalanine. Tuy vy, mt vi D- acid amin
c th c ch (nh cht lm gim au), v cc protein cha D-acid amin c kh nng tiu ha thp, ngi ta
c th s dng trong ch n dng cho ngi gim cn.
T kha: protein, D-acid amin, chuyn dng D-acid amin, kh nng tiu ha protein
ABSTRACT
Food is the most signicant sources of D-amino acids, as in the process of cooking or during the
various processing procedures used in the food industry. Dietary proteins undergo racemisation to a greater
or lesser degree. Food, in some cases, contains substantial quantities of D-amino acids, which in turn possess
characteristics harmful with respect to digestion and health.
The principal factors inuencing racemisation are the pH of the medium, heat treatment, the
duration of the application of alkaline treatment and the structure of the respective amino acids. D-amino
acids formed in the course of treatment with alkalis or heat give rise to a deterioration in quality and reduce the
extent of safety. The presence of D-amino acids in proteins leads to a decrease in digestibility. This results in a
reduction in the quantities of the L-enantiomers of the essential amino acids, as the peptide bonds cannot split
in the normal way. Some D-amino acids can exert an isomer-toxic effect and have the capacity to give rise
to changes in the biological effect of lysinoalanine. On the other hand, certain D-amino acids may also be of
benet (e.g. in pain relief), and proteins containing D-amino acids of lower digestibility can be used in, for
example, diets designed for weight loss.
Keywords: protein, D-amino acids, racemisation, digestibility of protein
V/N L fP/O Ol
I. GII THIU
D-acid amin chuyn i t L-acid amin
trong qu trnh sn xut hoc do vi sinh vt
lm thay i v cht lng ca thc phm. S
c mt ca cc D-acid amin lm gim ng
k kh nng tiu ha ca protein trong thc n.
Mc d D-acid amin trong thc phm c xem
l khng mong mun, mt s kin cho rng
trong mt vi trng hp D-acid amin c li cho
c th. Protein trong c th sng c cu to
t L-acid amin, mc d acid amin dng D v L
u c cc c tnh l ha ging nhau. Lc u,
s tng hp c hiu ng phn ca protein
trong sinh vt sng [55] khng gii thch c,
khi c chp nhn, iu ny tr thnh mi
quan tm ca cc nh khoa hc trong gn mt
th k [5].
Khi cc phng php phn tch v xc
nh ng phn hnh hc acid amin pht
trin hon chnh, tri vi quan im trc y,
ngi ta nhn thy D-acid amin c nhiu sinh
vt khc nhau. Thnh t bo vi khun cha
D-acid aspartic, D-acid glutamic v D-alanine [1,
2]; trong mt s loi giun, ng vt bin khng
xng sng, dch t bo ch yu cha D-acid
amin [20, 22, 42]; mt s loi s bin lng
D-acid amin c th ln n 1% [23, 47]; Thc
vt bc cao cng cha D-acid amin [48]. Cc
protein bn v chuyn ha ng vt c v
c tui th cao cha lng ln D-acid amin,
cc D-acid amin ny l do chuyn i dng t
L-acid amin [3]: Nng D-acid aspartic trong
cht trng ca no ngi cha n 3%, protein
nn ca ty sng cha n 10% [25, 50]. Clarke
[18] cho rng s chuyn i D-L ca acid as-
partic xy ra trong m c th ngi nhng do
chuyn ha nhanh nn khng tch ly n nng
c th o c.
Cc acid amin khng i xng c th bin
i thnh hn hp ng phn D v L, c ch
phn ng ca qu trnh bin dng ny cn
ct b hydro ca nguyn t carbon v tr v
hnh thnh cu trc planar carbanion. Mc
chuyn i sang dng D xy ra ty thuc vo
acid amin ny dng t do hay dng lin kt
trong chui peptid, v ty thuc ch yu vo
iu kin nhit v pH, v cng ty thuc vo
bn cht ca nhm R trong acid amin [4]. Khi
kho st hin tng chuyn i sang dng ng
phn D ca cc L-acid amin t do, Bada [4],
Steinberg v cng s [53] nhn thy nhit
100C v pH gia 7 v 8 thi gian bn chuyn
i dng D-L (thi gian cn t l D/L t n
0,33) i vi serin l 3 ngy, i vi aspartic
acid l 30 ngy, i vi alanine l 120 ngy,
v i vi isoleucine l 300 ngy. Liardon v
Lederman [38] cho thy pH 9 v 83
0
C i
vi casein, thi gian chuyn i sang dng D i
vi cc acid amin trn ln lt l: 16 gi, 19 gi,
11 ngy v 57 ngy; Friedman v Liardon [26]
a ra cc gi tr theo th t i vi protein u
nnh 0,1M hydroxid natri l 9 pht, 20 pht,
5 gi v 25 gi. S chuyn i D-L ca serine,
cysteine v threonine khng ch dn n hnh
thnh ng phn dng D, m cn to acid amin t
gp. Chng hn nh, tnh trng inter-carbanion
c th mt nhm OH ca n trong khi hnh thnh
dehydroalanine. Phn ng ca dehydroalanine
vi nhm -amin ca lysine to Lysinoalanine
[40, 41], mt acid amin c phn alanine l c th
chuyn i D-L, trong khi phn lysine c hot
ng quang hc. Trong protein thc phm, phn
ng ny c th dn n lin kt cho, dn n
gim kh nng tiu ha protein [17, 27]; Hm
lng Lysinoalanine trong thc phm cng c
th c tc dng c [34].
V mt dinh dng, s chuyn i sang
dng D ca cc L-acid amin cn thit c ngha
rt quan trng. Ngi ta nghin cu kh nng
tiu ha v chuyn ha ca cc D-acid amin
cn thit. Berg [8] tng kt cc nghin cu
trc y cho thy ng vt c v, ng phn
D-acid amin cn thit c s dng mc
rt thp, trong mt s trng hp tc ng nh
l cht c ch pht trin, phn ln c bi tit
ra nc tiu. Cc nh nghin cu cng quan
tm n bn thi gian ca chuyn i D-L i
vi cc acid amin cn thit. pH gia 7 - 8,
Bada [4] o bn thi gian ca s chuyn i D-L
100C i vi isoleucine, leucine v valine l
300 ngy, v i vi phenylalanine v tyrosine
l 50 ngy. Engel v Hare [21] xc nh bn
thi gian ca chuyn i D-L pH 9, 83
0
C i
vi tryptophan l 40 ngy, threonine l 20 ngy,
cysteine 2 ngy. Kt qu nghin cu ca Boehm
v Bada [10], i vi methionine, bn thi gian
chuyn i D-L l 30 ngy 100C pH gia
7 v 8. R rng t s liu thc nghim cho thy
cysteine 100C c bit nhy cm vi chuyn
i D-L, trong khi acid amin vi chui bo mch
nhnh l bn nht v mt ny. i vi hu ht
cc acid amin cn thit, bn thi gian ca chuyn
i D-acid amin l di hn so vi acid aspartic.
Cc protein thc phm qua qu trnh x l
kim hay ko di x l nhit cha nng ng
k cc D-acid amin. Dakin ln u tin chng
minh rng s tiu ha thc n gim khi x l
vi nhit v kim mnh. Hin nay c bng
chng v s gim tiu ha c lin quan n vic
hnh thnh Lysinoalanine v vic tng chuyn
i sang dng D-acid amin [13, 17, 27, 29, 40].
II. D-ACID AMIN TRONG THC PHM
Mc d mt s cn trng, giun v ng vt
bin khng xng sng cha lng ln D-acid
amin, nhng cc sinh vt ny khng phi l
thnh phn thc n chnh ngi, v t c
quan tm. Tuy nhin, nhm ngi s dng
nhiu s bin c th hp thu lng ln D-acid
amin [23], chng hn nh lng D-acid amin
trong s bin vt qu 1%. Theo Preston [46]
trong nhuyn th bin, D-acid amin thay i t
0,11 v 1,6mM m cha 70% nc. a s cc
cng on x l thc phm, gm nu nng v
lm bnh, lin quan n x l nhit, v trong mt
s trng hp cc iu kin kim cng c
p dng lm tng D-acid amin trong protein.
Nhiu nghin cu chng minh lng ng
k cc D-acid amin tm thy trong cc sn phm
thng mi do tc ng ca quy trnh cng ngh
[29, 35, 37, 41, 56]. Lysinoalanine c trong hu
ht cc thc phm [40]. Ngoi ra, cc sn phm
sn xut tng hp nh aspartame dipeptid c
bit nhy vi chuyn i D-acid amin [9].
Sa, tht v cc loi ht khc, thng khng
cha nhiu D-acid amin, trong qu trnh ch bin
lm thc n, c th lm tng hin tng chuyn
L-acid amin sang dng D. Ngoi sa ti (cha
x l) lu gi trong kho, hu ht cc sn phm
sa trc ht c em kh trng Pasteur
(nng nhit 30 pht 68 - 72
0
C) hay ch
kh trng cao hn (135 - 145
0
C trong vi giy).
Sau em ng nht v c c, cho n vic
to cc sn phm cui cng nh sa, yaourt,
hoc ph mt tch t cc phn protein sa khc
nhau. Hai sn phm cui c ln men nh vi
khun, qu trnh ny cng gp phn lm tng
thm D-acid amin.
Payan v cng s [46] nghin cu nhng
thay i xy ra do nh hng ca x l sa bng
cch o nng D- acid aspartic. Trong sa ti
cha mc D-acid aspartic thp nht (1,48%),
nhng lng D-acid amin ny s tng ln do
x l (sa ln men vi vi khun L. acidophilus:
2,05%, bt sa khng bo: 2,15%, ker: 2,44%,
sa bay hi: 2,49%, yoghurt: 3,12%, bt sa tr
em: 4,95%). Do vy trong quy trnh sn xut sa
c gia nhit c th c hm lng D-acid aspartic
cao n 5%. T l D-acid aspartic cao nht gp
sa bt dng cho tr em khi trong quy trnh
ch bin c cng on sy kh hoc kh trng
bng nhit.
Khi nghin cu v nh hng ca x l
nhit v vi khun n hm lng D-acid amin
t do v lin kt protein trong sa, Gandol v
cng s [30] nhn nh, D-acid amin trong sa
ti khng tng do nh hng ca kh trng
bng phng php Pasteur hoc thanh trng
nhit cao. Cc tc gi xc nh hm lng
D-alanine t do gia 3 v 8%, D-acid aspartic
gia 2 v 4% trong cc mu sa kim tra; kt
qu nghin cu ny cng cho thy D-acid amin
t do trong sa ti tng trong khi bo qun
4
0
C. V vy nn s dng hm lng D-alanine
cho mc ch gim st nhim trng sa do vi
khun.
Gn y, trong khi kim tra hm lng
D-acid amin ca thc phm, c bit trong sa
v sn phm sa. S ch hng v vic
phi chng D-acid glutamic (D-Glu) v D-acid
aspartic (D-Asp) c th c pht hin lng
tng t vi D-Alanine, ch yu trong cc
sn phm c lin quan n hot ng ca vi
khun. Da vo kho st, cc tc gi khuyn
ngh nn s dng hai D-acid amin ni trn cng
vi DAPA nh vt nh du i vi protein vi
khun. [19, 36, 56]
Palla v cng s [44] xc nh hm lng
D-acid aspartic trong bt sa nng 4 - 5%
v hm lng D-alanine 8 - 12%. i vi yaourt,
hm lng D-alanine mc 64 - 68%, hm
lng D-acid aspartic t do 20 - 32%, hm
lng D-acid glutamic 53 - 56%. Trong ph
mt chn cha cc D-acid amin tng t vi
hm lng theo th t l 20 - 45%, 8 - 35% v
5 - 22%. Hm lng D-phenylalanine t do trong
ph mt chn khong t 2 n 13%, D-leucine
cng c pht hin lng nh trong ph mt
chn. Hm lng D-acid glutamic 32 - 41%, v
hm lng D-phenylalanine 9 - 12%.
Da trn s liu ghi nhn trn, cho thy
thc phm x l nhit ko di cha lng l
D-acid amin, v thc phm ln men cha
lng ln hn.
Kim tra D-acid amin trong sa, sa ln
men, ph mt ti, v ph mt chn Bruckner v
Hausch [11] cho rng lng D- acid amin ng
k c c hai sa ti v sn phm sa ln
men. S liu c trnh by trong bng 1.
Bng 1. Hm lng acid amin ca sa v sa ln men (mg/100 g)
Acid amin
Sa ti/ kh trng
Pasteur
Ker Yaourt
Sa ng
cc
Ph mt
ti
Ph mt
Harz
D-Ala 0,003 - 0,012 0,31 1,35 0,46 1,07 2,48
D-Asx
3
0,017 - 0,038 0,35 0,31 0,25 0,38 0,37
D-Glx
3
0,070 - 0,190 0,50 1,09 0,58 0,75 2,13
D-Val - 0,03 - 0,04 0,09 -
D-Leu - 0,11 - 0,15 0,16 -
D-Lys - 0,09 - 0,13 0,44 1,49
D-allo-Ile
2
- 0,07 - 0,02 - 0,27
D-Ser - 0,02 - - - -
D-Pro - - - - - 2,18
Acid amin t do (mg/100 g) 3,29 - 10,3 26,2 28,4 36,8 39,2 159
D- Acid amin t do (mg/100 g) 0,09 - 0,24 1,48 2,75 1,63 2,89 8,92
1
% D=(D/D+L)100
2
% D-allo-Ile=D-allo-Ile/(D-allo-Ile+L-allo-Ile+D-Ile+L-Ile)
3
Asx=Asp+Asn, tnh chung l aspartic acid; Glx=Glu+Gln, tnh chung l glutamic acid
T s liu trn, chng ta thy yaourt v ph mt cha lng ng k D-alanine
(1,35 - 2,48mg/100g), D-acid aspartic (0,31 - 0,37mg/100g) v D-acid glutamic (1,09 - 2,13mg/100g),
trong khi D-lysine (1,49mg/100g) v D-proline (2,18mg/100 g) cng c vi lng ng k. Ngoi
ra, cng pht hin lng vt D-valine, D-leucine, D-allo-isoleucine v D-serine trong cc sn phm
sa ln men. Khi phn tch ngun gc ca D-acid amin, ngi ta thy hu ht do vi sinh vt, nh do
nhim vi sinh vt sa ti hay vim tuyn v cha c triu chng.
III. NH HNG CA CC CNG ON X L N CHUYN I D-L
Cng ngh hin i p dng cng nghip thc phm a dng ca cc th tc vi mc ch
sa i cc c tnh ca protein nng cao hng v, n nh v ko di thi gian bo qun. X l
bng nhit hoc kim c u tin s dng cho sn xut cc sn phm c c im, hnh thc v
chc nng ring. V d, protein u nnh c x l bng kim v nhit t c mc ch, qua
p n, mt sn phm ca cu trc dng si ph hp vi nhu cu tiu dng thay cho sn phm t
tht. X l kim cng c p dng sn xut mt s sn phm t protein ng. Bng 2 trnh by
hm lng cc D-acid amin ca loi thc phm khc nhau c x l kim so vi cc i chng
khng x l.
Bng 2. Hm lng D-acid amin ca cc thc phm khc nhau (%)
1
Sn phm x l
(Mu i chng khng x l)
Acid amin
Asp Ala Leu Phe Met Val
Bnh m kh
2
[13] 10,5 2,8 2,4 2,7 1,1 1,7
Bnh m, [13] 5,6 2,4 2,3 3,2 0,9 2,3
Bt u tng p n [13] 7,6 2,2 2,4 2,7 0,8 -
Bt u tng, [13] 4,4 2,5 2,8 1,4 1,0 -
u nnh protein
3
[26] 27,7 9,9 19,7 3,1 1,0 18,2
Khng x l, [26] 0,5 0,2 0,5 0,2 0,03 0,3
Zein
4
[35] 40,2 17,6 31,3 5,0 2,9 19,5
Khng x l nhit, [35] 3,4 0,7 2,2 0,7 0,4 0,9
Hamburger
5
[13] 5,5 2,8 2,7 3,2 1,5 2,9
Tht sng, [13] 6,2 3,2 2,8 3,1 1,6 2,4
Tht g
6
[37] 22,4 0,5 0,4 0,1 - -
G nguyn con, [37] 2.9 - - - - -
Bacon, 180 C
7
[29] 10,7 2,4 3,1 3,1 1,6 -
Khng x l nhit, [29] 2,4 - 1,8 3,3 0,7 -
Casein, 230 C
7
[32] 31,0 12,0 - 7,0 4.4 -
Khng x l nhit, [32] 3,1 1,5 - - - -
1
D-acid amino % = (D / D + L) x 100;
2
Cc bnh m trng c nung nng trong 1 pht 45 giy, ch phn tch phn b mt.
3
3 gi, 65 C, 0.1N NaOH;
4
4 gi, 85 C, 0.2N NaOH;
5
Cc hamburger c chin trn c hai mt cho 4 pht. Nhit
ca cho c 250 C. Ch c b mt c phn tch;
6
Sy 121 C trong 4 gi;
7
Sy trong 20 pht.
X l nhit hoc kt hp x l nhit v kim
trong mi trng hp dn n hnh thnh
cc D-acid amin c th nh lng c. Hm
lng D-aspartic acid cao nht (31%) c
xc nh trong casein nng n 230
0
C trong 20
pht. So snh cc acid amin chuyn i D-L
cho thy mc chuyn i D-L cao nht xy
ra trong acid aspartic. Mt s cc acid amin
khng c trong bng, nh serine v cysteine,
c th chuyn i D-L nhanh hn so vi acid
spartic. Ni chung, cc acid amin thit yu khng
chuyn i D-L nhanh chng tr khi tip xc vi
nhit cao. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp cc
acid amin thit yu c x l kt hp ca nhit
cao v kim, hin tng chuyn dng D xy ra
mc ng k.
Cc nghin cu khc cng ghi nhn hm
lng D-acid amin cao trong thc phm
x l. Khi kim tra hm lng D-Asp ca mt
s loi thc phm thng mi ang lu hnh,
Masters v Friedman [41] nhn thy t l
D-acid amin rt cao trong protein u nnh nh
hnh (9%), tht xng khi (13%) v sa khng
bo (17%). Finley [24] tm thy D-Asp c nhiu
trong bnh ngt c lm t bt la m (9,5%),
bnh m (11,9%), bnh Mexico (11,6%) v bnh
ng (15,4%). Cc d liu v hamburger chin
cho thy chuyn i D-L xy ra khng ng k.
Trong bnh m trng; tht xng khi nu chn v
tht g, D-acid amin c t l cao, t l ny s tng
ln trong qu trnh nu, nng hoc chin.
Khi kim tra tc dng ca protein thc phm
x l vi sng ca Lubec v cng s [39] gn y
xc nh chc chn rng do tc ng ca vic x
l vi sng trong thi gian 10 pht hm lng cc
cis-3 v cis-4 hydroxyproline c ba mu kim
tra thuc loi thc phm dng cho tr u tng
ln, v ch mu thc phm x l bng vi sng
c D-proline mc pht hin c. Hm lng
ca cc ng phn cis c tm thy mc
1 - 2mg/lt. Cc tc gi ch ra rng nu cc ng
phn cis c kt hp vo protein thay v ng
phn trans, s lm thay i v cu trc, chc
nng v min dch.
IV. SN XUT THC PHM V PEPTID NHN
TO
Phn ny trnh by v cc loi thc phm
m trong qu trnh ch bin c tc ng nhiu
ca cng ngh, hoc sn xut tng hp (v d
nh aspartame). Trong mt s loi thc phm
lng, protein c kt hp vi carbohydrate,
trong qu trnh , cc protein c th b thay
i ng k. Khng sinh peptid c th cha
mt lng ng k cc D-acid amin [52], cng
nh mt s loi thuc dng trong ha tr liu
[14]; d lng ca cc cht ny c th lm cho
D-acid amin c trong thc phm sn xut
hm lng ng k. Qua cc s liu thu nhn
c, iu c th xc nh chc chn l cc
sn phm tng hp c cha hm lng D-acid
amin cao hn ng k so vi vt liu t nhin,
cc sn phm tng hp l ngun chnh cha
D-acid amin. Thnh phn thc phm lng da trn
protein u nnh c pht hin c cha
13% D-acid aspartic, cao hn ng k so vi
thc phm dnh cho tr em sn xut t u nnh.
Finley [24] kim tra thy loi sn phm thc phm
gim cn trong quy trnh ch bin c cng on
x l kim c cha 50% D-serine, 37% D-acid
aspartic v 26% D-phenylalanine, thc phm c
cha t l D-acid amin cao c th gy nguy him
cho ngi tiu dng nu s dng nh l ngun
protein duy nht. Cc trng hp c bit nh
vy l tng i him, nhng vn cn lu n,
trong thc phm c tri qua cng on x l
kim hoc nhit trong thi gian di c mt t l
cao cc L-acid amin chuyn i sang dng D.
Khi nghin cu v hin tng chuyn i
D-L trong aspartame, Boehm v Bada [9] nhn
thy c hai acid aspartic v acid glutamic u
chuyn i D-L nhanh chng iu kin pH
trung tnh v nhit 100C. Hin tng chuyn
i D-L xy ra khi aspartame c chuyn i
thnh mt dipeptid vng, chng rt nhy vi
hin tng chuyn i D-L. Pht hin ny rt
c ngha trong thc t, nu aspartame c
b sung vo thc phm trc khi gia nhit (nh
nu n) c th dn n chuyn sang dng D
mc cao.
V. CHUYN HA D-ACID AMIN
Nhng im nu trn cung cp bng chng
r rng rng D-acid amin c th c vi s lng
ng k trong thc phm. T cc cng trnh u
tin ca Krebs, ngi ta bit n ng vt c
v c enzyme c bit cho mc ch chuyn
ha D-acid amin. Chuyn ha D-acid amin
ch yu trong chui cc phn ng ca enzyme
D-acid amin oxidase, trong s hnh thnh ca
cc -ketoacids [6, 7]. Cc -ketoacid sau c
th tri qua phn ng chuyn amin c hiu lp
th, m kt qu hnh thnh cc ng phn L ca
cc acid amin ban u, ri i vo qu trnh trao
i cht bnh thng, hoc cch khc l chia
nh trc tip vo phn ng khc, v d: bng
cch kh car boxyl oxy ha.
S bin i ca cc D-acid amin thnh
-ketoacid din ra ch yu thn, do , cc
D-acid amin trong thc phm trc ht phi
khuch tn qua mng t bo chng c th
chuyn ha qua con ng ny. Tuy nhin, c
ch vn chuyn chn la c dng ng phn
D-L v phn bit c i vi D-acid amin [51].
Cc acid amin tng ng b oxy ha n
mc khc nhau bi enzyme D-acid amin
oxidase. D-aspartic acid, acid amin d b
chuyn i sang dng D, l mt cht rt nhy vi
enzyme D-acid amin oxidase. Acid amin thit yu
nh lysine v threonine chuyn i sang dng D
nhanh hn alanine, v cng l c cht khng
ph hp vi D-acid amin oxidase. Mt khc,
proline, m khng chuyn i sang dng D n
mt mc ng k trong ch bin thc phm,
l c cht tt nht i vi enzyme ny [37]. V
vy r rng l khng c mi quan h gia tnh
d b chuyn i D v tnh d tham gia phn ng
vi D-acid amin oxidase. V vy c th khng
nh rng cc h thng D-acid amin oxidase
ng vt c v pht trin khng c kh
nng p ng cc thch thc t ra bi cc acid
amin chuyn dng D c trong thc phm. Krebs
vn cn nghi ng v chc nng sinh hc ca
enzyme D-acid amin oxidase, tuy nhin ni
chung, quan im hin ti l D-acid amin
oxidase gii c cc D-acid amin hnh thnh trong
c th hoc vo c th c ngun gc t protein
vi khun [4]. iu ny c cng c thm nh
kt qu th nghim trn chut, chut c nui
trong mi trng v trng cho thy mc hot
tnh D-acid amin oxidase thp hn so vi chut
nui dng mi trng bnh thng. Mc d
vy, D-glutamic acid mt phn thnh cu to ca
peptidoglycan c trong thnh t bo vi khun
l cc c cht thch hp nht cho D-acid amin
oxidase, tri qua qu trnh oxy ha rt chm ch
nh enzyme D-acid aspartic oxidase. Mc d
enzyme D-acid amin oxidase cho php ng vt
c v chuyn ha D-acid amin, con ng
ny l khng hiu qu v r rng l qu ti, do
khi cc acid amin chuyn dng D hp thu vo c
th mt t l cao D-acid amin c bi tit trong
nc tiu [8]. Cc D-acid amin t do cng c th
c chuyn bng enzyme racemase thnh hn
hp D-L ca acid amin tng ng. Tuy nhin,
do enzyme racemase ch yu c vi khun,
iu ny khng phi l mt con ng cho s
chuyn ha ca D-acid amin trong ng vt c
v. Hin nay, enzyme acid amin transaminase
ch pht hin c vi khun.
Cc ngun chnh ca cc D-acid amin trong
thc phm protein dng cho ngi do sn xut
quy m cng nghip. Trc khi D-acid amin
c trong cc protein ny c th chuyn ha nh
D-acid amin oxidase, chng phi c gii
phng nh cc enzyme thy phn. Giai on
u tin ca qu trnh tiu ha protein trong
ch n ung dn n to cc acid amin t
do v peptid ngn [6]; cc peptid c sau
tip tc thy phn bi cc peptidase [49]. R
rng l cc peptid c cha D-acid amin khng
li tc dng thy phn do enzyme trong qu
trnh tiu ha. Cc nghin cu c lin quan n
tng hp peptid cho thy D-acid aspartic [43] v
D-methionine [45] khng c thy phn bng
enzyme, ngay c khi tt c cc acid amin khc
lin k l ng phn dng L. Mt s cng trnh
cng b cho thy cc acid amin chuyn dng
D n mt mc ln do tc ng ca nhit v
x l kim khng li tc dng thy phn ly gii
protein. Nghin cu mi quan h gia chuyn
dng D ca phenylalanine v t l tiu ha
protein, Chung v cng s [17] nhn thy mc
chuyn dng D tng lm cho kh nng
tiu ha gim xung ng k. Phenylalanine
chuyn dng ng phn D-L chm hn acid
aspartic, serine hoc cysteine, r rng l cc
protein c cha s lng ng k ca cc acid
amin chuyn i dng D, ch c mt phn b thy
phn trong qu trnh phn gii protein.
Cc sn phm protein thy phn c cha
cc D-acid amin v cc peptid trng lng phn
t thp c cha D-acid amin. Cc di-v tripeptid
khuch tn qua mng, trong khi cc peptid di
hn thi qua phn. Di-v tripeptid c cha acid
D-amin khng c bit thch hp cho enzyme
D-acid amin oxidase. Theo trong iu kin in
vitro pH 7, cc dipeptid nhanh chng tri qua
bin i tun hon theo chu k thnh chui acid
amin (diketopiperazine) [53]. Cc tripeptid c
thy phn nhanh chng bi cc qu trnh phi
enzyme trong ng nghim to dipeptid vng v
mt acid amin u C-tn t do [54]. Cc dipeptid
vng nhy cm cao vi chuyn i D-L trong c
th [31, 53]. Nh vy, nu qu trnh thy phn
cng xy ra trong c th, iu ny s dn n
s hnh thnh ca cc D- acid amin khc. Tuy
nhin, cc nghin cu v s chuyn ha ca
D-acid amin cha ch n s hin din ca
diketopiperazine.
VI. TIU HA D-ACID AMIN
Hin con ngi cha bit v nh hng
n sc khe khi s dng lu di cc protein
c cha cc D-acid amin do chuyn i D-L.
Masters v Friedman [41] tng kt khng thy c
tc gi no thc hin iu tra c th v tc ng
xy ra do D-acid amin n sc khe con ngi,
hin tng chuyn i D-L nh hng th no
n kh nng tiu ha thc phm protein.
1. Tc hi ca D-acid amin
Vic s dng ca cc D-acid amin cha
trong cc protein ph thuc vo vic phi chng
cc D-acid amin nh vy c gii phng t
cc lin kt L-D, D-L v D-D, v liu cc D-acid
amin c gii phng c th c chuyn
dng c hiu qu thnh cc L-acid amin? Trong
trng hp cc mu c x l, kh nng tiu
ha gim, ch yu do chuyn i sang dng D
v/ hoc n s hnh thnh ca Lysinoalanine.
Nghin cu v hin tng chuyn i to D-acid
amin cc protein x l kim, Hayashi v
Kameda [33] ghi nhn rng ngay c mt mc
nh ca chuyn i to D-acid amin cng gy
ra gim nhiu n vic tiu ha protein . Cc
tc gi nu trn quy cho vic gim t l tiu
ha thc t l do cc acid amin chuyn i dng
D, khng phi l c cht ca enzyme protease,
v cng c th gy nh hng n kh nng gii
phng cc L-acid amin ng lin k. Nh vy,
s chuyn dng D ca mt s L-acid amin cng
c th lm gia tng s mt mt ng k i vi
cc acid amin thit yu lin k, do lm gim
t l tiu ha protein. Friedman v cng s [27]
xem xt tc ng ca nhit x l, thi gian
v pH trn t l tiu ha ca casein x l
kim, trypsin v chymotrypsin. Cc tc gi trn
quan st thy rng s st gim v t l tiu ha
ca acid aspartic v phenylalanine c i km
vi s gia tng lin kt cho Lysinoalanine v
chuyn dng D. Bunjapamai v cng s [13] l
ngi u tin thnh cng trong vic phn
bit nhng nh hng v t l tiu ha in vitro
ca chuyn dng D v lin kt cho. Cc kt
lun chnh ca nghin cu ny l gim t l
tiu ha c gy ra ch yu bi chuyn dng
D. Theo Schwass v cng s [51] mt D-acid
amin l lm cho mt peptid khng thch
hp cho vic vn chuyn. Cc tc gi ny cho
rng hin tng chuyn dng D lm gim t
l tiu ha trong thc nghim v trong c th
ng ha protein nh enzyme.
Mt vn rt quan trng l liu D-acid
amin c trong thc phm l c hi? C hai
D- v L-acid amin u c LD
50
nh nhau.
D-proline c th l mt ngoi l, liu cao lm g
cht [16]. Masters v Friedman [22] ghi nhn
mt s D-acid amin gy tc dng c hi trong
mt thi gian ko di. Cc iu tra c thc
hin bi cc tc gi trn ch ra rng D-serine,
Lysinoalanine v cc protein x l kim khc
nhau c trong thc phm gy ra cc thay i
bnh l thn ca chut.
Lysinoalanine l mt trong cc cht c ch
in vitro i vi cc enzyme Carboxypeptidase v
Aminpeptidase, nh l D-alanine xy ra trong
cc protein x l kim [28, 34]. Hiu qu c
ch ca Lysinoalanine cho thy trong mt dng
phc vi cc ion kim loi enzyme tham gia vo
cc phn ng enzyme [34]. Vn t ra liu
Lysinoalanine v cc D-acid amin c ngun gc
ch n ung c phi l cc cht c ch cc
enzyme trao i cht? vn ny cha c
nghin cu v cng khng c sn cc d liu
hin nay v cc tc ng c ch trong khong
thi gian di.
2. Tc dng c li ca D-acid amin
Gim t l tiu ha ca protein thc phm
do cha cc D-acid amin trong cc trng hp
nht nh cho thy c li v mt dinh dng,
vi iu kin l cc cht cn li sau khi tiu ha
phn gii protein khng c hi. Protein chuyn
dng D c th c s dng trong thi gian vi
ngy trong khu phn n c thit k gim
cn, v kt qu ca vic tiu ha rt thp ca
cc protein ny lm gim trng lng c th
ng k trong mt thi gian ngn. Ngi ta
chng minh rng D-phenylalanine v D leucine
c tc dng gim au [15], do chng c
s dng gim au cho cc bnh nhn c triu
chng au ko di [12]. Tc dng gim au
da trn c ch c ch ca Carboxypeptidase
A v cc enzyme tng t c vai tr trong vic
phn gii opioid pentapeptid trong no v ty
sng [12]. Friedman v cng s [28] ghi nhn
Lysinoalanine v hm lng D-acid amin ca
protein thc phm c x l bng kim cng
c ch Carboxypeptidase A. Cc kt qu nghin
cu trn cho php kt lun rng s hin din ca
cc acid amin chuyn dng D trong protein thc
phm c th c ch trong s gip gim au.
Ngi ta cng bit t lu cc chui D-acid amin
c mt trong hu ht cc peptid khng sinh. V
vy c th tin rng protein thc phm cha
D-acid amin khi tiu ha phn ct to peptid c
th c tnh khng khun.
Ngnh cng nghip thc phm hin nay
cn nhn thc c nguy c tim n ca vic
x l thc phm protein; cn xc nh iu kin
t c mc ch ra m khng c thay
i ng k no n cc thnh phn c gi tr
sinh hc.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Nguyn Ln Dng (Ch bin) (2000). Vi sinh vt hc. NXB Gio dc. 25-82.
2. L Ngc T (Ch bin) (2000). Ha sinh cng nghip. NXB Khoa hc k thut.
3. Bada J.L. (1984). In vivo racemization in mammalian proteins. Methods Enzymol., 106 98-115.
4. Bada J.L. (1985). Racemization of amino acids. In: Chemistry and biochemistry of amino acids.
London-New York. Chapman & Hall. 399-411.
5. Bada J.L., Miller S.L., (1987). Racemization and the origin of optical active organic compounds in living
organisms, In: Dietary D-amino acids. Ann.Rev. Nutr., 7: 209-225.
6. Bender D.A., (1985). Amino acid metabolism, Wiley Chichester/New York, 2nd ed. 1-153.
7. Bender A.E., Krebs H.A. (1950). The oxidation of various synthetic D-amino acids by mammalian
D-amino acid oxidase, L-amino acid oxidase of cobra venom and the L- and D-amino acid oxidases of
Neuospora crassa, Biochem. J., 46: 210-219.
8. Berg C.P. (1959) Utilization of D-amino acids, In: Protein and amino acid nutrition. A.A. Albanese, New
York Academic Press, 57-96.
9. Boehm M.F., Bada J.L. (1984). Racemization of aspartic acid and phenylalanine in the sweetener
aspartame at 100 C, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 81: 5263-5266.
10. Boehm M.F., Bada J.L. (1984). Investigations of in vivo methionine racemization in mammalian tissues,
Biochem. Int., 8: 603-608.
11. Brckner H., Hausch M. (1990). D-amino acids in dairy products: Detection, origin and nutritional aspects.
I. Milk, fermented milk, fresh cheese and acid curd cheese, Milchwissenschaft, 45: 357-360.
12. Budd K. (1983). Use of D-phenylalanine, and enkephalinase inhibitor, in the treatment of intractable pain,
Adv. Pain Res. Ther., 5: 305-308.
13. Bunjapamai S., Mahoney R.R., Fagerson I.S. (1982). Determination of D-amino acids in some processed
foods and effect of racemization on in vitro digestibility of casein, J. Fd. Sci., 47: 1229-1234.
14. Chakravarty P.K., Carl P.L., Weber M.J., Katzenelknbogen J.A. (1983). Plasmin-activated prodrugs for
cancer chemotherapy. 2. Synthesis and biological activity of peptidyl derivatives of dexorubicin, J. Med.
Chem., 26: 638-644.
15. Cheng R.S.S., Omeranz B. (1979). Correlation of genetic difference in endorphin systems with analgesic
effects of D-amino acid in mice, Brain Res., 177: 583-587.
16. Cherkin A., Davis J.L., Garman M.W. (1978). D-proline stereospecifty and sodium chloride dependence of
lethal convulsant activity in the chick, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 8: 623-625.
17. Chung S.Y., Swaisgood H.E., Catignani G.L. (1986). Effect of alkali treatment in the presence of
fructose on digestibility of food proteins as determined by an immobilized digestive enzyme assay (IDEA),
J. Agric. Fd. Chem. 34: 579-584.
18. Clarke S. (1985). The role of Asp and Asn residues in the aging of erythrocyte proteins: Cellular
metabolism of racemized and isomerized forms by methylation reactions., In: Cellular and molecular
aspects of aging: The red cells as a model, New York. 91-103.
19. Csap J., Csap-Kiss Zs., Csords E., Folestad S., Tivesten A., Martin T.G., Nmethy S. (1995). Rapid
method for the determination of diaminopimelic acid using ion exchange column chromatography,
Analytical Letters, 28: 2049-2061.
20. Danielo, A., Giuditta, A., (1978). Presence of D-aspartate in squid axoplasm and in other regions of the
cephalopod nervous system, J. Neurochem., 31: 1107-1108.
21. Engel, M.H., Hare, P.E. (1982). Racemization rates of the basic amino acids, Carnegie Inst. Washington
Yearb. 81: 422-425.
22. Felbeck, H., (1985). Occurrence and metabolism of D-aspartate in the gutless bivalve Solemya reidi, J.
Exp. Zool., 234: 145-149.
23. Felbeck, H., Wiley, S., (1987). Free D-amino acids in the tissues of marine bivalves, Biol. Bull., 173:
252-259.
24. Finley, J.W., (1985). Environmental effects of protein quality, In: Chemical changes in food during
processing. Inst. Food Technologists Basic Symp. Ser., AVI Publ. Westport Conn. 443-482.
25. Fisher, G.H., Garcia, N.M., Payan, I.L., Cadilla-Perezrios, R., Sheramata, W.A., Man, E.H. (1986).
D-aspartic acid in puried myelin and myelin basic protein, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 135:
683-687.
26. Friedman, M., Liardon, R. (1985). Racemization kinetics of amino acid residues in alkali-treated soybean
proteins, J. Agric. Food Chem., 33: 666-672.
27. Friedman, M., Zahnley, J.C., Masters, P.M. (1981). Relationship between in vitro digestibility of casein
and its content of Lysinoalanine and D-amino acids, J. Food Sci., 46: 127-134.
28. Friedman, M., Grosjean, D.K., Zahnley, J.C. (1985). Carboxypeptidase inhibition by alkali-treated food
proteins, J. Agric. Food Chem., 33: 208-213.
29. Fuse, M., Hayase, F., Kato, H. (1984). Digestibility of proteins and racemization of amino acid residues in
roasted foods, J. Jpn. Soc. Nutr. Food Sci., 37: 348-354.
30. Gandol, I., Palla, G., Delprato, L., Denisco, F., Marchelli, R., Salvadori, C. (1992). D-amino acids in milk
as related to heat treatments and bacterial activity, J. Food Sci., 57: 377-379.
31. Gund, P., Veber, P. (1979). On the base-catalysed epimerization of N-methylated peptides and
diketopiperazines, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 101: 1885-1887.
32. Hayase, F., Kato, H., Fujimaki, M. (1975). Racemization of amino acid residues in proteins and poly
(L-amino) acids during roasting, J. Agric. Food. Chem., 23: 491-494.
33. Hayashi, R., Kameda, I. (1980). Decreased proteolysis of alkali treated proteins: consequences of
racemization in food processing, J. Food Sci. 45: 1430-1431.
34. Hayashi, R. (1982). Lysinoalanine as a metal chelator: an implication for toxicity, J. Biol. Chem. 257:
13896-13898.
35. Jenkins, W.L., Tovar, L.R., Schwass, D.E., Liardon, R., Carpenter, K.L. (1984). Nutritional characteristics
of alkali-treated zein, J. Agric. Food Chem., 32: 1035-1041.
36. Kato, S., Ishihara, T., Hemmi, H., Kobayashi, H., Yoshimura, T. (2011). Alterations in D-amino acid
concentrations and microbial community structures during the fermentation of red and white wines.
Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 111(1): 104-108.
37. Liardon, R., Hurrel, R.F. (1983). Amino acid racemization in heated and alkali-treated proteins, J. Agric.
Food. Chem. 31: 432-437.
38. Liardon, R., Lederman, S. (1986). Racemization kinetics of free and protein-bound amino acids under
moderate alkaline treatment. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 34: 557-565.
39. Lubec, G., Wolf, C.H.R., Bartosch, B. (1990). Amino acid isomerisation and microwave exposure. The
Lancet, March. 31: 792.
40. Maga, J.A. (1984). Lysinoalanine in foods. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 32: 955-964.
41. Masters, P.E., Friedman, M. (1980). Amino acid racemization in alkali treated food proteins-chemis-
try, toxicology, and nutritional consequences, In: Chemical Deterioration of Proteins, ACS Symp. Ser.,
Washington, 123: 165-194. Am. Chem. Soc. 268.
42. Matsushima, O., Katayama, H., Yamada, K., Kado, Y. (1984). Occurrence of free D-alanine and alanine
racemase activity in bivalve molluscs with special reference to intracellular osmoregulation, Mar. Biol.
Lett., 5: 217-225.
43. Murray, E.D., Clarke, S. (1984). Synthetic peptide substrates for erythrocyte protein carboxyl methyltrans-
ferase, J. Biol. Chem., 259: 10722-10732.
44. Palla, G., Marchelli, R., Dossena, A., Casnati, G. (1989). Occurrence of D-amino acids in food. Detection
by capillary gas chromatography and by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with
L-phenylalanine amides as chiral selectors, J. Chromatography, 475: 45-53.
45. Paquet, A., Thresher, W.C., Swaisgood, H.E., Catignani, G.L. (1985). Syntheses and digestibility
determination of some epimeric tripeptides occurring in dietary proteins, Nutr. Res., 5: 891-901.
46. Payan, I.L., Cadilla-Perezrios, R., Fisher, G.H., Man, E.H. (1985). Analysis of problems encountered in the
determination of amino acid enantiomeric ratios by gas chromatography, Anal. Biochem. 149: 484-491.
47. Preston, R.L. (1987). Occurrence of D-amino acids in higher organisms: A survey of the distribution of
D-amino acids in marine invertebrates, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 87B: 55-62.
48. Robinson, T. (1976). D-amino acids in higher plants. Life Sci., 19: 1097-1102.
49. Rosen-Levin, E.M., Smithson, K.W., Gray, G.M. (1980). Complementary role of surface hydrolysis and
intact transport in the intestinal assimilation of di- and tripeptides, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 629: 126-134.
50. Sabine A. Fuchs, Ruud Berger, Leo W.J. Klomp, Tom J. de Koning. (2005). D-Amino acids in the central
nervous system in health and disease. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, Volume 85(3): 168-180.
51. Schwass, D.E., Tovar, L.R., Finely, J.W. (1983). Absorption of altered amino acids from the intestine, In:
Xenobiotics in Foods and Feeds. ACS Symp. Ser., Washington, 234: 187-201. Am. Chem. Soc., 2- 01.
52. Shoji, J.I. (1978). Recent chemical studies on peptide antibiotics from the genus Bacillus, Adv. Appl.
Microbiol., 24: 187-214.
53. Steinberg, S., Bada, J.L. (1981). Diketopiperazine formation during investigations of amino acid
racemization in dipeptides, Science, 213: 544-545.
54. Steinberg, S., Bada, J.L. (1983). Peptide decomposition in the neutral pH range via the formation of
diketopiperazines, J. Org. Chem., 48: 2295-2298.
55. Yamane, T., Miller, D.L., Hopeld, J.J. (1981). Discrimination between D- and L-tyrosyl transfer
ribonucleic acid in peptide chain elongation, Biochemistry, 20: 7059-7065.
56. Zagon, J., Dehne, L., Bgl, K.W. (1994). D-amino acids in organisms and food. Nutrition Research, 14(3):
445-463.
CC VN C BN V NNG LC NH BT TRONG NGH C
THE BACKGROUND OF FISHING CAPACITY
L Kim Long, Phm Th Thanh Bnh
Email: lekimlong@gmail.com
TM TT
Ngh c Vit Nam tng trng rt nhanh trong hn 20 nm qua v hin ang phi i mt vi vn
u t qu mc v cn kit ngun li cc vng bin ven b. Nhm gip Vit Nam hng ti mt ngh c
pht trin bn vng v ha nhp vi ngh c quc t, t 20 - 24 thng 5 nm 2010 ti Nha Trang, FAO cng
vi Tng cc Thy sn Vit Nam t chc hi ngh quc gia v qun l nng lc nh bt trong ngh c. y l
ch mang tnh thi s nhm cung cp mt phng php lun tin cy ct gim nng lc nh bt d tha
trong cc ngh c ca tng quc gia cng nh ton cu trn quan im tip cn pht trin v qun l ngh c
c trch nhim. Bi vit ny tm lc cc vn c bn v nng lc nh bt trong ngh c c FAO chp
thun v p dng trong thc tin qun l nhiu ngh c trn th gii.
T kha: nng lc nh bt, qun l nng lc nh bt, IPOA-Capacity, ngh c c trch nhim
ABSTRACT
The shery of Vietnam has quickly increased over two past decades and currently been in the situation
of over-investment and over-exploitation in near-shore waters. To help Vietnam develop a sustainable shery
and integrate into the world shery, a national conference about shing capacity was hold by Directorate
of Vietnamese Fisheries and FAO at Nha Trang in 20 24, May, 2010. This subject is essential to supply
a methodology to deal with overcapacity in sheries of each country as well as the world based on the
approach of responsible sheries. This paper overviews the background of shing capacity that has been
adopted by FAO and has applied in the practice of many sheries over the world.
Keywords: shing capacity, management of shing capacity, IPOA-Capacity, responsible sheries
V/N L fP/O Ol
M U
L thuyt kinh t v thc tin sn xut kinh
doanh ca cc ngnh cng nghip s dng cc
ti nguyn dng chung (nh khng kh, nc,
ngun li c,) ch ra vn nghim trng
i vi s pht trin bn vng l vic tranh
ginh ca cc n v sn xut. Vic tranh
ginh s dn n s u t qu mc ca mi
n v sn xut ni ring v ca c ngnh ni
chung. u t qu mc s dn n s d tha
nng lc sn xut. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng
ny l do cc ngnh cng nghip s dng ti
nguyn dng chung thng khng kim sot s
gia nhp ngnh hoc quyn s hu ti nguyn
khng r rng. Trong lch s ngh c th gii,
bt u t rt sm, Warming (1911) cnh bo
vin cnh nhiu ngh c trn th gii s ri vo
tnh trng u t qu mc v dn n d tha
nng lc nh bt. c bit i vi cc ngh
c c quyn tip cn m, s tranh ginh trong
nh bt s lm cho ngun li c b khai thc
qu mc v do vy li tc ti nguyn s khng
cn (Hardin 1968).
Ngy nay s d tha nng lc nh bt
tr nn ph bin v l vn sng cn i vi s
pht trin bn vng ca nhiu ngh c trn th
gii (FAO, 2003 v Long, 2009). Rt nhiu ngun
li thy sn hin ang b nh bt bi s lng
tu thuyn qu ln v ang trong trng thi ngy
mt suy kit v khai thc qu mc (FAO, 2003).
Nguyn nhn ca hin trng ny, mt phn, l
bi cng lc khai thc trong ngh c th gii
gia tng khng b hn ch trong thi k 1950
n 1990 vi th ch quyn tip cn ngun li
m. C th, trong giai on 1970 - 1990, nng
lc nh bt trong ngh c cng nghip ca th
gii tng nhanh gp khong 8 ln so vi tc
tng v sn lng khai thc thy sn th gii
(Greboval v Munro, 1999). Garcia v Newton
(1997) cho rng sn lng khai thc hi sn th
gii vt mc khong 25 - 53% so vi mc
khai thc bn vng ngun li. Ngun li thy
sn, d l ngun li c kh nng ti sinh nhng
vn l hu hn. Khi s nh bt t ti ngng
gii hn sinh hc cho php, tr lng ngun li
s st gim v chng ta s phi i mt vi cc
vn v cn kit ngun li.
Vi s xc lp quyn s hu phm vi
quc gia v vng c quyn kinh t trn bin,
nhiu quc gia thc hin vic qun l
phc hi, bo v v khai thc hiu qu ngun
li hi sn (UN, 1982). Cc bin php qun l
ngh c truyn thng thng c p dng l
thu ti nguyn, giy php khai thc, qun l
da vo cc yu t u vo nh trng ti, cng
sut, chiu di tu,... Trong thc t, cc bin
php qun l ny d c nhng tc dng tch
cc nhng kt qu thng khng t c nh
mong mun. Ng dn c th d dng gia tng
cng lc khai thc bng cch gia tng s ngy
nh bt, lp t cc thit b tin tin d tm
c, gia tng kch thc ng c hay thay i cng
sut my,... (FAO, 2003). Mt s quc gia pht
trin c h thng kim sot tt p dng bin
php qun l da trn sn lng u ra theo
hn ngch khai thc. Tuy vy, h thng qun
l theo hn ngch vi c s l thuyt da trn
m hnh kinh t sinh hc cho ngh c n loi
(xem Schaefer 1954; Fox, 1970; Holt, 1965),...
bc l nhc im quan trng l b qua cc
tc ng a loi. Do vy, cc bin php qun l
truyn thng mc d phn no c th hin thc
ha c cc mc tiu qun l v mt sinh hc
nhng khng gii quyt c s d tha nng
lc nh bt trong nhiu ngh c.
Trc tnh hnh ny, FAO (1995) thng
qua b nguyn tc ng x thc hin ngh c
c trch nhim (Code of Conduct Responsible
Fisheries - CCRF). CCRF nhn thc rng s d
tha nng lc nh bt l tr ngi chnh thc
hin khai thc ngun li thy sn bn vng. C
th, iu khon 63 ngh rng: cc quc gia
phi chng li vic khai thc qu mc v nng
lc nh bt d tha; v phi thc hin cc bin
bin i. Nh vy, nng lc sn xut l mt khi
nim ngn hn v t nht c mt u vo (thng
thng l vn u t) v cng ngh sn xut
c gi c nh mt mc no .
m t khi nim ny, chng ta s bt
u t hm sn xut. Gi s Y l mt u ra;
X l u vo sn xut bin i; v Z l u vo
sn xut c nh. u vo bin i l u vo c
th d dng thay i trong ngn hn (v d nh
nhin liu v lao ng). u vo c nh l u
vo khng th d dng thay i trong ngn hn
(v d nh nh xng v my mc). ng gii
hn sn xut g, xc nh sn lng u ra ti
a c th t c t cc u vo cho trc c
th c vit di dng phng trnh ton hc
Y = g(X,Z). Nhn chung, mi quan h gia sn
lng u ra vi u vo bin i c th gi nh
nh hnh v sau:

Hnh 1. Hm sn xut kinh in
Vi u vo c nh cho trc, l thuyt v
hm sn xut kinh in gi thit rng, u tin,
vic gia tng yu t u vo bin i s lm sn
lng u ra gia tng. Sn lng u ra s t
cc i ti A. Vic tip tc gia tng u vo bin
php qun l m bo rng cng lc nh
bt l ph hp vi kh nng ti to ca ngun li
thy sn v s dng chng bn vng. Hn na,
iu khon 7.1.8 cng khng nh rng cc
quc gia phi thc hin cc bin php chng li
v loi tr nng lc nh bt d tha; v phi
m bo rng cng lc nh bt l tng thch
vi vic s dng bn vng cc ngun li thy
sn nh l mt cch thc m bo s hiu qu
ca cc bin php qun l v bo tn ngun li.
Nm 1998, FAO t chc nhm t vn k
thut ti La Jolla bn tho cc vn v qun
l nng lc nh bt (FAO, 1998). Da trn
khuyn ngh ca nhm t vn ny, chng trnh
hnh ng quc t v qun l nng lc nh
bt (IPOA-Capacity) c y ban ngh c
ca FAO chp thun. Nm 1999, nhm t vn
k thut v vic o lng nng lc nh bt ca
FAO nhm hp Mexico thng nht v
nh ngha v phng php o lng nng lc
nh bt trong ngh c (FAO, 2003).
II. CC VN C BN V NNG LC
NH BT TRONG NGH C
1. Nng lc nh bt
Nng lc nh bt trong ngh c c ngun
gc t nng lc sn xut c ng dng rng
ri trong l thuyt v sn xut ca mt doanh
nghip. Johansen (1968) cho rng nng lc sn
xut l mc sn lng u ra (cc u ra) ln
nht c th t ti c to ra bi mt n v
sn xut, mt doanh nghip hoc mt ngnh
vi cng ngh sn xut, vi vn u t v cc
yu t sn xut khc cho trc, nhng khng
c bt k s gii hn no v cc yu t sn xut
i s dn ti s phi hiu qu trong sn xut
do b gii hn bi u vo c nh, v v vy s
lm sn lng u ra gim dn. Ti im A, sn
lng u ra l ln nht c th t c hay
cn gi l nng lc sn xut ca doanh nghip.
Chnh ti y, u vo c nh c s dng
hiu qu nht.
Da trn khi nim c xut ca
Johansen (1968), FAO (1998) a ra khi nim
v nng lc nh bt theo quan im kinh t -
k thut trong ngh c nh sau: nng lc nh
bt l mc sn lng tim nng nh bt c
trong mt n v thi gian ca mt tu hay mt
i tu vi vn u t, cc quy nh, cng ngh
nh bt v trng thi ngun li cho trc.
hiu r hn nh ngha ny ca FAO, chng ta s
bt u vi nh ngha hm sn xut trong ngh
c. Hm sn xut trong nh bt c thng c
nh ngha l Y = Y(E , S). Trong , Y l mc sn
lng u ra, S l tr lng ngun li v E l
cng lc nh bt. Cng lc nh bt l mt
hm s ca: (i) K, vn u t (tu, my, ng c)
v (ii) V, chi ph bin i (thng c i din
bi s ngy hot ng). Do vy ta c th vit li
hm nh bt c nh sau: Y = Y(K, V, S).
Vi mt tr lng ngun li, cc quy nh v
cng ngh nh bt cho trc, khi nim nng
lc nh bt ca FAO (1998) l mt khi nim
ngn hn vi s gii hn v vn u t (u
vo c nh) cho trc. Mc sn lng u ra
ln nht s l mc m vic nh bt khng
b gii hn v cc u vo bin i vi cc iu
kin nh bt din ra bnh thng. Khi mc
sn lng ny s nm trn ng bin gii hn
ca sn xut vi mt cng ngh cho trc c
c lng bi hm s: Y
C
= Y
C
(K, S), v do vy
Y
C
l mc sn lng ln nht c th t c
(sn lng tim nng) vi mc vn u t K v
tr lng ngun li S cho trc. Nh vy, theo
nh ngha ca FAO, Y
C
chnh l nng lc sn
xut ca mt tu/i tu/ngh c vi mc vn
u t K.
2. Hiu sut s dng nng lc nh bt
FAO (1998) nh ngha hiu sut s dng
nng lc nh bt (CU) l t s gia mc nh
bt thc t (sn lng quan st, Y) vi mc
nng lc nh bt (sn lng tim nng, Y
C
) -
ngha l CU = Y/Y
C
- ch s ny biu th s d
tha nng lc nh bt nu nh nh hn 1. T
s ny cng cho thy t l m vn u t c th
ct gim m vn cho mc sn lng nh c. S
nghch o ca t s ny CU
I
= 1/CU = Y
C
/Y cho
bit mc gia tng sn lng u ra c th nu
nh con tu c s dng vi 100% nng lc
nh bt. V d t s ny l 1.5 ngha l sn
lng tim nng c th gia tng 50% so vi mc
sn lng hin ti. Hn na, Fre, Grosskopf
and Kokkelenberg (1989) cho rng s khc bit
gia mc sn lng quan st vi sn lng
tim nng l do hai nguyn nhn: (i) s phi hiu
qu v mt k thut trong sn xut - trong ngh
c, s phi hiu qu v mt k thut l do k nng
nh bt thp (Kirkley, Squires, and Strand,
1995; Squires and Kirkley, 1999); v (ii) vic s
dng u vo bin i cha mc ti u vi
vn u t cho trc.
3. Qun l nng lc nh bt
thc hin qun l nng lc nh bt, cu
hi u tin m cc nh qun l cn tr li l
nng lc nh bt ca ngh c/i tu vt
ngng cho php hay cha?. Tc l, chng ta
cn so snh Y
C
vi Y
MSY
(mc sn lng bn
vng ln nht). Nu Y
C
< Y
MSY
, chng ta vn c
th tip tc gia tng u t ti sn c nh vo
ngh c mc Y
MSY
- Y
C
. Nu Y
C
> Y
MSY
, nng
lc nh bt trong ngh c vt ngng v
mc d tha cn ct b l Y
C
- Y
MSY
. Tuy nhin
phn ln cc ngh c trn th gii - c bit l
ngh c a ng loi, d liu v mc sn lng
bn vng ln nht (Y
MSY
) thng khng c hoc
rt t chnh xc. Do vy, mc sn lng quan
st thc t c th c s dng i din cho
c lng ca Y
MSY
- iu ny c ngha l ta gi
s trng thi hin ti ca ngun li khng cho
php tip tc gia tng sn lng nh bt (FAO,
2003). Lc ny, mc nng lc nh bt d tha
trong ngh c chnh bng mc sn lng tim
nng tr i mc sn lng hin ti (Y
C
- Y).
ngh c pht trin bn vng, mc d tha nng
lc nh bt ny cn phi c ct b.
Cu hi quan trng k tip i vi cc nh
hoch nh chnh sch ngh c l s lng tu
s phi ct b l bao nhiu?. Chng ta s bt
u vi c lng im v mc sn lng tim
nng ca mi con tu trong i tu. Sau , ty
thuc vo mc tiu ca cc nh qun l ngh
c, chng ta s xc nh s lng con tu cn
loi b khi ngh c. Nu mc tiu l c i tu
nh bt c quy m nh nht th chng ta s loi
b cc con tu c mc sn lng tim nng nh
nht trc cho ti khi tng sn lng tim nng
ca cc con tu b loi b bng tng mc nng
lc d tha. Nu mc tiu l i tu nh bt
c quy m ln nht th chng ta s loi b cc
con tu c mc sn lng tim nng ln nht
trc cho ti khi tng sn lng tim nng ca
cc con tu b loi b bng tng mc nng lc
d tha.
Vi nhiu quc gia ang pht trin v nhiu
mc tiu khc nhau i khi vic gia tng sn
lng nh bt l cn thit. gia tng mc
sn lng nh bt hin ti, FAO (2003) khuyn
co rng cc quc gia nn ngh n vic gia tng
hiu sut s dng nng lc nh bt trc khi
thc hin u t thm ti sn c nh vo ngh
c. Tc l, chng ta c th (i) khuyn co mi
tu/i tu s dng mc ti u u vo bin
i; (ii) thc hin cc chng trnh o to ng
dn, cung cp cc thng tin v ngun li, d bo
thi tit, cu h v cu nn trn bin - s dn
n vic ci thin hiu qu k thut nh bt. S
cn trng trong u t vo ngh c hin ti s
gip cc quc gia t phi i mt vi tnh trng
d tha nng lc nh bt v cn kit ngun li
trong tng lai.
III. KT LUN
Trn quan im ca cch tip cn qun l
ngh c c trch nhim, nhiu nh khoa hc
ch ra nguyn nhn c bn ca vic suy gim
ngun li rt nhiu khu vc trn th gii l
do u t qu mc trong cc ngh c. c
lng nng lc v hiu sut s dng nng lc
nh bt lm c s cho vic qun l v quy
hoch ngh c, FAO (2003) hng dn s
dng phng php phn tch Data Envelopment
Analysis (DEA) ph hp vi cc ngh c a loi
v nhu cu v d liu cng khng ln nn rt
thch hp p dng trong cc ngh c, c
bit l ngh c vng nhit i ti cc nc
ang pht trin nh Vit Nam. Phng php
DEA khc phc c cc nhc im ca cc
m hnh kinh t - sinh hc n loi trc y
trong vic quy hoch ngh c. Hin c rt
nhiu nghin cu p dng cch tip cn ny lm
nn tng cho vic qun l ngh c ti rt nhiu
khu vc trn th gii (xem FAO, 2003). Trong
khu vc ng Nam , mt s quc gia cng
bt u nghin cu p dng cc phng
php ny nhm thc hin quy hoch ngh c.
C th, Squires v cc cng s (2003) bc
u p dng phng php DEA nghin cu
cc ngh c o Java v a ra kt lun cn
ct gim nng lc nh bt t 10 - 40% i vi
tng ngh. Kirkley v cc cng s (2003) cng
p dng phng php tng t nghin cu
v ngh li vy Malaysia v kt lun mc
nng lc nh bt hin vn ang m bo cho
s pht trin bn vng. Phng php DEA ng
dng trong phn tch nng lc nh bt s c
trnh by chi tit trong bi vit sau.
Sau mt thi k tng trng nng v u
t trong ngh c, y l lc Vit Nam cn phi
nghim tc quan tm v kha cnh kinh t v
qun l ngh c t c mc tiu pht trin
bn vng trong di hn. Qun l nng lc nh
bt trn quan im tip cn ngh c c trch
nhim ca FAO s cung cp cho chng ta mt
phng php lun tin cy nhm ct gim cc
tu thuyn nh bt ven b. Mt khc, pht
trin cc ngh c xa b ph hp vi cc bin
php qun l v bo tn ngun li (v d nh c
ng i dng,) theo thng l quc t khng
ch mang li cho chng ta cc li ch kinh t lu
di m cn l nn tng rt c bn to ra s tin
cy, ng thun v hp tc gia cc quc gia
trong vng hng ti gii quyt cc tranh
chp trn Bin ng theo lut php v thng
l quc t.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. FAO, 1995. Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. Rome.
2. FAO, 1998. Report of the Technical Working Group on the Management of Fishing Capacity, La Jolla,
California, United States, 15-18 April 1998. FAO Fisheries Report No. 586. Rome.
3. FAO, 2003. Measuring and assessing capacity in sheries - Issues and Methods. FAO Fisheries Technical
Paper 433/2, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
4. Fre, R., Grosskopf, S. & Kokkenlenberg, E., 1989. Measuring plant capacity utilization and technical
change: A non-parametric approach. International Economic Review, 30: pp. 655-666.
5. Fox, W.W. Jr., 1970. An exponential surplus-yield model for optimizing exploited sh populations. Trans.
Am. Fish. Soc., 99: 80-88.
6. Garcia S. M., Newton C., 1997. Current situation, trends and prospects in world capture sheries, in Global
Trends: Fisheries Management-Pikitch E. I., Huppert D. D., Sissenwine M. P., eds. American Fisheries
Society Symposium, 20: 3-27.
7. Greboval and Munro G., 1999. Overcapitalization and excess capacity in world sheries: underlying eco-
nomics and methods of control, in Managing Fishing Capacity: Selected Papers on Underlying Concepts
and Issues, D. Greboval, ed. (Rome, FAO).
8. Hardin, G., 1968. The tragedy of the commons. Science 162: 1243-1248.
9. Holt, S. J., 1965. A note on the relationship between mortality rate and the duration of life in an exploited
sh popula tion. ICNAF Res. Bull. 2: 73-75.
10. Johansen, L., 1968. Production functions and the concept of capacity. Collection Economie et
Mathematique et Econometrie 2: 46-72
11. Kirkley, J., Squires, D. & Strand, I.E., 1995. Assessing technical efciency in commercial sheries: The
Mid-Atlantic sea scallop shery. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 77: 686-697.
12. Kirkley, J., et al., 2003. Excess capacity and asymmetric information in developing country sheries: The
Malaysian pure sein shery. Amer. J. Agr. Eco. 85(3): 647-662.
13. Long, L. K., 2009. Regional Fisheries Management Organisation with an endogenous minimum
participation level for cooperation in straddling stock sheries. Fisheries Reasearch, 97 (2): 42-52.
14. Schaefer, M., 1954. Some aspects of the dynamics of populations important to the management of the
comercial marine sheries. Bull. 1-ATTC/Bol. CIAT, 1(2):27-56.
15. Squires, D. and Kirkley, J., 1999. Skipper skill and panel data in shing industries. Canadian Journal of
Fisheries and Aquatic Science 56 (11), 2011-2018.
16. Squires, D., et al., 2003. Excess capacity and sustainable development in Java Sea sheries Environment
and Development Economics 8: 105-127.
17. UN., 1982. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. UN Doc. A/Conf 62
18. Warming, J., 1913. Om grundrent af skergrunde, (On rent on shing grounds). Translated by P. Anderson
(1982), Nationalokonomisk Tidsskrift, 49:499-505.
VIT NAM VAY 125 TRIU USD PHT TRIN THY SN
Ngc Minh
Vit Nam s vay ca Ngn hng Th gii 125 triu USD theo ngun vn ODA thc hin d
n Ngun li ven bin v s pht trin bn vng.
ng Nguyn Quang Bc, i din Ban qun l cc d n nng nghip, B NN & PTNT cho bit
nh trn. D n s c thc hin ti 8 tnh ben bin VN gm Thanh Ha, Ngh An, H Tnh, Bnh
nh, Ph Yn, Khnh Ha, Sc Trng v C Mau trong 5 nm vi thi gian d kin bt u l thng
8.2012.
D n hng ti cc mc tiu chnh: tng cng nng lc th ch nhm qun l ngun li mt
cch bn vng h tr ngnh thy sn, y mnh thc hnh tt v nui trng v khai thc ngun li
thy sn ven bin bn vng. Trong vic u t c c ngun sn xut tm ging sch bnh,
cht lng tt cung cp cho ngi nui l mt trong nhng yu cu hng u ca d n.
Ngun: Dn Vit
IU TRA TNG TH TI NGUYN THY SN VN
V.V.THNH
Chiu 17/6, Ph Th tng Nguyn Thin Nhn c cuc lm vic vi B Nng nghip
v Pht trin nng thn (NN&PTNT) v hot ng khoa hc v cng ngh. Ti cuc lm vic, B
Trng B NN&PTNT Cao c Pht nu ba vn m ng gi l ba iu c:
Th nht, thc hin iu tra tng th ti nguyn thy sn vng bin VN c c s khoa hc
iu hnh vic khai thc thy sn. Th hai, mi trng nc v cng nhy cm i vi ngnh thy
sn, nhng hin nay B NN&PTNT khng c kh nng theo di lin tc din bin ca mi trng
nc. Th ba, lin quan n c ch ti tr ngn sch cho nghin cu, chuyn giao khoa hc v
cng ngh B NN&PTNT khng ch h tr cc n v nh nc m cn h tr c khi t nhn.
Ph Th tng Nguyn Thin Nhn khng nh xy dng nc VN tr thnh quc gia mnh
hn na v nng nghip, cn tp trung tho g nhng tn ti, lm sao cho li ch ca ngi lm
khoa hc tng xng vi ng gp cho x hi.
Ph Th tng khng nh ng h xut ca lnh o B NN&PTNT v vic xy dng n
iu tra ti nguyn thy sn, cng nh m bo kinh ph thc hin.
Ngun: Tui tr
flN fUC SU KlLN

Cách Trình Bày

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cách Trình Bày

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

G c im phn b ca c ci (Conus spp) ti vnh Vn

Terminator v.3.1, Applied Biosystems) vi

3700 DNA Analyser (Applied

= 29,86 124,84 cm,

(29.86 124.84cm), K (0.06 0.34), t

You might also like