a cht mi trng Environmental Geology Chng 1: Nhng nhn thc c bn Chng 2: Cc vt liu v qu trnh tri t Chng 3: t v mi trng Chng

Chng 4: Cc tai bin t nhin: tng quan Chng 5: Sng v l lt Chng 6: Trt t v cc hin tng lin quan

 Chng 7: ng t v cc hin tng lin quan Chng 8: Hot ng ni la Chng 9: Cc tai bin b bin Chng 10: Nc: qu trnh, cung cp, v s dng Chng 11: nhim nc v x l Chng 12: Cc kha cnh a cht ca sc khe mi trng

 Mi th u c s bt u v kt thc. Tri t hnh thnh cch ngy nay khong 4.5 t nm khi m my kh gia cc v sao hnh thnh cc sao s khi v cc h thng hnh tinh. S sng trn Tri t bt u khong 3 t nm v t v s cc sinh vt a dng xut hin, phn thnh v bin mt, ch li ha thch, nh du v tr ca n trong lch s Tri t. Ch cch y vi triu nm, t tin ca chng ta n nh mt giai on cho s thng tr hin din ca loi ngi.

 Khng nghi ng g na, mt tri ri cng s mt, chng ta cui cng cng s bin mt. Quan st trong vi triu nm vai tr ca chng ta trong lch s Tri t c th khng quan trng, nhng i vi cuc sng ca chng ta hin nay v i vi con chu chng ta, nhng tc ng n mi trng thc s ng k.

V phng din a cht c th ni rng con ngi tn ti trong thi gian rt ngn ngi. V d, Khng long cai tr t lin hn 100 triu nm. Chng ta khng bit s ch ng ca chng ta s di bao lu, nhng nhng h s ho thch tha nhn rng tt c cc loi cui cng u tuyt chng.

 Chng ta c th hy vng rng loi ngi s li iu g hn mt s ha thch nh du thi gian ngn trong h s ny khi Homo sapien thnh vng. Vi s tin ha, hy vng rng loi ngi s nhn thc nhiu hn v mi trng v tm nhng cch sng hi ha vi hnh tinh chng ta.

 a cht mi trng l khoa hc a cht ng dng, mt cch c th, l vic s dng cc thng tin a cht gip con ngi gii quyt cc xung t trong s dng t, gim thiu s suy thoi mi trng v cc i ha cc kt qu c li ca vic s dng mi trng t nhin v b bin i.

 ng dng a cht cho cc vn ny bao gm cc nghin cu sau: 1) Cc tai bin t nhin (nh l lt, trt l t, ng t, hot ng ni la) gim thiu s tn tht sinh mng v ti sn. 2) Cnh quan la chn cc v tr, qui hoch s dng t v phn tch tc ng mi trng. 3) Cc vt liu Tri t (nh khong sn, , t) xc nh tim nng s dng ca chng nh cc ti nguyn hoc cc v tr b cht thi v cc nh hng ca chng ti sc khe con ngi.

 4) Cc qu trnh thy hc ca nc ngm v nc mt nh gi cc ti nguyn nc v cc vn nhim nc. 5) Cc qu trnh a cht (nh lng ng trm tch trn y i dng, s hnh thnh ni v di chuyn nc trn v di mt t) nh gi nhng thay i cc b, khu vc v ton cu. Xem xt rng cc ng dng ny, c th xc nh a cht mi trng l mt nhnh ca khoa hc Tri t nghin cu ton b ph tng tc gia loi ngi vi mi trng vt l.

 Mi trng l tp hp tng th cc hon

cnh bao quanh mt c th hoc mt cng ng. N bao gm ton b cc iu kin vt l nh khng kh, nc, cc kh v cc dng a hnh nh hng n s pht trin ca mt c th hoc mt cng ng. N cng bao gm cc iu kin x hi v vn ha nh o c, kinh t, thm m nh hng n hnh vi ca c th hoc cng ng. Bi vy, gii thiu v a cht mi trng phi xem xt khng ch cc qu trnh Tri t, cc ti nguyn v cu trc tri t c cc nh khoa hc tri t m t m cn c x hi v vn ha nh hng n vic chng ta nhn thc v phn ng ti mi trng vt l nh th no.

 What is Environmental geology? Environmental geology is the study of the interaction between human activity and geological environment. It embraces geoscientific advice in planning and management of the geological environment. It also involves the prediction and forecasting of hazards and changes of the environment caused by human encroachment on geological processes.

Committee of the International Union of Geological Science (IUGS)

1.2 Nhn thc mi trng v vn ha

Nhn thc mi trng gm ton b li sng m chng ta truyn t th h ny sang th h khc. khm ph cn nguyn ca iu kin hin ti, chng ta phi nhn v qu kh xem nhng th ch vn ho v x hi -chnh tr, kinh t, o c, tn gio v thm m-nh hng n cch m con ngi nhn thc v phn hi ti mi trng vt l nh th no.

 gii quyt cc vn mi trng nh dn s qu ng, b cht thi c hi, nng ln ton cu, v cn kit ti nguyn chng ta phi nhn v tng lai. Nu th ch x hi gp phn vo cc gii php, nhng thay i c bn m x hi hot ng c mc c nhn v t chc s l cn thit. ln ca iu chnh ny c th so snh vi ln ca cuc Cch mng Cng nghip lm thay i mi quan h gia con ngi v mi trng bng vic em li nhng nhu cu lin tc gia tng v ti nguyn v thi ra cc khi lng lin tc gia tng cht thi c hi vo mi trng.

 Nhng quan tm mi trng ton cu hin ti l cc vn chnh tr h trng, i hi nhng c gng hp tc t c cc nc cng nghip v pht trin. V d, chng ta khng th mong i cc Quc gia Nam M qun l rng ma nhit i tt hn nu nc M v cc nc cng nghip khc p t sc p kinh t nng n ti cc nc Nam M xut khu khi lng ln ti nguyn.

 Lm sao chng ta c th mong i cc nc ngho, nc pht trin tn trng mi trng khi cc nc cng nghip giu c khng mun lm iu ny? Cng rt may, s quan tm ca mi ngi v mi trng ang gia tng; nu ng vy chng ta s quan st s tin trin thc t trong vic tm kim cc gii php chnh tr cho cc vn mi trng.

1.3 o c mi trng
Nm 1963 Stewart Udal cng b The Quiet Crisis, hu ht mi ngi khng nhn thy rng s cn kit ti nguyn v suy thoi mi trng l cc vn . Ngy nay chng ta nhn thc su sc iu m Udal gi l khng hong s tn ti. thc mi trng ang lm thay i cc cch sng, th ch v o c chng ta

 Tip cn o c mi trng l s pht trin mi nht trong lch s lu di ca s tin ha o c loi ngi. o c mi trng (gm o c sinh thi v t) bao gm phm vi t do hot ng ca x hi cng nh c nhn u tranh tn ti trong mi trng y sc p. o c t ai cho rng chng ta c trch nhim khng ch i vi x hi v cc c nhn khc m cn i vi ton th mi trng, l qun hp ln hn bao gm ng vt, thc vt, t, kh quyn...

 Theo o c ny, chng ta l nhng cng dn v nhng ngi bo v t ai, m khng l nhng ngi chim c n. S thay i vai tr ny i hi chng ta tn trng v yu t ai ca chng ta hn l cho php nn kinh t nh ot mi s dng t.

 Nhn thc mi trng ang gia tng nhanh chng v chng ta hiu cc vn mi trng hn bao gi ht qui m a phng, vng, v ton cu. iu ny lm cho phm vi o c mi trng thnh ch quan tm ni bt. Cc ch quan trng trong lnh vc ny bao gm cc l do o c cho vic ra quyt nh, s mu thun chng tc v mi trng (E racism) v cng l x hi, gi tr cnh quan, quyn ca cc vt v tri v gic, v bn phn ca chng ta i vi cc th h tng lai.

 Nu s phn hi cc vn mi trng ca chng ta c da vo c kin thc khoa hc v cc nhn thc mi v mi quan h h hng vi Tri t, chng ta c th pht trin cc chnh sch c nhng hiu qu li ch su sc cho chnh chng ta v phn cn li ca th gii t nhin.

1.4 Khng hong mi trng

Nhng nhu cu c to ra trong vic gim thiu ti nguyn do dn s gia tng, cng vi lng thi ca con ngi lin tc gia tng, to ra khng hong mi trng. Cuc khng hong l kt qu ca dn s qu mc, th ha, v cng nghip ha, kt hp vi s quan tm o c rt t v t ai v nhng th ch khng thch hp i ph vi sc p mi trng.

 Ngy nay cuc tn cng vo ti nguyn tip tc qui m ton cu: 1) Hoang mc ha v xi mn t i km, nhim nc v khng kh xut hin trn nhiu lc a. 2) Khai thc ti nguyn nh kim loi, than, du m bt k ni no m chng xut hin gy ra cc vn mi trng khc nhau. 3) S khai thc nc ngm v nc mt a n s mt mt v ph hy nhiu mi trng qui m ton cu.

 Chng ta hc c nhiu t khng hong mi trng. Chng ta bit nhiu mi quan h ca suy thoi mi trng ti vic s dng ti nguyn, Nhiu k hoch c tnh i mi v ang c pht trin tt gim bt hoc loi b cc vn mi trng; v chng ta ang to ra cc tin trnh thc s, nht l trong cc nc pht trin, trong vic gim nhiu vn mi trng nh nhim nc, v qun l cht thi c hi.

 V s suy thoi mi trng vt qua c h thng chnh tr v tn ngng tn gio, chng ta phi nhn xa hn cho cc nguyn nhn chnh ca iu kin hin ti. Nhng gii thch tha ng hn cho l cc vn mi trng l kt qu t nhin ca pht minh nhn loi v rng chng bt u khi ln u tin loi ngi s dng cc cng c ci thin s sng ca h. Mi s i mi m rng v tr thch hp ca Homo sapient trong mt th gii kht khe v m bo rng mi ngi theo sau c thi gian d dng hn.

 Kiu pht trin x hi xut hin trong s i mi dn n dn s ln hn, to ra cc nhu cu ln hn v ti nguyn v cng i hi thm s i mi. ng xon c ny tip tc ti hin ti, khi c cc du hiu rng chng ta ang trong tin trnh va chm vi mi trng ca chng ta.

1.6 Cc khi nim c bn ca khoa hc MT

Khi nim 1: Gia tng dn s Vn mi trng s 1 l s gia tng dn Nh sinh thi hc nhn vn ni ting Garrett Hardin pht biu rng tc ng mi trng tng th ca dn s bng tch mi ngi tc ng nhn vi dn s. Bi vy khi dn s gia tng th tc ng tng th cng phi gia tng. Khi dn s gia tng cn nhiu ti nguyn hn v, cn c vo cc cng ngh hin c ca chng ta, kt qu ph hy mi trng ln hn.

s.

 V s dn s th gii gia tng theo lut s m nn nhiu nh khoa hc nhn nh rng s khng c kh nng cung cp ti nguyn v mi trng cht lng cao cho nhiu t ngi vo th k 21. Dn s gia tng qui m a phng, khu vc v ton cu lm hu ht cc vn mi trng a cht ti t thm, bao gm nhim nc ngm v nc mt, sn xut v qun l cht thi c hi; t con ngi v cc cu trc nhn sinh vo cc qu trnh t nhin (tai bin) nh l lt, trt t, phn xut ni la, v ng t

 Mt s nghin cu cho rng dn s hin ti cng qu sc mang d chu cho hnh tinh ny (s ngi cc i m Tri t c th gi m khng gy suy thoi mi trng) Vai tr ca gio dc l ti cao trong vn dn s. Khi mi ngi (nht l ph n) c gio dc nhiu hn, tc tng dn s c xu hng gim. Khi t l bit ch gia tng, s gia tng dn s c gim xung. Da vo s khc nhau ca cc nn vn ha, cc gi tr, v cc qui tc trong th gii ngy nay, hy vng ln nht ca chng ta kim sot dn s l thc t thng qua gio dc

Khi nim 2: Tnh bn vng

Tnh bn vng l mc tiu ca mi

trng.

Khng nghi ng g na rng chng ta ang dng ti nguyn mi trng sng nh rng, c, v s sng hoang d nhanh hn ti nguyn c b sung mt cch t nhin. Chng ta khai thc khong sn, du m v nc ngm m khng quan tm y v nhng gii hn ca chng hoc v kh nng phc hi ca chng. Kt qu l c nhng thiu ht mt s ti nguyn.

 Chng ta phi hc cch duy tr ti nguyn mi trng ca chng ta chng tip tc cung cp cc li ch cho mi ngi v nhng c th sng khc trn hnh tinh ny. Tnh bn vng l g ? Mt s ngi nh ngha l s m bo cho cc th h tng lai c c hi cng bng i vi cc ti nguyn m hnh tinh chng ta cung cp. Nhng ngi khc cho rng tnh bn vng m ch cc kiu pht trin c th thc hin v mt kinh t v x hi m khng lm tn hi mi trng.

 Tnh bn vng gn lin vi kinh t ton cu bn vng vi cc thuc tnh sau: 1) Con ngi v cc c th sng khc hi ha vi cc h thng tr gip t nhin nh khng kh, nc v t (bao gm cc h sinh thi). 2) Chnh sch nng lng khng lm nhim kh quyn, gy ra nhng trng thi lo lng v kh hu nh nng ln ton cu hoc nhng ri ro khng th chp nhn c hin nay (cc quyt nh chnh tr hoc x hi)

 3) K hoch s dng cc ti nguyn c th phc hi nh nc, rng, ng c, t nng nghip v ng trng khng lm cn kit cc ti nguyn hoc ph hy cc h sinh thi. 4) K hoch s dng cc ti nguyn khng th phc hi khng gy tn hi mi trng ton cu v cung cp y cho mt phn ti nguyn khng ti to ca chng ta sn c cho cc th h tng lai. 5) H thng x hi, lut php v chnh tr dnh cho kinh t ton cu bn vng v mt x hi to ra nn kinh t nh th.

 t c nn kinh t ton cu bn vng cn thit: 1) Pht trin chin lc kim sot dn s hiu qu. iu ny i hi gio dc ng k con ngi trong cc nc pht trin, v bit ch v gia tng dn s c quan h nghch. 2) Ti cu trc y cc chng trnh nng lng. C kin cho rng nn kinh t ton cu bn vng l khng th nu n da trn vic s dng nng lng ha thch. K hoch nng lng mi phi cn nhc khi nim chnh sch nng lng da nhiu hn vo ngun nng lng ti to (mt tri, gi).

 3) xy dng k hoch kinh t, bao gm pht trin cu trc thu khuyn khch kim sot dn s v s dng thng minh ti nguyn. Tr gip ti chnh cho cc nc pht trin cng cn thit. Xy dng nhng thay i x hi, lut php, chnh tr, v gio dc vi mc ch duy tr mi trng a phng, vng v ton cu cht lng. y l li cam kt nghim tc m mi ngi trn th gii hp tc t c.

Khi nim 3: Cc h thng

Hiu cc h thng ca T v nhng thay

i ca chng l then cht gii quyt cc vn MT. Tri t l mt h thng m v nng lng, nhng v c bn l mt h thng ng v vt liu. H thng l mi phn xc nh ca v tr m chng ta la chn nghin cu. Cc v d v h thng l hnh tinh, ni la, bn i dng, hoc sng sui . Hu ht cc h thng cha nhng b phn cu thnh iu chnh ln nhau, cho nn nhng thay i trong mt b phn s gy ra nhng thay i trong b phn khc.

 Tri t l mt h thng. Tri t c th c xem l mt h thng gm 4 b phn: kh quyn (khng kh); thy quyn (nc); sinh quyn (s sng) v thch quyn (, t). S tng tc ln nhau ca cc b phn ny l nguyn nhn gy ra nhng nt c trng b mt ca Tri t ngy nay. Mi s thay i v cng hoc tn s ca cc qu trnh trong mi b phn s gy ra nhng thay i trong cc b phn khc.

 Tri t khng phi l h thng tnh; n l h thng ng lc, tin ha trong vt liu v nng lng thay i lin tc. ng lc nh th tha nhn rng Tri t l h thng m, l mt h thng trao i nng lng vi mi trng xung quanh. iu ny thc s ng i vi nng lng, v Tri t nhn nng lng t mt tri v bc x nng lng tr li khng gian.

 Cng c nhng thay i vt cht cht t gia Tri t v mi trng xung quanh. Cc thin thch ri xung tri t v mt lng nh vt liu mt t thot vo khng gian di dng kh. Tuy vy, hu ht vt liu Tri t ti sinh lin tc trong h thng ny. Khi chng ta xem xt cc chu k t nhin nh chu k nc v chng ta c th hiu su hn Tri t nh l h thng ng hoc, chnh xc hn, mt s lin kt ca nhiu h thng ng. Trn ma hm nay cui cng cng tr li kh quyn, v trm tch lng ng ngy hn qua s bin thnh cng.

 Feedback: l s phn ng h thng ni m ngun ra (mt iu g xy ra) ca h thng l ngun vo (quay tr li h thng) gy ra s bin i. C hai kiu phn hi trong h thng, gi l m v dng.

 Trong phn hi m, kt qu iu ha hoc gim qu trnh xung, km theo h thng tip cn trng thi bn vng. V d dng sng duy tr rng, th tch v tc nht nh ca dong chy. Knh sng v cc b sng l mt kiu ca h thng m c gi l h thng-trng thi-bn vng; l, cc dng chy qua h thng ny, nhng khng c s thay i mng. Nu b rng, dung tch, tc tng ln (phn ng vi lng ma vng gia tng hoc bin i do th ha), dng chy tng ln c th xi mn cc b sng, lm cho knh sng rng ra. S m rng ny cho php dung tch nc ln hn mt ln na sng chy chm hn, nh th mt trng thi bn vng mi c thit lp.

 Trong phn hi dng, thng gi l chu trnh tng lin tc (vicious cycle), u ra bin i m rng s kin ban u, n lt mnh s kin ny li m rng u vo...V d, s dng xe c trn ng thit t chu k phn hi dng vn ng bng cch ph hy thc vt trn sn. S mt thc vt s gia tng xi mn lm cho thc vt mt thm, v thc vt mt i xi mn li gia tng. Cui cng mt khu vc c nhiu phng tin giao thng c th thc vt b bc ht v tc xi mn rt cao

Khi nim 4: Gii hn ti nguyn

Khi nim 4 bao gm hai thc t c bn: 1) Trc ht Tri t l ni duy nht chng ta sng; 2) Th hai, cc ti nguyn ca chng ta ch c gii hn v trong c mt s ti nguyn c th phc hi, nhiu ti nguyn khng th phc hi. Bi vy, cui cng chng ta s cn ti ch qui m ln nhiu vt liu, v phn ln cc vn thi cht thi rn v lng c th c gim bt nu cht thi ny c ti ch. Ni cch khc nhiu th m by gi c xem l cht nhim c th c xem l ti nguyn...

 C hai quan im chnh v ti nguyn thin nhin. 1) Mt trng phi cho rng tm ra ti nguyn khng phi l vn ln nh vic tm cch s dng chng. Chng c h tr cho l do ny l: Trc tin, s dng c hiu qu v thng minh cc vt liu l c th t c Th hai, chng ta bit khai thc khong sn v nhin liu nhiu hn so vi qu kh cho nn c th tn c cc ti nguyn mi nhanh hn v khai thc cc m khong sn hm lng thp hn; v Th ba, s ti ch ti nguyn c th gip chng ta p ng cc nhu cu ca tng lai.

 2) Trng phi th hai cho rng: v c s ti nguyn hn ch khng th h tr cho s gia tng dn s theo lut s m mi mi. Thm na chng ta ang trong cuc khng hong ti nguyn v mt s l do: u tin, nhng tin b trong y hc gp phn vo s ng dn qu, Th hai, mt ci nhn khng thc t ca s tt yu v tng sn lng quc gia (GNP) gia tng lin tc da trn s li thi v ph thi,

 Th 3, bn cht c hn ca cc khong sn c th s dng c ca Tri t, v Th 4, ri ro gia tng ca tn tht khng th o ngc c ti mi trng l kt qu ca dn s qu mc, cht thi v nhng hot ng khai thc m ngy cng ln t c t l khong sn hu ch ngy mt t hn

Khi nim 5: Thuyt ng dng

Cc qu trnh vt l sa i

cnh quan ngy nay ca chng ta vn hnh qua nhiu thi gian a cht. Tuy nhin, cung v tn sut ca cc qu trnh ny l thuc vo bin i t nhin v bin i do nhn to.

 Hiu cc qu trnh t nhin ang hnh thnh v lm bin i cc cnh quan gip chng ta suy din v lch s a cht ca cnh quan. tng the present is the key of the past, c gi l thuyt ng dng (uniformitarialism), ln u tin c James Hutton xut vo nm 1785 v ngy nay c xem l khi nim c bn ca cc khoa hc Tri t. Thuyt ng dng cho rng cc qu trnh m chng ta quan st ngy nay cng hot ng trong qu kh.

 V d, Nu chng ta tm thy cc trm tch cui c vi tt c cc c im ca cui sng trn nh ni, thuyt ng dng tha nhn rng dng sng tng chy . Chng ta c th kt lun rng thung lng sng b bin i bi xm thc phn d hoc nng ln thnh nh ni, hin tng c bit nh l nghch o a hnh (inversion of topography). Hin tng ny v nhng hin tng a cht khc s kh suy lun nu thiu nguyn l ca l thuyt ng dng.

 Trong vic suy din v cc s kin a cht, chng ta phi xem xt cc nh hng ca hot ng nhn sinh i vi cc qu trnh Tri t t nhin. V d, trn lt sng b nh hng bi hot ng nhn sinh c th gia tng hoc gim xung ng k cng v tn xut ca trn lt. Bi vy, d bo cc nh hng phm vi di ca cc qu trnh t nhin chng ta phi c kh nng xc nh cc hot ng tng lai ca chng ta s thay i cng v tc ca n ra sao. Trong trng hp ny, the present is the key to the future.

 Cc nh hng ca hot ng nhn sinh c th c trong mt khu vc cc b. Mt nm xi mn ti mt v tr xy dng hoc sn dc do con ngi xy dng nh cc con c ti chic cu cao tc c th vt nhiu nm xm thc t mt khu rng tng t hoc thm ch t nng nghip. Xm thc ny do s l tr ca t sau khi ph b lp thc vt. Bi vy, lm tng ln gi tr ca kin thc a cht trong qui hoch s dng t, chng ta phi s dng s hiu bit v qu trnh Tri t t nhin trong c trong lch s v d bo.

Khi nim 6: Cc qu trnh a cht Tai bin

Lun c cc qu trnh a cht tai

bin ti con ngi. Cc tai bin t nhin ny c nhn ra v ngn nga ni c th xy ra v s e da ca chng i vi cuc sng ca con ngi v ti sn c gim thiu.

 Bui s khai trong lch s loi ngi, cuc u tranh ca chng ta vi cc qu trnh t nhin c th tri qua tng ngy. Tuy nhin, s ngi hoc khng tng hoc khng tp trung, cho nn nhng mt mt do tai bin khng ng k. Khi con ngi bit sn xut v duy tr u n vic cung cp thc phm dn, s gia tng v c tp trung cc b.

 S tp trung dn s v ti nguyn cng gia tng tc ng ca cc trn ng t v l lt theo chu k, v cc thm ha t nhin khc. Xu hng ny tip tc, cho nn rt nhiu ngi ngy nay sng cc khu vc c th b tn hi bi cc qu trnh tai bin hoc nhy cm vi tc ng bt li ca cc qu trnh nh th cc khu vc k cn

 Cc qu trnh tri t thng gy mt mt sinh mng hoc tn tht ti sn bao gm l lt, ng t, hot ng ni la, trt t v l bn. Cng v tn xut ca cc qu trnh ny ph thuc vo cc nhn t nh kh hu, a cht v thc vt khu vc. V d, nh hng ca dng nc nh qu trnh xm thc v bi t ph thuc vo cng ma, tn xut bo, bn cht v qui m ca thc vt v a hnh.

 Chng ta c th nhn ra nhiu qu trnh t nhin v d bo cc nh hng ca n bng vic xem xt cc iu kin kh hu, sinh hc v a cht. Sau khi cc nh khoa hc tri t nhn

dng c cc qu trnh tai bin tim nng, h c trch nhim to ra thng tin c gi tr cho cc nh qui hoch v nhng nh ra quyt nh, ngi c th cn nhc cc cch n trnh hoc gim thiu s e da i vi cuc sng v ti sn con ngi.

Khi nim 7: Nhng quan tm v thm m

C qui hoch s dng t v nc nn c

gng t c s cn bng gia nhng li ch kinh t v nhng bin i hu hnh t hn nh m hc.

Cnh quan hin c xem l ti nguyn thin nhin, v gi tr thm m ca v tr v cnh quan trc khi thay i c th l phn quan trng ca bo co tc ng mi trng.

 Hu ht cc N/C v thm m cnh quan quan tm ti cnh quan duy nht cha b tc ng bi hot ng nhn sinh. Tuy nhin, hu ht chng ta hin nay sng trong mi trng th chng ta nn nh gi cc ti nguyn m quan ca cc khu vc ny. Vic nh gi c th gy cn tr tm thi cc kha cnh cung cp-v yu cu ca th ha, nhng bi v n s nhn dng cc tip cn khc cho s dng t, kt qu c th c s phc tp hn.

 Cn bng cc cn nhc kinh t vi tiu chun cnh quan l tham vng v lc quan cng nh kh khn. Vn l, hai yu t c th c so snh da trn c s no? Mt gii php logic l th bc ca nhng la chn kinh t so snh vi th bc ca nh gi m quan. Sau s cn bng v tha hip c th c xem xt.

Khi nim 8: Trch nhim ca chng ta i vi tng lai

Cc hiu qu ca s dng t c

chiu hng l ly tch, v bi vy chng ta phi c trch nhim i vi nhng ngi sinh sau chng ta.

Nhng ngi tin s ph thuc hon ton vo mi trng gn nht ca h. Tc ng ca h n mi trng c th rt ng k khi h sn th ln v h li b sn bi cc ng vt n tht.

 Mi quan h gia con ngi tin s v mi trng c th tn ti cho n khong cch nay 800.000 nm, khi t tin chng ta s dng la gy ra nhng tc ng mi trng mi. 1)Trc ht, la c kh nng tc ng n cc khu vc ln rng hoc ng c. 2) Th hai, n l qu trnh lp li, c kh nng ph hy cng mt khu vc trong khong thi gian thng xuyn hn. 3) Th 3, l qu trnh la chn, trong cc loi nht nh b hy dit mt cch cc b, trong khi mt s t ra khng li hoc phc hi nhanh t la c hng li.

 S xut hin ca nng nghip l v d u tin ca s dng t nhn to c kh nng lm thay i mi trng t nhin. N cng t ra thi k ca v tr b chim c lin tc nhiu hoc t hoc cc nhm v tr m m u s thay i mi trng xa hn, nh ch n nu cho khng gian sng, cc h x nguyn thy, v cc vn chn chng li d th v nhng ngi khc. Cc v tr s khai ny c th tr thnh cc khu vc u tin kinh qua nhim do cht thi hoc xi mn t, do s ph hy thc vt bn x.

 Bng s gia tng cung cp thc phm, nng nghip cho php pht trin dn s, ri t ai li c dn sch cho nng nghip. Hot ng ny chc chn nh hng n cn bng sinh thi khu vc khi mt s loi c thun ha hoc c trng cy v cc loi khc b loi b l nhng loi gy hi.

 Nhng nghin cu hot ng nhn sinh mi y v kh nng di chuyn t v kt lun rng hot ng nhn sinh (nng nghip, th ha, v.v...) di chuyn nhiu t trong mi nm-40 n 45 Gt (1 Gt l 1 t hoc 109 ton) hn bt k qu trnh tri t no bao gm to ni (34 Gt/nm), vn chuyn trm tch sng (24Gt/nm, v bng h Pleistocen (10 Gt/nm). iu ny kt hp vi nhng thay i trng thy i vi tri t (cc i san phng, v.v...) tha nhn hot ng nhn sinh l qu trnh ng k nht to hnh dng b mt hnh tinh ny

 V d nc M, xem xt vng Ducktown, Tennessee. t ai xung quanh Ducktown trng ging hoang mc ca Arizona hn thc vt ti tt ca ni Blue Ridge ca ng nam nc M. Cu chuyn bt u vo nm 1843 vi vic x tm vng m t ra x tm ng Nm 1855, khong 30 cng ty chuyn qung ng bng con la trn ni ti Copper Basin v ti Ducktown. Nhng ci l ln-nhng h m di 200 mt v su 30m c xy dng tch ng khi km, st v sulfur. Rng g cng a phng b cht t cc l ny, v cc gc cy b nh ln t thnh than.

 Cui cng tt c cy ci trn mt khu vc khong 130km2 b di chuyn. cc l to ra cc m my hi c ln theo thng bo dy n mc m nhng con la eo chung khi ng vo ngi v ng nhau. Khi sullfur dioxide v cc ht to ra ma axit v bi axit ph hy thc vt cn li. Mt thc vt dn n xi mn t mnh m li mt lp cha khong cng tng t mt hoang mc. Cnh quan thnh so ln n ni tr thnh mt trong vi mc nhn sinh c th nhn thy t khng gian.

Khi nim 9: a cht l khoa hc mi trng c bn

Hp phn ch yu tng mi trng

ca con ngi l hp phn a cht, v hiu mi trng ca chng ta i hi nhn thc rng v nh gi ng cc khoa hc tri t v cc ngnh lin quan.

 Ngnh a cht no cng c xem l mi trng. hiu bit mi trng phc tp i hi kin thc ng k v cc ngnh nh: 1) a mo, N/C cc dng a hnh v cc qu trnh b mt; 2) Thch hc, N/C cc v khong vt; 3) trm tch hc, N/C mi trng lng ng trm tch; 4) kin to, N/C cc qu trnh hnh thnh lc a, cc bn i dng, ni v cc yu t cu trc ln khc; 5) a cht thy vn; nghin cu nc mt v nc gn mt 6) Th nhng hc, nghin cu t;

 7) a cht kinh t, ng dng a cht xc nh v nh gi nguyn liu khong; 8) a cht cng trnh, ng dng cc thng tin a cht cho cc vn cng trnh. Ngoi cc ngnh ny, nh khoa hc tri t nghim tc nn c nhng kin thc v nhng ng gp cho nghin cu mi trng t nhng lnh vc nh sinh hc, bo tn, khoa hc kh quyn, ha hc, lut mi trng, kin trc v k thut cng nh a l t nhin, a l kinh t, a l nhn vn v a l th.

 Nh v, a cht mi trng l lnh vc ca nh tng hp vi s quan tm lin ngnh cht ch, iu ny khng ph nhn nhng ng gp ng k ca cc chuyn gia trong cc lnh vc nghin cu mi trng khc nhau, hoc tm quan trng tp trung vo cc vn hoc cc lnh vc c trng. N ch n thun tha nhn rng mc du nhng quan tm nghin cu ca chng ta c th c chuyn mn ha, chng ta nn c kin thc v cc ngnh khc v nhng ng gp ca chng i vi a cht mi trng.

 Tm quan trng v tnh lin ngnh ca CMT tr thnh hin nhin khi chng ta kho st t m bn cht cc vn mi trng. Hu ht cc n u phc tp, lin quan n nhiu mt m c th c khi qut ha thnh cc nhm: vt l, sinh thi v li ch v s dng nhn sinh. Cc nhn t vt l gm a l t nhin, cc qu trnh a cht, cc qu trnh thy vn, cc kiu v t, v kh hu hc. Cc nhn t sinh vt bao gm bn cht hot ng thc vt v ng vt, nhng thay i v iu kin v cc qu trnh sinh vt, phn tch khng gian ca thng tin sinh vt.

 Nhn t li ch v s dng nhn sinh bao gm s dng t, kinh t hc, m quan, tng tc gia hot ng nhn sinh v cc lnh vc vt l v sinh vt, v lut mi trng.

Hin nhin, khng c mt n hoc quan tm nghin cu no lin quan n mi nhn t c th tn ti mt trong ba nhm trn, v c s tng tc ng k trong cc nhm ny.

 Cc n nh hot ng cht thi, xy dng ng cao tc, h thng vn chuyn khi, qui hoch s dng t th, v khai thc khong sn c th c cn nhc vi tt c cc nhm. V d, qui hoch, xy dng v vn hnh v tr h chn lp v sinh c xem xt vi cc nhn t vt l nh v tr vt l, a hnh, kiu t, v cc iu kin thy vn, cc qu trnh sinh vt v s phn hy cht thi hu c v s nhim bn ca phm vi sinh vt xung quanh; v nhng quan tm ca con ngi nh thc t cng trnh tt v s phc tng cc lut v qui ch.

TM TT
a cht mi trng l s dng thng tin a cht hiu v qun l tt hn mi trng ca chng ta. a cht mi trng l a cht ng dng. Bin s quan trng phn bit a cht vi cc khoa hc khc l s cn nhc thi gian. Cng vic ca cc nh a cht s dng nghin cu cc gi thuyt v phng php khoa hc.

 Cc c s vn ha i vi suy thoi mi trng l o c, kinh t, chnh tr v cc tn gio, nhng cc vn mi trng th khng c gii hn cho mt h thng chnh tr v x hi no. Khung o c ca chng ta xut hin m rng dn dn v cui cng c th xem mi trng ton din trong o c t ai. o c ny xc nhn quyn ca mi ti nguyn, bao gm cc thc vt, ng vt, cc vt liu Tri t, tn ti tip tc v t nht nhng khu vc no , s tn ti tip tc trong trng thi t nhin.

 Cc nguyn nhn trc tip ca khng hong mi trng l dn s qu ng, th ha, cng nghip ha xut hin vi vic quan tm o c i vi t ai qu t v cc th ch khng thch hp i ph vi sc p mi trng. Gii quyt cc vn trn bao gm c nhng hiu bit khoa hc v thc y hnh vi x hi, kinh t v o c m cho php cc gii php c thc hin y

Chn khi nim c bn thit lp khung trit hc cho vic nghin cu a cht mi trng ca chng ta gm:

1) S gia tng dn s th gii l vn mi trng s 1. 2) S bn vng l mc tiu ca mi trng. 3) V bn cht Tri t l h thng ng i vi cc vt liu, v nhn thc s phn hi v tc bin i trong h thng nh th l cc k quan trng gii quyt cc vn mi trng.

 4) Tri t l mi trng sng duy nht m chng ta c, v ti nguyn ca n ch c hn. 5) Cc qu trnh vt l ngy nay ang lm bin i cnh quan chng ta v hot ng qua nhiu thi gian a cht, nhng cng v tn sut ca cc qu trnh ny l thuc vo bin i t nhin v ngun nhn sinh. 6) Cc qu trnh Tri t nguy him i vi con ngi lun tn ti. Cc tai bin t nhin ny phi c nhn dng v ngn nga nhng ni c th xy ra, v s e da ca chng i vi s sng v ti sn con ngi phi c gim thiu.

 7) Qui hoch s dng t v nc phi c gng t c s cn bng gia li ch kinh t v nhng bin i t r rng hn nh m quan. 8) Nhng tc ng ca s dng t c xu th l ly tch (dn li) v bi vy chng ta phi c trch nhim vi cc th h mai sau. 9) Hp phn c bn ca mi mi trng nhn sinh l hp phn a cht, v hiu bit mi trng chng ta i hi s hiu bit cc khoa hc Tri t v cc khoa hc lin quan.