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B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC LC HNG KHOA: CNG NGH SINH HC MI TRNG

BI GING QUN L MI TRNG TH V KHU CNG NGHIP

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Page 1

Chng I: MI TRNG V QU TRNH PHT TRIN TH V KHU CNG NGHIP


Gii thiu Ha cng xu hng pht trin ca th gii, t nc ta thc hin ch trng m ca pht trin kinh t - x hi v bc u thu c nhng kt qu ng k. i sng ngi dn c ci thin, thu nhp u ngi tng, gio dc, y t pht trin v ngy cng nhiu nh my, x nghip, khu cng nghip v th mc ln, lm thay i din mo ca t nc. Tuy nhin, mt tri ca s pht trin hin ti chnh l nhng nh hng xu n mi trng. Do vic s dng ti nguyn khng hp l, cht thi trong qu trnh sn xut ti cc nh my, x nghip khng c qun l ng cch v qu trnh th ha din ra ty hng trong thi gian qua gy nhiu tc ng xu n mi trng. qu trnh cng nghip ha th ha pht trin hp l, bn vng cn phi c nhng bin php qun l ph hp. 1.1. Cc khi nim v T-KCN 1.1.1 th c ngh nh 72/200172/2001/N-CP ngy 05 thng 10 nm 2001 th l cc im dn c tp trung vi mt cao, ch yu l lao ng phi nng nghip, c vai tr thc y s pht trin kinh t - x hi ca c nc hoc mt vng lnh th nht nh v c c s h tng pht trin. V cp qun l: th bao gm thnh ph, th x, th trn c c quan nh nc c thm quyt nh thnh lp. V trnh pht trin Phn loi th ca Vit Nam th c phn thnh 6 loi, gm: th loi c bit, th loi I, th loi II, th loi III, th loi IV v th loi V. Siu th (Megacity): l th c s dn ln hn 10 triu ngi. Cp qun l th gm: Thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng;

Thnh ph thuc tnh; th x thuc tnh hoc th x thuc thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng; Th trn thuc huyn.

th ho : th ho l qu trnh tp trung con ngi v cc hot ng kinh t.

1.1.2

Khu cng nghip Page 2

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Cch phn loi cc dng KCN theo Ngh nh s 29/2008/N-CP [5a] Khu cng nghip: l khu chuyn sn xut hng cng nghip v thc hin cc dch v cho sn xut cng nghip, c ranh gii a l xc nh. Khu ch xut (KCX): l khu cng nghip chuyn sn xut hng xut khu, thc hin dch v cho sn xut hng xut khu v hot ng xut khu, c ranh gii a l xc nh. Cm cng nghip (CCC): l mt s x nghip b tr gn nhau trn mt mt bng thng nht. Cc nh my trong cm quan h vi nhau v mt hp tc xy dng v s dng chung cc cng trnh ph tr k thut, cc cng trnh v mng li k thut h tng, nhm nng cao hiu qu vn u t v gim cc chi ph qun l khai thc. Qu trnh pht trin cc KCN: Nm 1993: C 2 KCN (Tn Thun v Linh Trung 1) Nm 1997: Quy ch u t, qun l KCN, KCX sa i 45 KCN Nm 2011: 250 KCN trn c nc

V d v qu trnh th ha, cng nghip ha [7 tr 1]

Chicago nm 1820

Chicago nm 1854

Chicago nm 1889 Hnh 1.1. Qu trnh th ha, cng nghip ha Chicago, M.

1.2. Hin trng mi trng T & KCN [Type text] Page 3

Pht trin = Cng nghip ha + th ha + Quc t ha + Phng ty ha Pht trin bn vng l quan h tng hp gia kinh t, x hi v t nhin (mi trng), l 3 h thng lng ghp vi nhau: kinh t pht trin, x hi cng bng, mi trng bn vng. 1.2.1 p lc ln mi trng Vic pht trin cc T & KCN gy ra nhiu p lc cho cc thnh phn mi trng: Mi trng t Mi trng nc Mi trng khng kh Ti nguyn, nng lng p lc ny vt qu kh nng p ng v chu ng ca mi trng suy thoi mi trng, pht trin khng bn vng.

1.2.2 Cht lng mi trng T&KCN Mi trng nc Bng 1.1. Cht lng nc mt sng ng Nai (T di cu ng Nai - Phng Long Bnh Tn Thnh ph Bin Ha n Ng 3 Ci Mp x Phc An - Huyn Nhn Trch) Nng (mg/l) STT 1 2 3 4 5 Thng s COD (mg/l) TSS (mg/l) N-NH4+ (mg/l) N-NO2 (mg/l) Fe (mg/l) 2005 46,7 0,518 0,015 2006 57,6 87,2 0,105 0,036 2007 84,4 74,9 0,145 0,067 1,7 (Ngun: [6]) TCVN 5942:1995 ct B < 35 80 0,05 2 QCVN 2008, ct B1 30 50 0,5 0,04 1,5

Mi trng khng kh Ngun gy nhim Bng 1.2. Ngun gy nhim mi trng khng kh Ngun Nhn to [Type text] Tc nhn gy nhim Cng nghip, giao thng, nng Kh CO, CO2, SOx, NOx, CH4, Page 4 Hot ng

nghip, sinh hot, xy dng, t Bi, sol kh, . rng, T nhin Ni la, cc qu trnh phn hy SOx, NOx, CH4, H2S, Bi, sol kh, . cc cht, ng t,

Hin trng mi trng khng kh

Ngy cng nhiu kh nhim, bi c thi vo khng kh m ngun thi ng k l qu trnh cng nghip ha, th ha. Hu qu nghim trng nht m chng ta ang gnh chu l bin i kh hu ca tri t, gy nhiu nh hng n sc khe, i sng v kinh t ca ngi dn. V d: Bng 1.3. Lng pht thi kh gy hiu ng nh knh t 1994 n 2000 ca Vit Nam (quy i thnh CO2) Nm 1994 1998 2000 Lng pht thi (triu tn/nm) 103,84 120,8 130,5 (Ngun: [2]) Mi trng t Bng 1.4. Hm lng cc ch tiu kim loi nng trong mi trng t ti cc khu vc chu tc ng ca hot ng cng nghip, khu vc t dn sinh v chu nh hng bi cht thi rn th nm 2010 ti ng Nai. t quan trc Khu vc t cng nghip t 1 KCN Bin Ha 1 t 2 t 1 KCN Bin Ha 2 t 2 t 1 KCN Bu Xo t 2 t 1 KCN H Nai t 2 t 1 KCN nh Qun t 2 t 1 KCN G Du t 2 t 1 KCN Long Thnh t 2 V tr Pb mg/kg 21,2 23,8 26,8 13,6 3,50 4,11 11,3 16,7 13,5 16,8 3,43 5,45 8,00 14,1 Cu mg/kg 44,3 66,5 32,6 6,97 6,29 6,87 9,99 10,0 20,0 18,3 3,81 5,38 37,7 19,2 Cd mg/kg 0,1132 0,0935 0,0566 0,0498 <0,0166 <0,0166 <0,0166 0,0467 0,0468 0,0200 <0,0166 <0,0166 0,0966 0,0299 Zn Mg/kg 146 141 99,0 90,3 8,32 3,58 11,6 12,3 63,3 39,3 18,6 5,98 21,7 13,6 As mg/kg 1,46 5,97 1,66 5,48 0,184 1,090 1,58 20,6 5,380 12,7 0,28 2,61 3,16 5,74 Page 5

Stt I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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Stt 8 9 10 11 II 1 2 3

Cu Cd Zn t quan Pb trc mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Mg/kg t 1 2,58 3,66 5,32 0,0233 KCN Tam Phc t 2 3,31 5,29 <0,0166 4,63 t 1 2,62 1,27 2,67 0,0400 KCN Nhn Trch 1 t 2 5,64 26,3 <0,0166 3,97 t 1 1,8 0,799 <0,0166 3,33 KCN Nhn Trch 2 t 2 2,41 3,96 4,58 <0,0166 t 1 4,67 6,54 0,0235 14,3 KCN ng Ko t 2 16,5 18,4 <0,0166 25,0 Khu vc t dn sinh v chu nh hng ca cht thi rn th t 1 76,3 45,9 0,0233 10,9 Bi rc Trng Di t 2 8,72 5,82 0,0300 24,9 t 1 7,87 11,0 0,0596 33,0 Tam Ha-Bin Ha t 2 67,2 22,3 0,0498 6,6 t 1 11,5 52,4 0,2800 125 Xun An-Long Khnh t 2 16,3 77,3 0,1433 93,6 QCVN 03:2008 120 70 5 200 V tr

As mg/kg 0,667 1,81 0,482 3,21 0,840 1,99 1,89 9,72 5,16 2,54 1,13 2,02 0,630 2,20 12

(Ngun [6]: Kt qu quan trc cht lng mi trng t tnh ng Nai 6 thng cui nm 2010)

CTR v CTNH Loi cht thi 1 Cht thi sinh hot 1 Bn, cn ng 2 Ph thi xy dng 3 Cht thi y t nguy hi 4 Cht thi cng nghip nguy hi Tng Lng pht sinh (tn/ngy) 1997 1998 1999 14.525 16.558 18.879 822 1.789 240 1.930 19.315 920 2.049 252 2.200 21.979 (Ngun: [2]) Bng 1.6. Lng CTNH trn a bn tnh ng Nai t 2005-2007 Nm 2005 2006 2007 Tng lng CTNH (tn/nm) 15.505 20.964 30.320 (Ngun: [6]) 1.2.3 Tiu ch nh gi cht lng mi trng T v KCN Theo m hnh p lc trng thi p ng [Type text] Page 6 1.049 2.336 277 2.508 25.049 T l thu gom (%) 1997 1998 1999 55 68 75 90 55 75 48 65 92 65 75 48 70 92 65 75 60 73

Cc tiu ch v p lc: Din tch, s lng, quy m T-KCN. Ti nguyn thin nhin: ti nguyn, nng lng. Cc ngun pht sinh cht thi: kh thi, nc thi, CTR. Bo tn a dng sinh hc v hng n th bn vng. i sng vt cht ngi dn: n, mc, , Giao thng vn ti. Y t, gio dc. S c mi trng: ngp ng, st ln, chy n, Cc tiu ch v trng thi Trng thi mi trng nc. Trng thi mi trng t. Trng thi mi trng khng kh. Trng thi ting n. Tiu ch v sc kho mi trng. Cc tiu ch v p ng Quy hoch s dng t ph hp yu cu pht trin KT-XH v BVMT . S dng hp l ti nguyn thin nhin. Cc cng ngh SXSH, qun l v x l cht thi t quy chun. S lng cc khu bo tn, vnh ai bo v, din tch mt nc, thm xanh th. C s h tng. i sng ngi dn. Khc phc s c mi trng.

Chng 2. CC CNG C QUN L MI TRNG


Gii thiu Nh tm hiu chng 1, hin trng mi trng, nht l mi trng T & KCN ang b nhim. V vy, cn phi c nhng cng c ph hp qun l cht lng mi trng. 2.1. Nhm cng c php l chnh sch 2.1.1. Lut mi trng Lut BVMT chnh thc c hiu lc ngy 10/01/1994 (7 chng v 55 iu), lut c sa i, b sung v c hiu lc ngy 25/12/2005, gm 15 chng v 136 iu. [Type text] Page 7

Gii thiu ni dung chnh ca lut mi trng. Chng 1. Nhng quy nh chung (7 iu) Chng 2. Tiu chun mi trng (6 iu, t 8 - 13) Chng 3. nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v MT (14 iu, t 14 - 27). Chng 4. Bo tn v s dng hp l ti nguyn thin nhin (7 iu, t 28-34). Chng 5. Bo v mi trng trong hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v (15 iu, t 35- 49). Chng 6. Bo v mi trng th, khu dn c (5 iu, t 50 - 54). Chng 7. Bo v mi trng bin, nc sng v cc ngun nc khc (11 iu, t 55 65). Chng 8. Qun l cht thi (20 iu, t 66 n 85). Chng 9. Phng nga, ng ph s c mi trng, khc phc nhim v phc hi mi trng (8 iu, t 86-93). Chng 10. Quan trc v thng tin mi trng (12 iu, t 94 - 105). Chng 11. Ngun lc bo v MT (12 iu, t iu 106 - 117). Chng 12. Hp tc quc t v bo v MT (3 iu, t 118 - 120). Chng 13. Trch nhim ca c quan nh nc, Mt trn t quc Vit Nam v cc t chc thnh vin v bo v mi trng (4 iu, t 121-124). Chng14. Thanh tra, x l vi phm, gii quyt vi phm, t co v bi thng thit hi v MT (9 iu, t 125-134). Chng 15. iu khon thi hnh (2 iu, t 135 - 136). 2.1.2. Tiu chun, quy chun mi trng Gii thiu cc TCVN, QCVN Mi trng khng kh Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh: QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT (TCVN 5937:2005); Tiu chun cht lng ngun thi tnh Tiu chun cht lng ngun thi di ng

Tiu chun kh thi l t y t Tiu chun ting n Tiu chun v sinh lao ng [Type text] Page 8

Mi trng nc V d: 2008 2008 Quy chun k thut mi trng quc gia v nc mt: QCVN 08: Quy chun k thut mi trng quc gia v nc ngm: QCVN 09:

Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng nghip QCVN 24:2008 : (TCVN 5945:2005) Mi trng t Tiu chun qun l CTNH. 2.1.3. Giy php/bo co mi trng Ty a phng m c mt s yu cu khc nhau v cc giy php/ bo co mi trng. Mt s giy php, bo co cn thit v mi trng: nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM)/ cam kt bo v mi trng. S ch ngun thi cht thi nguy hi (CTNH). Bo co gim st mi trng. Giy nghim thu h thng kh thi, nc thi, giy php khai thc nc ngm, giy php x thi (nc thi).

2.1.4. B tiu chun v qun l mi trng ISO 14000 (Sinh vin t nghin cu) 2.1.5. Cng tc kim tra, thanh tra T chc thanh tra, kim tra t xut v nh k v cng tc qun l mi trng Tin hnh quan trc, theo di cht lng mi trng ti T&KCN X l nghim cc trng hp vi phm

2.2. Nhm cng c kinh t Kinh t mi trng l cng c kinh t c s dng nghin cu mi trng, iu c ngha l trong tnh ton kinh t phi xt n cc vn mi trng. Quan h kinh t - mi trng S pht trin kinh t hnh thnh cc xu hng gy nhim mi trng, dn n s xut hin cc quan nim hoc l thuyt khc nhau v pht trin:

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L thuyt nh ch pht trin: l lm cho s tng trng kinh t bng khng (0) hoc mang gi tr m gi mc pht trin hin ti, khng gy hi thm cho mi trng. L thuyt bo v mi trng cc oan: ngn chn s nghin cu, khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin u tin BVMT, khng pht trin kinh t. L thuyt pht trin bn vng: l pht trin trong mc duy tr cht lng mi trng, gi cn bng gia mi trng v pht trin. Nhm cc cng c kinh t Nhm cc cng c kinh t (hay cn gi cc cng c da vo th trng) c th phn chia thnh hai nhm nh hn l nhm cc cng c thun v kinh t v cc cng c v ti chnh nh trong hnh sau: Nhm thun v kinh t Giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng Thu ti nguyn Ph mi trng Ph dch v mi trng

Cng c ti chnh Qu mi trng H thng tm ng hon chi Tr cp Cho vay li sut thp Ti tr khng hon li 2.2.1. Thu Thu l khon thu nh nc tnh trn cc hot ng khai thc v s dng cc dng ti nguyn mi trng L cng c kinh t mi trng u tin c p dng Php lnh thu ti nguyn ra i nm 1990 v c sa i, b sung nm 1998 bng php lnh s 05/1998/PL-UBTVQH10 Thu sut L mc thu phi np trn mt n v khi lng chu thu. nh mc thu thu (t l %) tnh trn khi lng thu nhp hoc gi tr ti sn chu thu. 2.2.2. Ph nhim

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Ph mi trng hay ph nhim l ph c tnh theo lng pht thi ra mi trng, gy nhim v thit hi cho mi trng hoc t sn lng quy ra cht thi gy nhim. Ph nc thi Ph nc thi chnh thc p dng t ngy 1/1/2004 v c chnh sa bng thng t lin tch s 106/2007/TTLT/BTC-BTNMT vo 06/09/2007.

Bng 2.2. Mc tnh ph nc thi STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 CHT NHIM Tn gi K hiu A 300 400 20.000.000 500.000 1.000.000 1.000.000 Nhu cu xy ho COD hc Cht rn l lng Thu ngn Ch Arsenic Cadmium TSS Hg Pb As Cd MC THU (ng/kg cht nhim) B 250 350 18.000.000 450.000 900.000 900.000 C 200 300 15.000.000 400.000 800.000 800.000 D 100 200 10.000.000 300.000 600.000 600.000

Mi trng tip nhn nc thi loi A: ni thnh, ni th ca cc th loi c bit, loi I, loi II v loi III. Mi trng tip nhn nc thi loi B: ni thnh, ni th ca cc th loi IV, loi V v ngoi thnh, ngoi th ca cc th loi c bit, loi I, loi II v loi III. Mi trng tip nhn nc thi loi C: ngoi thnh, ngoi th ca cc th loi IV v cc x khng thuc th, tr cc x thuc mi trng tip nhn nc thi thuc nhm D. Mi trng tip nhn nc thi loi D: cc x bin gii, min ni, vng cao, vng su, vng xa, bin v hi o.

Cch tnh ph nc thi cng nghip S ph bo v mi Hm lng Mc thu ph bo v mi trng lng cht gy trng i vi nc Tng i vi nc thi cng nghip = nc thi thix nhim c trong x 10-3 x ca cht gy nhim thi ra thi cng nghip ra (m3) phi np (ng) nc thi mi trng tip nhn tng ng (mg/l) (ng/kg)

Ph rc thi [Type text] Page 11

Ph rc thi c s dng kh sm, ch yu cc th. Ph rc thi do UBND thnh ph hoc cc tnh quy nh, do vy mc ph c khc nhau.

V d: Bng 2.3. Mc thu ph rc thi TP. HCM STT 1 2 3 4 Phn nhm H dn ni thnh c nh mt tin H dn ni thnh c nh trong hm H dn ngoi thnh vng ven c nh mt ng H dn ngoi thnh vng ven c nh trong hm Mc ph (ng) 20.000 15.000 15.000 10.000

Ph kh thi Ngh nh 57/2002/N-CP ngy 03 thng 6 nm 2002 ca Chnh ph quy nh chi tit thi hnh Php lnh Ph v L ph Theo ngh nh 78/2000/N-CP, ph xng du xut, bn ti Vit Nam c tnh nh sau:

Xng cc loi: 500 ng/lt Du diezen : 300 ng/lt Du ho, du ma zt, du m nhn cha thu.

2.2.3

t cc hon tr L mt cng c c tnh t pht nc ta hin nay. Ngi mua s tr 1 phn tin cho bao b ca sn phm (t cc) v s c hon tr tin khi ngi mua gi tr li bao b.

2.2.4

Qu mi trng

Qu mi trng l loi cng c kinh t c s dng kh ph bin cho mc ch bo v mi trng. Vit Nam c 3 loi qu chnh Qu mi trng quc gia Qu mi trng a phng Qu mi trng ngnh

2.2.5

n b thit hi C s: iu 7 lut bo v mi trng Page 12

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Nguyn tc 3P: Polluter Pay Principle

Ni dung: T chc, c nhn gy nhim mi trng do hot ng ca mnh th phi bi thng thit hi.

2.2.6

Mua bn quyn x thi nhim

Quyn gy nhim ca mt t chc s c ghi nhn bng giy php pht thi hay cn gi l quota nhim. Mi doanh nghip c cp mt lng giy php nht nh ty theo loi hnh v quy m sn xut.

2.3

Nhm cng c khoa hc

L nhng cng c phc v cho qu trnh nghin cu, hoch nh chnh sch, xut m hnh qun l thch hp. Nhm khoa hc bao gm: Quan trc v phn tch mi trng Bo co hin trng mi trng nh gi mi trng (TM, MC, ERA) Vin thm GIS Quy hoch mi trng 2.3.1. Quan trc v phn tch mi trng Quan trc mi trng l vic theo di thng xuyn cht lng mi trng vi cc trng tm, trng im hp l nhm phc v cc hot ng bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng. Cc mc tiu c th ca quan trc mi trng gm: Cung cp cc nh gi v din bin cht lng mi trng trn quy m quc gia, phc v vic xy dng bo co hin trng mi trng. Cung cp cc nh gi v din bin cht lng mi trng ca tng vng trng im c quan trc phc v cc yu cu tc thi ca cc cp qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng. Cnh bo kp thi cc din bin bt thng hay cc nguy c nhim, suy thoi mi trng. Xy dng c s d liu v cht lng mi trng phc v vic lu tr, cung cp v trao i thng tin trong phm vi quc gia v quc t y l c s thng tin mi trng quan trng, phc v cho vic xy dng cc chin lc hnh ng mi trng tng thch [Type text] Page 13

Mng li quan trc mi trng Vit Nam xy dng t nm 1995 c qun l thng nht trn phm vi c nc L mt b phn ca mng li QTMT khu vc v th gii B ti nguyn v mi trng chu trch nhim qun l hot ng ca ton b h thng. Chc nng ca cc n v Cc mi trng Trm quan trc vng Cc trm a phng Tin hnh QTMT trong phm vi qun l Thc hin kim k, kim sot v thanh tra MT a phng Bo co kt qu QTMT Lp bo co hin trng mi trng a phng. Quan trc v phn tch cht lng mi trng vng qun l H tr k thut cho cc trm quan trc a phng trong vng o to hun luyn QTMT cho cn b QLMT trong vng Tng hp v phn tch cc kt qu quan trc Lp bo co hin trng mi trng vng Thng tin mi trng Lp k hoch xy dng, pht trin v qun l mng li QTMT quc gia Lp k hoch quan trc Trc tip qun l cng tc quan trc Lp bo co hin trng mi trng quc gia Thng tin hin trng mi trng Quan h quc t v vn lin quan

Trm quan trc chuyn 4 trm quan trc ma acid: 2 trm quan trc t nng nghip ti H Ni v Cn Th Trm quan trc phng x: Lt, H Ni, Nng, Trm quan trc ti cc h ln

Ngoi ra, cn c trm quan trc khng kh, nc, phng th nghim [Type text] Page 14

2.3.2. Bo co hin trng mi trng Bo co hin trng mi trng (HTMT) ngoi cc thng s k thut cn nh gi v s pht trin kinh t - x hi Nng cao nhn thc v hiu bit cho ton cng ng v xu hng HTMT Cung cp c s hon thnh qu trnh ra quyt nh lin quan n mi trng Cc nguyn tc lp bo co HTMT Thng tin phi chnh xc v khoa hc Thng tin trnh by khng nh kin v khch quan Th hin y cc tc ng mi trng cc mc khc nhau, theo khng gian v thi gian Xem xt mi quan h gia mi trng v kinh t x hi trong khun kh PTBV Tun th cu trc, b cc ca bo co HTMT T ng r rng, cu vn ngn gn. C s d liu v hin trng mi trng D liu vt l sinh hc: Khng kh; a hnh; a cht, thy vn, nc, t, thc vt, ng vt D liu kinh t - x hi: dn s, sc khe, ngho i, gio dc, a gii hnh chnh, s dng t, thng mi, h tng k thut. 2.3.3 nh gi mi trng nh gi tc ng mi trng L qu trnh nghin cu, nh gi, d bo nhng tc ng c li v c hi, trc mt v lu di ca cc d n gy ra i vi sc khe con ngi, ti nguyn thin nhin v cht lng mi trng. Qua , xut cc gii php phng, trnh, khc phc cc tc ng tiu cc ca d n. Vic thc hin TM nhm tr li 5 cu hi sau: iu g s xy ra cho mi trng v ti nguyn thin nhin khi d n c thc hin? Cu trc [Type text] Page 15 Phm vi bin i ca mi trng v ti nguyn s nh th no? Cc vn c tht s trm trng hay khng? C th lm g trnh hay gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc ca d n Nhng ngi c trch nhim cn phi lm g bo v mi trng?

Thc hin theo ngh nh 29/2011/N-CP, ngy 18/04/2011 ca th tng chnh ph Thng t 26/2011/N-CP, ngy 18/07/2011

Cc d n phi lp TM Cn c Ngh nh 29/2011/N - CP ngy 18/04/2011 ca chnh ph. nh gi mi trng chin lc

nh gi ri ro mi trng (ERA = Environmental Risk Assessment) (nh gi ri ro mi trng (Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA)) l mt k thut nhm nh gi mt cch c h thng cc tc ng c hi thc t hay tim tng ca cc cht nhim ln sc khe ca thc vt, ng vt hay ton b h sinh thi. ERA cn phi tr li cu hi Cc nhim c kh nng v ang gy tn hi nh th no? Cc k thut nh gi ri ro da trn mt m hnh nhn - qu hay p lc - p ng, trong mt cht nhim c vn chuyn t ngun theo mt c i n mt ni nhn (ngi, thc vt, ng vt). Ngun --> ng i (pathway) --> Ni nhn (Receptor) Mc ch ca thc hin nh gi ri ro l xc nh con ngi hay cc yu t mi trng b tc ng tn hi bi nhim t, nc v khng kh? iu s cho php ngi qun l t quyt nh v vic qun l cc ri ro trong vng c lin quan.

2.3.4. Vin thm GIS Vin thm Vin thm (Remote sensing) l vic thu nhn thng tin ca mt i tng no thng qua vic ghi nhn nng lng in t pht ra hoc phn x i tng. Cc ng dng trong lnh vc mi trng Ti to hnh nh cc i tng nghin cu Thm st cc thnh phn mi trng Tm kim cc im gy nhim Tm kim cc m khong sn, nc ngm,..

GIS

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H thng thng tin a l (Geographic Information Systems) l mt h thng thu nhn, lu gi, phn tch v hin th d liu v cc i tng, cc hin tng, cc s kin ca th gii thc theo khng gian v thi gian.

2.3.5. Quy hoch mi trng (QHMT) QHMT l s xc nh cc mc tiu mong mun v kinh t x hi i vi mi trng t nhin v to ra cc chng trnh, quy trnh qun l t c iu QHMT l vic ng dng cc kin thc v khoa hc t nhin v sc khe trong cc quyt nh v s dng t QHMT l qu trnh s dng cc h thng kin thc khoa hc xy dng cc chnh sch v bin php thc hin tt nht trong khai thc s dng hp l ti nguyn thin nhin, ci thin v bo v mi trng theo khng gian v thi gian, c xc nh lm c s cho cc quyt nh v pht trin khu vc, m bo mc tiu PTBV.

2.4. Cng c cng ngh 2.4.1. Sn xut sch hn Sn xut sch hn l ci tin lin tc qu trnh sn xut cng nghip, sn phm v dch v gim s dng ti nguyn thin nhin, phng nga ti ngun nhim khng kh, nc v t, v gim pht sinh cht thi ti ngun, gim thiu ri ro cho con ngi v mi trng. Cc bc thc hin: 6 bc (18 nhim v) B1. Bt u NV1. Thnh lp nhm SXSH NV2. Lit k cc bc cng ngh v xc nh cc cng on v s liu NV3. Xc nh v la chn cng ngh gy lng ph nht B2. Phn tch cc bc cng ngh NV4. Dng s cng ngh cho phn trng tm kim ton NV5. Cn bng vt liu v nng lng NV6. Chi ph cho dng thi NV7. Phn tch nguyn nhn B3. xut cc c hi NV8. Xy dng cc c hi SXSH NV9. Sng lc cc c hi SXSH B4. La chn cc gii php sn xut sch hn NV10. nh gi kh thi k thut NV11. nh gi kh thi v kinh t NV12. nh gi v nh hng mi trng [Type text] Page 17

NV13. La chn cc c hi thc hin B5. Thc hin NV14. Chun b thc hin NV15. Thc hin cc c hi SXSH NV16. Quan trc v nh gi cc kt qu B6. Duy tr SXSH NV17. Duy tr SXSH NV18. Tip tc la chn cc cng on gy lng ph nh gi tnh kh thi nh gi hiu qu k thut (cn bng vt cht v nng lng) nh gi tnh kh thi kinh t Da vo mt s ch s Hon vn gin n (PB = pay back) T l hon vn u t (ROI = return on investment) Gi tr hin ti thun (NPV = net present value) 2.4.2. X l cht thi: nc thi, kh thi, CTR Phn loi cht thi

Hnh 2.2. Phn loi cht thi Nc thi L nc pht sinh t cc c s sn xut sau khi s dng cho cc nhu cu sinh hot v cc cng on sn xut Ti cc c s cng nghip, nc thi c th chia lm: Nc ma Nc thi sinh hot Page 18

[Type text]

Nc thi sn xut Mng li thot nc: Dn nc thi/nc ma ra khi phm vi KCN Trm x l tp trung (hoc cc b): x l NT t yu cu x ra ngun tip nhn hoc tn dng li. Tiu chun la chn cng ngh x l

Mi KCN u c h thng nc thi, bao gm:

Thnh phn tnh cht ca nc thi Nhng quy nh v tiu chun x nc thi vo cng chung vo ngun nc Din tch t sn c Yu cu v nng lng, ha cht. X l ngay ti ngun: cho trng hp ngun thi cha cc thnh phn c nh thuc tr su, kim loi nng, du m, Kh thi Cht thi rn

2.5. Nhm cng c tuyn truyn 2.5.1. C quan qun l Xy dng k hoch, chnh sch trin khai, tuyn truyn, ph bin cc quy nh v bo v mi trng nhm nng cao nhn thc ca ngi dn v bo v mi trng. 2.5.2. Ngi dn Cn tm hiu v vn ng cc doanh nghip thc hin tt cc chng trnh, quy nh v bo v mi trng.

[Type text]

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Chng 3. QUN L MI TRNG T & KCN


Gii thiu Nh chng ta tm hiu, c nhiu cng c s dng trong qun l mi trng ni chung v mi trng T&KCN ni ring. Tuy nhin, i vi tng loi mi trng thnh phn, liu c th s dng c tt c cc cng c trn hay ty thuc vo tng loi hnh? S khc nhau trong qun l mi trng th v mi trng KCN? V phi pht trin nh th no va pht trin va bo v mi trng? chnh l ni dung ca chng 3. 3.1. Qun l mi trng T & KCN 3.1.1. Cc nguyn tc (NT) qun l mi trng T NT1. Xc lp cc im u tin mt cch cn thn. NT2. Cc gii php u tnh n chi ph hiu qu. NT3. Tm c hi cho cc gii php i bn cng c li (Win - Win) NT4. S dng cng c th trng nu c th NT5. Lng ghp yu t kinh t vo nng lc qun l. NT6. Khuyn khch s tham gia ca i tc t nhn. NT7. Nhn mnh s tham gia ca cng ng. NT8. Tip cn s tham gia ca cc bn NT9. Qun l quan trng hn k thut. NT10. Lng ghp yu t mi trng ngay t u. 3.1.2. Qun l tng hp mi trng T M hnh DPSIR Nguyn nhn p lc Hin trng Tc ng p ng Phn tch SWOT Thun li (Strengths) Bt li (Weaknesses) C hi (Opportunities) Thch thc (Threats) Ph bin v d p dng cho hu ht cc i tng qun l mi trng th: nc, CTR, giao thng, nh , Trc quan v sinh ng cho ngi ra quyt nh. [Type text] Page 20

3.1.3. Qun l mi trng khng kh Qun l ngun thi tnh B tr KCN

Khng t u ngun gi v ngun nc Cch ly KCN vi KDC bng cc hnh lang xung quanh, vng m Quy nh chiu cao ng khi bo m kh thi c pht tn xa nht Dnh qu t ring cho cy xanh trong KCN (15%) Kim sot cc ngun thi tnh

ra chun pht thi ph hp quy m v cng ngh sn xut S dng cng c kinh t trong qun l cc ngun thi S dng nhin liu t cha tp cht Khuyn khch dng cc bin php ngn nga nhim, sn xut sch hn Khuyn khch p dng ISO 14001 vo qu trnh sn xut Qun l ngun thi di ng Qun l ngun thi

t tiu chun x thi i vi tng loi phng tin Xy dng cc trm kim sot ti cc trc giao thng Ci tin thit b lc khi bi ca ng c xe hi nh thu cc phng tin khng c b phn chuyn ha xc tc Khuyn khch pht trin cc loi hnh giao thng cng cng Hn ch s di chuyn bng vic y mnh ng dng vin thng Qun l cht lng nhin liu

Cm s dng xng pha ch Khuyn khch dng cc nhin liu chuyn i, nng lng sch Quy nh hm lng SO2 trong du diesel Qun l ting n Kim sot ting n

Xy dng v ban hnh cc quy nh, tiu chun ting n Tranh tra, kim tra cc ngun n v cng ch thc hin Cch ly cc ngun n vi KDC v cc khu vc nhy cm [Type text] Page 21

Gio dc cng ng nng cao thc v nhim ting n. 3.1.4. Qun l mi trng nc

Bin php qun l Ban hnh cc tiu chun, quy chun v bo v MT nc mt, ngm, nc thi Thc hin c ch v giy php x thi nc thi Thc hin cng tc thu ph nc thi Thc hin quan trc mi trng nc nh k Thanh tra, kim tra vic thc hin cc ni dung trn.

Bin php k thut Thu gom, x l cc b nc thi (nu c th) t tiu chun thi vo h thng x l nc thi tp trung ca KCN Quy trnh: ty theo loi hnh (t tm hiu: gm thnh phn, nng v cng ngh x l).

3.1.5. Qun l CTR v CTNH Ngun gc T sn xut cng nghip Sinh hot Bnh vin.

Bin php Xy dng chng trnh gim thiu, thu gom v phn loi cht thi ti ngun. Tin hnh kim tra vic thc hin ng k ch ngun thi CTNH v vic qun l CTR v CTNH ca cc doanh nghip. Nghin cu cc bin php x l CTR v CTNH mang li hiu qu cao. X pht nghim cc trng hp thi b cht thi khng ng quy nh. To c ch k qu cht thi.

3.2. nh hng pht trin T- KCN bn vng 3.2.1. Thit k v mi trng L s tch hp c h thng nhng xem xt v kha cnh mi trng vo cng tc thit k sn phm v qu trnh y mnh vic gim thiu s c n sc khe con ngi v mi trng thng qua vic phng nga nhim [Type text] To iu kin hng ti pht trin bn vng nh STCN, SXSH, Page 22

3.2.2. Pht thi bng khng Khng to ra cht thi thay v qun l cht thi X l cht thi vi mc tiu chuyn i cht thi theo hng ti sinh v ti to ti nguyn. 3.2.3. Ha hc xanh To ra nhng hp cht t tc ng n mi trng hn v sn sinh ra nhng cht thi cng t c hi hn Mt s nguyn tc: Ngn nga cht thi Thit k ha cht v sn phm an ton hn, c th t phn r S dng nguyn liu c th ti sinh Ti thiu ha tim nng xy ra ri ro.

3.2.4. th sinh thi th l mt h sinh thi c bit, th hin r nht cc tc ng ca con ngi tng v th sinh thi bt u xut hin t cui th k XIX di tn gi l Thnh ph vn (Garden City) H sinh thi th l h sinh thi rt nhy cm th sinh thi (TST) c xem nh l mt cng c hu hiu gii quyt cc vn mi trng ca qu trnh cng nghip ha TST l tt yu trong qu trnh pht trin nhm t n mt th bn vng TST l mt th m trong qu trnh tn ti v pht trin ca n khng lm cn kit ti nguyn, khng lm suy thoi mi trng, khng gy tc ng xu n sc khe cng ng v to iu kin thun li cho con ngi sinh sng v lm vic.

3.2.5. KCN sinh thi L mt h cng nghip gm nhiu nh my hot ng c lp nhng kt hp vi nhau hnh thnh quan h cng sinh vi nhau v vi mi trng C gng t li ch kinh t v hiu qu bo v mi trng chung thng qua vic qun l nng lng, nc v nguyn liu s dng Ti sinh, ti ch, s dng sn phm ph ti nh my, vi cc nh my khc v theo hng bo ton ti nguyn thin nhin

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