Ti liu X l s tn hiu

Chng 1

Chng 1 S HA TN HIU LY MU V M HA
1. Ly mu
Tn hiu tng t lin tc theo thi gian nhng trong qu trnh x l tn hiu, thng thng ta x l trn tn hiu s. Do cn phi thc hin chuyn i tn hiu lin tc thnh tn hiu ri rc x l. Qu trnh ny gi l ly mu tn hiu (sampling), l thay tn hiu lin tc bng bin ca n nhng thi im cch u nhau, gi l chu k ly mu. Cc gi tr ny s c chuyn thnh s nh phn c th x l c. Vn y l phi ly mu nh th no c th khi phc li tn hiu gc. Tn hiu ly mu ca tn hiu gc s(t) biu din l s(nT) vi T l chu k ly mu. s(nT) = s(t)u(t) trong u(t) l chui xung Dirac u(t) =
n =

(1.1)

(t nT)
n 1 S(f T ) T n =

(1.2)

Ph ca tn hiu ly mu l tch chp ca S(f) v U(f), do : Ss(f) = S(f)*U(f) =

s

(1.3)

f 0 1/T

Hnh 1.1 Tn hiu ly mu v ph Qu trnh ly mu m t trn l qu trnh ly mu l tng. Trong thc t, do tn hiu u(t) l cc xung ly mu vi chu k T, rng v bin a nn ph tn hiu thc t s khng ch l hm S(f) m l: S(f)a sin( f) f
nT + / 2

(1.4)

(do gi tr ly mu l a
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nT / 2

s(t )dt )
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Ti liu X l s tn hiu

Chng 1

Tuy nhin do << T nn sai lch khng ng k.

1.1. Tn s ly mu
Xt tn hiu sin c tn s f v qu trnh ly mu vi cc chu k ly mu khc nhau.

fs = 16f

fs = 8f

fs = 4f

fs = 2f

Hnh 1.2 Ly mu tn hiu vi cc tn s khc nhau

Nh vy, ta thy rng nu tn s ly mu cng cao th dng ca tn hiu cng c kh nng khi phc ging nh tn hiu gc. Tuy nhin, nu tn s cng cao th cn phi dng dung lng ln hn lu tr v ng thi tc x l s chm li do cn x l s lng d liu ln. T , ta cn xc nh tn s ly mu sao cho c th khi phc li gn ng dng tn hiu vi yu cu tc x l gii hn trong mc cho php.

1.2. nh l ly mu
nh l ly mu xc nh iu kin mt tp mu c th cho php khi phc li chnh xc tn hiu trc khi ly mu. Nh kho st trn (hnh 1.1), ph ca tn hiu ly mu l tn hiu c chu k trn min tn s. khi phc li dng ca tn hiu, ta ch cn gii hn ph tn ca tn hiu. Qu trnh ny c th thc hin bng mt mch lc thng thp vi hm truyn:
1 H(f) = f s 0 0<f < f f s 2 fs 2

(1.5)

Hay: h(t) =
sin( t / T ) t / T

(1.6)

Ph ca tn hiu sau khi khi phc l:

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Ti liu X l s tn hiu

Chng 1

S(f) = Ss(f)H(f) Hay: s(t) =

(1.7)

sin(( t t ' ) / T) n s( t ' )(t 'nT) ( t t ' ) / T dt ' =

n =

s(t) =

s(nT)

sin ( t / T n ) ( t / T n )
s

(1.8)

Ss

f 0 H fs/2 f 0 S f t 0 Hnh 1.3 - Khi phc tn hiu sau khi ly mu t fs = 1/T h t

Nh vy, ta c th khi phc li tn hiu trc khi ly mu khi ph tn hiu sau khi qua mch lc phi ging ht vi ph tn hiu gc. Theo hnh 1.3, iu kin ny tho mn khi ph tn hiu gc khng cha thnh phn tn s ln hn fs/2. Trong trng hp ngc li, ph ca tn hiu ly mu s b mo dng nn khi s dng mch lc khi phc tn hiu th tn hiu ny s khc vi tn hiu gc, hin tng ny gi li chng ph (aliasing).
Ss

f Hnh 1.4 Hin tng chng ph

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Ti liu X l s tn hiu

Chng 1

T nh l ly mu pht biu nh sau: "Mt tn hiu khng cha bt k thnh phn tn s no ln hn hay bng mt gi tr fm c th biu din chnh xc bng tp cc gi tr ca n vi chu k ly mu T = 1/2fm" Nh vy, tn s ly mu phi tho mn iu kin fs 2fm trong fm l thnh phn tn s ln nht c trong tn hiu. Tn s gii hn ny c gi l tn s Nyquist v khong (-fs/2,fs/2) gi l khong Nyquist. Trong thc t , tn hiu trc khi ly mu s b gii hn bng mt mch lc tn s tn hiu nm trong khong Nyquist. V d nh tn hiu m thanh thng nm trong khong (300,3400) Hz nn ngi ta s a t hiu qua mch lc thng thp loi cc thnh phn tn s bc cao v thc hin ly mu tn s ti thiu l 6,8 KHz.

1.3. Ly mu tn hiu sin v tn hiu ngu nhin

1.3.1. Tn hiu sin Xt s(t) = cos(2ft+) vi 0 /2 c ly mu vi chu k T = 1. Tn hiu ly mu l:

s(n) = cos(2fn+) s(n + N2) = cos(2f(n + N2)+) = cos(2fn+) = s(n) Nh vy, tp hp s(n) l tp hp c chu k N2 b tn hiu sin m ch cn ly mu mt phn.

(1.9) (1.10)

Nu t s f/fs = f l s hu t, ngha l f = N1/N2 vi N1, N2 l cc s nguyn: khng cn phi ly mu ton

1.3.2. Tn hiu ngu nhin Xt tn hiu s(t) c ly mu vi chu k T, tn hiu ngu nhin ri rc to ra s(nT) s c hm phn phi xc sut bin ging nh s(t). Hm t tng quan ca tn hiu ri rc s(nT) l:

r(nT) = E[s(i)s(i-nT)] Hm t tng quan ca tn hiu s(t) l: rxx() = E[s(t)s(t-)]

(1.11) (1.12)

Nh vy, chui r(n) cng chnh l chui to ra t qu trnh ly mu tn hiu rxx(). Tng t cng thc (1.3), quan h gia hm mt ph cng sut ca tn hiu ri rc d(f) v tn hiu lin tc xx(f) l: d(f) =
1 n xx f T T n =

(1.13)

T , nu tn s tn hiu ly mu qu nh hay tn s ca tn hiu ngu nhin v hn th s gy hin tng chng ph. Nu s(t) l tn hiu c chu k N0 th: r(n) =
1 N0
N 0 1 i =0

s(i)s(i n )

(1.14)

cng l chui c chu k N0.

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Ti liu X l s tn hiu

Chng 1

2. Lng t ho
Lng t ho l qu trnh xp x cc gi tr ca tn hiu ly mu s(nT) bng bi s ca mt gi tr q (q gi l bc lng t). Nu q khng thay i th qu trnh lng t gi l ng nht. Qu trnh ny thc hin bng hm bc thang m t nh sau:
5 4 3 2 1 sq(n) 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6

-4

-2

0 s(n)

Hnh 1.5 Hm lng t vi bc lng t q = 1

Qu trnh lng t c th thc hin bng cch nh ngha gi tr trung tm ca hm lng t. V d nh trong hnh 1.5, cc gi tr trong khong t (n )q n (n + )q s c lm trn l n. Phng php ny s cc tiu ha cng sut ca tn hiu li. Mt phng php khc c th s dng l dng hm ct, ngha l cc gi tr trong khong [nq,(n+1)q) s lm trn thnh n.
10

-2

-4

-6

-8

-10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

-1

Hnh 1.6 Li lng t

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Ti liu X l s tn hiu

Chng 1

Nh vy, qu trnh lng t ha s lm mo dng tn hiu v xem nh tn t mt tn hiu nhiu. S mo dng ny gi l mo lng t hay cn gi l nhiu lng t. s(n) = sq(n) + e(n) (1.15) Bin ca tn hiu nhiu lng t s nm trong khong (-q/2,q/2). Do sai s lng t khng bit trc nn vic m t sai s lng t mang tnh thng k. Tng qut, ta c th xem e(n) l chui cc bin ngu nhin trong : Thng k ca e(n) khng thay i theo thi gian (nhiu lng t ha l qu trnh ngu nhin dng). Nhiu lng t e(n) l chui cc bin ngu nhin khng tng quan. Nhiu lng t e(n) khng tng quan vi tn hiu ng vo s(n). Hm mt xc sut ca e(n) phn b u trn tm cc gi tr ca sai s lng t.

Nh vy, nhiu lng t c phn b u trn khong (-q/2,q/2) v c phng sai (cng sut nhiu lng t) l:
2 e =

q2 12

(1.16)

Tn hiu c ly mu v lng t ha bao gm mt tp hp cc s v c lu tr dng nh phn. i vi s nh phn N bit s c ti a 2N gi tr khc nhau ng vi 2N mc lng t khc nhau. Nh vy, phm vi lng t s b gii hn trong khong t q n 2Nq, bt k bin tn hiu no vt qu gi tr ny th s b ct b. Gi s tn hiu m ha c bin trong khong [-Am,Am]: Am = 2Nq/2 (1.17) T , gi s cng sut tn hiu l s2 th t s tn hiu trn nhiu lng t ha (SQNR Signal to Quantizing Noise Ratio) l:
s2 A SQNR [dB] = 10 log 2 = 6.02(N-1) + 10.79 - 20 log m e s

(1.18)

3. M ho
Tn hiu ng ra b lng t ha c a n b m ha, b m ha s gn mt s nh phn cho mi mc lng t. Qu trnh ny gi l m ha. C nhiu phng php m ha khc nhau nhng trong a s h thng x l tn hiu s s dng phng php b 2. Mt v d i vi N = 3 nh sau:

S nh phn Gi tr S nh phn Gi tr
000 001 010
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0 1/4 1/2

000 001 010

0 1/4 1/2
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Ti liu X l s tn hiu

Chng 1

011 111 110 101 100

3/4 - 1/4 - 1/2 - 3/4 -1

011 100 101 110 111

3/4 1 5/4 3/2 7/4

Ngoi phng php m ha tuyn tnh nh trn (cc mc lng t c cng s bit nh phn bng nhau), ta cn s dng phng php m ha phi tuyn. Phng php ny s dng cc bc lng t thay i theo bin tn hiu. Mt phng php c chun ha bi CCITT l lut m ha 13 on thng dng trong mng vin thng. Lut m ha 13 on (13-segment coding law) thc hin chuyn i bin ca tn hiu x thnh tn hiu y nh sau:
16x 1 8x + 8 4x + 1 4 3 y = 2x + 8 x+1 2 5 1 x+8 2 1 x + 3 4 4
1

0 x
1 64 1 32 1 16 1 8 1 4

1 64 1 32

1 x 16

x 1 8 x
1 4

(1.19)

x1 2 1 2 x 1

111 110 101 100 011

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4

010
0.3

001 000

0.2 0.1 0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Hnh 1.7 M t lut m ha 13 on vi bin dng

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