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CHNG II: TR M T CH
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
GVHD: Bi Th Lun
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Natural_Group
1. Nhm trm tch mnh v ( vn): hay cn c gi l trm tch c hc: - Kh ph bin, chim khong 50% tng s trm tch, gm mnh vn kch thc trn 0,01mm v ximng, mnh vn l sn phm ph hy cc khc do qu trnh phong ha. Ximng gn kt mnh vn l sn phm lng ng t dung dch tht hay ngng keo. Cc tc nhn ny b xm thc ri vn chuyn i, sau cng lng t li, lu dn bin thnh trm tch. - Ty theo vt liu trm tch m trm tch mnh v c chia thnh nhiu loi. Theo ht c th chia vn c hc ra lm ba loi: * vn th- cha trn 50% cc mnh vn c kch thc ln hn1mm * vn trung bnh(ct)- cha mnh vn c kch thc t 0.1 n 1mm * vn nh(bt)- kch thc mnh vn t 0.01 tn 0.1mm - Thnh phn khong vt ca trn tch vn ph thuc thnh phn gc b ph hy, ximng ca c th l st, vi, silic - Thng gia cc gii hn kch thc cn c th trung gian l do s trn ln gia cc c ht, vd: ct pha st cho loi trm tch c tn l ct bt kt. c bit thnh phn ha hc t c s dng phn loi nhm ny v: * Thnh phn ha hc ca nhm ny rt phc tp v d bin i. * Khng ch r c ngun gc v mi trng thnh lp. VD: ct kt, sa thch: gm tan ct v thch anh, ct ny c th do ct c trc hay do granit , granodiorit b phong ha m c. Fenpat hin din nhiu trong ct kt c th do vt liu trm tch lng t v vi lp qu nhanh nn fenpat khng kp bn nt, cng c th trong kh hu hn i th hat ng phong ha ha hc khng ng k. Tm tt qu trnh hnh thnh trm tch c hc: Phong ha hay bo mn do tc ng ca sng nc hay gi. Vn chuyn lng ng (hay trm tch) cc vt liu trm tch theo dng nc hay gi. Nn p hay thnh khi cc vt liu trm tch c tch t li v b p cht vo nhau to trm tch 2. Nhm trm tch ha hc v sinh hc: - L phn ln do s trm ta ha hc hay sinh hc hoc cng do s gm t v, xc b v ct b ca sinh vt. - Nhm ny c phn loi theo thnh phn ha hc, tng t nh trm tch mnh v, loi ny cng c s pha trn ln nhau, nhiu khi n loi pha tn vi trm tch mnh v na vd: st vi
GVHD: Bi Th Lun
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Natural_Group
Sinh hc x x x x x x x x x x
Ha hc
x: c s hin din tn ti Trong phn ny trm tch c chia thnh hai nhm: a . trm tch ho hc: - c to thnh do cc cht ho tan trong nc lng ng xung ri kt li. - c im l ht rt nh, thnh phn khong vt tng i n gin v u hn trm tch c hc. - Loi ny ph bin nht l lmit, manhezit, tp vi, thch cao, anhydrit v mui m. b . trm tch hu c: - c to thnh do s tch t xc v c ca cc loi ng vt v thc vt sng trong nc bin, nc ngt. l nhng loi cacbonat v silic khc nhau nh vi, vi v s, phn, iatmit v trepan 3. Nhm trm tch hn hp: - L sn phm tch t ho hc ca hai hoc ba loi c ngun gc nh trn. VD: st vi, vi trng c
B. CU TO CA TRM TCH:
- trm tch khng c, chc bng mcma (do cc cht keo kt thin nhin khng chn y gia cc ht hoc do bn thn cc cht keo kt co li). V th cng ca trm tch thp hn, ht nc cao hn. Mt s loi trm tch khi b ht nc, cng gim i r rt, c khi b tan r trong nc. - trm tch c tnh phn lp r rt, y l nt c trng in hnh ca trm tch, ch mt s t trm tch khng th hin r tnh phn lp. Chiu dy, mu sc, thnh phn, ln ca ht, cng... ca cc lp khc nhau. Cng nn theo phng vung gc vi cc lp lun lun cao hn cng nn theo phng song song vi th.
I. Tng:
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Natural_Group
- L s phn lp ca vt liu trm tch hay trm tch tng l hu qu ca s lng t ca cht trm tch t khng kh hay trong nc. hai mi trng ny vt liu khi lng t thng xp thnh lp. trm tch phn lp dn n s hnh thnh hai quy lut rt quan trng ca a cht, n l d kin gii thchnhng iu kin v mi trng ca thi qu kh. - nh lut v lp nm ngang ( bnh hng): nhng lp mi c trm tch l lp nm ngang hay gn nm ngang, nhng sau c th bin i l do chu nh hng ca chuyn ng kin to. Ch tr mt s t trng hp trm tch di ct do dng nc v trm tch cn ct do gi th c kiu trm tch theo lp xin. - nh lut v chng cht: s lng t ca trm tch theo th t tr trn, gi di khi khng chu s xo trn do kin to. nh lut ny c s dng mt cch rng ri v tht quan trng gii thch cc bin c xy ra trong thi qu kh.
II. Lp:
- S thay i v ht hay mu trong lot trm tch to ra lp hay l: - C 3 kiu lp thng thy trm tch: 1. Lp song song: - Thng thy hn c. Cc lp c phn bit l do s khc nhau v kch thc ht v thnh phn hay mu. Do s thay i v iu kin trm tch nh c nhiu hay t bn, c nhiu hay t cht hu c hoc cht sc phn chia thnh lp, tuy nhin lp song song do nhiu yu t chi phi nn t c s dng nh gi iu kin ca thi qu kh. - c trng cho trm tch hnh thnh trong trm tch m ly, h, bin su dy ca mi lp bin i t vi mm n vi trm m, c trng cho vng nc yn tnh. 2. Lp xin cho: - L kt qu ca dng chy ri hay chy xoy ca nc hay khng kh. Kt qu vt liu c vn chuyn s gom li thnh song ct hay cn ct y sng, bi bin hay trn mt t - Dng nc hay lun gi mi mn trin nc em theo vt liu trm tch trin sau ca cn ct. Vt liu c xp thnh hng nghing. Sau dng nc i hng chyhay gi i hng thi, vt liu c xp theo mt hng khc to nn lp xin cho.
GVHD: Bi Th Lun
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Natural_Group
Lp xin cho
3. Lp xp theo th t ht: - ht gim dn kch thc t y n nh ca lp. Bt u l lp ht mn sau l lp ht th lp li nhiu ln. Trng hp ny xy ra khi nc c nhiu lu tc khc nhau. Bt u lu tc gim, nhng ht th ri xung , v khi lu tc tip tc gim th nhng ht rt xung c kch thc gim dn, k trm tch nh vy c lp i lp li nhiu ln thnh mt lp tht dy .
Lp xp th t ht
GVHD: Bi Th Lun
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Natural_Group
Cc loi cu to khc:
I. Kt hch:
- Dng cu, elipsoit..kch thc t vi mm n vi cm. Bn trong thng c cu to ng tm, i khi ng nht hoc ta tia(gi kt hch). Thnh phn ca kt hch thng l st, silic,photphoric, st, mangan, cacbonat
C. S HA :
- Khi chng ta so snh ct dc b bin hay n ct vi ct kt (sa thch) hoc bn nho ca cc bi bin vi dip thch st th ta thy chng khc nhau, khc nhau l do s ha . S ha cn c nhiu c ch khc nhau nn c gi chung bng mt t xuyn sinh hay cn gi l s ha non. - Giai an xuyn sinh ca s ha xy khi cht trm tch c s thay i v l tnh v ha tnh. Nu s thay i ny tip tc, th n s tr thnh bin cht , nhng iu ny ch xy ra di iu kin nhit mt t l 3000C tr ln( nhit nh vy rt t khi xy ra mt t.
GVHD: Bi Th Lun Page 25
Natural_Group
I. S nn d:
- L s thay i v l tnh xy ra trong khi ha . Ha theo kiu ny ch c cht trm tch ht tht mn, c bit c mn pha nhiu st, bn b chn vi su, di sc p ca cc vt liu trm tchbn trn,nc b p ra khi cc khe hv ngay c nc nm gia cc l ca ht st cng b y ra. Hn na bn chn vi di su, nhit gia tng v chnh nhit lng ny cn gp phnvo vic y nc ra khi cht trm tch, kt qu l cc ht bn st kt dnh li vi nhau. su 300m, nhit khang 100 0C th c ch nn d v s kh nc thng km theo s thay i trong thnh phn khang vt ca nhng ht st. iu ng lu l nc chim khang 1/2 2/3 th tch ca cht trm tch, do khi b mt nc th th tch gim i nhiu.
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Natural_Group
- Khong vt to nn trm tch c thnh lp t cc hin tng ha hc, sinh hc, hoc do s phong ha nhng loi c trc - C 2 nhm khang vt: * Nhm vt liu b ri ( vn) c ngun gc l nhng khang vt nguyn thy v vt liu cn. * Nhm khang vt th sinh ch xut hin sau khi c trc b phong ha, c ngun gc ha hc hay sinh hc.
ri:
- Hu ht cc loi khang vt bn vng ca macma v bin cht khng b phong ha, v mt s khang vt nng khng b hy hoi, v th khi b phong ha s ri ra thnh ct. - Tri li biotit v fenspat ( feldspar) rt d bn nt cho st. II. Khang vt c ngun gc t ha hc v sinh hc: - Vt liu ha tan khi gp nhng iu kin thun li s trm t cho cc nhm khang vt sau: * Chlorur: halit ( mui) * Carbonat: calcite, dolomite, aragonite. * Sulfat: thch cao (gypse) * Silic: thch anh ti kt tinh nh chalcedoin, opal. 1. Cc khong vt ca nhm cacbonat ph bin trong cc loi trm tch: * Calcite(CaCO3): l khong khng mu hoc mu trng, khi c ln tp cht th c mu xm vng, hng hoc xanh, khi lng ring 2,7 g/cm3, cng 3, cng trung bnh; d tan trong nc v tan mnh trong nc c cha CO2; si bt mnh trong axit clohydric nng 10%. * lmit [CaMg(CO3)2 ] :l khong vt c mu hoc trng, khi lng ring 2,8g/cm3, cng 3-4, cng ln hn canxit. Khi dng bt v b nung nng cng si bt trong dung dch axit clohydric nng 10%. -lmit c dng lm nguyn liu sn xut cht kt dnh manhezi v lmi; lm vt liu chu la lmi, cng nh cc loi cy xy, dm cho b tng.
GVHD: Bi Th Lun
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Natural_Group
* Manzehit: (MgCO3) l khong khng mu hoc mu trng, xm, vng hoc nu; khi lng ring 3,0 g/cm3, cng 3,5 - 4,5, c cng kh cao. Khi nung nng th tan trong c HCl. Manhezit nung nhit 1500 16500oC s cho loi vt liu chu nhit cao, cn khi nung nhit 750 80000C s cho MgO. Khi nho trn manhezit vi dung dch clorua hoc sunfat axit manh s nhn c cht kt dnh manh.
2. Nhm cc khong vt st: Cc khong vt st ng vai tr rt quan trng trong trm tch, chng l thnh phn chnh ca t st v tp cht trong nhiu loi khc. Alumosilicat ngm nc l cc khong vt ca nhm ny. Cc khong ph bin nht l kaolimit, montmorilnit v mica ngm nc. * Caolinit: Al4 [Si4O10] (OH)8 hay Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O: l khong mu trng, i khi c mu xm hoc mu xanh; khi lng ring 2,6g/cm 3, cng 1. Caolinit c hnh thnh do kt qu phn hu fensat, mica v mt s loi silicat khc. Caolinit l thnh phn ch yu ca cao lanh v cc loi t st a khong. * Mica ngm nc: c hnh thnh do s phn hu mica v mt s silicat. * Mntmrilnit l khong st c to thnh trong mi trng kim, ti cc vng bin hoc trn cc lp t b phong ho. N l thnh phn chnh ca t bentonit v i khi l cht xi mng gn kt trong sa thch. Cc khong ca nhm mntmrilnit thng thy trong cc loi trm tch. Cc tp cht st lm cho bn nc ca vi v sa thch gim i. 3. Nhm sunfat: Ph bin nht trong nhm ny l thch cao v anhydrit. * Thch cao: (CaSO4.2H2O) L khong mu trng hoc khng mu, i khi ln tp cht th c mu xanh, vng hoc mu ; tinh th dng bn, i khi dng si, cng 2, khi lng ring 2,3 g/cm3, d ho tan trong nc ( ho tan ln hn canxit 75 ln). Thch cao c to thnh do trm tch ho hc, do thu ho anhyrit v do nc cha H2SO4 tc dng vi vi. * Anhydrit (CaSO4) l loi khong trm tch ho hc, kt tinh dng tm dy hoc lng tr, mu trng, i khi c mu xanh da tri; cng 3 - 3,5, khi lng ring 3g/cm 3. Anhydrit
GVHD: Bi Th Lun Page 28
Natural_Group
thng gp trong cc tng hoc cc mnh nh cng vi thch cao v mui m. Khi tc dng vi nc p lc thp anhydrit chuyn thnh thch cao v tng th tch 30%.
Trn 2mm
1/16-2mm
Bn(bt) St
GVHD: Bi Th Lun
Natural_Group
Cui kt
CT KT
ST
II. Nhm trm tch ha hc v sinh hc:
1. vi: - vi gm tan khang calcite hay aragonnit, c hai khang vt vt ny u c cng th ho hc chung l CaCO3, nhng dng kt tinh khc nhau. - Trong qu trnh ha hc to thnh vi s can thip ca vi sinh vt cng ng vai tr rt quan trng. Thc vt c kh nng hp thu nhn CO 2 trong nc cha Ca(HCO3)2 dn ti lng ng CaCO3. Vi khun cng vy khi b phn hy to nn NH3, H2S c tc dng lm bin i dung dch cha Ca(HCO 3)2 thnh CaCO3 kt ta dng vi ht calcit. So vi vi c ngun gc ha hc vi c ngun gc sinh vt ph bin hn. a. vi gc sinh hc: c phn ra thnh nhiu loi ty theo v, xc, xng sinh vt hin trong :
GVHD: Bi Th Lun
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Natural_Group
vi v s c: nhng mnh v v s c
khi cht tch t li thnh ng, c ximng vi kt dnh li to thnh .
Natural_Group
2. Dolomite: Dolomite c thnh lp l do s thay th ca khang dolomite vi khang calcite trong vi ngay khi mi trm tch. Hin tng thay th lm gim th tch, lm mt du vt ca ha thch v li hang l. Nhiu trng hp, s thay th khng han tan nn trong vi c ln dolomite.Trng hp ny thng thy trong vi H Tin v Bnh Long (Bnh Phc). 3. Chert ( silit): - L silit trm tch rt cng c ht cc mn, khi v cho mt cong hay xay c c nh thy tinh. - Nhng thi silit nm trong vi hay dolomite l do s thay th ca silicdioxit (SiO2) ha tan vi (CaCO3) calcite v dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2). Nu nhng thi ny c mu m (mu mt ong) c tn l la (silex_flint). Chertlaf loi silic c mu nht, thung xp thnh lp dy hay l mng, trong trng hp ny c ngun gc t kh hi (hi ni la) trm ta. - Mt loai chert khc c ngun gc l do s tch t ca ca v sinh vt c cu to bng silit nh v khu to (diatom), trng tia (radiolaria) v gai hi min c nhng tinh th opal kt li. Nu cha tan v khu to th gi l diatomit. -Ngc bch l silic ph bin nht thnh phn chnh l SiO2(chanxedon v thch anh) ch yu c ngun gc ha hc. Mu sc thay i do ln tp cht_nu do ln hydroxit; mu lc do ln chlorit; en do thanCu to phn lp, song song, rt cng v rn chc. 4. bc hi: - Gm mui, thch cao, mui m. - bc hi c nhiu loi khc nhau v thnh phn khang vt v cu th.Chng c hnh thnh l do s bc hi nc cc ao bin kn hay h nc mn (vd: h Great Salt Hoa K).
GVHD: Bi Th Lun Page 32
Natural_Group
* Silvinit: ch yu gm khong vt silvinit(KCl). Mu trng sa, nu, cu to phn lp mng xen k gia cc lp halit, anhydrit. V mn cht d ht m. - M thch cao c ln mt t mui c tm thy Paris (Php). Ngoi ra cc chm ni mui ln cng c tm thy Hoa K, Lin X, c, Iran, n - mt s ni khc, bc hi tan l mui kali v mt vi vt liu rt c gi tr v kinh t nh cc loi khang vt him v mui hu dng nh borat, nitrat v sunfat natri. 5. Than v than bn: Qu trnh to than tri qua hai giai on: * GI: giai on thnh to than bn mi trng m ly, trong khong thi gian ko di hng ngn nm.
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Natural_Group
* GII: giai on ha than, chuyn t than bn thnh than nu ri thnh than anthracit; giai on ny ko di hng chc triu nm trong lng t di s tng tc ca nhit v p sut cao. y l giai on bin cht mnh m nht v mt ha l.. lm cho vt cht than thay i su sc: gim m, tng t trng, tng cng v nht l tng hm lng cacbon. - Hai loi ny chim mt t l rt nh trong trm tch, nhng xt v kinh t th c nh gi cao nn c cp n:
trm tch phn b nhiu min Bc v Bc Trung b, cht lng tt, m l thin
GVHD: Bi Th Lun
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