Nhm 3- K18

IC LM324

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IC KHUCH I THUT TON LM324
NGUYN L V MT S NG DNG
Nguyn Tin Anh, T Vn Bin, Phm Th Hu
Nhm 3 K18KTT Trng i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

1. Gii thiu chung v LM324

1.1.

M t chung LM324

Trong bo co ny, nhm em s dng datasheet LM324 ca hng bn dn National

Semiconductor.
LM324 c to bi 4 b khuch i thut ton (OP-AMP) c lp c tch hp trn mt
chip n. im c bit ca LM324 l n c thit k hot ng c vi ngun nui
n c vng in p rng. LM324 cng c th hot ng c vi c ngun i. Ngun cp
cho cc mng thp v c lp vi bin in p cung cp. Mt im c bit na ca
LM324 l ch tuyn tnh th vng in p u vo mode chung s bao gm c t, v
in p u ra cng dao dng quanh im t ngay c khi mch c nui bi ngun n.

Hnh 1. Hnh dng thc t ca LM324N

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1.2.

Cc c im ca LM324

Vng in p nui rng: vi ngun n th t 5V 30V; vi ngun i th 1,5V -

16V.

Vng in p li vo: t -0.3V n +32V.

Dng cc mng rt nh (0,7 mA) v c lp vi ngun cung cp.

Vng nhit hot ng: t 0 n +70 .

Dng offset li vo: ti a 30 nA ( 25 )

in p offset li vo: ti a 3 mV ( 25 )

Hnh 2. S chn ca LM324

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S chn

Chc nng

S chn

Chc nng

u ra (1)

u ra (3)

Li vo o (1)

Li vo o (3)

Li vo khng o (1)

10

Li vo khng o (3)

Ngun

11

Li vo khng o (2)

12

Li vo khng o (4)

Li vo o (2)

13

Li vo o (4)

u ra (2)

14

u ra (4)

2. S nguyn l ca mch
Theo phn tch trn, ta thy LM324 c to bi 4 b khuch i thut ton c lp.
Do ta s tm hiu mch nguyn l ca mch LM324.
Ta c s mch nguyn l ca mch c a ra trong datasheet LM324 ca hng
bn dn National Semiconductor nh sau:

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Hnh 3. S nguyn l ca vi mch LM324 trong datasheet

S dng s nguyn l trn, ta v li trn circuit maker c s mch nh sau:

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Hnh 4. S nguyn l rt gn ca vi mch LM324 v trn circuit maker

Qua s trn ta thy LM324 s dng hai loi transito n-p-n v p-n-p. N gm 3 tng l:
tng khuch i vi sai li vo, tng khuch i in p v tng khuch i cng sut li
ra.
Tng khuch i vi sai: c tc dng trit can nhiu ng pha, phi hp tr khng.
Tng khuch i in p: to ra h s khuch i in p ln, h s khuch i in p
ph thuc ch yu vo tng ny.
Tng khuch i cng sut li ra: tng ny c tc dng gii quyt vic khuch i dng,
tng tr u ra thp, c gii hn dng v bo v ngn mch.

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2.1. Tng khuch i vi sai u vo

Hnh 5. Tng khuch i vi sai u vo

Tng khuch i u vo c nui bi ngun dng khng i Is1 c gi tr l 0.006 mA.
Cc cp transistor Q1-Q2 v Q3-Q4 c mc theo kiu khuch i chng tng Cascode.
Cch mc nh vy nhm khuch i in p tn s thp, phi hp tr khng, ngn cch
nh hng ca mch ra n mch vo ca tng khuch i. Ti ca Q2 l Q8, ti ca Q3
l Q9.
Mt khc v I 8 = I 9 v I 8 + I 9 = I s1 nn I 8 , I 9 cng l cc ngun dng. Tn hiu vo
ngc pha c a vo hai li vo ca khuch i vi sai. Li ra khng i xng c
ly t collector ca Q3.
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2.2. Tng khuch i in p

Hnh 6. Tng khuch i in p

Tng ny bao gm cc transistor Q10, Q11, Q12. Transistor Q10 c mc theo s
Collector chung lm tng khuch i m vi khuch i bng 1. in p cc
emittor ca Q10 c a n b khuch i Darlington to bi hai transistor Q11 v
Q12, c ti l ti ca ngun dng Is2.
c im ca tng ny l c tr khng vo ln dng vo nh, h s khuch i ln. T
C1 = 30 pF l t phn hi m theo tn s c tc dng b ni, lm cho mch va c tn s
lm vic n nh, va c h s khuch i.
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2.3. Tng khuch i cng sut li ra

Hnh 7. Tng khuch i cng sut li ra

Tng khuch i cng sut li ra gm cc transistor Q6 v Q13. Q6 v Q13 l hai
transistor c dn khc nhau npn v pnp c mc theo s y ko. Na chu k
dng Q6 dn, Q13 ngt v ngc li. Cch mc ny thng c dng khuch i
cng sut. Thc cht, s khuch i y ko cng l s mc theo kiu collector
chung, nhng thc hin vi hai transistor c dn khc nhau.

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Tht vy, t s ta thy Q6 c u theo s collector chung vi transistor Q13 v
transistor Q13 ng vai tr tr ti ng ca Q6. Mt khc, Q13 cng c mc theo s
collector chung vi Q6 v Q6 ng vai tr tr ti ng ca Q13.
bo v li ra qu ti (tc dng li ra ln qu) ngi ta mc thm mch gii hn dng
Q7, Rsc. Bnh thng Q7 ch kha cho n lc dng qua Rsc cha t n gii hn
Ira max. Khi dng in ra t ti gii hn ny, st p trn Rsc t n ngng m ca
Q7, lm Q7 ngn s tng ca Ira.

3. Mt s ng dng ca mch LM324 v m phng

3.1.

Mch khuch i o

Mch khuch i o c tc dng o ngc pha ca tn hiu ra so vi tn hiu vo, ng

thi n cng khuch i tn hiu vo theo cng thc:
Vout = Vin (Rf/R2)
Vi mch m phng, ta chn Rf = 100k, R2 = 10k, Vin = 0.1 V. Nh vy tn hiu u ra
c khuch i ln 10 ln so vi tn hiu u vo v o pha so vi tn hiu vo:
Vout = Vin (Rf/R2) = 0.1 * 10 = 1V

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Hnh 8. Mch khuch i o m phng trn circuit maker

Kt qu m phng:

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Hnh 9. Kt qu m phng mch khuch i o trn circuit maker

3.2.

B khuch i khng o

Mch khuch i khng o c tc dng khuch i tn hiu vo m vn gi nguyn pha

theo cng thc sau:
Vout = Vin (1 + Rf/Rin)
Nh vy, vi mch m phng ta chn Rf = 100k, Rin = 10k, Vin = 100 mV, th ta c:
Vout = 0.1(1 + 100/10) = 0.1 * 11 = 1.1 V

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Hnh 10. Mch khuch i khng o m phng trn circuit maker

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Hnh 11. Kt qu m phng mch khuch i khng o trn circuit maker

3.3.

Mch khuch i cng o

Mch khuch i cng o c tc dng lm php cng mt s tn hiu in p, v tn

hiu u ra c pha ngc vi tn hiu u vo.
Vout = - R4 (V6/R1 + V7/R2 + V8/R3)
Trong trng hp m phng, ta chn R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = 1k th:
Vout = - (V6 + V7 + V8) = - (0.1 + 0.2 + 0.3) = - 0.6 V
(Du tr th hin l tn hiu li ra ngc pha so vi tn hiu li vo)

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Hnh 12. Mch khuch i cng o m phng trn circuit maker

Hnh 13. Kt qu m phng mch khuch i cng o trn circuit maker

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Mch khuch i tr

3.4.

Mch khuch i tr c tc dng tr cc tn hiu vo theo cng thc sau:

Trong m phng ta chn R1 = 6k, R2 = 12k, R3 = 3k, R4 = 3k, V5 = 0.1 V, V6 = 0.3 V

Hnh 14. Mch khuch i tr m phng trn circuit maker

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Hnh 15. Kt qu m phng mch tr trn circuit maker

3.5.

Mch iu khin PID

Mch iu khin PID l mt mch hay c dng trong k thut iu khin nhm tng
tnh n nh ca h thng trong mt di tn rng. Li ra ca mch ny c thit k t l
vi li vo vi cc h s t l (propotional), tch phn (intergration) v vi phn
(diffrentiation) khc nhau. Di y l mt trong nhng s mch PID m nhm em
tham kho t sch Nguyn l k thut in t ca thy Trn Quang Vinh v thy Ch
Vn An:

Khi tn hiu ra c tnh theo cng thc sau:

Vi mch m phng trn circuit maker, ta chn R1 = 1k, R2 = 4k, C1 = 1 uF, C2 = 3 uF

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Hnh 16. Mch iu khin PID dng IC LM324 v trn circuit maker

Hnh 17. Kt qu m phng mch iu khin PID dng IC LM324 trn circuit maker

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