I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH I HC KHOA HC T NHIN KHOA MI TRNG

B mn:

GVGD: PGS.TS. H Quang Hi

CHNG 13:CC KHA CNH A CHT CA SC KHE MI TRNG

Nhm 11: Phm Thi H Nguyn Quc Hon H T Th Khi Mi Tr Nguyn Qunh Nga L Dng Sang Nguyn Th Tho Phm Th Thu Tho Phan Th nh Th Trnh Thy Vn

0917075 0917118 0917202 0917210 0917278 0917307 0917310 0917324 0917402

Ni dung
1. Gii thiu v sc khoe mi trng 2. Cc nhn t a cht cua sc khoe mi trng. 3. Nguyn t vi lng v sc khoe con ngi 4. Bnh man tinh v mi trng a cht 5. Phong x v khi Radon 6. nh gi rui ro trong c hoc

I. Gii thiu v sc khe mi trng

- Mi trng sng cua con ngi trong sinh quyn l mt mi trng sng ph thuc cao vo mi quan h phc tp (phc h) gia sinh quyn, khi quyn, thuy quyn v thch quyn - Chng ta ch mi bt u tm hiu v thu nhn nhng hiu bit c bn v tng th phm vi cua cc nhn t mi trng lm nh hng n sc khoe v an sinh cua chng ta - nghin cu cc khia cnh a cht cua sc khoe mi trng, cn phi xt thm: mi trng truyn bnh nhn t vn hoa yu t khi hu

I.1. Mi trng lan truyn bnh

(Environmentally Transmitted Infectious Diseases)

lan truyn t s tng tc gia cc c th vi thc n, ngun nc, khng khi hoc t Vi d: bnh vim phi do vi khun, nhim trng rut (tiu chy kinh nin), nhim khun salmonella (nhim c thc n), st rt, dch, st xut huyt, nhim khun do ve, v bnh truyn nhim (ly lan gia ngi v gia sc) bnh co th c iu chnh bng cch kim sot mi trng (ci thin h thng v sinh v x l nc,) nhng nc ang pht trin, bnh lan truyn trong mi trng gy t l t vong cao hn

I.2. Nhn t vn ha (Cultural Factors)

T l ngi mc bnh co lin quan phong tc cua cc a phng v mc cng nghip hoa ngi nng thn tip xc trc tip vi nc v t d ny sinh cc vn v sc khoe hn l th XH cng nghip gn nh a loi tr cc bnh: dch t, thng hn, giun moc v kit l, nhng d mc cc bnh: ung th phi v nhng bnh khc co lin quan n nhim khng khi, t v nc.

c t Ch & S sp ca ch La M
ngi La Ma a sn xut khong 55 tn ch/nm/400 nm Pb c dng lm bnh ng, ly ung ru vang, co trong m phm v dc phm. Giai cp thng tr cng s dng ng dn nc vo nh l nhng ng ch c t ch tich dn trong c th lan rng nhng ci cht yu, nhng d dng, v ph huy nao hm lng ch cao c pht hin trong hi ct cua ngi La Ma c i Pb l mt trong cc l do gy ra s sp cua ch La M. Nghin cu sng bng Greenland ch ra rng trong thi k t 500 nm TCN - 300 nm SCN, ch trong li bng cao hn 4 ln bnh thng. iu ny gi ra rng s khai thc v lm tan chy kim loi ch trong thi gian tn ti cua ch La Ma a gy ra nhim khng khi bn cu Bc.

I.3. Yu t kh hu (Climatic Factors) Cc yu t khi hu nh nhit , m v lng ma th i lc lin quan mt thit ti cc kiu bnh 2 cn bnh ni tri lin quan n khi hu: bnh sn mng (schistosomiasis/snail fever) v bnh st rt (malaria) xut hin cc vng nhit i

II. CC NHN T A CHT CA SC KHE MI TRNG

II. 1 S PHONG PH CA CC NGUYN T

Cc nguyn t nh (s lng nguyn t it) co thng gp cao hn cc nguyn t nng. a. S phn b cc nguyn t chu yu trong vo tri t O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, Mg, K (99.34% khi lng vo T) b. S phn b cc nguyn t trong c th ngi: Chu yu l 11 nguyn t a lng H,Na, Mg, K,Ca,C, N, O, P, S v Cl (chim 99.3% khi lng c th). Cc nguyn t vi lng. F, Cr, Mg, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo,I; Ni, As, Al, Br.

II.2 S TP TRUNG V PHN TN HA CHT

a.Chu trnh sinh a ha:

Cc nhn t v hp cht di chuyn trong thch quyn,

thuy quyn v sinh quyn to thnh chu trnh sinh a ha.

Hot ng ni la, phong ha gii phng cc nguyn

t.

Cc qu trnh ny lm thay i mc tp trung cua

cc nguyn t v hp cht.
phong ha

V d: Se tng 10 ln: hoa thnh phin st.

Nng

cc nguyn t vi lng tng khi chuyn t thnh t, t nc vo c th ng thc vt.

b.Phong ha (weathering)

Gii phong cc nguyn t vi lng c s dng

trong cc qu trnh cua s sng.

Tc ng nhn to vo qu trnh phong hoa gy

nhim mi trng Vi d: Ch c thi vo mi trng t h thng ng xa khi cua xe. Thuy ngn, Cadimi, Nikel, km c thi vo khi quyn v nc thng qua cc hot ng cng nghip v khai mo

c.Tch t (accumulation) lm tng s gi li cua cc vt

cht trong t. Vi d: mui co th tich t trn b mt t thng qua bc hi cua cc cht trong t . vng bn kh hn CaCO3 tich t trong tng B cua mt vi loi t.

d.Ra la (leaching) - Vt cht ra tri khoi t co th i vo h thng nc

ngm v c phn tn hoc pha loang. Nu co nng cao hoc co tinh c th co th gy nhim nc ngm. - Cc nguyn t vi lng cn li trong t co th tp trung mc thp.

e.Lng ng (deposition)
S lng ong cua vt liu tri t a lm gia tng 2 vn quan trong v mi trng: + Kim loi nng gy ph v cu trc sinh hoc khi chng c lng ong li trong sng h v i dng + S thiu ht cua mt s nguyn t vi lng cn thit cho s sng mt s vng , do s vn chuyn co chon loc.

III. NGUYN T VI LNG V SC KHE CON NGI

III.1. Nguyn t vi lng: nhng cht co nng rt thp III.2. Tac ng:
mi nguyn t, ty thuc nng v thi gian tc ng th co nh hng khc nhau i vi sinh vt. s ph thuc vo nng hay liu phn ng c biu th bng ng cong liu phn ng.
trong c th sinh vt nhng rt cn thit. Vi d: F, I, Zn, Se, Fe,

III.3. c t: nhng cht gy c cho con ngi v sinh vt.

c hoc nghin cu v c t v nh hng cua chng n mi trng v sinh vt. o mc nh hng cua c t bng liu hiu dng i vi qun th ch khng phi ch 1 sinh vt ring le.
ng A: tuyn tinh quan h trc tip gia liu v % s dn phn ng ng B: phi tuyn khi nm trn ng ny, s dn s tng ln nhanh chong khi nng tng. ng C: phi tuyn, s ngi phn ng vn khng i, n khi nng vt qua ngng T tng nhanh

III.4. S MT CN BNG CC NGUYN T VI LNG

a) Fluor: nguyn t vi lng quan trong, tn ti di dng hp cht fluoride hay fluorua, trong t, v mt s loi nc (hu ht l t qu trnh phong hoa m, hot ng ni la, cng nghip hay phn bon).

CaF:
Ngn nga su rng H tr pht trin xng ng (dose-response curve) cua sc khoe nh sau: F- ~1 ppm: ngn nga su rng tt nht. F- < 1.5ppm: tng t l m 4 ppm < F- < 6 ppm: gim t l loang xng, ngn nga vi hoa ng mch chu

Mi quan h gia nng fluoride v ng cong liu phn

-

b) Iod: cha bnh bu c, nu ngi m thiu iod, tre s co th n n, ci coc, suy dinh dng, tm thn

* Ngun gc: - Gi thuyt 1: Iod co th c to thnh t qu trnh phong hoa v c tich t trong bin, i dng. - Gi thuyt 2: t i dng i vo khng khi ri c lng ong xung t nh cc qu trnh ma v tuyt. * Thc vt co th lm thay i nng iod v co kh nng hp th iod trong qu trnh pht trin. c) Kem: nguyn t kim loi nng, l liu php cha tr mt s bnh man tinh - Nu thiu, cy trng s b gim cht lng, nng sut, cht lng ma mng, con ngi s co th v sinh, lu lnh vt thng, ri lon xng, khp, da, tai bin, - Nu tha Zn, Cadmium (co lin quan n km) co th b pht tn ra mi trng ngoi, gy mt s bnh v tim, ung th, xng,...

d) Selen: nguyn t c nht trong mi trng -Nng Se: trong ch n hng ngy cua ng vt l 0.04ppm + Co li 0.1ppm + Gy c hi > 4ppm - Ngun gc: thng sinh ra trong qu trnh ni la, tn ti trong bin, sng, trong hot ng t chy than v du - Tc hi: thiu Se dn n chng lon dng c b v cu, nng Se cao trong nc v thc phm co th gy ng c,

III.5. Vic s dng ca con ngi v mt cn bng ca nguyn t vi lng Nng nghip, cng nghip v hot ng khai thc khong sn l nguyn nhn pht tn cc vt liu co kh nng nguy him v c hi ra mi trng. Vi d: - S dng hoa cht kim sot su hi v bnh tt, lm pht tn cc cht c ra mi trng - Mt vng cua nc Nht hot ng khai thc km, cadimi, ch, gy ra cc bnh v xng cho dn c sng xung quanh khu vc.

IV. Bnh mn tnh v mi trng a ha

IV.1. Bnh tim mch v mi trng a ha
Bnh tim mch vnh (CVD) v bnh tim mch (CHD) T l t vong cua bnh tim co lin quan n cc cht hoa hoc trong nc ung (HCO3-, SO42-)
HCO3- co t phong hoa vi, qung dolomit, calcite SO42- co ngun gc t ni la

IV.2. Ung th v mi trng a ha

- Ung th co lin quan n iu kin mi trng. Mi quan h gia mi trng a hoa v bnh ung th vn cha c chng minh. - Nc thi cng nghip v th co cha nhiu hoa cht c hi. Mt s cht co th gy ung th ang c thi vo ngun nc mt v nc ngm.

V. Phng x v kh Radon
V.1 S phng x l s phn hy ca ht nhn
- C 3 loi tia bc x: , , . - c trng quan trong cua ng v phong x: chu k bn ra (T). Vi d: Ra-222 co chu k bn ra rt ngn khong 3.8 ngy. - n v phong x: Curi(Ci), 1Ci = 3.7*1010 Bq. - Liu phong x: rad v rem. Cc n v tng ng theo h thng quc t l gray v sievert: 1 gray (liu hp th) = 100 rad v 1sievert (liu tng ng) = 100rem.

- Nguy c sc khoe t phong x ph thuc vo loi phong x v liu phong x

Loi phong x: ty theo nng lng cua ht , , m mc nh hng n sc khoe khc nhau
Liu phong x: trung bnh 1.5 mSv/ngi/nm. + 5000 mSv (5 Sv): nguy him khi tip xc. + 1000 2000 mSv : nn ma, mt moi, tng t l sy thai trong thi gian it hn 2 thng v tm thi v sinh nam gii.

V.2. KH RADON
Radon c pht hin vo nm 1900 bi nh hoa hoc ngi c Ernest Dorn Radon l mt cht khi phong x t nhin khng mu, khng mi v khng v. Phn ra phong x cua uranium238 to ra radium-226, c phn ra thnh radon-222

 Tuy nng cua chng trong t nhin khng cao, nhng v radon l cht khi nn c th hit trc tip qua phi co nguy c mc bnh rt cao, no cn tng cao hn i vi nhng ngi ht thuc. Khi tip xc vi c thuc l v khi radon th nguy c b ung th gp 10 ln khi tip xc vi tng nguyn nhn ny. Theo Lut mi trng cua M, mc cho php khi radon trong nh l < 4 pCi/l/nm

Radon vo nh bng 3 cch chnh: Khi di chuyn t t v vo tng hm v cc phn khc cua ngi nh Nc ngm c bm t ging Vt liu c xy dng nh gch c lm t vt liu pht ra khi radon

 Nhng vn quan tm gn y v khi radon lin quan n vic s dng vt liu xy dng cha nng radon cao.

o nng khi radon trong nh co nhiu kho khn. Nng Radon d thay i trong nh, ph thuc vo ma trong nm, nng khi radon vo ma ng cao hn ma h
Gim nng khi radon trong nh: + Cc khe h cho radon i qua c xc nh v bt kin + Ci thin s thng hi cua ngi nh bng cch m ca s v s dng qut + H thng thng gio c lp t

VI. anh gia ri ro trong c hc

Xac nh mi nguy him: tip xc vi mt vt liu c bit co th gy ra vn sc khoe mi trng, bao gm iu tra dn s vi nhng ngi a tip xc anh gia liu phn ng: l xc nh cc mi quan h gia liu lng cua vt liu c hi v tc ng bt li v mi trng sc khoe cua no. anh gia phi nhim: c lng thi gian, tn s v cng tip xc vi mt cht c no o Mc ri ro: gm xem xt n mi nguy him a c xc nh, nh gi phn ng liu, v nhng nh gi phi nhim

Cm n thy v cac bn lng nghe!