Bai Giang Vat Lieu Hoc I DHSPKT - TPHCM

TRNG HSPKT.
TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
CHNG I. CU TO CA KIM LOI V HP KIM.

Mc tiu: Kim loi v hp kim l nhng vt liu ng vai tr quan trng trong mi hot ng x hi v i sng ca con ngi nh: ch to ra vt dng trong gia nh, trong giao thng, trong ch to my, y t, quc phngv chng l vt liu ch to ra my mc, thit b, cng c lao ng Chng ny s trnh by cc khi nim c bn ca kim loi hc bao gm: -Cc trc tinh th ca kim loi v hp kim. -Bn cht ca qu trnh kt tinh v cc bin php lm nh ht. -Hiu v phn tch c gin trng thi ca Fe-C (bn cht cc pha, cc chuyn bin c bn theo gin )
I.CU TO MNG TINH TH CA KIM LOI NGUYN CHT I.1.Cc c tnh ca kim loi:
Hin nay ngi ta bit hn 100 nguyn t ho hc gm hai loi: kim loi v kim, trong kim loi chim ti 3/4. I.1.1: Kim loi c nhng c im sau: -Kim loi c mu sc c trng -Do, d bin dng: un, gp, dt mng -Dn in v nhit tt. o -C h s nhit in tr dng: t = 0 .( 1 + t ) ; ( > 0 ). tc l khi tng nhit , in tr s tng ln, i vi kim th h s ny l m.
Hnh 2.1
mt s trng hp c bit, nh Sb (antimony) khng bin dng do c bi v rt dn; hoc mt s kim loi dn in km hn kim (Graphit: mt dng th hnh ca C). C th gii thch cc c im trn ca kim loi bng cu to nguyn t ca n . Trong nguyn t kim loi s in t lp ngoi cng rt t, ch c t 1-2 in t, chng lin kt rt yu vi ht nhn, rt d bt ra tr thnh in t t do lm cho nguyn t dng ion dng. in t t do khng b rng buc l nguyn nhn quyt nh cc c im ca kim loi: -Khi nh sng chiu vo, in t t do nhn nng lng, bin dao ng tng ln, n nhy khi qu o cn bng. trng thi ny in t khng n nh, nn tr v qu o ca n v gii phng ra nng lng di dng sng c bc sng sng m kim loi c mu sc c trng.
khc nhau. Ph thuc vo bc
-Dng in trong kim loi l dng chuyn di c hng ca cc in t t do trong in trng. http://www.ebook.edu.vn 1
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-Kim loi dn nhit l s truyn ng nng ca nguyn t vng c nhit cao cho cc nguyn t bn cnh vng c nhit thp.
tA
tA>tB Hnh 2.2
tB
Nguyn t (1) khi nhn nhit, bin dao ng ln ln, p vo (2) v truyn ng nng cho n, bin ca (2) tng ln v p vo (3) -Khi nhit tng, tn s dao ng ca Ion cng tng ln, nn lm tng s cn tr chuyn ng c hng ca cc ht electron t do, nn in tr tng ln. Ngc li vi kim loi, trong kim khng c in t t do nn tnh dn in rt km, khi nhit tng ln mt s in t b kch ng v bt ra tr thnh in t t do, do tnh dn in tng ln, in tr gim i.
I.1.2: Lin kt kim loi:

Trong thc t khi kho st ta gp nhiu loi lin kt nh: lin kt ion, lin kt ng ho tr, lin kt kim loi, lin kt hn hp i vi kim loi cc ion ca n c rng buc vi nhau bi lin kt kim loi m bn cht ca n l lc ht tnh in cn bng v mi pha gia ion dng v cc in t t do bao quanh n. (Hnh 2.3)
Hnh 2.3
Lin kt kim loi c v ging nh lin kt ion (cng l lc ht tnh in gia cc in tch tri du v mi pha). Song lin kt kim loi khng h thay i khi cc ion thay i v tr cn bng nh kim loi c tnh do cao. Cn lin kt Ion, khi b bin dng mt s Ion dch chuyn mt khong cch, cu hnh b thay i, lc ht bin thnh lc y, bn cht lc lin kt b thay i, tinh th b bin i (v vn). Lin kt kim loi cho do cao nht v lin kt Ion cho dn cao nht.
I.2.Cc kiu mng tinh th ca cc kim loi thng gp: I.2.1: Khi nim v vt tinh th, vt v nh hnh. -Vt tinh th: l vt th m cc cht im ca n sp xp c quy lut (c trt t).
+c im: vt tinh th c nhit nng chy xc nh. http://www.ebook.edu.vn 2
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
+Tt c kim loi v hp kim ca n u l vt tinh th.
-Vt v nh hnh:
+nh ngha: l vt th m cc cht im cu to nn n sp xp khng c trt t. +c im: vt v nh hnh khng c nhit nng chy xc nh. +Cc vt v nh hnh nh: thu tinh, cht do, cao su,
I.2.2: Khi nim v mng tinh th. nh ngha mng tinh th: mng tinh th l l mt m hnh khng gian
m t s sp xp ca cc cht im cu to nn vt tinh th. V d: Cc Ion tinh th mui n nm nh ca hnh lp phng.
Hnh 2.4 -Mng tinh th mui n

Trc khi i su vo cc kiu mng tinh th ca kim loi thng gp, ta cn c cc khi nim v mng tinh th.
a)
b) Hnh 2.5 Mt s khi nim. Mt tinh th:
c)
+ nh ngha: l mt phng i qua mt s cc cht im trong mng tinh th.
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TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 2.6
+ c im: cc mt tinh th song song nhau th c tnh cht ging nhau.
Phng tinh th:

+ nh ngha: l ng thng i qua mt s cc cht im trong mng tinh th. + c im: phng tinh th song song nhau th c tnh cht ging nhau. V d nh phng tinh th l AB, DC. Khi c bn (khi c s): l thnh phn nh nht c trng cho mng tinh th. Nu sp xp cc khi c bn lin tc theo ba chiu khng gian s nhn c ton b mng tinh th (AEFG, AEFG)
Hnh 2.7 Thng s mng: (a,b,c) n v o l Ao. ( , , )n v o l hay Radian.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 2.8 im trng: (l hng). kim loi cu to bi cc nguyn t hnh cu v vy gia cc qu cu lun c nhng khong trng. Hnh dng im trng c to bi cc a din cong. d nghin cu ngi ta coi kch thc im trng l mt qu cu ni tip trong khong trng Trong thc t biu din mng tinh th bng khi c bn ca n l . Trong hnh v, cc vng nh biu din v tr cn bng (trung tm) ca nguyn t (ion). V tr cn bng (trung tm) m nguyn t, ion dao ng xung quanh c gi l nt mng. I.2.3. Mt s kiu mng tinh th thng gp: a- Mng lp phng th tm (tm khi).
Hnh 2.9
Cc kim loi thng c kiu mng ny l
Fe , Cr, W, Mo, V
-Hnh dng mng: c s l mt khi lp phng c cnh bng a, cc nguyn t nm nh v c mt nguyn t nm tm ca khi. -S nguyn t thuc mt khi c bn, k hiu n. Nguyn t nm mt nh ca khi chung vi tt c 8 khi c bn, v vy phn nguyn t 1 thuc v mt khi ch l , khi lp phng c 8 nh : 8
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
1 x 8 +1=2 (nguyn t). 8 -Mt tinh th c cc nguyn t nm st nhau trong mng lp phng th tm l mt cho khi c to bi hai cnh bn song song i din nhau qua tm. V d mt BDDB mt ny theo phng ng cho cc nguyn t nm st nhau a 3 a 3 BD= a 3 =2d d= . . r = 4 2 -Mt khi: l phn trm th tch cc nguyn t chim trong 1 khi c bn. n.v Mv = x100% V n: S nguyn t ca khi c bn.
n= v : Th tch mt nguyn t. =
4 a 3 3 . ( ) . 3 4
Mv: Mt khi. V: Th tch khi c s = a3. Mng lp phng th tm c Mv=68%. vy trong mng lp th tm c 32% l khong trng. -im trng:trong mng lp phng th tm c 2 loi. +im trng khi 4 mt:
Hnh 2.10. im trng khi 4 mt

1 V tr: nm ng thng ni im gia 2 cnh bn i din trn cng mt mt bn. 4 S lng: n (4 mt ) =x.y.z
2
Trong x = 1 phn im trng thuc khi c bn. y = 4 s v tr trn mt mt bn. z = 6 s mt bn.
1 n = .4.6 = 12 im trng. 2 ng knh im trng khi 4 mt: 4 d tr m = 0.221d vi d l ng knh nguyn t kim loi. + im trng khi 8 mt:
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 2.11
V tr im trng: tm cc mt bn v im gia cc cnh bn. S lng im trng: 1 n (8 mt) = 1 . 6mt + 12cnh =6. 4 2 ng knh im trng:
= 0.154d vi d l ng knh nguyn t kim loi. V d nhit thng st ( Fe ) c kiu mng lp phng th tm vi thng s d
8m tr
a=2,9 A hay ca Crom (Cr), molipen (Mo), wonfam (W) ln lt l: a=2.884 A , 3.147 A , 3.165 A .
o
b- Mng lp phng din tm:
Hnh 2.12
-Cc kim loi c kiu mng ny l: Fe , Ni, Al, Cu, Pb - Mng c dng lp phng, cc nguyn t nm nh v gia cc mt bn. - Cc nguyn t nm st trn trn mt cho khi l tam gic u c cnh a 2 . a 2 - Bn knh nguyn t r = 4
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
1 1 -S nguyn t thuc mt khi c bn c tnh nh sau: n = 8nh x +6 mt x ) =4. 2 8 a 2 3 4 4. . .( ) n.v 4 %= 3 = 74% -Mt khi: Mv = V a -im trng: trong mng lp phng din tm c hai loi l trng. +im trng 4 mt c kch thc 0.225 dngt nm 1/4 cc ng cho tnh t nh.
Hnh 2.13
+im trng 8 mt c kch thc ln hn, bng 0.414 dngt, nm trung tm khi v gia cc cnh bn.
Hnh 2.14 V D nhit cao (>911 C), st ( Fe ), Niken, ng, nhm c kiu mng lp phng din
tm vi thng s mng l a= 3.656 A , 3.524 A , 3.615 A , 4.049 A .
o o o o
c- Mng lc gic xp cht:
Hnh 2.15
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 8
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-Cc kim loi c kiu ny l Zn, Co , Cd, Mg, Ti -Cc nguyn t nm cc nh, tm cc mt y v tm ca 3 hnh lng tr tam gic xen k nhau (hnh 6). u tin cc nguyn t mt y lc gic xp st nhau (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) ri n cc nguyn t lp th hai (7, 8, 9) gia khi lng tr tam gic xen k nhau. Mt y lc gic trn li xp vo khe lm ca lp th hai ng v tr ca lp y di (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) tc l 1, trng vi 1, 2 , 2 ... Mt khi MV = 74%. -S nguyn t thuc mt khi c bn: 1 1 n=12 (nh) x +2 (mt) x +3 = 6 (nguyn t). 6 2 Kiu mng ny c hai thng s mng l a: cnh ca y lc gic v c: chiu cao lng tr. Do cc lp xp vo cc khe lm ca nhau nn a v c li c tng quan:
c a
T s
= 1.633 =
8 3
c =1.633 l trng hp l tng. Trong thc t cc kim loi c kiu mng ny c t s a
c =1.57-1.64 cng c coi l xp cht. Khi t s ny nm ngoi khong c coi l a

khng xp cht. V d cc kim loi xp cht l Titan (Ti) a=0.2951(nm), c=0.4679 (nm), cht). Magie (Mg) a=0.3209, c=0.5210,
c =1.5855 (xp a
c =1.6235 (xp cht). a
d- Mng chnh phng th tm: - L mng lp phng th tm c mt cnh ko di (c).
Hnh 2.16
- Cc kim loi thng khng c kiu mng ny, song n l mng tinh th ca mactenxit, mt t chc rt quan trng khi nhit luyn thp. (Hnh 2.16). c -Mng chnh phng th tm c hai thng s l a v c, t s goi l chnh phng. a http://www.ebook.edu.vn 9
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
I.3.Tnh a hnh (th hnh ):

Th hnh hay a hnh l s tn ti cc kiu mng tinh th khc nhau ca cng mt nguyn t khi nhit v p sut khc nhau. Theo chiu tng dn nhit , c k hiu ln lt bng ch ci Hylp: , , , , . V d st l loi c tnh th hnh:
Hnh 2.17
+C mng lp phng th tm hai khong nhit : di 911oC l 1539oC l
Fe v t 1392-
Fe .
+C mng lp phng din tm 911-1392oC l
Fe .
+Thay i th tch, khi nhit gim mng tinh th ca st bin i t lp phng din tm (4 nguyn t trong mt khi c bn) thnh 2 mng th tm (mt mng c 2 nguyn t), th tch tng ln gy ra ng sut bn trong c th lm kim loa b bin dng, nt v. +Thay i tnh cht: Cacbon c hai dng th hnh l grafit (mng lc gic) v mng kim cng vi tnh cht khc hn nhau.Trong khi kim cng l vt liu cng nht (tng ng 10600HB), grafit l vt liu mm nht (1-2HB).
I.4. n tinh th v a tinh th -Ht: I.4.1. n tinh th:

-Trong mt khi tinh th c cc phng mng khng i hng v thng s mng (a, b, c; , , ) l hng s th n l n tinh th. -Nu ct n tinh th bng mt mt ct bt k, th trn mt ct ny cc phng mng song song v cch u nhau nh hnh v.
Hnh 2.18
-c im ca n tinh th l c tnh d hng, l tnh cht khc nhau theo cc phng khc nhau. -Nguyn nhn: do mt nguyn t theo cc phng khc nhau. -n tinh th khng phi l cu trc thc t ca kim loi.
10
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
I.4.2. a tinh th-Ht: L cu trc thc t ca kim loi. Gm nhiu n tinh th

c lin kt bn vng vi nhau. Mt n tinh th cn gi l mt ht. a tinh th l gi l a ht. -Nu ct qua khi a tinh th bng mt mt ct bt k, s c giao tuyn ca mt ct vi mt ngoi n tinh th l bin gii ht v trong tng n tinh th c cc phng mng tinh th (hnh v).
Hnh 2.19
a tinh th c c im sau: -Phng mng trong tng n tinh th th song song nhau, nhng gia cc n tinh th th lch nhau mt gc bt k ( ). -a tinh th mang tnh ng hng. -Vng bin gii ht cc nguyn t sp xp khng trt t, cha nhiu tp cht, c nhit nng chy thp nht.
I.5.Cc sai lch trong mng tinh th: I.5.1.Sai lch im.
L sai lch c kch thc nh (ch vi ba thng s mng) theo c ba phng o, c dng bao quanh mt im. (Hnh 2.20)
Hnh 2.20
Nguyn nhn gy gy ra cc sai lch l : -im trng: l nt mng khng c nguyn t, ion, c th l do dao ng nhit qu ln, chng bt ra khi v tr quy nh ra ch khc. Nt trng c nh hng rt ln n c ch v tc khuch tn ca kim loi v hp kim trng thi rn. -Nguyn t xen gia cc nt mng. -Nguyn t l hay tp cht nm chnh cc nt mng hay xen gia chng. Khi xut hin cc nguyn nhn k trn, cc nguyn t, ion xung quanh chng vi thng s s nm lch v tr gy cc vng sai lch m chng l trung tm. S lng sai lch im ph thuc vo: http://www.ebook.edu.vn 11
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-Nhit : nhit cng cao s nt trng v nguyn t xen gia cng nhiu. - sch ca kim loi: kim loi cng nhiu tp cht th dng sai lch ny cng nhiu.
I.5.2.Sai lch ng-Lch:

Sai lch ng l sai lch c kch thc nh (c kch thc nguyn t) theo hai chiu v ln theo chiu th ba, tc c dng ca mt ng. Sai lch ng c th l mt dy cc sai lch im k trn, song c bn v ch yu vn l lch. Ngi ta thy rng lch c tc dng rt to ln n tnh cht ca kim loi t bit l c tnh. C hai dng lch l lch bin v lch xon.
a.Lch bin (lch thng).

C th hnh dung n nh hnh 2.21. Trong mng tinh th hon chnh c thm bn mt tha ABCD, s lm cho cc nguyn t vng bin bn mt, tc l xung quanh trc AD b x lch, gy nn lch bin.Tit din vi thng s mng ko di theo ng AD c th ti hng nghn thng s mng, AD l dng ng thng. Lch bin c tc dng rt ln n qu trnh trt.
Hnh 2.21 b.Lch xon:

C th hnh dung lch xon nh hnh 2.22. C mng tinh th hon chnh, ta ct n bng bn mt ABCD ri dch chuyn phn tinh th hai bn bn mt ny ngc chiu nhau bng mt thng s mng, s c mng tinh th c cha lch xon. Lc ny mng tinh th khng phi gm nhiu mt song song vi nhau na m l mt mt xon quanh trc AD. Cc nguyn t nm hai bn bn mt khng cn gi c v tr tng i vi nhau theo quy nh m gy ra x lch ko di theo thc AD.Trc AD c gi l trc lch. Lch xon c ngha to ln khi kim loi kt tinh.
12
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 2.22 I.5.3. Sai lch mt:

L loi sai lch c kch thc theo ln hai chiu o v nh theo chiu th ba, tc c dng ca mt mt. Cc dng in hnh ca sai lch mt l bin gii ht v siu ht, b mt tinh th.
I.6. Cc phng php nghin cu t chc: a.Mt gy:

L phng php nghin cu t chc kim loi mt cch th s nht: bng quan st kim loi ch gy v. Quan st bng mt cng c th pht hin: -Vt nt ln. -Ln x ln, r x. -R kh. -Kch thc ht ln hay b. Vi iu kin chng c kch thc 0.15 mm l gii hn phn bit ca mt.
b.T chc th di:
em mi nhn mt gy bng giy nhm s thy r c mt s dng hng: nt, ln x, r mt cch r hn. Nu dng knh lp soi th c th pht hin cc khuyt tt k trn ti kch thc ln hn 0.05mm. Hai phng ny ni chung ch cho ta bit nhng khi nim rt s b m khng i su vo bn cht ca kim loi v hp kim, cho nn cn s dng cc phng php khc hin a hn.
c.T chc t vi:

-c nghin cu bng knh hin vi kim loi. phng i t 80-2000 ln. Knh hin vi kim loi dng nh sng phn x v kim loi khng cho nh sng xuyn qua. -Cn phng i ln hn dng knh hin vi in t. phng i c th ti mt triu ln hoc hn. Tia rnghen l cc sng in t c bc sng ngn =(0.005-2).10-8 cm nn c nng lng ln, c th m xuyn. Cn c vo nh vch nhiu x ca tia phn chiu t cc mt tinh th ta c th suy ra mt cch chnh xc kiu mng tinh th cng nh ga tr ca thng s mng. Ngoi phn tch t chc trong nghin cu kim loi cn p dng nhiu phng php: phn tch thnh phn ha hc, xc nh c, l v cc khuyt tt.
d.Phn tch cu trc bng tia rnghen:
II.S kt tinh ca kim loi nguyn cht :

Kim loi lng sau khi nu luyn c rt vo khun, n chuyn t trng thi lng sang trng thi rn c cu trc tinh th v gi l s kt tinh.
II.1. iu kin xy ra kt tinh:

Trc tin hy xt xem s kt tinh xy ra trong cc iu kin no? tr li cu hi trn ta hy i t trng thi xut pht ca n l trng thi lng.
a.Cu trc kim loi lng:

Kim loi lng c cu trc gn ging kim loi rn v nhng l do sau: -Th tch ca kim loi lng v rn sai khc t (< 2-6%) chng t khong cch nguyn t hai trng thi ny gn ging nhau. -Nhit nng chy ch bng (5-10%) nhit ho hi; chng t lin kt nguyn t hai trng thi lng gn trng thi rn hn trng thi hi. http://www.ebook.edu.vn 13
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-Nhit dung ca trng thi lng khc nhit dung ca trng thi rn khong 10%; trong khi nhit dung lng khc nhit dung hi 25% chng t dao ng nhit ca nguyn t trng thi lng gn trng thi rn hn trng thi hi. -Cn c nh nhiu x Rnghen chng t trong kim loi lng c cu to trt t gn v ging v cu to ny tn ti trng thi cn bng ng. -Trong kim loi lun c in t t do. .
b. iu kin nng lng cho qu trnh kt tinh:

Quy lut ca t nhin l mi vt u c xu th tn ti n nh hn trng thi c nng lng d tr thp hn. S bin i nng lng quyt nh chiu hng ca mi chuyn bin (nh phn ng ha hc, kt tinh, bin i pha).Trong t nhin mi qa trnh t pht u xy ra theo chiu hng gim nng lng d tr. i vi s thay i trng thi cng vy, ng lc thc y n l nng lng d tr. S chuyn ng ca cc nguyn t, ion, c t trng bng i lng c gi l nng lng t do F. C F=U-TS. U: ni nng ca h thng. T: nhit Kenvin. S: Entropi. Nng lng t do ca cc trng thi lng v rn ph thuc vo nhit .
Hnh 2.23
- nhit T> Ts Kim loi tn ti trng thi lng v nng lng t do ca lng nh hn rn Fl<Fr. - nhit T< Ts kim loi tn ti trng thi rn v Fl>Fr. - To= T 0 s , Fl=FR v vy tn ti c lng v rn, trng thi cn bng ng nhit nhit kt tinh l thuyt.
o
TSo
gi l
Vy s kt tinh thc t ch xy ra nhit thp hn nhit kt tinh l thuyt Ts . c. qu ngui:

o
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-Ngi ta gi chnh lch gia nhit kt tinh l thuyt Ts vi nhit kt tinh thc t TKT l T = TS- TKT. qu ngui. Vy c th pht biu mt cch khc iu kin ca qu trnh kt tinh l: s kt tinh ch xy ra vi qu ngui T >0. - qu ngui T ph thuc vo tc ngui. Tc ngui cng cao, qu ngui cng ln. Tc ngui ph thuc vo phng php lm ngui. -Khi lm ngui rt chm, i vi kim loi nguyn cht k thut nhit kt tinh thc t rt gn vi nhit kt tinh l thuyt. -Cng vi l lun tng t cho khi nung nng: s nng chy thc t xy ra nhit Tch> Ts , chnh lch gia chng c gi l qu nung.
o
II.2.Hai qu trnh ca s kt tinh :

nhit T< Ts s kt tinh xy ra c l nh hai qu trnh to mm v pht trin mm.
o
a.To mm. -nh ngha: mm l phn t rn c hnh thnh t kim loi lng c cu trc tinh th, c
kch thc ln tn ti v pht trin. Ngi ta phn bit hai loi mm: t sinh (ng pha) v k sinh. Mm t sinh: l mt loi mm c hnh thnh t kim loi lng v l lng trong kim loi lng (xung quanh n l kim loi lng) d nghin cu, gi thit nh sau: -Mm c dng hnh cu, bn knh r. -Th tch ca kim loi lng l V, khi ton b th tch kim loi lng chuyn sang rn, nng lng t do thay i: Fl-FR= F . -Gi fv l d gim nng lng khi mt n v th tch lng chuyn sang rn. F . fv = V -Gi M L (mm-lng): l sc cng b mt gia mm v lng (chnh l phn nng lng tng thm b mt mm tnh cho mt n v din tch). -Gi s lng mm l n. Gi V=
2
4 3 r (l th tch ca mt nguyn t). 3
-Gi Sxq= 4r l din tch xung quanhca mt mm. Ta c F = nVfv + n M L .S xq

F = nVfv + n M L .4 .r 2 , Khi cho kt tinh nhit khng i th Fv v M L l hng s, v vy F = f (r ) . -V th ca hm F = f (r ) cc nhit kt tinh khc nhau: trong T1>T2>T3>T4.
15
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 2.24
Mun xc nh rth th o hm bc mt hm F = f (r ) cho bng khng: rth =
2 M L . fv
Kt lun: khi nhit kt tinh cng thp, tc l qu ngui cng ln th rth cng b v s lng mm sinh ra cng nhiu. Mm k sinh: l loi mm c hnh thnh t kim loi lng v bm vo phn t rn trong kim loi lng . Phn t rn nh l: Oxyt, Cacbit (WC, TiC), Nitrit (Fe2N, Fe4N), Hyrit, bi tng l, bi than, bi cht sn khun, thnh khun Tng t tnh c: T rth
ks
2 M R Do M L >> M R v vy rth (t sinh )>rth (k sinh) Fv
Kt lun: To mm k sinh d hn to mm t sinh v bn knh mm k sinh nh hn bn knh mm t sinh.
b. Pht trin mm.

-L quy lut tt yu v gim nng lng t do ca h thng. -C ch pht trin: theo c ch xp lp l tng nhm nguyn t trong kim loi lng xp vo b mt mm cc v tr ny 1; 2; 3 t hng ny n hng khc v t lp ny n lp khc. Ta c
F = n.
4 r 3 . fv + n . . 4 r 2 3
Trong : n .
4 r 3 . fv l gim nng lng th tch. 3 + 4 . r 2 l tng nng lng b mt Khi kt tinh F gim cng nhiu th qu trnh kt tinh cng d dng.
V vy ti: V tr (1): pht trin thun li nht (v khng tng din tch xung quanh). V tr (3): pht trin km thun li nht (v tng din tch xung quanh nhiu nht). V tr (2): pht trin tng i thun li. 16
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 2.25
II.3. S hnh thnh ht-Hnh dng ht- ln ca ht.

-Mi mm ln ln thnh mt ht. Trong qu trnh ln ln ca mm tip tc hnh thnh mm mi. Khi cc ht gp nhau qu trnh kt tinh kt thc (hnh 2.26).
Hnh 2.26
-Nhn xt:
+Mi ht to t mt mm m phng mng ca mm nh hng ngu nhin nn phng mng ca cc ht lch nhau mt gc bt k. +Kch thc ht khng u nhau. +Bin gii ht l ni cc nguyn t sp xp khng trt t, c nhit nng chy thp nht v cha nhiu tp cht nht. a.Hnh dng ht : do tng quang v tc pht trin mm theo theo cc phng m ht to nn c hnh dng khc nhau. -Khi tc ngui u theo mi phng th ht to nn c hnh dng a cnh xu hng co v dng cu.
17
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 2.27
-Khi tc ngui mnh theo mt phng no , ht s pht trin mnh theo phng v c dng tm (tr)
Hnh 2.28
-Khi mm pht trin mnh theo mt v phng c mt nguyn t ln nht th ht c dng nhnh cy.
Hnh 2.29
Loi ht dng a din c cc ch tiu c tnh tt nht; dng nhnh cy xu nht v dng tm (tr) gia hai loi trn. Ht c kch thc cng b th b , cng, do ( % ); dai va p (ak) cng tng v ngc li. V vy phi xc nh kch thc ht kim loi trn t chc t vi bng cch: http://www.ebook.edu.vn 18
b.Kch thc ht:
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-o din tch trung bnh ca ht, cch ny phc tp t dng. -o chiu ngang (ng knh) ln nht ca ht. -So snh vi bng chun c phng i x100, y l cch ph bin nht. nh gi ln ca ht theo 8 cp: 1-4 to, 5-8 nh (cp 1 to nht, cp 8 nh nht).
II.4. Cc phng php to ht nh khi c a. Nguyn l: rt d nhn thy kch thc ht ph thuc vo tng quan hai qu
trnh c bn ca kt tinh l to mm v pht trin mm. S mm c to cng nhiu th ht cng nh, nhng mm pht trin cng nhanh th ht cng ln. Bng thc nghim, ngi ta thy rng kch thc ht ph thuc vo tc sinh mm n (n/mm3.s) v tc pht trin mm v (v/mm3.s) theo cng thc:
A= a
v n
Trong a l h s ph thuc vo bn cht trong kim loi. Vy nguyn l to ht nh khi c l tng tc sinh mm n v gim tc pht trin mm v.
b. Cc phng php lm nh ht:

Thng dng hai phng php l tng qu ngui v bin tnh.
Tng qu ngui
Khi tng qu ngui th tc to mm n v tc pht trin mm v u tng (hnh 2.30) nhng n tng nhanh hn v, do lm nh ht i.
Hnh 2.30
Trong thc t tng qu ngui khi c phi lm ngui nhanh, thng dng cc phng php sau y: -Thay vt liu lm khun t ct bng kim loi nh gang c tnh dn nhit cao (c trong khun kim loi, c ly tm). -Lm ngui khun kim loi bng nc nh c ng lin tc. Phng php ny c nhc im l ng sut cao v c th gy nt khi lm ngui nhanh, gy bin trng i vi gang lm nh ht bng tng ngui khng ph hp i vi vt c ln, thnh dy.
Bin tnh
L phng php lm nh ht rt hiu qu, l cch cho vo kim loi lng trc khi rt khun mt lng rt nh (khng qu 0.1% trng lng kim loi) cht t bit c tc dng lm nh ht, thm ch c th thay i hnh dng ht. C c ch lm nh ht nh sau: -Khi ha tan vo kim loi lng cht bin tnh s kt hp vi tp cht hoc kh ho tan trong kim loi lng to nn cc hp cht c nhit nng chy cao hn nhit kim loi lng, khng tan, dng phn t rn nh, l lng, phn tn u trong th tch, gip cho s to mm k sinh. http://www.ebook.edu.vn 19
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
V d cho nhm (Al) vo thp lng vi lng nh (khong 20 gam trn mt tn thp) kt hp vi Oxy, nit thnh xyt (Al2O3), nitrit (AlN) kh chy to nn cc phn t rn nh mn, phn tn u, gip to mm k sinh d dng.
II.5. Cu to tinh th ca thi c a. Ba vng tinh th ca thi c:

-Cc thi c thng tit din trn hay vung, chng c c trong khun kim loi, i khi khun c lm ngui bng nc. i vi mt thi c in hnh t ngoi vo trong c ba vng tinh th ln lt nh sau. (Hnh v 2.31)
Hnh 2.31 V ngoi cng l lp ht nh ng trc: (vng 1) do kim loi lng tip xc vi thnh
khun nn c kt tinh vi T 0 ln, cng thm tc dng ca b mt khun l phn t rn c sn nn ht to thnh kh nh mn, do thnh khun c nhp nh (nh cht sn khun) nn cc mm pht trin theo cc phng l ngu nhin, do trc ht pht trin u theo mi pha. Vng tip theo l lp ht tng i ln hnh tr (vng 2): vung gc vi thnh khun, v phng ny c tc ngui ln nht. Vng tm thi c l cc ht ln ng trc. (vng 3). -Do kim loi lng kt tinh vi T nh hn v phng tn nhit u v mi pha nn c dng a din, kch thc ln. Trong ba vng th vng ngoi cng lun lun l lp v mng cn hai vng sau c mi tng quan vi nhau ph thuc vo iu kin lm ngui thnh khun, nu: khun lm ngui mnh lit th vng hai s ln t vng ba, c khi lm mt hn vng ba to t chc xuyn tinh th, ti tm thi c c nhit nng chy thp nht nn nhit cn n b chy ra, khi cn sn phm cn b v dc theo phng cn. Khi khun c lm ngui chm th c c 3 vng, thi c tr nn d cn hn.
0
b.Cc khuyt tt ca vt c. R co v lm co
Chng u c nguyn nhn l do th tch kim loi khi kt tinh b co li nhng hnh thc th hin th khc nhau. Phn im trng trn cng v phn dy nht ca thi c c gi l lm co, y l phn kt tinh sau cng, bn thn kim loi lng y b cho cc phn kt tinh trc, v n lt n kt tinh th khng cn kim loi lng b cho n na nn to ra mt im trng tp trung. http://www.ebook.edu.vn 20
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Cc im trng nh to nn do s co ca kim loi lng khi kt tinh c phn b u khp th tch vt c c gi l r co. R co lm gim mt vt c, lm xu c tnh, khi gia cng p lc nhit cao th r co c hn kn li.
R kh
Trong iu kin nu chy thng thng, kim loi c kh nng ha tan mt lng kh ng k, sau khi kt tinh ho tan ca kh trong kim loi rn gim i t ngt, kh thot ra khng kp, b mc kt li to nn ti rng nh c gi l r kh .
Thin tch
L s khng ng nht v thnh phn ha hc trong th tch ca vt c. S khng ng nht dn n s sai khc nhau v tnh cht gia cc phn, lm gim i c tnh ca kim loi.
III.Hp kim v gin trng thi: III.1.Khi nim v hp kim . a. nh ngha:

Hp kim l mt loi vt liu c to thnh bng cch nu chy hay thiu kt mt kim loi vi mt hay nhiu nguyn t khc. Hp kim mang tnh kim loi: dn in, dn nhit cao, d bin dng, c nh kim. Trong hp kim nguyn t chnh nguyn t l kim loi. -C b , dh , c cao ca hp kim hn kim loi nguyn cht; do thp hn nhng vn tha mn nhu cu s dng. -Tnh cng ngh tt, tc l to thnh bn thnh phm v sn phm, c th tha mn mt trong cc tnh cng ngh sau: +Cng ngh ct gt. +Cng ngh c. +Cng ngh hn. +Cng ngh nhit luyn. -Hp kim ch to d hn kim loi nguyn cht. -Hp kim c nhng tnh cht c bit m kim loi nguyn cht khng c nh: khng g, dn t, dn nhit, gin n c bit.v.v..
b. u vit ca hp kim.
c.Mt s khi nim:

-Pha l nhng phn t cu to nn hp kim, cng mt loi pha phi cng trng thi c cng cu trc mng tinh th v c b mt phn chia. -Nguyn (cu t): + L nhng cht c lp, hoc nhng hp cht n nh cu to nn cc pha. +Hp cht n nh l nhng hp cht khng b phn hu nhit cao. -H thng l tp hp cc pha trng thi cn bng.
III.2Cu trc mng tinh th ca cc pha ca hp kim . a.Dung dch rn:

-Khi nim v dung dch rn: +nh ngha: dung dch rn l mt pha tinh th trong nguyn t dung mi gi nguyn kiu mng, cn nguyn t ca nguyn t ha tan c sp xp vo trong mng tinh th ca nguyn t dung mi mt cch u n v ngu nhin. http://www.ebook.edu.vn 21
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-K hiu dung dch rn ca cng mt h bng ch Hylap , , ... hoc r hn bng A (B); B(A) trong nguyn t trong mc trn l nguyn t ha tan, cn nguyn t ngoi mc trn l nguyn t dung mi.
Hnh 2.32 S sp xp nguyn t ha tan thay th v xen vo dung mi c mng lp phng tm mt

+ c im chung ca dung dch rn: -Mng tinh th ca dung dch rn l mng tinh th ca nguyn t dung mi . -Nng cht ha tan thay i trong phm vi rng. -Lin kt nguyn t: l lin kt kim loi, v vy dung dch rn l mt pha c do cao nht trong tt c cc pha cu to nn hp kim. -Khi nng nguyn t ha tan cng tng th mt lch cng tng dn n bn, cng, in tr cng tng, do, dai gim.
b.Cc loi dung dch rn. b.1.Dung dch rn thay th: *.nh ngha: l mt loi dung dch rn m nguyn t nguyn t ho tan thay th v
tr nguyn t ca nguyn t dung mi (hnh 2.33).
Hnh 2.33 *.c im ca dung dch rn thay th: Mv khng i do s nguyn t thuc mt
khi c bn khng i.
*.Cc loi dung dch rn thay th:

-Dung dch rn thay th ho tan v hn +0%<%HT<100%. +iu kin: c 4 iu kin. dA dB <7-15%. C cng kiu mng tinh th. C cng ho tr. http://www.ebook.edu.vn 22
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
C l ha tnh gn ging nhau. -Dung dch rn ha tan c hn. +%HT < x%. +Ch cn mt trong 4 iu kin ha tan v hn khng tha mn s c ha tan c hn. -Dung dch rn thay th ha tan c trt t: nguyn t ha tan sp xp trong mng dung mi c quy lut (hnh 2.34).
Hnh 2.34 b.2.Dung dch rn xen k: *.nh ngha: l dung dch m nguyn t ca nguyn ha tan nm im trng trong
mng tinh th ca nguyn t dung mi.
Hnh 2.35 *.c im:

-Mv trong dung dch rn xen k tng v N tng. -Dung dch rn ch ho tan c hn. -Cc im trng trong mng u nh nn cc nguyn t ha tan B mun lt vo cc im trng phi c ng knh kh nh vi nguyn t dung mi
dB < 0.59 Dung dch rn xen dA
k thng c to thnh bi dung mi l kim loi c ng knh nguyn t ln nh: Fe, Cr, W, Tiv nguyn t ho tan l cc kim c ng nguyn t nh nh: C, N, H, B. Gia cc kim loi vi nhau ch to thnh dung dch rn thay th, v chng c ng knh nguyn t khng khc nhau nhiu, khi t l ng knh nguyn t trong khong 0.59-0.85 chng to nn hn hp c hc ca hai kim loi:
Hnh 2.36 c.Hp cht ha hc:

TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
*.nh ngha: l mt pha c to thnh bi cc nguyn t gia chng c xy ra

phn ng ha hc.
*.c im:
-Mng tinh th ca hp cht ho hc khc kiu mng cc nguyn t to thnh. -Lin kt trong hp cht ho hc ch yu l lin kt Ion hoc Ion kt hp ng ha tr. Hp cht ho hc c nng gn cao nht. -Nng trong hp cht ha hc khng i v tun th theo quy tc ha tr. Tnh cht: nhit nng chy cao, cng cao, kh nng chng mi mn tt v rt gin.
d.Pha trung gian: *.nh ngha: l mt pha c c im nn gia dung dch rn v t chc ha hc. *.c im:
-Mng tinh th ca pha trung khc hn mng tinh th cc nguyn t to thnh. -Nng pha trung gian c th thay i trong phm vi hp. -Lin kt trong pha trung gian ch yu l lin kt kim loi. -Pha trung gian c nhit nng chy, cng, kh nng chng mi mn rt cao, tng i dn.
Mt s pha trung gian. -Pha xen k: l mt loi pha trung gian c to bi cc kim loi c ng knh ln
(nh: W, V, Ti, Mo, Fe, Cr, Mn) vi kim c ng knh b (nh: H, N, C..) Nu
d AK < 0.59 : pha xen k c kiu mng n gin (nh: WC, TiC, Fe2N) d KL
d AK > 0.59 pha xen k c kiu mng phc tp (Fe3C, Cr7C3, Cr2C6). d KL
c im ca pha ny l nhit nng chy, cng kh nng chng mi mn rt cao, tng i gin. Nn
c im: nhit nng chy, cng kh nng chng mi mn cao.
-Pha in t (pha Hume-Rothery):

*.Nng in t (Ct) l t s gia tng s in t ha tr vi tng s nguyn t ca hp cht. Nh hp cht AmBn: Ct =
(m. A.HTA + n.B.HTB) . (m.A + n.B)
*.Pha hp cht in t c to bi hai nhm kim loi: -Nhm 1: kim loi ha tr mt nh Cu, Ag, Au v kim loi chuyn tip Fe, Co, Ni, Pd, Pt. -Nhm 2: cc kim loi ha tr 2, 3, 4: Be, Mg, Zn, Cd (2), Al (3), Si, Sn (4). C nng in t (s in t / s nguyn t) bng mt trong cc gi tr 3/2, 21/13, 7/4, m mi gi tr ng vi kiu mng xc nh. Nu: Ct =3/2 l lp phng th tm k hiu . Ct =21/13 lp phng phc tp, k hiu: . Ct =7/4 l mng lc gic xp cht, k hiu: V d: Cu-Zn c cc pha in t sau. http://www.ebook.edu.vn 24
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
+ CuZn- pha 1 . 1 + 2 . 1 = 3 mng lp phng th tm.
+ Cu5Zn8 pha + CuZn3 pha
1+1 1 .5 + 2 .8 5. + 8 1 .1 + 2 .3 = 1+ 3
2 21 = mng lp phng phc tp 13 7 mng lc gic xp cht 4
*.Mt hp kim c th l: -Mt hay nhiu dung dch rn. -Mt ha nhiu dung dch rn vi mt hay nhiu pha trung gian. -Trong mt s t trng hp c th c thm hp cht hc hc.
III.3. Gin trng thi hai cu t a. Khi nim v gin trng thi (GTT). -nh ngha:
Gin trng thi l mt biu m t s ph thuc trng thi pha ca hp kim vo nhit v nng . Gin trng thi cn gi l gin pha. Gin trng thi c xy dng hon ton bng thc nghim, trong iu kin nung nng v lm ngui v cng chm tc l trng thi cn bng. -Cng dng ca gin trng thi: t gin c th xc nh c. +Nhit chy, chuyn bin pha ca cc hp kim trong h khi nung nng v lm ngui, nh c th xc nh d dng cc ch c, r, cn, hn, nhit luyn. +Trng thi pha (pha no, thnh phn pha, s lng pha, t l) ca hp kim trong h, t c th on c c tnh c bn v cng dng. -Cu to (Gin ca hp kim hai cu t).
Hnh 2.37.
+ Hai trc tung ch nhit: trc tung th nht ch trng thi ca nguyn t A v trc tung th hai ch trng thi ca nguyn t B. +Trc honh ch nng ca nguyn t A, B theo % trng lng. +Mt ng thng ng trong gin (x%B) ch trng thi ca pha hp kim x%B. +Cc ng cong, thng (nu c) chia gin thnh nhiu vng c trng thi pha ging nhau.
*.Quy tc pha dng nghin cu GTT. -Bc t do: l s yu t c lp c th thay i c trong gii hn xc nh m
khng lm thay i trng thi pha ca h, tc l khng lm thay i s pha c. Cng thc T=N-F+1 http://www.ebook.edu.vn 25
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Trong : T l s bc t do (freedom). N l s cu t ca hp kim . F l s pha ca hp kim.
-Quy tc n by v t l gia cc pha: (hnh v) dng xc nh nng

ca cc pha.
Hnh 2.38
+Hp kim x%B, nhit T c hai pha l v L. +Lng v tr N, v tr M, mun xc nh %B ch cn ging xung trc honh (x1% B trong v x2% B trong L). + xc nh t l gia L v l nh sau:
OM .% . MN ON = .% . MN b.Mt s gin trng thi hp kim hai cu t. b1.Gin trng thi hp kim hai cu t ha tan hon ton vo nhau trng thi lng, khng ha tan vo nhau trng thi rn. L=
Hnh 2.39
*.Dng gin : nh hnh v. *.Gii thch gin :

TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-A: nhit nng chy ca nguyn t A. -B: nhit nng chy ca nguyn t B. -ng AEB ng lng: l ng ranh gii gia vng hon ton lng v rn. -ng CD ng rn: l ng ranh gii gia vng hon ton rn v vng khng hon ton rn. ng CD c nhit khng i cn gi l ng cng tinh. -im E thuc CD l im cng tinh. Ti E xy ra chuyn bin t mt pha lng c nng ti im cng tinh (E) cng mt lc kt tinh ra hai pha rn khc: LE (A+B). (A+B) c gi l hn hp c hc cng tinh, n c vit trong mc trn. +Hn hp c hc: l s trn ln cc pha, c th tch ra bng phng php c hc. +Hn hp c hc cng tinh: cc pha sp xp c quy lut. +Hp kim ti cng tinh lun c nhit nng chy thp nht. *.Xt s kt tinh ca cc hp kim in hnh:
-ng ngui: nh ngha: l ng biu din s gim nhit theo thi gian.
Hnh 2.40
(a, b). -Xt kt tinh: (nh hnh v). *.Tnh cht ca h hp kim: Do t chc t vi nhit thng l hn hp c hc nn tnh cht ca hp kim nh sau:
c im:
+ng 1: ng ngui khng hng, khng c chuyn bin pha xy ra. +ng 2: ng ngui c i hng, c chuyn bin pha ti ch i hng
T/c HK=%A. t/cA+%B. t/cB.

V d: A = 60 % b ( A) = 300 N / mm
2
B = 40% b ( B ) = 200 N / mm 2
27
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
b ( Hkim 60 % A + 40 % B ) = 60 %. 300 + 40 %. 200 = 260 N / mm 2
Hnh 2.41
*.Tnh cng ngh: -c tt nht, c bit hp kim ln cn im E. -Tnh ct gt ph thuc vo kh nng ct gt ca A v B. *.Khuyt tt: -Thin tch vng: l s sai khc v thnh phn ha hc trong tng vng ca thi c. -Nguyn nhn: do s sai khc v t trng gia A, B. -Khc phc: +Ngui nhanh. +Bin tnh: to b khung (xng) ngn cn qu trnh chm hay ni ca pha sinh ra trc.
b2.Gin trng thi hai cu t ha ta v hn vo nhau, khng to nn pha trung gian. (gin loi II):
28
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 2.42
Hp kim ng Niken( Cu-Ni) c gin loi ny. Nhn xt: Cc dung dch rn to thnh trong cc giai on khc nhau c thnh phn chnh lch nhau, gy ra s sai khc v thnh phn trong mi ht c gi l thin tch vng.
b3.Gin pha hai cu t ho tan c hn vo nhau khng to nn pha trung gian (gin loi III).
Hnh 2.43
H c kiu in hnh l h Ch-Thic (Pb-Sn). Gin ny c dng kh ging gin loi 1 vi s khc nhau y l cc dung dch rn c hn v thy th cho cc cu t A v B. y AEB l ng lng, ACEDB l ng rn. LE ( a + ). +Cng c hp kim cng tinh ti E v trc cng tinh (tri E), sau cng tinh (bn phi E). +Dung dch rn y u c hn vi cc ng CF v DG.
b.4 Gin trng thi khng ha tan ln nhau nhng to nn pha trung gian n nh (gin loi IV)
Hnh 2.44
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
l gin pha hai cu t tng tc phn ng ha hc vi nhau to ra pha trung gian AmBn v c h in hnh l h magie-canxi (Mg-Ca). C dng ghp hai gin loi I l A-AmBn (MgMg4Ca3) v AmBn-B (Mg4Ca3-Ca). y pha trung gian AmBn c nhit chy c nh, khng b phn hu trc trc khi nng chy c coi nh mt cu t. Hp kim Fe-C c s dng rt rng ri trong ch to my, trong xy dng, giao thng vn ti
IV.Hp kim Fe-C [Fe+Fe3C].
IV.1.Cc t chc ca hp kim Fe-C: IV.1.1.St (Fe).

-St l nguyn t kim loi thuc nhm chuyn tip. Ph thuc v nhit ; Fe tn ti cc dng th hnh sau:
Hnh 2.45
-Cc ch tiu c tnh: + bn:
=250 N/mm2.
2 02 =120 N / mm .
+ do:
+ cng: HB=80 kG/mm2. 3 Khi lng ring = 7.8 ( g / cm ).
= 50% . = 85 % .
ak = 2500 kJ / m2 .
+Nhit l Tc=1539oC. Khi nung nng vt qua nhit ny, Fe mt t tnh.
IV.1.2.Ccbon:
L nguyn t kim thuc nhm 4 trong bng h thng tun hon, tn ti cc dng sau:
*.V nh hnh: mi loi than g, than khong sn, c s dng ch yu lm nhin liu
v mt phn lm nguyn liu.
30
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
*.Graphit: c kiu mng lc gic xp lp; thong s mng a v c; a=2.5Ao, t s
c =2.74. a
Hnh 2.46 -Mng lc gic xp

-Tnh cht: Lc lin kt ho tr trong mi lp kh ln, cn gia cc lp l lc ht phn t Vanderwaal rt yu. + b =1-2 N/mm2 rt thp, coi nh khng c bn. +H s ma st b cho nn kh nng chng mi mn tt (cn gi l cht bi trn kh). *.Kim cng tn ti di kiu mng kim cng (t din a gic u) cng cao nht.
Hnh 2.47. Mng kim cng.

-Tnh cht: kim cng c cng ln nht trong thang o cng.
31
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
IV.1.3.Tng tc gia Fe-C: a.To dung dch rn:

*.Dung dch rn xen k ca C trong Fe (ferit= Fe (C ) = =F). -C kiu mng lp phng th tm (tm khi) c mt xp thp, c hai dng im trng: im trng 4 mt v im trng 8 mt. +im trng 4 mt: c v tr nm 1/4 ng thng ni hai im gia hai cnh bn trn cng mt mt bn, kch thc l hng li rt nh =0.221d (d l ng knh nguyn t st), nn khng th cha nguyn t C. +im trng 8 mt: c tm im nm gia cc mt bn v gia cc cnh bn. C kch thc qa nh 0.154d nn khng cha ni nguyn t C. -%C cc i ha tan vo Fe l 0.02%, 727oC. nhit thng l 0.006%. Ch yu nm bin gii ht. -Tnh cht: cng thp, bn thp, do cao. *.Dung dch rn xen k ca C trong
Fe (austennit= Fe (C ) = =A).
-C kiu mng lp phng din tm, c t im trng nhng cc im trng c kch thc ln. Trong mng ny c im trng 4 mt v im trng 8 mt. +im trng 4 mt: c tm im nm trn 1/4 cc ng cho khi c kch thc l 0.225d. +im trng 8 mt: c tm im l trung tm khi v gia cc cnh bn, kch thc l kh ln 0.41d. C th ha tan C dng xen k cc l hng ca khi 8 mt. Trong thc t ha tan ca C trong Fe cc i l 2.14%, 1147o. 727o ho tan ln nht l 0.8%. -Tnh cht:ch tn ti nhit ln hn 727oC. bn cao, do kh cao, cng thp. b.To Xementit: (Fe3C) -Khi lng C vt qu gin hn ha tan k trn, C s kt hp vi Fe to thnh Fe3C (Xementit). -Xementit l pha khng n nh, d to thnh nhng trong mt s iu kin b phn ha thnh Fe v C. -Tnh cht: cng 800 HB, chng mi mn tt, gin kh cao, c mu ca x c (ngc trai).
IV.2.Gin Trng thi Fe-C:

TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
IV.2.1.Dng gin :
Hnh 2.48. Gin trng thi Fe-C IV.2.2.Gii thch gin : *.Cc im c bit: im Nhit oC A 1539 B 1499 C 1147 D 1250 E 1147 F 1147
%C 0 0.5 4.3 6.67 2.14 6.67 0
911
im H J K L N P Q S
Nhit 1499 1499 727 0 1392 727 0 727
%C 0.1 0.16 6.67 6.67 0 0.02 0.006 0.8
*.Cc ng: ABCD: l ng lng. AHJECF: l ng rn (ng c). ECF=11470C khng i l ng cng tinh, vi im C (4.3%C, 11470C): l im cng tinh. Ti to=11470C th Lc ( E + Xe F ) =LeI (Lburit mt) l hn hp c hc cng tinh ca auxtennit v xementit. Tn ti 7270<to<11470. SPK: l ng cng tch, vi im S (0.8%C, 7270C): l im cng tch. http://www.ebook.edu.vn 33
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
GS: ng bt u t Bt u
F khi ngui, cng l ng kt thc t F
khi nung nng.
ES: l ng gii hn ca C trong Fe (C ) to thnh auxtennit.
XeII khi nung nng. PQ: ng gii hn ha tan ca C trong F ( Fe ). ng bt u F XeIII khi ngui hay
khi ngui hay kt thc
XeII
kt thc XeIII F khi nung nng. *.Cc phn ng: +Phn ng cng tinh xy ra 11470C trong cc hp kim >2.14%C (ng ECF) L C ( E + Fe 3 C F ) . +Phn ng cng tch xy ra 7270C hu nh vi mi hp kim (ng PSK) S [ P + Fe 3 C K ] .
IV.3.Cc t chc c bn:

*.Cc t chc mt pha:
-Ferrit (c k hiu bng a hay F hay Fe (C ) ) l dung dch rn xen k ca C trong Fe vi mng lp phng tm khi (a=0.286-0.29 Ao) song do lng ho tan rt nh
(ln nht l 0.02%C 7270C- ti im P; v ln nht l 0.006%C- im Q).
o o
Ferit c tnh st t tn ti t 768 C . Do cha t C nn c tnh ca Ferit chnh l ca St nguyn cht: do, dai, mm v km bn. Trong thc t Ferit c th ho tan c Si, Mn, Cr T chc t vi ca Ferit c dng cc ht a cnh, ht sng. -Auxtennit [ k hiu bng , A, Fe (c ) ] (hay pha do v dai) l dung dch rn xen k C trong
Fe c mng lp phng tm mt ( a 0 . 364 A o ) vi lng ho tan C
ng k (cao nht 2.14%C) 11470C ti im E. Auxtennit khng c tnh st t, c tnh thun t, ch tn ti nhit cao (>7270C), khng s dng trc tip ch to cc chi tit my nhng c vai tr quan trng khi nhit luyn. -Xementit (k hiu Xe, Fe3C) l pha xen k vi kiu mng phc tp c cng thc Fe3C v c nng C l 6.67% . Xementit c tnh st t yu ch n 210oC, rt cng nn chng mi mn tt nhng rt gin. +XeI c to thnh do gim nng C trong hp kim lng theo ng DC khi h nhit , n ch c hp kim ln hn 4.3%C v nh hn 6.67%. Do to nhit cao ( 1147oC) nn kch thc ln, c th thy bng mt thng. +XeII c to thnh do gim nng cacbon trong auxtennit theo ng ES khi h nhit , loi ny c hp kim >0.8% cho ti 2.14%. Do to thnh nhit tng i cao (>727oC) nn tp trung bin gii ht. +Xementit th ba (XeIII) c to thnh do gim nng C trong Ferit theo ng PQ khi h nhit , vi s lng rt t, kh pht hin trn t chc t vi v thng c b qua. +Xementit cng tch c to thnh do chuyn bin cng tch austenit peclit ( [ F + Xe] ). Loi xementit ny c vai tr rt quan trng. *.Cc t chc hai pha. -Peclit (k hiu P= [F+Fe3C] = [F+Xe]) l hn hp c hc cng tch ca Ferit v xementit c to thnh t austenit 0.8%C, 7270C. Trong peclit c 88% ferit v 12% xementit phn b u (xen k nhau).
34
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Peclit l t chc kh bn, nhng cng do, dai p ng rt tt cc yu cu ca vt liu kt cu v cng c. +Peclit tm thng gp hn c, c cu trc tm (hay phin), F v Xe tc l hai pha ny nm an xen u nhau. Trn mt ct ngang li cc vch theo cng mt hng hay a hng, trong cc vch ti mng l xementit, vch sng dy l ferit. +Peclit ht t gp hn, c cu trc xementit dng thu gn nht, ht xementit phn b u trn nn ferit. So vi peclit ht, peclit tm c cng cao hn, do, dai thp hn i cht, bn thp hn. Auxtennit ng nht d to peclit tm, cn auxtennit khng ng nht to ra peclit ht.
peclit tm (x 500)
Peclit ht (x500)
Hnh 2.49 -Lburit [c k hiu bng Le, hay ( + Xe ) hay (P+Xe)]

L hn hp c hc cng tinh ca auxtennit v xementit to thnh t pha lng c 4.3%C, 1147oC. Khi lm ngui tip tc li c phn ng cng tch auxtennit chuyn ha thnh peclit. Lburit cng v gin (v c ti 2/3 l xementit). T chc Lburit ch c trong gang trng. Hn hp c hc cng tinh ca auxtennit v xementit ( + Xe ) tn ti 727o<to<1147o. L hn hp c hc cng tinh ca Peclit v xementit (P+Xe), tn ti to<727oC. T chc Le nhit thng (nh hnh v).
35
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 2.50. T chc t vi ca lburit nhit thng (x 500) IV.4.Phn bit thp v gang trng: IV.4.1.Thp: a.nh ngha: Thp l hp kim ca Fe-C m nng 0.02%<C 2.14%. b.Cc loi thp:
-Thp trc cng tch vi lng C <0.8%, bn tri ca im S, c t chc l ferit (sng) +peclit (ti). T chc t vi ca thp trc cng tch l F+P. Theo quy tc n by, khi lng C tng ln th trn t chc peclit (mu ti) tng ln, cn phn ferit (mu sng) gim i. Nu Ferit khng cha C (hay qu t t 0.02%-0.05%) c th coi l st nguyn cht vi t chc ch c cc ht Ferit mu sng. -Thp cng tch vi thnh phn 0.8%C ng vi im S, c t chc peclit.
-Thp sau cng tch vi thnh phn 0.8%C (thng ch s dng ti 1.5% v c bit c th t ti 2-2.14%C) bn phi im S c t chc peclit + xementit II (P +XeII), dng li sng bc ly peclit tm.
a.0.1%C
b.0.4%C
36
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
c.0.6%C
d.
Hnh 2.51. T chc t vi ca thp trc cng tch a, b, c. Thp cng tch d. IV.4.2.Gang trng: a.nh ngha:
Gang trng l hp kim ca Fe-C m nng 2.14%<C<6.67%. Gang trng rt t c s dng v qu gin.
b.Cc loi gang trng:

-Gang trng trc cng tinh vi thnh phn C t hn 4.3% bn tri im C, c t chc peclit + xementit II + lburit: P + XeII +LeII. -Gang trng cng tinh c 4.3%C ng vi im C hay ln cn im C, t chc 100% l lburit LII. -Gang trng sau cng tinh vi thnh phn >4.3%C, bn phi im C, c t chc lburit + xementit I: LeII+XeI.
37
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 2.52. T chc t vi ca thp sau cng tch.
a.
b.
c. Hnh 2.53. T chc t vi ca gang trng a.trc cng tinh v sau cng tinh b. cng tinh c. IV.5.Cc im (nhit ) ti hn trong GTT Fe-C: IV.5.1.Khi nung nng v lm ngui rt chm:
Gin trng thi Fe-C c xy dng bng thc nghim, c xy dng trong iu kin nung nng hay lm ngui chm. -A1=PK=727o. -A3=GS=910-727o. -Acm=ES=1147-727o. Gi l cc im ti hn trong gin trng thi Fe-C.
IV.5.2.Khi nung nng thc t (c thm ch c):

Nhit lun cao hn cc nhit ti hn. -
Ac1 A1 = Tc1 .
38
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Ac 3 A3 = Tc 3 . Accm Acm = Tccm .

Trong
Tc1 ; Tc 3 ; Tccm . Gi l qu nung. qu nung ph
thuc tc nung. Tc nung cng ln, qu nung cng ln.
IV.5.3.Khi lm ngui thc t (c thm ch r):

Nhit lun thp hn nhit ti hn. -
A1 Ar1 = Tr1 . A3 Ar 3 = Tr 3 .
Acm Arcm = Trcm .
Trong Tr 1 ; Tr 3 ; Trcm . Gi l qu ngui. qu ngui ph thuc vo tc ngui. Tc ngui cng ln, qu ngui cng ln.
39
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
40
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
CHNG II. BIN DNG DO V C TNH.

Trong chng ny s trnh by cc hnh vi ca kim loi di tc dng ca ngoi lc, gy nn bin dng do v cc c trng ca n. Ngi hc cn nm vng nhng vn sau y: -C ch ca bin dng do v ph hu. -Cc ch tiu c tnh v cc yu t nh hng. -Bn cht ca kt tinh li v bin dng nng.
I.BIN DNG N HI, BIN DNG DO V PH HY. I.1.Biu ko -oa l ng thng: bin dng n hi. -ab l ng cong: bin dng do. -bd l ng cong: ph hu.
Khi tin hnh ko t t mu kim loi trn, di ta c biu ko hay biu ti trng (hnh 3.1). Biu ny cho ta mt khi nim chung v cc loi bin dng v ph hu.
Hnh 3.1
-Khi ti trng t vo P<Pdh th bin dng t l bc nht vi ti trng v khi b ti trng th bin dng mt i. Bin dng nh vy c gi l bin dng n hi. V d nh khi ta t ti trng P1 mu b di thm mt on 01, nhng khi b ti trng i th mu tr li kch thc ban u. -Bin dng n hi xy ra do c ng sut tip ln ng sut php.
I.2.Bin dng n hi -nh ngha: bin dng n hi l mt loi bin dng m lng bin dng mt i
khi b ti trng.
-Trn biu ko: khi tng ti trng t 0 Pdh , ng biu ko i t 0

n a, khi gim ti trng th Pdh tin v 0; biu i theo ao. -Bin dng do tinh th: di tc dng ca ti trng P, thng s mng thay i
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
Do a <
VT LIU HC I
1 a nn khi b ti trng P, a 0 (Hnh 3.2 a.b.). 2
a) Hnh 3.2 (a, b).
b)
I.3.Bin dng do: I.3.1. nh ngha v bin dng do: *.nh ngha: l mt loi bin dng cn gi c lng bin dng d khi thi
tc dng ca ti trng. *.Trn biu ko ng vi ng ab. I.3.2.Bin dng do n tinh th: c hai c ch: trt v song tinh.
a.Trt: *.nh ngha v trt: l s dch chuyn tng i ca phn tinh th ny so

vi phn tinh th khc qua mt tinh th no gi mt tinh th ny l mt trt (Hnh 42).
Hnh 3.3
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM *.Mt trt:
VT LIU HC I
-Yu cu ca mt trt l: +Cc nguyn t thuc mt mt trt lin kt bn vng nht, mun th khong cch gia cc nguyn t thuc mt mt trt l nh nht. +Lin kt ca cc nguyn t hai mt trt i din nhau phi nh nht, mun th khong cch hai mt i din phi ln nht. - tha mn hai yu cu trn, mt trt l mt c mt nguyn t ln nht (cc nguyn t nm st nhau nht). Mng lp phng th tm c 6 mt trt v din tm c 4 mt trt.
Lp phng th tm
lp phng din tm Hnh 3.4
*.Phng trt: l phng tinh th m cc nguyn t nm st vo nhau nht.

V d nh mng lp phng th tm c 2 phng trt l ng cho ca hnh ch nht ABCD, cn lp phng din tm c 3 phng trt l ba cnh ca tam gic ABC. *.H s trt: dng nh gi kh nng trt ca mng tinh th. K hiu l H, c tnh nh sau:
H= (s mt trt x s phng trt)/ 1 mt trt.

V d: - Mng lp phng th tm H= 6x2=12. -Mng lp phng din tm H= 4x3 =12. -Mng lc gic H=1x3 = 3 (c tnh dn: Zn). H s trt cng nhiu th tnh do cng cao. Khi c cng h s trt th loi mng no c s phng trt trn mt mt trt nhiu hn th do hn.
*. ng sut trt:
Xt n tinh th vi mt mt trt F v phng trt n2. n tinh th b ko theo chiu trc, lc ko P hp vi phng php tuyn ca mt trt mt gc (Hnh 3.5) -Qa trnh trt xy ra do ng sut tip
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
P = P1 . cos = P.sin . cos . P P = = . cos F Fo
Hnh 3.5
.sin . cos . cos Fo 1 = o .sin 2. cos 2
th
max
th qu trnh trt xy ra. T biu thc
= 450 + k khi 0 = 0 + k
-u tin s trt xy ra h ti ng sut tip l ln nht ( max ) v h ny c gi l h trt chnh trong cc mt trt c gc nghing 450 so vi phng ca ti trng. -Theo s pht trin ca bin dng do, qu trnh trt xy ra vi ng sut trt b hn nhng phi ln hn
*.Hnh thi trt: qu trnh trt ca n tinh th xy ra theo hnh thi sau y.
th .
*.C ch trt: c hai c ch trt l trt ng thi v trt c lch. -C ch trt ng thi -s trt cng.
Gi s c mng tinh th nh sau (hnh 45).
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 3.6
ti mt trt khi cha tc dng ti trng P th cc nguyn t nt mng i din (1-1, 2-2 ,3-3 ) v lin kt nhau bng lc f. Trn mt trt c n cp nguyn t i din v lin kt nhau, theo l thuyt ta c F= n.f. trt xy ra th ti trng P F v th ti trng P rt ln. Kim loi t bn l tng
lt
( b ). (hay cn gi l bn l thuyt) Trong khi bn thc t ch c
2 V d: bn l thuyt ca Fe l b = 13000 N / mm .
b = 250 N / mm2
Ngi ta cng th nghim v ch to c ra Ru tinh th bng cng ngh nui n tinh th, qua th nghim cng cho kt qu gn vi b = 13000 N / mm 2 . Qua chng t bn tim nng ca mi nguyn t kim loi l rt ln.
*.C ch trt c lch:
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM Hnh 3.7
VT LIU HC I
Lch AB tn ti trong iu kin cn bng khng n nh, khi c ti trng tc dng t tri sang phi lm cho bn mt AB dch chuyn ti 1-1, y 1-1 n 1-1. Bn mt 11 tn ti trng thi khng n nh s chuyn dch ti 2-2 v y 2-2 n 22. C nh vy lch thng AB ra n mt ngoi tinh th, li mt lng bin dng do bng a. C ch trt c lch ph hp vi bn thc t ca kim loi.
*. bn l thuyt v bn thc t
C ch trt cng phn nh bn l thuyt v c ch trt c lch phn nh bn thc t. *.Kt lun: bn cht ca qu trnh trt khi tinh th c lch l s chuyn ng ca lch theo c ch tun t. *.Nguyn tc chung tng bn ca kim loi l cn tr chuyn ng ca lch, bng cc bin php sau: -Hp kim ha, bng cch cho thm vo thp nguyn t nh Cr, W, Ni to ra phn t phn tn ca pha th hai c vai tr cn tr chuyn ng ca lch. -Lm nh ht. -Lm tng mt lch tc l lm tng giao im ca lch, giao im ny cn tr chuyn ng ca cc lch.
b.Song tinh: *.nh ngha: l s dch chuyn ca phn tinh th ny so vi phn tinh th khc,
sao cho n v tr mi cc nguyn t i xng nhau qua mt song tinh.
Hnh 3.8
*.c im:
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-Song tinh thng xy ra khi ti trng tc ng t ngt lm tc bin dng ln trong thi gian ngn. -Song tinh xy ra t hn nhiu so vi trt.
I.3.3. Bin dng do a tinh th:
3 = max .
2 = 0. 4 = 0.
1 = max .
Hnh 3.9
-Nhn xt:
+Cc ht trong a tinh th bin dng khng u nhau. +S bin dng ca cc ht trong a tinh th lun b cc ht xung quanh cn tr. +Bin gii ht l ni cn tr chuyn ng ca lch. V vy ht cng b bn, cng, do, dai cng tng v ngc li.
I.3.4. nh hng ca bin dng do n t chc t vi v tnh cht. a. nh hng ca bin dng do n t chc t vi.
-Sau bin dng do nguyn t xung quanh mt trt b x lch lm tng Ml. -Vi l = (40 50)% : ht kim loi b chia nh. -Vi l > (80 90)% : phng mng gia cc ht trong a tinh th gn song song nhau gi l nh hng phng mng (textua). Lc ny a tinh th mang tnh d hng. -Lun tn ti ng sut d.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
b. nh hng ca bin dng do n tnh cht.

Mc bin dng do cng tng, bn, cng ca kim loi cng tng; do, dai va p cng gim. Hin tng ny gi l bin cng kim loi. Nu tip tc bin dng do khi kim loi b bin cng s dn n ph hu.
I.4. Ph hu. I.4.1.Khi nim v ph hy. *.nh ngha: l hin tng vt liu b tch ra lm hai hay nhiu phn khc nhau
di tc dng ca ti trng.
*C ch chung ca ph hy:
+u tin xut hin vt nt t vi bn trong hay trn b mt chi tit. Vt nt bao gm: -Vt nt c sn: r xp, r kh khi c, nt t vi khi kt tinh, hn, nhit luyn, cc pha c bn thp (grafit trong gang). -Vt nt sinh ra trong qu trnh bin dng: nu trong kim loi c pha th hai vi cng v tnh gin cao th khi bin dng do, th cc vt nt t vi sinh ra y hay bin gii ht. -Do tch t ca lch: khi bin dng do do tc dng ca ngun pht lch sinh ra thm v dch chuyn trn mt trt, khi b cn tr chng b dn li v to nn vt nt t vi . +Ri qua qu trnh bin dng tip theo vt nt pht trin. +Cui cng kim loi b tch ri.
I.4.2.Ph hy di ti trng tnh.

-Ti trng tnh l loi ti trng c phng hu nh khng thay i. -ng sut ph hy td (ng sut tch t) l ng sut nh nht lm cho vt liu kim loi tch ri thnh hai hay nhiu phn khc nhau. Pa: gy nn bin dng n hi dh = Pc : gy nn gin hn chy c =
Pa . F0
Pc . F0
a.Cc dng ph hy di ti trng tnh. *.Ph hy gin:

L mt dng ph hy di ti trng tnh m vt liu cha qua bin dng do.
td < c .
V d nh gang. c im: khng d bo trc, nn rt nguy him nh dm btn
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
do.
VT LIU HC I
*.Ph hy do: l loi ph hy di ti trng tnh m vt liu qua bin dng
td > c .
c im: c d bo trc hay t dng bn ngoi c th on trc c, nn t nguy him hn.
*.Nguyn nhn ca ph hy.

Khc vi bin dng do, s ph hy xy ra l do thnh phn ng sut php lm ph tch lin kt nguyn t hai bn ca mt mt no . Khi thnh phn ng sut ny ln thng c ng sut gii hn tch t th xy ra ph hy gin hoc ph hy do. + c > td kim loi b tch t trc khi t n gii hn chy nn s ph hy khng c bin dng d m mang c tnh gin. + c < td trc khi tch t kim loi b bin dng do, s ph hy mang c tnh do.
*.Cc yu t nh hng n s ph hy di ti trng tnh. -Nhit : khi tng nhit th gii hn chy gim i, trong gii hn tch t hu
td < c : ph hy gin. Vng II. td > c : ph hy do.

Vng I.
nh khng thay i, nn nhit thp hu nh kim loi b ph hy gin, nhit cao kim loi b ph hy do (Hnh 3.10a).
Nu tng nhit th vng II tng v gim vng I. -Tc bin dng: tc bin dng cng cao, s trt cng kh xy ra, tc gii hn chy cng cao, trong khi th gii hn tch t khng i. Khi tng tc bin dng kim loi d b ph hy gin (Hnh 3.10b). Vng I. Vng
td < c : ph hy gin. II. td > c : ph hy do.
Hnh 3.10
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
*.Trng thi b mt chi tit: nu b mt chi tit c nhiu vt xc v tit din thay
i t ngt lm tng kh nng ph hy v ngc li. chng hi nh chi tit tr bc ta phi to cung R d trnh hin tng tp trung ng sut gy ph hy.
Hnh 3.11 *.Tp trung ng sut: cc yu t gy nn tp trung ng sut nh vt kha, nt, tit din thay i t ngt, lm ng sut cc b tng ln vt qu gii hn tch t gy nn ph hy. I.4.3.Ph hy trong iu kin ti trng thay i theo chu k (ph hu mi). a. ti trng thay i theo chu k.
C mt trc nh hnh v, va quay trn, va chu ti trng P.
Hnh 3.12
v tr ny th AA chu nn v BB chu ko. V khi quay 1/2 vng th AA chu ko v BB chu nn, qu trnh ny c lp li. *.Vy: Ti trong thay i theo chu k l ti trong m ng sut thay i t ko sang nn v lp li. +ng sut gy nn ph hy nh hn b (c th nh hn dh ). +Qu trnh xy ra khi s chu k < 107-108, nu qu thi hn ny chi tit cha b ph hy th kh nng b ph hy v sau s khng xy ra. +Tit din lc ph hy bng tit din lc ban u v c hai vng r rt: mu xm (chng t b oxy ho) v mu sng (cha b oxy ho).
b.c im ph hu di ti trng thay i theo chu k.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Fph=Fo
Hnh 3.13
c.C ch: cng ging nh mi ph hy khc, vt nt xut hin b mt chi tit ti thi im chu ng sut ko. Sau vt nt pht trin dn n ph hu.
+Bn cht ca vt liu: nu vt liu c b cao th tng bn mi cng tng. +Trng b mt chi tit: nu b mt chi tit c bng cng cao, t thay i t ngt th cng gim nguy c ph hy mi. +ng sut nn d b mt cng ln th cng tng bn mi:
d.Cc yu t nh hng n ph hy mi:
-ng sut b mt gy nn nt l k n gi tr ny nh nn khng th hnh thnh vt nt. -To ng sut nn d bng cch: +Bin dng do b mt: phun bi, ln p. +Ha nhit luyn. +Ti b mt.
Hnh 3.14
II.Cc ch tiu c tnh. II.1 bn di ti trng tnh:

L tp hp cc c trng c hc phn nh sc chu ng ti trng c hc tnh ca vt liu v c xc nh bng ng sut ca ti trng gy ra cc t bin v c hc. Tu theo cc dng ti trng m ngi ta phn ra: bn ko, nn, xon v un.
a.Cc ch tiu: -Gii hn n hi: L ng sut ln nht tc dng ln mu m khi b n mu

khng thay i hnh dng v kch thc.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
u gy nn bin dng do. k hiu: c . -Gii hn chy quy c: l ng sut gy nn mt lng bin dng d l 0.2% so vi chiu di ban u. K hiu: 02 . -Gii hn bn: l ng sut cao nht m mu chu c trc khi b ph hy. K hiu
K hiu: dh . -Gii hn chy: l ng sut m ti kim loi b chy, tc l ng sut b nht bt
b (N/mm , N/m =Pa).

2 2
b.Cc yu t nh hng: b.1. bn:

bn l ch tiu c tnh quan trng nht, n quyt nh kh nng lm vic, tui th ca chi tit my. Trong cng nghip c kh yu cu vt liu phi c bn cao.V vy phi c cc phng php lm tng bn ca kim loi. C hai cch: *.Cch 1: Tng mt lch: Ml > 107-108 (hnh v).
Hnh 3.15
Vng I. Bin dng do Vng II. Hp kim ha. Vng III. Hp kim ho +nhit luyn. Vng IV. Hp kim ho +bin dng do+nhit luyn.
*.Cch 2 Gim mt lch: ta gim Ml < 107-108, khi Ml=0 ta c

bn l tng (l thuyt).
b.2. do.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
*. tht khi ko t, % . F Fk Cng thc % = 0 x100% F0 Trong F0 l tit din ban u ca mu. Fk l tit din phn c tht ca mu sau khi ko t.
L tp hp cc ch tiu c tnh phn nh bin dng d ca vt liu, n quyt nh kh nng bin dng do, gia cng p lc. Ch tiu nh gi do l: *. di tng i khi ko t % . L L0 Cng thc nh sau: % = k x100% L0 Trong : Lk l chiu di ca mu sau khi ko. L0 l chiu di ban u ca mu.
II.2. dai va p. a.nh ngha: l cng cn thit ph hy ng mt n v tit din.

c o theo n v kJ/m2 k hiu: ak
Hnh 3.16 b.Xc nh dai va p ak:
-Chun b mu. -Cho m ri t do p vo mu. *.Khi tng m v H n gi tr lm cho mu b t th ta xc nh c gi tr ca dai va p:
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
ak =
mg.H (kJ / m 2 ) Fph
c.Cc yu t nh hng n dai va p ak.
+Bn cht ca vt liu: vt liu c bn, do cao th dai va p tng. +Kch thc ca chi tit: kch thc cng ln th ak gim v ngc li. +Kch thc ht cng nh th dai va p ak cng ln v ngc li
II.3. bn mi. a.Xc nh

kh nng lm vic ca chi tit di ti trng thay i theo chu k nh trc, bnh rng, l xo, nhp xc nh c Ta th mu nh hnh v, ch to mu, t ln my cho quay trn, chu ti trng P.
1 : Gii hn mi 1 l ch tiu c tnh quan trng nh gi
Hnh 3.17
Xc nh c cc ga tr nh sau P -Khi th vi P1 1 = 1 , N1 vng: b ph P F0 - P2 2 = - Pn 1
1
P2 , N2 vng b ph hu. F0 P = n , Nn vnh b ph hu. F0
-Khi , chi tit quay n=107-108 vng khng b ph hu. mi) ca vt liu.
1 l bn mi (gii hn
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 3.18 b. nh ngha: bn mi l ng sut ln nht m vt liu khng b ph hy

di ti trng thay i theo chu k, khi s chu k ln hn 107-108.
c.Cc bin php nng cao gii hn mi:

-Tng bng b mt chi tit. -To ra ng sut nn d bng cc phng php nh sau: +Phun bi. +Ln p. +Ti b mt, ho nhit luyn.
II.4. cng . a.Khi nim v cng.

cng l kh nng chng li bin dng do cc b ca vt liu di tc dng ca ti trong thng qua mi m.
Hnh 3.19
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Th cng ca chi tit l phng php c ngha thc t v c p dng rng ri v cc l do: -Nhanh, ch cn vi chc giy. -Khng ph hy mu, c th tin hnh trc tip trn chi tit. -o xong vn dng li chi tit c.
b.Cc phng php o cng. b.1. cng Brinen (HB).

-Xc nh cng Brinen bng cch n mt ti trng P xc nh ln b mt kim loi qua vin bi c ng kinh D, sau khi thi tc dng ca ti trng ta nhn c vt lm c ng knh d. -Mi m lm bng bi thp c ti cng tha mn 2 P/D l hng s.
Bng tng ng gia P v D
ng knh D (mm) 10 5 2.5
Ti trng P (kG) 3000 750 187.5
cng Brinen (HB) c xc nh bi cng thc sau: P (kG) trong S: l din tch chm cu vt lm v c tnh nh sau: HB = S (mm 2 ) D 2P S= D D2 d 2 HB = 2 .D.(D D 2 d 2 )
Gii hn bn v cng Brinen c mi quan h bc nht vi nhau: b = a.HB Trong a l h s ph thuc vo vt liu. +i vi thp: a = 0.33-0.36. +i vi ng: a= 0.48-0.53. +i vi uara: a=0.37. -Phm vi s dng: ch o vt liu mm nh kim loi mu, hp kim mu, uara, Cu, Al, Au v o cc loi thp sau khi , gang grafit, nhng chi tit c dy: 10h (trong h l chiu su chm cu).
b.2. cng Rockwell HR (HRC, HRA, HRB).
Nguyn l o cng Rockwell: n ti trng ln mi m to nn vt lm, nu vt lm cng su th gi tr cng nhn c cng thp, vi quy c th c su thm 0.002mm, cng Rockwell gim i mt n v.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 3.20
cng Rockwell c xc nh bi: h (mm) trong K l hng s HR = K 0.002 (mm)
Bng thang o cng Rockwell:
Thang o HRA
Mi m Kim cng, hnh nn, = 1200 Kim cng, hnh nn, = 1200 Bi thp
K 100
P (kG) 60
HRC
100
150
HRB
130
100
ng dng o rt cng: pha xen k nh Xe, VC, Cr7C3 o cng ca thp sau khi ti: bnh rng, ln o vt liu mm, mng ging nh HB
c.Cng dng cng.

-Bit c kh nng lm vic ca cc chi tit: +Ph hp tt nht cho ct gt: 160-180 (HB). +Mi chi tit l xo, khun dp nng: 40-45 (HRC). +Mi bnh rng ti trng nh, tc chm: 52-58 (HRC). +Bnh rng ti trng ln, tc cao: nh hp s xe t, gn my, mi dng c ct gt, khun dp ngui, ln, a ma st ln hn 60-62 (HRC).
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
II.5.Nung kim loi qua bin dng do. II.5.1.Trng thi ca kim loi qua bin dng do:
Sau khi bin dng do kim loi b bin cng, mng tinh th b x lch vi mt cao, tn ti ng sut bn trong, do n trng thi khng cn bng vi nng lng d tr cao nn n c xu hng tr v trng thi cn bng. em kim loi qua bin dng do nung ln s qua cc giai on sau:
II.5.2.Cc giai on chuyn bin khi nung: a.Giai on hi phc:

-L giai on m nhit thp(nh hn nhit kt tinh li) trong kim loi b bin dng do xy ra qu trnh hi phc, l cc qu trnh bin i nh trong mng tinh th b x lch nh: gim sai lch mng (ch yu l sai lch im v nt trng) gim mt lch v ng sut bn trong. -Trong giai on ny t chc t vi cha bin i g (vn trng thi bin cng).
b.Giai on kt tinh li: b.1.nhit kt tinh li: l nhit nh nht c qu trnh to mm v pht
trin mm trng thi rn ca kim loi qua bin dng do. -Nhit kt tinh c tnh theo cng thc Trong a l hng s ph thuc vo -Bn cht ca vt liu. - sch ca kim loi.
o o TKTL = a.Tnc [ o K ]
-Mc bin dng do % . -Thi gian gi nhit khi nung. T: nhit Kenvin (0K). i vi kim loi nguyn cht k thut th a=0.4. Chng hn nh: Fe ( t S =15390C)0
o o o o TKTL = 450oC, Cu ( t S =1083oC) - TKTL = 2700C, Al ( t S =660oC) -
o TKTL = 100oC.
b.2.C ch ca qu trnh kt tinh li

*.Khi
o o tnung t KTL
c qu trnh to mm cc trung tm sai lch mng
tinh th, mm ln ln pht trin thnh ht cho n khi cc ht gp nhau gi l qu trnh kt tinh li ln mt.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 3.21 *.c im: qa trnh kt tinh li lm thay i c tnh ca vt liu nh sau:
+ bn ( b ) v cng gim. + dai va p v do tng. Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh kh bin cng. +Kch thc ht b, c ht to, ht nh. *.Trong thi gian gi nhit: khng c qu trnh to mm, nhng c s st nhp ht b vo ht ln (khng cn ht b), ch cn nhng ht c kch thc gn bng nhau. Cui giai on ny gi l kt tinh ln 2.
*.c im: giai on ny th
b , cng gim t v dai v do tng t.
Hnh 3.22
Sau kt tinh li ln hai, c th khi phc tnh cht kim loi trc lc bin dng do, tuy nhin cn ph thuc vo kch thc ht khi kt tinh li.
c.Cc yu t nh hng ti kch thc ht khi kt tinh li. *.Nhit : nhit nung cng cao th kch thc ht cng ln.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
tinh li kch thc ht to thnh cng nh. Khong bin dng t 2%-8% l bin dng ti hn ti y trung tm sai lch mng l t nht v kch thc ht l ln nht. Lng bin dng lm cho ht c kch thc cc i khi kt tinh li gi l bin dng ti hn. K hiu
Hnh 3.23 *.Mc bin dng ( % ): kim loi b bin dng cng mnh, sau khi kt
th
Hnh 3.24
*.Thi gian gi nhit: thi gian gi nhit cng di th cng c iu kin cho
ht pht trin nn ht cng ln. Kch thc ht ph thuc thi gian gi nhit theo quy lut hm cn bc hai.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 3.25
. II.6.Bin dng nng: *.nh ngha:

Bin dng nng l bin dng do c thc hin nhit cao hn nhit kt tinh li (t
o o t KTL ).
*.C ch ca bin dng nng: khi bin dng nng bao gi cng c hai qu trnh
i lp nhau. +Kim loi bin dng lm x lch mng to nn ha bn, b bin cng (v1). +Kt tinh li lm mt x lch mng lm kh bin cng (v2).
Vy nn ta lm tha mn v1 v2 bin dng s thun li nht. *.u v khuyt ca bin dng nng: -V u im:
+Vi lc bin dng nh ta thu c lng bin dng ln. +Nh nhit cao, chi tit t b nt v khi bin dng nng. +Nu phi hp tt gia (v1, v2) th khng cn phi kh bin cng sau khi bin dng nng.
-V nhc im:
+ chnh xc khng cao bng bin dng ngui. +Rt kh khng ch nhit bin dng nng vi chi tit mng v tc ngui ca chi tit rt nhanh. -Cht lng b mt khng cao: bng km do vy xt.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
CHNG III. NHIT LUYN THP.

Trong chng ny trnh by bn cht ca cc qu trnh nhit luyn th tch thp cng nh nhng ng dng ca chng. Cn nm vng cc im sau: -Trn c s nm vng gin trng thi Fe-C xc nh c cc chuyn bin pha khi nung nng v lm ngui. -Phn bit cc t chc khi nhit luyn: Peclit, Xoocbit, Bainit, Mactenxit v bn cht, c tnh v iu kin to thnh. -Cch tin hnh v cng dng ti, ram, v thng ho.
I. khi nim v nhit luyn thp I.1. Vai tr ca nhit luyn trong ch to c kh. a.Lm tng cng, bn v tnh chng mi mn ca thp.
Mc tiu ca ngnh c kh ch to my l ch to ra cc my bn hn, nh hn, nhanh hn vi tnh nng tt hn. t c iu th khng th khng s dng nhng thnh qu ca nhit luyn, s dng trit cc tim nng ca vt liu v mt c tnh. Nhit luyn bng cc phng php: ti + ram, ti b mt, ha nhit luyn cho bn, cng tng ln t 3-6 ln, lm tng cao kh nng lm vic ca chi tit m cn tng tnh chng mi mn.
b.Ci thin tnh cng ngh.

Mun to ra sn phm, chi tit my phi thc hin cc cng ngh nh: rn, dp, ct gt tng tui th, nng sut, gim gi thnh , thp phi c c tnh ph hp trong vi cc phng php gia cng, phng php nhit luyn thng l v thng ha.
c.Nhit luyn trong nh my c kh.

cc nh my c kh nh v trung bnh, b phn nhit luyn khng ln, thng t tp trung. 1aukhinhitluynsbthpcanccphnxnggiacngctgt cc nh my quy m ln v rt ln, cc chi tit my c gia cng hon chnh t khu u n khu cui trn dy chuyn bao gm c nhit luyn. Nhit luyn y c c kh ha, t ng ha.
I.2.S lc v nhit luyn. a. nh ngha:

Nhit luyn l phng php gm nung nng kim loi, hp kim n nhit xc nh, gi nhit ti mt thi gian thch hp ri lm ngui vi tc nht nh lm thay i t chc t vi v nhn c ct tnh cht theo mong mun.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 4.1-S nhit luyn thp

Nhit luyn l phng php gia cng c nhng c im ring bit sau: -Khc vi c, hn, nhit luyn khng nung n chy lng m lun lun trng thi rn. -Khc vi ct gt, bin dng do (rn, dp) khi nhit luyn th hnh dng kch thc hu nh khng thay i hay thay i khng ng k. -Kt qu ca nhit luyn c nh gi bng thay i t chc t vi v c tnh.
b.Mc ch ca phng php.

-Chun b iu kin tt nht cho cc phng php gia cng tip theo gi l nhit luyn s b. -Chun b nhng tnh cht tha mn iu kin lm vic ca chi tit gi l nhit luyn kt thc (nguyn cng cui cng).
c.Cc yu t nh hng. -Nhit nung: l nhit cao nht m qu trnh nung t c. Nhit ny ph
thuc vo tng phng php v mc ch ca qu trnh nhit luyn. -Vnung: p dng cc phng php nung nhanh nhng trnh lm nt chi tit. +Nhit nung <700o l nung thp. +Nhit nung > 1000o l nung cao. +Nhit nung t 700o-1000o l nung trung bnh. -Thi gian gi nhit ( ): l thi gian trong giai on gi nhit nung khng i. Thi gian ny ph thuc vo cc yu t nh: +Mi trng nung: khng kh, mui nng chy, kim loi nng chy (ch nng chy). +Kch thc chi tit. +Bn cht ca vt liu. +Cch sp xp vt liu trong l.v.v.. -Tc lm ngui (Vngui) sau khi gi nhit: ph thuc vo bn cht ca vt liu, phng php nhit luyn.
d.Cc ch tiu nh gi sau nhit luyn.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
- cng l ch tiu ch tiu quan trng u tin v c lin quan n cc ch tiu khc nh: bn, do, dai. Trong nhiu trng hp phi kim tra 100% sn phm. -T chc t vi bao gm cu to pha, kch thc ht, chiu su lp ha b, cc vt nt. Do ch tiu ny kim tra mt nhiu thi gian nn ch kim tra xc sut trong sn sut n nh. - cong vnh, bin dng, vt nt. - bn, do, dai: p dng cho chi tit quan trng.
e.S lc v nhit luyn thp.

-: l phng php nhit luyn t c t chc cn bng vi cng, bn thp nht, do cao nht. -Thng ha: l phng php nhit luyn bng cch nung nng n t chc hon ton auxtennit, lm ngui bnh thng trong khng kh tnh. -Ti: l phng php nhit luyn bng cch nung nng lm xut hin auxtennit ri lm ngui nhanh t c cng cao nht. -Ram l nguyn cng bt buc sau khi ti, bng cch nung nng thp ti iu chnh cng, bn tha mn iu kin lm vic ca chi tit.
II.Chuyn bin xy ra khi nung nng v lm ngui thp. II.1.Cc chuyn bin khi nung nng v gi nhit thp. II.1.1.Cc chuyn bin khi nung nng thp. a.C s xc nh chuyn bin khi nung:
C s nghin cu chuyn bin khi nung nng thp l gin pha Fe-C song ch gii hn khu vc thp v trng thi rn. nhit thng mi thp u cu to bi hai pha c bn: Ferit v Xementi.
Hnh 4.2
-Thp trc cng tch
n> P + F + F tAC 3 + = . 0 tn > AC1 0
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-Thp cng tch: P . -Thp sau cng tch: ngoi peclit cn c xementit th hai.
n > AC 1 n> XeII + P t + XeII tAccm + = . o o
0 tn > AC 1
Vy khi nung nng nhit t n > A1 th thp cng tch chuyn bin hon ton thnh t chc l Auxtenenit (P ). Thp trc cng tch c t chc Auxtennit + ferit. Thp cng tch c t chc auxtennit+Xementit.
o
b.cc chuyn bin ca Peclit thnh Auxtennit ( ) khi nung nng ng nhit:
- nghin cu chuyn bin t Peclit thnh Auxtennit. u tin t thp Peclit (0.8%C) ta ch to ra mu mng c kch thc nh nhau, nung trong mi trng mui nng chy cc nhit ng nhit. P chuyn bin v v c biu chuyn bin khi nung nng ng nhit P hon ton thnh Auxtennit (hnh v).
-Vng I: to<A1: vng tn ti n nh ca P. -Vng II: to>A1 v bn tri ng (1) l vng tn ti P km n nh. -Vng III: l vng ang chuyn bin. -Vng IV: l vng hon thnh chuyn bin. *.c im: +Chuyn bin ch xy ra khi nhit nung to>AC1. +Nhit nung cng cao th thi gian chuyn bin peclit thnh auxtennit cng ngn. +Chuyn bin hon ton (100% P thnh 100% ) v l chuyn bin khuch tn. *.C ch chuyn bin:
C1 P = [ F + Xe]
Hnh 4.3-Biu chuyn bin ng nhit khi nung nng P.
t0 > A
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Mm c sinh ra bin gii Ferit v Xementit, pht trin thnh ht gp nhau, ta c ht ban u.
Hnh 4.4-S hnh thnh mm v pht trin mm Auxtennit
, cc ht
*.Ht ban u: -Nng C trong ht auxtennit khng ng nht. -Ht c kch thc nh v khng u nhau v mm Auxtennit sinh ra khng cng mt lc. *.Trong thi gian gi nhit: ( ) -C s khuch tn C trong ht lm ng u ht. -C s st nhp ht b vo ht ln. -Nhit b mt ca chi tit xp x bng nhit trong tm (ng u nhit ). *.Kch thc ht Auxtennit: cui giai on ny nhn c ht thc t. -Ht auxtennit thc t khi lm ngui vi tc ngui khc nhau c th to thnh: Peclit, Bainit, Xoocbit, troxtit, Mactenxit. -Kch thc ht khi nung quyt nh kch thc ca mi sn phm m khi ngui n chuyn bin thnh. *.Cc yu t nh hng n kch thc ht khi nung.
Hnh 4.5-Biu hnh thnh ht auxtennit.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-kch thc tm Ferit v Xementit: kch thc cng nh th mm sinh ra cng nhiu, kch thc ht auxtennit cng b.
auxtennit
Hnh 4.6
-Nhit nung: nhit nung cng cao th kch thc ht auxtennit cng ln (theo hm s m).
Hnh 4.7-Biu nhit nung

-Thi gian gi nhit cng di th kch thc ht cng tng theo hm cn bc hai.
Hnh 4.8-Biu thi gian gi nhit
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Vy ht auxtennit kch thc b th ta phi khng ch cht ch c ba yu t trn. *.Thp di truyn ht b. -L loi thp khi nung khong A1<to< (900-950)oC vi thi gian gi nhit
giu = (3-8) h nhng kch thc ht khng ln ln (ln ln khng ng k).
Khi to> (900-950)oC ht ln rt nhanh.
Hnh 4.9. c.Chuyn bin khi nung nng lin tc:
Hnh 4.10- th chuyn bin khi nung nng lin tc

-L qu trnh nung m nhit tng theo thi gian -Nhn xt qu trnh nung nng lin tc: +Tc nung cng chm th nhit bt u chuyn bin v kt thc chuyn bin cng thp, thi gian chuyn bin cng di. +Tc nung cng nhanh th nhit chuyn bin cng cao, thi gian chuyn bin cng ngn.
II.2.Cc chuyn bin ca auxtennit khi lm ngui chm.

Ta xt hai trng hp: lm ngui ng nhit v lm ngui nlin tc.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
II.2.1.Chuyn bin khi lm ngui ng nhit: (mi trng c nhit khng i).
*.Gin chuyn bin ng nhit ca auxtennit (hay gin ch C).
ng (1) l ng bt u chuyn bin ca khi lm ngui ng nhit. ng (2) l ng kt thc chuyn bin . Vng I: to>A1 l vng n nh (khng chuyn bin). Vng II: to<A1; bn tri (1) l vng qu ngui km n nh. Vng III: L vng ang chuyn bin. Vng IV: l vng hon thnh chuyn bin. Vng V: to<To l vng chuyn bin Mactenxit. *.C ch chuyn bin.
Hnh 4.11-Biu ng cong ch C
Hnh 4.12-C ch chuyn bin
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Mm Xe sinh ra bin gii ht , mm ln ln to thnh tm Xe v mm F bn cnh tm Xe. Mm F ln ln to tm F v mm Xe bn cnh tm F, qu trnh nh th c tip tc chuyn bin xy ra hon ton. *.Cc sn phm nhn c khi lm ngui ng nhit Auxtennit. Chiu dy mt cp (Xe+F). Nh hnh v.
<A 0.8%C t F + Xe] = P [P l hn hp c hc cng tch ca Fe-Xe]. [

1
Hnh 4.13-Peclit tm
t <A (0.8%C) F + Xe] = P. [ 4 Peclit c chiu dy = (5 7).10 mm . cng 20-22 (HRC). 4 - 600oC: to thnh [F+xe]=X (Xoocbit), dy = (3 4).10 mm ,
- 700oC:
cng (22-25) HRC. -500oC: [F+Xe]=T (troxtit), dy
= (1 2).104 mm ,
cng (40-45) HRC. - P, X, T bn cht hon ton ging nhau v u l hn hp c hc cng tch [F+Xe], nhng khc nhau kch thc mt cp tm F+Xe. -350oC:
(0.8%C) Fe (C) + Xe BT
(Bainit trn). Trong
Fe (C ) l
dung dch rn xen k qu bo ha xen k, c dy (45-50) HRC. -200oC: HRC. Nng %C trong
* Fe (C )
< (1 2).104 mm . cng
(0.8%C) Fe* (C) + Fe3C BD (Bainit di). cng (50-55)

* Fe (C ) ca [BT]<%C trong Fe (C ) ca C trong Fe . Trong
l dung dch rn xen k qu bo ha xen k.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
II.2.2.Chuyn bin khi lm ngui lin tc:
Hnh 4.14-Biu chuyn bin khi lm ngui lin tc.

-Lm ngui lin tc l qu trnh lm ngui m nhit thay i theo thi gian. -c im ca s phn ha auxtennit khi lm ngui lin tc: -Vi cc tc lm ngui khc nhau th auxtennit phn ha thnh cc t chc khc nhau. Da vo gin ch C ta c cc tc lm ngui nh sau: V1<V2<V3<Vth<Vn. +Lm ngui chm cng l: V1 Peclit tm (700oC). +Khi lm ngui trong khng kh tnh: V2 X+P (Xoocbit+Peclit). +Lm ngui trong gi: V3 X+T+BT+BD+M (Xoocbit+Troxtit+Bainit trn +Bainit di +Mactenxit). +Khi lm ngui vi Vth M (mactenxit). +Khi lm ngui vi Vn M. *.Nhn xt: vi tc ngui khc nhau khi lm ngui lin tc ta c cc t chc t vi khc nhau nn tnh cht khc nhau. -Khi ngui lin tc khng nhn c 100% t chc l Bainit (ch nhn c Bainit khi lm ngui ng nhit).
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-Vth l tc ngui nh nht chuyn bin thnh Mactenxit m khng to ra cc t chc nh: X, T, BT, BD. Khi lm ngui: +Vn<Vth l ngui chm. +Vn Vth l ngui nhanh. *.Ch : mi loi thp khc nhau th c gin ch C khc nhau v c Vth khc nhau. Gin ch C c xy dng bng thc nghim. Trong thp C khi %C=0.8% th Vth l nh nht.
Hnh 4.15 II.3.Cc chuyn bin ca auxtennit khi lm ngui nhanh (chuyn bin Mactenxit). Khi lm ngui nhanh ( Vn Vth ) auxtennit ta c cc sn phm sau:
V M t + V
n th
(d) +ng sut d, t chc ny c cng cao, chng
mi mn tt nhng rt gin. a. nh ngha: Mactenxit l dung dch rn xen k qu bo ho C trong Fe c nng %C bng nng %C trong auxtennit. C kiu mng chnh phng th tm, c cng v kh nng chng mi mn rt cao.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 4.16-Mactenxit
*.Tnh cht ca Mactenxit: -Mactenxit l t chc rt quan trng c to thnh khi ti thp, quyt nh c tnh ca thp ti. - cng ca M ph thuc vo %C c trong n. Nng %C cng cao cng M cng tng.
Hnh 4.17-Biu th hin cng M ph thuc vo %C

- gin ca M ph thuc vo hai yu t: + cng: M cng cng th gin cng cao. +Kch thc tinh th M: cng ln th gin cng cao v ngc li.
b.Chuyn bin Mactenxit khi lm ngui nhanh Vn Vth.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 4.18-Biu chuyn bin khi ngui nhanh.

Da vo gin ch C ta xc nh: -M l nhit bt u chuyn bin Mactenxit (to<200oC). -Mk l nhit kt thc chuyn bin M. C hai ng ny ph thuc vo nng C v nng cc nguyn t hp kim. Khi %C v % hp kim tng ln th lm hai ng ny cng thp (Mk thp gy kh khn cho nhit luyn). *.Chuyn bin M l chuyn bin khng hon ton, sau chuyn bin lun lun tn ti (d). *.Chuyn bin M l chuyn bin khng khuch tn to<200oC, th h s khuch tn DFe v Dc bng 0. *.Chuyn bin M ch xy t hai nhit bt u M v kt thc Mk.
Hnh 4.19
-Lun tn ti ng sut d: gm c ng sut nhit +ng sut t chc.
II.4.Chuyn bin khi nung thp ti (ram thp). II.4.1.Tnh khng n nh ca auxtennit v mactenxit:
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Da vo gin trng thi Fe-C th t nhit thng n nhit 727oC hai pha n nh l Ferit v xementit, hai pha auxtennit v mactenxit l hai pha khng n nh nn c xu hng chuyn bin thnh cc pha n nh hn. -Mactenxit khng n nh l do qu bo ha C, lng C d s tit ra di dng xementit v phn cn li chuyn bin thnh ferit: M t M + Fe2.4C . -Cn auxtennit khng tn ti di 727oC, c xu hng chuyn bin thnh cc pha nh Mt, Xr, Tr, Br
*
II.4.2.Cc chuyn bin xy ra khi ram thp:
Hnh 4.20-Biu chuyn bin khi ram thp.

Cc giai on chuyn bin: *.(0-200)oC: ng vi on oab. -(0-80)oC: ng vi on oa kch thc khng thay i, khng c chuyn bin xy ra, kh c ng sut d. -(80-200)oC: ng vi ab Mt (0.8%C) tit C lm c/a gim VM gim, kch thc gim (on ab). Lng C c tit ra kt hp vi Fe to ra Fe2.4C= - 200oC M (0.25-0.4)% + =Mr c mi quan h lin mng tinh th. T chc
du
t vi ca thp 2000C l: Mr (0.25-0.4%C) + . T chc ny lm cng thp gim 1-2HRC nhng do tng ng k. *.(200-260)oC: Mr (0.25-0.4) tit C lm t s c/a gim, kch thc ht gim (1). C tit ra kt hp vi Fe to ra cacbit ( ).Ti 2600 th nng C trong M ch cn (0.15-0.2)%. Mt khc auxtennit d to ra Mt kch thc tng (2). Mt tit C v 260oC to M (0.15-0.2). Hiu qu ca qu trnh (1) chm hn (2) nn kch thc tng ng vi on bc. 2600C ta c M(0.15-0.2%C) + =Mr (0.15-0.2)%C, cng tng (1-2) HRC, do tng nhiu. Kt lun: Mr l t chc t vi ca mi chi tit lm vic trong iu kin b mi mn.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
vi (cd).
*.(260-400)oC: Mr (0.15-0.2)%C tit C c/a gim kch thc gim ng
400oC th Fe (C ) = 0.02% +Xe=[F+Xe]=Tr (Troxtit ram): khng cn quan h lin mng tinh th. Xe dng ht trn nn F. Troxtit ram: c gii hn n hi cao nht v vy n l t chc t vi ca mi chi tit l xo. *.(400-600)oC: khng c chuyn bin xy ra, ch c s st nhp cc ht (Xe) tr thnh cc ht Xe c kch thc ln hn. 600oC:
b . = max .
[ F + Xe* ] = X r . Xoocbit ram c c tnh tng hp ln nht
Kt lun: Xr l t chc t vi ca mi chi tit chu lc v truyn lc nh trc rto, trc tuabin phn lc, trc cacng.
III.Cc phng php nhit luyn thp. III.1. thp. a. nh ngha: l phng php nhit luyn gm c nung nng thp hoc chi
tit n nhit to nht nh, gi nhit thi gian <200o/1h.
v lm ngui chm vi tc ngui
Hnh 4.21-Biu thp

*.Mc ch: c mt trong nm mc ch sau. - lm gim cng ca thp ph hp gia cng ct gt. - lm tng do ph hp gia cng p lc. - lm nh ht thp. - lm ng u v nng . - kh ng sut d do gia cng p lc: c, hn.
b.Cc phng php : b.1. khng c chuyn bin pha: (nhit to <A1) khng c chuyn bin
t pha ny sang pha khc. C hai phng php : thp ( non) v kt tinh li.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
o o b.1.1. thp: (nhit t < tKTL) l phng php tin hnh to<tKTL
nhm kh ng sut d ca vt c hay chi tit qua gia cng p lc.
Hnh 4.22-Gin th hin phn non.

o b.1.2. kt tinh li: (nhit t KTL ) kh bin cng sau bin dng
do. *.Khc vi thp th kt tinh li lm gim cng v thay i kch thc ht. b.2. c chuyn bin pha: (nhit >A1) c chuyn pha P, F, Xe, auxtennit. C cc phng php nh sau: b.2.1. hon ton: nhit t chc thp hon ton auxtennit, ch p dng cho thp trc cng tch v cng tch.
Nhit to=AC3+ (20-30)oC.
Hnh 4.23- hon ton
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-Mc ch: lm gim cng ca thp c %C>0.3% ph hp cho gia cng ct gt. -Lm tng do ca thp C thp ( %C lc.
0.3% ): ph hp cho gia cng p
b.2.2. khng hon ton: l phng php c c im nung nng thp n

trng thi khng hon ton l auxtennit. Ch p dng cho thp sau cng tch lm gim cng ph hp cho gia cng ct gt.
Nhit to=AC1+(20-30)oC.
-Nu nung nng chm AC1=A1 th nhit l to=750-760o.
Hnh 4.24- khng hon ton
b.2.3. lm nh ht thp:
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 4.25.
c p dng cho cc loi thp c ht ln. -Thp trc cng tch v cng tch: -Thp sau cng tch:
Nhit =AC3+(20-30)oC.
nng thp ln n nhit rt cao (1000-1180)oC, lm tng kh nng khuych tn, lm ng u thnh phn ho hc trong ton b th tch ca thp. - nhit cao th h s khuych tn ln, lm tng tc khuych tn nhng li lm cho ht ln. Sau khuych tn phi lm nh ht thp. b.2.5. cu ho: l dng c bit ca khng hon ton, ch p dng cho loi thp cng tch v sau cng tch. Bin Xe tm thnh Xe dng a din (cu, ht).
Nhut =AC1+(20-30)oC. b.2.4. lm ng u nng ( khuych tn): l phng php nung
Hnh 4.26-Biu cu ha.

.T: l 1 chu k , phi thc hin
(2-3) T.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
III.2.Thng ha. *.nh ngha: l mt phng php nhit luyn gm c nung nng chi tit hoc thp
ti trng thi hon ton auxtennit, gi nhit v lm ngui trong khng kh tnh.
Hnh 4.27-Biu thng ha.

*.Nhit thng ha: -i vi thp trc cng tch v cng tch: Nhit thng ha =AC3+ (20-30)oC. -i vi thp sau cng tch: Nhit thng ha =Accm+ (20-30)oC. *.Mc ch: -Lm tng cng ca thp C thp (%C<0.3%) ph hp cho gia cng ct gt. - Lm nh ht thp: +Nu l chi tit c ht ln: thng ha (d n c ch to t cc loi thp c %C khc nhau). +Nu l phi: thng ha cho thp C thp (%C<0.3%), nu phi c %C>0.3% th ta nn dng phng php . -Lm mt li XeII ca thp sau cng tch v c tnh rt xu.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 4.28-Li Xementit II
III.3.Ti thp: l phng php c s dng ph bin nht. a. nh ngha v mc ch: *.nh ngha: l phng php nhit luyn gm c nung nng chi tit hoc thp
ti trng thi auxtennit, gi nhit v lm ngui nhanh ( Vng
Vth ).
Hnh 4.29-Biu ti thp *.Mc ch:

-Ti lm tng bn, tng kh nng chu ti ca chi tit. p dng cho mi loi thp c %C khc nhau. -Lm tng cng: tng kh nng chng mi mn ca chi tit. p dng cho thp c %C > (0.35-0.4) %.
b.Nhit ti:
-Thp trc cng tch v cng tch th ti hon ton: -Thp sau cng tch th ti khng hon ton:
Nhit ti =AC3+ (30-50)oC.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Khi nung nng chm AC1=A1 th nhit ti= (760-780)oC. -Gii thch: *.Thp trc cng tch: -Ti hon ton:
Nhit ti=AC1+ (30-50)oC.
100% M t +
(d)+ ng sut (d)
-Ti hon ton: M t + (d) +ng sut d (lng auxtennit d rt nhiu). Do lng auxtennit d nhiu v khng c XeII nn lm gim kh nng chng mi mn ca thp.
ng th + M t + (d)+ ng sut d+XeII. c. thm ti: l chiu dy ca lp c ti ( ), c tnh t mt chi tit vo 1 1 n vng c Mactenxit + Troxtit . 2 2
-Ti khng hon ton: F + M t cn F nn lm gim cng ca thp sau khi ti *.Thp sau cng tch:
Vng Vth
(d) +ng sut (d)+F. Do
-Ti khng hon ton: XeII
V V
Hnh 4.30- thm ti

-Vth1>Vth2, 1 < 2 : tc ngui ti hn cng b th thm ti cng ln . Vth ph thuc vo thnh phn ha hc. Khi nng cc nguyn t hp kim cng th Vth cng gim (Co, Mn, Ti, Ni, W, V). *.Cc yu t nh hng:
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 4.31
-Tc ngui cng ln th thm ti cng ln nhng cng lm tng nguy c ph hy chi tit.
Hnh 4.32-Tc ngui ca du v nc

Vnc>Vnht,
H 0 < nh .
2
d.Cc phng php ti:
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 4.32
*.Ti trong mt mi trng: (ng V1). Sau khi nung n nhit ti v lm ngui trong mt mi trng. -Cc mi trng ngui nh: dung dch, nc, nc vi du, du nht, khng kh. -Nguyn tc: Vngui (mi trng ngui)=Vth +(30-50)oC. -u-khuyt ca phng php ti trong mt mi trng; +u: n gin, d thc hin. +khuyt: do ngui nhanh trong vng chuyn bin Mactenxit, ng sut sinh ra ln tng nguy c ph hy. *.Ti trong hai mi trng: (ng V2).
Hnh 4.33-Ti trong hai mi trng.

-Mi trng 1 c Vng>Vth. -Mi trng 2 c Vng cng chm cng tt. -u tin cho ngui mi trng 1, ti gn nhit chuyn bin M th chuyn sang mi trng (2) ngui ti nhit thng. -u v khuyt im ca phng php ny l:
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
+u: khc phc c nhc im ca phng php ti trong mt mi trng. +Khuyt: kh xc nh c nhit ti tA chuyn t mi trng (1) sang mi trng (2). i hi c kinh nghim, kh c kh ha, t ng ha. Cch ti ny khc phc khuyt im ca ti (2) mi trng. Chi tit hoc thp c nhng vo trong mi trng (1) v c gi nhit ng u nhit trn ton tit din, sau khi nhc ra lm ngui trong mi trng (2). -Mi trng (1) l mui nng chy c nhit to=tA=const v c
*.Ti phn cp: (V3).
Vng Vth .
-Mi trng (2) c Vngui cng chm cng tt. *.u v khuyt ca phng php ny l: +u: khc phc nhc im ca phng php ti trong hai mi trng. +Khuyt: khng ph hp cho chi tit ln. *.Ti b phn: l phng php ti phn lm vic ca chi tit.
III.4.Ram thp: (bt buc thc hin sau khi ti). a.nh ngha: l phng php nhit luyn gm c nung nng chi tit hoc thp ti ti nhit < A1, gi nhit v lm ngui.
Hnh 4.34-Biu ram thp b.Mc ch: lm gim gin, tng do v nhn c cc tnh cht tha mn
vi iu kin lm vic ca chi tit.
c.Cc phng php ram thp: *. Ram thp:

-L phng php nung nng thp ti nhn c t chc l mactenxit ram (hay mactenxit ram vi cacbit) c cng cao, chng mi mn tt. -Ram thp p dng cho cc chi tit cn c cng, tnh chng mi mn cao nh: cc loi dao ct, khun dp ngui, vng bi -Ring thp C nhit ram thp t (150-250)oC. -Kt lun: t chc Mr (hay Mr+cacbit) l t chc t vi ca mi chi tit trong iu kin b mi mn.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
*.Ram trung bnh:

-L phng php nung nng thp ti nhn c t chc l troxtit ram. -ng sut bn trong gim mnh v gii hn n hi t c gi tr cao nht, do, dai tng ln. -Ring thp C nhit ram trung bnh t (350-450)oC. -Kt lun: Tr l t chc t vi ca mi chi tit l xo, nhp, khun dp nng
*.Ram cao:
-L phng php nung thp ti nhn c t chc l Xr (Xoocbit ram). -Xr c c tnh tng hp ln nht, kh b hon ton ng sut bn trong. -Ring thp C nhit ram cao t (550-600)oC. -Kt lun: Xr l t chc t vi ca mi chi tit chu lc v truyn lc
IV.Cc khuyt tt xy ra khi nhit luyn thp. IV.1.Bin dng v nt: a.Nguyn nhn v tc hi:
-Do ng sut bn trong (ng sut nhit v t chc), ch yu l lm ngui nhanh khi ti.
b.Ngn nga:
-Nung nng v lm ngui vi tc hp l t cng theo yu cu. -Phi sp xp cc chi tit nung hp l. c.Khc phc: khi b cong, vnh, em nn nng hoc ngui.
IV.2.Oxy ho v thot C: l hin tng to nn vy oxt v mt C b mt. a.Nguyn nhn v tc hi:

-Do mi trng nung c cha nhiu thnh phn gy oxy ho Fe, C nh: Oxy v hi nc. -C tc hi lm sai kch thc, lm xu b mt sn phm, gim cng khi ti. b.Ngn nga: nung chi tit trong mi trng c kh bo v hay nung trong chn khng gim s oxy ha v thot C. c.Khc phc: khi thot C dng phng php thm C.
IV.3. cng khng t:

-Khi v thng ha thp hp kim do nhit nung v thi gian gi nhit khng chnh xc. -Khi ti: Vn<Vth l cho cng thp.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
CHNG IV. HA BN B MT THP.

Trong chng ny s trnh by cc phng php ti b mt v ha nhit luyn thp. Cn nm vng cc im sau: -Bn cht, tc dng, nguyn l; u nhc im, ng dng ca ti cm ng v ti ngn la. -Bn cht cch tin hnh, ng dng ca thm Cacbon, Nit, Cacbon v Nit. -So snh cc phng php ha bn . I.Ti b mt: l phng php ha bn cho nng sut cao, c p dng ph bin trong c kh.
I.1.Nguyn k trung: a.nh ngha:

Ti b mt l mt phng php gm c nung nng nhanh b mt ca chi tit ti nhit ti lm ngui ngay vi Vng
Vth .
Hnh 5.1-Biu ti b.Phn b nhit khi tin hnh ti b mt:
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 5.2-Biu phn b nhit ti

-Lp II: AC3>to>Ac1 l vng c t chc F -Lp III: to<AC1: l vng c t chc -Lp I: to>AC3 l vng hon ton auxtennit nn ti hon ton.
P+
nn ti khng hon ton.
nn khng c ti.
-Thp cacbon thp (C 0.3%) : +B mt c cng khng tha mn kh nng chng mi mn. +Li: c do, dai cao. -Thp cacbon cao (C>0.7%): +B mt: c cng cao (62-64 HRC), chng mi mn tt. +Li: c do, dai va p thp. -Thp Cacbon trung bnh (0.3%<%C<0.7%): +B mt: c cng tng i cao. +Li: c do, dai va p tng i cao. *.Vy loi thp dng ch to chi tit ti b mt l thp Cacbon trung bnh thng dng (0.4-0.6)%C.
c.Thp dng ch to chi tit ti b mt:
d.Nhit ti: -Nhit ti l tti=AC3+ (30-50)oC. Nu ly AC3=A3 th nhit ti tti=A3+ (100-200)oC. I.2.Phng php ti b mt bng dng in cm ng c tn s cao: (ti cao tn). a.Nguyn l:
-Thp trc v cng tch th ti hon ton, cn thp sau cng tch th ti khng hon ton.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-Khi t chi tit trong mt t trng thay i th trn b mt ca chi tit xut hin dng in cm ng gi l dng Phuc. Dng in cm ng ny nung nng nhanh chi tit n nhit ti. -Theo nh lut JunLenx: trong : l thi gian xut hin dng in. -Gi l: lp xut hin dng in cm ng Icm ng, nn lp ny t n nhit ti. -ng thi
Q = I 2 . R .
L chiu dy lp c ti, tnh theo cng thc: = 5030
l in tr sut ca b mt. l t thm ca chi tit. f : l tn s dng in cm ng.
. . f
b.Thit b: b.1.H ng c my pht in tn s cao:

M hnh c th nh sau:
Hnh 5.3-H thng ng c my pht tn s cao

-c im: +Tn s b hn ch: 2000-8000 Hz. +Cng sut P rt ln. +Ti cc chi tit c kch thc ln, c b dy t 2<
b.2.H dao ng in t: th hin m hnh sau:
<4 mm.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 5.4-H dao ng in t

-c im: +Tn s rt cao nhng ch cn t (66-250) kHz. +Cng sut hn ch (30-60) kw. b.3.Vng cm ng: c ch to bng ng ng nguyn cht, ng dng vi b mt cn ti ca chi tit.
-Cng sut ring ca vng cm ng Po=(0.5-2) kw/1cm2 b mt chi tit cn ti.
Hnh 5.5-Vng cm ng
c.Phng php ti: c.1.Nung ton b v lm ngui ton b chi tit cn ti nu cng sut ca l cho
php, ch p dng i vi chi tit nh khng p dng c cho chi tit ln. c.2.Nung lin tc v lm ngui lin tc, p dng c cho chi tit c chiu di.
d.u v khuyt: *.u:

-C nng sut cao v: -Nung nhanh v ch nung c lp mng b m chi tit. -cht lng tt:
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
+ cng ti b mt cao hn ti th tch 1-2 HRC. +t oxy ha v thot Cacbon. +t b bin dng hn. +D t ng ha v iu kin lao ng tt.
*.Khuyt im:
-Chi ph ch to cho mt vng cm ng cao. -Khng ph hp vi sn sut n chic. -Kh ch to ra vng cm ng khi ti chi tit c b mt phc tp.
I.3.Ti ngn la: a.Nguyn l:

-Dng ngun nng lng ca hn hp kh chy Oxy v axtylen nung nng nhanh b mt chi tit n nhit ti. (3000-3200)oC.
C2 H 2 + O2 CO2 + H 2O + Q nhit ngn la t
b.Thit b:
-Bnh cha kh Oxy v Axtylen. (O2; C2H2). -Van gim p (n p). -M t c ch to theo nguyn l ch to ca m hn gi . - g.
c.Phng php ti:

-Nung ton b v lm ngui ton b nu chi tit b. -Nung lin tc v lm ngui lin tc.
Hnh 5.6-M hnh nung lin tc v lm ngui lin tc.

*.u: ti c chi tit rt ln, rt c ng. *.Khuyt: xc nh nhit ti bng mt i hi cng nhn phi c kinh nghim.
II.Ho nhit luyn: II.1.Khi nim v ha nhit luyn: a.nh ngha: Ha nhit luyn l mt phng php lm bo ha bng khuych
tn vo b mt chi tit mt hay nhiu nguyn t lm thay i thnh phn ha hc ca lp b mt v nhn c tnh cht mong mun.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM b.Mc ch:
VT LIU HC I
-Lm tng cng, lm tng kh nng chng mi mn b mt bng cch thm C, N, Cr, Si, Bo. -Tng kh nng chng n mn b mt ca chi tit (t dng) tin hnh thm Cu, Al, Ni,
c.Qu trnh thm: *.Giai oi 1: phn hy cht thm thnh cc nguyn t hot tnh.
V d thm Nit: Hay thm C:
NH3 t Nht + H 2 .
0
CO t Cht + CO2 .
*.Giai on 2: qu trnh hp th cc nguyn t vo b mt ca chi tit to ra s chch

lch nng gia b mt v li. *.Giai on 3: l giai on khuych tn, to nn lp thm nht nh.
d.Cc yu t nh hng:
*.Nhit thm: Nhit thm cng cao th qu trnh thm cng nhanh (tn dng ti mc cho php) theo hm s m. Nh vy tng nhit l yu t quan trng tng chiu dy lp thm ti. D l h s khuych tn.
Hnh 5.7-Biu nhit thm

*.Thi gian thm: thi gian thm cng di th lm tng chiu su lp thm. Tc tng theo hm cn bc hai.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 5.8-Biu thi gian ti

*.Nng cht thm: nng cc nguyn t hot tnh thp lm chm qu trnh khuyt tn. Nng hot tnh cao lm cn tr qu trnh khuyt tn. II.2.Thm Cacbon: l phng php ha nhit luyn ph bin nht, d thc hin nht, thng gp nc ta v cc nc cng nghip.
a.nh ngha-Mc ch-Yu cu: *.nh ngha: Thm C l phng php ha nhit luyn lm bo ha C b mt chi tit
c ch to t thp C thp.
*.Mc ch:
-c thc hin cho cc chi tit lm vic trong iu kin b mi mn rt nhiu b mt v cn c cng cao chng mi mn, ng thi chu ti trng ln, va p, un, xon cn li c do dai cao.
*.Yu cu:
-Nng %C=0.8%-1.2%. -Nng %C gim dn t b mt vo trong li trnh hin tng phn lp.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM Hnh 5.9-Biu nng %C

-Lp thm khng c to nn lp XeII.
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 5.10-Lp thm ti b.Cc phng php thm Cacbon. b.1.Thm C th rn:
-Chun b cht thm C th rn: gm c than g (ht 2-3 mm) + (10-15%) BaCO3 hay cho thm du nng. -Chun b hp thm: c lm bng thp tm c chiu dy t 5-8 (mm) v cc chi tit c xp u nhau a= (20-30) mm.
Nhit thm =(880-900)oC.
Hnh 5.11-Thm th rn.
C + O2 CO .
CO t Cht + CO2 BaCO t BaO+ CO2 . 3

0
CO2 + C CO ; CO t Cht + CO2
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
BaO+ CO2 t BaCO . 3

-Chiu dy lp thm ph thuc vo kch thc chi tit (chi tit cng ln th chiu dy lp thm cng tng). *.Thng thng: -Chi tit kch thc b: -Chi tit c kch thc trung bnh: 0.7 < -Chi tit c kch thc ln: Thi gian thm = -Tc thm: Vth= (0.1-0.12) mm/1h.
< 0.7 (mm).
th
1.2 < < 1.8 (mm).
< 1.2
(mm).
Vth
Sau khi t c chiu dy lp thm th ly hp ra khi l, y kn ngui ti nhit thng. *.u: -y l phng php n gin, d thc hin, c th nung trong l in hoc nung trong l t bng than. *.Khuyt: -Cht lng khng cao v khng iu chnh c nng cht thm trong qu trnh thm. -iu kin lao ng rt nng nhc, rt bi. -Khng ti trc tip sau khi thm. -Khng c kh ha, t ng ha.
b.2.Thm Cacbon th lng:
Hnh 5.12-Thm C th lng

-Mi trng nung: l mui nng chy 78% NaCl +22% BaCl2. -Nu chy l mui. +L mun t ngoi: ngun nhit cung cp t ngoi v l.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
+L mui t trong: +L mui in cc. -Nhit thm =840-860 oC. -Tc thm: Vth=(0.2-0.3) mm/ 1 h gi nhit. *.u im: -Nng sut cao nht v nung trong l mun nng chy, tc truyn nhit ln. -Cht lng tt v iu chnh cht thm d dng. -C th ti trc tip sau khi thm. -C th c kh ha, t ng ha. *.Khuyt: -Mi trng lm vic trong l mui nng chy c nhiu kh c hi. -Thit b l mui b n mn mnh lm gim tui th ca thit b. -Khng th thm cho cc chi tit ln. -Sau khi thm rt kh lm sch lp SiC bm trn b mt.
b.3.Thm C th kh:
Hnh 5.13-Thm C th kh.

-Dng l chuyn dng hot ng theo nguyn l cht thm l kh Cacbuahyr. hoc dng thm du ha tha th cacbuahydro. -Nhit thm: tthm=(930-950)oC. -Tc thm: Vth= (0.2-0.3) mm/1h gi nhit.
Cn H 2n t nCht + nH2
*.u:
-Cho nng sut kh cao. -Cht lng kh tt v d dng iu chnh c nng cht thm. -iu kin lao ng tng i sch s. -D c kh ha, d t ng ha v c th ti trc tip sau khi thm. *.Khuyt: -C hin tng to mui than bm vo b mt chi tit (do nng cht thm qu cao). -Gi thnh thit b mc. b.4.Nhit luyn sau khi thm C: sau khi thm C bt buc phi ti+ram thp.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
*.T chc t vi ca lp thm:
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 5.14-T chc t vi ca lp thm.

Gm 3 lp: Lp
= P + XeII + P + [ F + P] .
1 2
1 2
1 1 F + P c nng C l %C=0.4%C. 2 2
*.Nhit ti: -Nu u tin ti b mt : ti khng hon ton (tti=AC1+(30-50)oC v l thp sau cng tch. Nu nung nng chm, c th ly AC1=A1 th nhit ti l (760-780) oC. -Nu u tin c tnh cho li: ti khng hon ton (tti=AC3+ (30-50)oC). iu kin bnh thng. Nu nung nng chm c th ly AC3=A3 nn nhit ti l 860-880oC. *.Cc phng php ti: -Ti mt ln +ram thp (Thp C).
Ly gii hn di 760o: u tin cho b mt. Ly gii hn trn 880o: u tin cho li. -Ti hai ln +ram thp.
Hnh 5.15-Ti mt ln+ram thp.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 5.16-Ti hai lm +ram thp

-Ti trc tip +ram thp: ch p dng cho thp ht b.
Hnh 5.17-Ti trc tip +Ram thp

-Ti ci tin+ti b mt+Ram thp.
Hnh 5.18-Ti ci tin+Ti b mt+Ram thp.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM II.3.Thm Nit: a.nh ngha v mc ch:
VT LIU HC I
*.nh ngha: thm nit l phng php ha nhit luyn lm bo ha nit vo b mt chi tit c ch to t thp hp kim c bit. *.Mc ch: -Thm nit tng cng, tng kh nng chng mi mn b mt chi tit ( cng 65-70 HRC). -Tng gii hn mi, tng kh nng lm vic ca chi tit di tc dng ca ti trng thay i theo chu k. -Tng kh nng chng n mn b mt. *.Cht thm c s dng l NH3 (Amoniac) theo phn ng sau:
NH3 t Nht + H 2 .
*.Nhit thm:
o tth = 480 650o C . C hai khong nhit thp nh sau: o o -Trong khong: 480 < t < 591 C
Hnh 5.19
-Trong khong
591< t < 650 C .

o o
Hnh 5.20
Trong : - ' = Fe4 N (Nitrit st).
(Fe2 N )
(Nitrit st).
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
- dung dch rn xen k ca N trong -Pha xen k vi kiu mng n gin
VT LIU HC I
Fe : = Fe ( N )
xen k.
dakim < 0.59 c cng sau kim cng. dkl
*.Tc thm: Vthm= (0.1-0.12) mm/10h gi nhit. Khi gi nhit = (2-3) h th lp thm N=(0.03-0.036) mm.
Ch :
-Chi tit phi c gia cng tinh trc kh thm C v N. -Sau khi thm N khng p dng bt k mt phng php gia cng no c (ch lm sch, ng gi, em dng).
II.4.Thm C-N (thm xuanua). a.nh ngha-Mc ch: *.nh ngha: l phng php ha nhit luyn nhm lm bo ha ng thi c C v N.
*. Mc ch: mang c mc ch ca phng php thm nit, v phng php thm Cacbon.
b.Cc phng php thm C-N: b.1.Thm C-N th rn:

c thc hin ging nh thm C th rn nhng ch khc l ngi ta cho thm t (20-30)% K4Fe (CN)6 hay K3Fe (CN)6. *.Nhit thm: -Thm thp: (540-560)oC, gn ging thm Nit. -Thm cao (840-860)oC ging nh thm C nn phi ti +ram thp sau khi thm. *.u-khuyt: c y u khuych thm C th rn
b.2.Thm C-N th lng:

*.Mi trng nung l mui nng chy: NaNO3, Na2CO3, NaNO2, KNO3, KNO2, K2CO3, K2SO4, KCl, NaCl. *.Thm nhit thp: c tin hnh 540-560oC, lp thm rt t C m ch yu l Nit, lp thm mng nhng c cng v tnh chng mi mn rt cao. *.Nguyn tc chn mui lm mi trng nung l nng ca mui ph hp vi nng ti im cng tinh. *.Cng dng: cch thm ny ch p dng cho cc dng c bng thp gi sau khi ti, nng cao tui th ln n 50%. *.Thm nhit cao: thng tin hnh thm 840-860oC. Lp thm cha nhiu C, t N, tc thm cao, lp thm dy, c cng v tnh chng mi mn cao. *.Cng dng phng php ny p dng cho khun dp ngui, bnh rng, trc. *.u-khuyt: ging u khuych ca phng php thm C th lng.
b.3.Thm C-N th kh:

*.c thc hin ging nh thm C th kh, ch khc trong cht thm c 10% NH3. *.Nhit thm: 860-880oC. *.Trong lp thm c xut hin cc pha Cacbon-nitrit phn tn rt cng, lm tng tnh chng mi mn.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
*. bn ca lp thm: nhau.
VT LIU HC I
C C b N > b CN = 2 C cho kh nng lm vit nh
C-th kh
CN *.Tc thm: Vth = Vth .
2 3
*.u-khu ca phng php: c tt c cc u im ca thm C th kh, ngoi ra cn c im sau: -Khng c hin tng to b hng bm vo b mt chi tit. -Do nhit thm thp hn nn kch thc ht b hn, t tn nng lng hn, tui th thit b c nng cao hn. *.ch : sau khi thm C-N th kh, chi tit phi em ti-ram thp.
c.Cng dng ca cc phng php ha-nhit luyn khc.

*.Thm Bo: lp thm Bo c cng rt cao, tnh chng mi mn cao, c tnh n nh ti nhit 800oC, c tnh chng n mn cao nhng kh thc hin. *.Thm Crm: lp thm cng, chng mi mn, tnh chng n mn cao, ng dng cho khun dp, chi tit chng n mn. *.Thm nhm: lp thm khng cng nhng tnh chng oxy ha rt tt nhit cao.

Bai Giang Vat Lieu Hoc I DHSPKT - TPHCM

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Bai Giang Vat Lieu Hoc I DHSPKT - TPHCM

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TRNG HSPKT.

CHNG I. CU TO CA KIM LOI V HP KIM.

khc nhau. Ph thuc vo bc

tA>tB Hnh 2.2

I.1.2: Lin kt kim loi:

+Tt c kim loi v hp kim ca n u l vt tinh th.

Hnh 2.4 -Mng tinh th mui n

b) Hnh 2.5 Mt s khi nim. Mt tinh th:

+ nh ngha: l mt phng i qua mt s cc cht im trong mng tinh th.

Phng tinh th:

Hnh 2.7 Thng s mng: (a,b,c) n v o l Ao. ( , , )n v o l hay Radian.

Hnh 2.10. im trng khi 4 mt

Trong x = 1 phn im trng thuc khi c bn. y = 4 s v tr trn mt mt bn. z = 6 s mt bn.

b- Mng lp phng din tm:

c- Mng lc gic xp cht:

c =1.633 l trng hp l tng. Trong thc t cc kim loi c kiu mng ny c t s a

c =1.57-1.64 cng c coi l xp cht. Khi t s ny nm ngoi khong c coi l a

c =1.6235 (xp cht). a

d- Mng chnh phng th tm: - L mng lp phng th tm c mt cnh ko di (c).

I.3.Tnh a hnh (th hnh ):

+C mng lp phng din tm 911-1392oC l

I.4. n tinh th v a tinh th -Ht: I.4.1. n tinh th:

I.4.2. a tinh th-Ht: L cu trc thc t ca kim loi. Gm nhiu n tinh th

I.5.2.Sai lch ng-Lch:

a.Lch bin (lch thng).

Hnh 2.21 b.Lch xon:

Hnh 2.22 I.5.3. Sai lch mt:

I.6. Cc phng php nghin cu t chc: a.Mt gy:

b.T chc th di:

c.T chc t vi:

d.Phn tch cu trc bng tia rnghen:

II.S kt tinh ca kim loi nguyn cht :

II.1. iu kin xy ra kt tinh:

a.Cu trc kim loi lng:

b. iu kin nng lng cho qu trnh kt tinh:

Vy s kt tinh thc t ch xy ra nhit thp hn nhit kt tinh l thuyt Ts . c. qu ngui:

II.2.Hai qu trnh ca s kt tinh :

4 3 r (l th tch ca mt nguyn t). 3

-Gi Sxq= 4r l din tch xung quanhca mt mm. Ta c F = nVfv + n M L .S xq

2 M R Do M L >> M R v vy rth (t sinh )>rth (k sinh) Fv

Kt lun: To mm k sinh d hn to mm t sinh v bn knh mm k sinh nh hn bn knh mm t sinh.

b. Pht trin mm.

II.3. S hnh thnh ht-Hnh dng ht- ln ca ht.

b.Kch thc ht:

b. Cc phng php lm nh ht:

II.5. Cu to tinh th ca thi c a. Ba vng tinh th ca thi c:

III.Hp kim v gin trng thi: III.1.Khi nim v hp kim . a. nh ngha:

c.Mt s khi nim:

III.2Cu trc mng tinh th ca cc pha ca hp kim . a.Dung dch rn:

Hnh 2.32 S sp xp nguyn t ha tan thay th v xen vo dung mi c mng lp phng tm mt

*.Cc loi dung dch rn thay th:

Hnh 2.35 *.c im:

dB < 0.59 Dung dch rn xen dA

Hnh 2.36 c.Hp cht ha hc:

*.nh ngha: l mt pha c to thnh bi cc nguyn t gia chng c xy ra

c im: nhit nng chy, cng kh nng chng mi mn cao.

-Pha in t (pha Hume-Rothery):

(m. A.HTA + n.B.HTB) . (m.A + n.B)

+ CuZn- pha 1 . 1 + 2 . 1 = 3 mng lp phng th tm.

+ Cu5Zn8 pha + CuZn3 pha

2 21 = mng lp phng phc tp 13 7 mng lc gic xp cht 4

Trong : T l s bc t do (freedom). N l s cu t ca hp kim . F l s pha ca hp kim.

-Quy tc n by v t l gia cc pha: (hnh v) dng xc nh nng

.Dng gin : nh hnh v. .Gii thch gin :