Quy trnh sn xut hp b kho

Posted on Thng Su 25, 2010. Filed under: hp c tht | QUY TRNH SN XUT HP B KHO Nhm thc hin: inh Hong i Vy V Vng Huyn V L Huy Hong Hong Ngc Hnh Trn Vn Tm Trn Th Trc Phng L Th Bch Phng L Th Bo Yn MC LC Ni dung . 2 I. Tng quan v sn phm hp b kho 5 11 Sn phm cng loi. 5 1.2 Tiu chun hp tht. 5 1.3 PR sn phm .. 8 II. Tng quan nguyn liu sn xut hp b kho.. 10 2.1 Tht b . 10 2.2 Bao b st ty.. 16

2.3 Nc vy 17 2.4 C rt 17 2.5 Hnh ty . 17 2.6 Ti .. 18 2.7 Gng . 19 2.8 S 21 2.9 t 21 2.10 Tiu 22 2.11 Gia v ph gia.. 23 III. Vn chuyn Tip nhn Bo qun nguyn liu 26 IV. Qui trnh cng ngh sn xut hp b kho 28 V. Cc dng h hng hp.. 42

Ti liu tham kho.. 45

NI DUNG Ngy nay, vi nhp sng nhanh, ngi tiu dng u tin la chn cho mnh nhng sn phm thc phm ngon v nhanh gn trong ch bin cng nh trong s dng. Chnh v vy, mt hng hp ngy cng a dng, phong ph: nh hp c, hp thtv b cng l mt dng thc n ch bin sn kh l ph bin v sc mua mt hng ny ang tng trong nm 2010. Theo d liu nghin cu th trng, nhu cu cc sn phm thc phm ch bin v hp khong 200.000 tn, trong khi ch c khong 20 nh my v cng ty tham gia vo th trng thc phm ch bin vi tng sn lng c tnh khong 120.000 tn/nm. Th trng tiu th sn phm thc phm ch bin v hp hin nay tp trung ch yu ti cc thnh ph ln, trong TP H Ch Minh chim t l khong 41%, H Ni chim 13.42%, phn cn li ch yu tp trung cc thnh ph khc v cc khu cng nghip. Trn th trng, dng sn phm hp ngy cng a dng cng vi cc thng hiu c uy tn nh cng ty thy sn S 1, cng ty hp Ph Nht, cng ty c phn ch bin Vissan, Cng ty hp H Long, Cng Ty Seaspimex

Hnh: Mt s sn phm hp trn th trng . Tng quan v sn phm hp b kho

1.1 Sn phm cng loi Ty vo nhu cu ngi tiu dng, cc cng ty ln lt cung cp hp v sn phm b a dng v mi v cng nh cch thc ch bin nh b nu u, c ri b, b 2 lt

Hnh: Mt s sn phm b ng hp 1.2 Tiu chun hp tht TCVN 7048 1.2.1 Nguyn liu Tht ti, theo quy nh ca TCVN 7046 : 2002 Tht lnh ng, theo quy nh ca TCVN 7047 : 2002.

1.2.2 Yu cu cm quan

Bng: Yu cu cm quan ca tht hp

Tn ch tiu 1. Trng thi 2. Mu sc 3. Mi, v Yu cu c trng cho tng loi sn phm c trng cho tng loi sn phm c trng cho tng loi sn phm, khng c mi l v c mi thm ca gia v

1.2.3 Cc ch tiu l ha

Bng: Ch tiu l ho ca tht hp

Tn ch tiu Gii hn cho php 1. Ch s peroxyt, s mililit natri thia sulphua (Na2S2O3) 0,002 N dng trung ho ht lng 5 peroxyt trong 1 kg, khng ln hn 2. T l ci/nc Theo tiu chun c cng b ca

nh sn xut 1.2.4 Yu cu bn trong ca hp sau khi m i vi loi bao b khng trng vecni, mt trong cho php c vt en nh. i vi loi bao b trng vecni, mt trong khng c c bt, vt nt, lp vecni ph u, khng b bong. 1.2.5 D lng kim loi nng Bng: D lng kim loi nng ca tht hp Tn ch tiu 1. Ch (Pb) 2. Cadimi (Cd) 3. Thic (Sn) 4. Thu ngn (Hg) Gii hn ti a 0,5 0,05 250 0,03 (mg/kg)

1.2.6 Cc ch tiu vi sinh vt

Bng: Cc ch tiu vi sinh vt ca tht hp

Tn ch tiu
1. Tng s nm men nm mc, s khun lc trong 1 g sn phm 2. E.coli, s vi khun trong 1 g sn phm

3. Staphylococcus aureus, s vi khun trong 1 g sn phm 4. Clostridium perfringens, s vi khun trong 1 g sn phm 5. Clostridium botulinum, s vi khun trong 1 g sn phm 1.2.7 D lng thuc th y

Gii hn ti a 0 0 0 0 0

Bng: D lng thuc th y ca tht hp

Tn ch tiu 1. H tetraxyclin 2. H cloramphenicol Gii hn ti a (mg/kg) 0,1 Khng pht hin

1.2.8 D lng hoocmon

Bng: D lng hoocmon ca tht hp

Tn ch tiu 1. Dietylstylbestrol 2. Testosterol 3. Estadiol 1.2.9 c t nm mc Hm lng aflatoxin B1 ca tht hp khng ln hn 0,005 mg/kg. 1.2.10 Ph gia thc phm Ph gia thc phm: Theo Qui nh danh mc cc cht ph gia c php s dng trong thc phm ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 3742/2001/Q-BYT. 1.3 PR sn phm Gii hn ti a (mg/kg) 0,0 0,015 0,0005

Hnh: hp b kho Thi i ca cng nghip ha, ca nn kinh t th trng a chng ta vo vng xoy ca nhng cng vic bt tn. c bit l nhng ngi ph n khng ch quan tm n cng vic ni tr m cn cc cng vic ngoi x hi. iu tt yu s xy ra l thi gian nu nhng ba cm tht ngon, vi nhng mn n giu cht dinh dng b hn ch. Lm sao gii quyt chuyn ny mt cch nhanh chng? Hiu c nhu cu , sn phm B kho ng hp ra i vi cc hng v c bit, tht ngon, tht b dng nh l mt gii php hu hiu trong cc ba n.

Sn phm b kho ng hp ny hon ton khc bit vi cc sn phm tng t hin c trn th trng v ph hp vi tt c mi ngi. Ti sao li khc bit, iu ch c th cm nhn khi mt ln s dng sn phm ny. Khng cn nhng ming tht b dai v dy, hnh dng t thm m, khng cn nhng lt c rt tng trng v cng khng cn nhng hng v n iu. Thay vo , sn phm b kho ng hp s xa b nhng nh kin v cc sn phm b ng hp trc y. Nhng ming tht b mm, p mt, c rt th c chn la t nhng ngun tt nht vo gia v ma, hng v m th hin r bn cht c trng ca mn b kho. Da trn quan im khc bit ha i vo lng ngi tiu dng, sn phm b kho ng hp s thi mt ln gi mi vo th trng sn phm ng hp ni chung v v b kho ni ring. Nhng ba cm gia nh s cng tr nn m cng, thn mt, vui v khi c mn n tuyt vi ny. Cng tin dng hn na trong nhng chuyn d ngoi picnic, ch mi nhng khong trng rt nh chng ta c th em theo c mt cng ngh tin tin v mn n m cht dinh dng v ngon tuyt ho. B quyt hng u trong kinh doanh khi to ra sn phm l lm sao tha mn c nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng, p ng c cc tiu chun ca th trng v c c s khc bit. Sn phm b kho ng hp ca chng ti s lm c iu ny. Vi mt hp gm tht b, c rt, hnh ty, chng ta c th chun b mn h tiu b kho hay bnh ph b kho hay bnh m b kho mt cch tin li v nhanh chng bt c lc no chng ta mun.

Hnh: Mt vi hnh nh v cch dng b kho ng hp II. Tng quan v nguyn liu sn xut hp b kho 2.1 Nguyn liu tht b

Bng: Thnh phn cc acid amin khng thay th trong protid tht

Acid amin Lysin Methionin Tryptophan Phenylalanin Treonin Valin Leucin Isoleucin Arginin Histidin

Hm lng % trong protid 8.1 2.3 1.1 4 4 5.7 8.4 5.1 6.6 2.9

Bng: Thnh phn ha hc ca tht b Thnh phn Nc Protein Lipid Khong 2.1.2 M c M c l phn c gi tr dinh dng cao nht. Cc thnh phn ch yu trong m c gm: nc, protid, cc cht ha tan cha nit, cc cht ha tan khng cha nit, lipid v cc cht khong.

S lng (g/100g) 70.5 18 10.5 1

Nc

Nc trong m c c th chia lm 3 loi: nc lin kt mnh, nc lin kt yu v nc t do.

Protein

Protein chim khong 80% cht kh ca m c v trong mc no n xc nh gi tr thc phm, ch tiu ha l ca tht, cng nh nhng c trng v s thay i ca tht trong ch bin. Cc protein tham gia thnh phn m c chia thnh 3 nhm chnh: cht c, t c, mng c. Mioglobin l mt thnh phn c quan tm nhiu nht trong s cc thnh phn ca t c. l protein mang li sc t ca tht v thng chim khong 90% tng lng cc sc t ca tht b. Trong qu trnh ch bin tht, mioglobin c th chuyn ha theo ng hng khc nhau. Khi ch bin nhit, cromoproteit bin tnh hnh thnh hemocrom v hematin. Trong trng hp ny, mu ca tht chuyn t mu sang mu nu xm. Mu c trng ca tht khi ch bin c bo v bng vic s dng nitrit. Nitrozomioglobin, c hnh thnh do globin bin tnh khi nu s em li mu hng cho tht. T c bao gm miozin, actin, actomiozin, tropomiozin, troponin, trong miozin chim khong 55%.

Lipid

Hm lng lipid trong m c khong 3%

Cht ha tan

Gm nhng cht c trch ra t m c bng nc, bao gm hai loi: cha nit v khng cha nit. Chc nng quan trng ca n l tham gia cc phn ng trao i cht khc nhau v cc qu trnh nng lng t bo. S c mt ca cc cht ha tan v cc cht chuyn ha ha hc ca n trong qu trnh t phn, trong a s trng hp to nn gi tr cm quan ca tht.

Vitamin

Cc vitamin trong m c phn ln tan trong nc: viatamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin B15, vitamin PP, biotin (vitamin H) Nh vy m c l ngun cha vitamin nhm B.

Cc cht khong

Hm lng cc cht khong trong m c khong 1,0 1,5%. Trong tht c mt K, Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, P, S, Cl. Nhiu cation lin kt vi cc hp cht protid ca m c, mt s dng t do xut hin sau khi git m. Ngoi ra trong tht cng c mt cc nguyn t ng, cobalt, molipden,

2.1.3 M m Hm lng ca cc thnh phn c bn (m, cht bo, m) trong m m ty thuc vo tng vng trn c th con vt. Ngoi cc thnh phn chnh trong m m cn cha cc cht mu, cht khong v vitamin. V c bn, gi tr thc phm ca m m c to nn do cht bo, l ngun cung cp nng lng. Cng vi cht bo, cng c mt cc cht sinh hc khc nh: acid bo khng no, phosphatid, vitamin ha tan trong du, sterin. S hin din ca cht bo trong ng rut c vai tr quan trng trong vic tiu ha cc vitamin tan trong du. 2.1.4 La chn nguyn liu b B l nguyn liu kh t so vi cc loi tht gia sc, gia cm khc trn th trng. m bo tnh kinh t v ph hp vi phong cch mn n, nguyn liu tht b s dng trong sn xut hp b kho l tht c ln gn b, khng s dng m. 2.1.5 Kim sot cht lng tht

nguyn liu c bo qun tt phi tun th nghim ngt nguyn tc qun l kho. Phi kim tra thng xuyn khi nguyn liu c du hiu h hng phi lp tc tch ring ra. Cc ch tiu kim tra da trn bng Tiu chun nguyn liu tht ch bin do cng ty son ra. 2.2 Bao b st ty Bao b dng trong sn xut b kho l bao b st ty. Bao b st ty dn tr thnh bao b ch lc vn nng v n c nhiu u im nh sau:

Lp trng thic ca st ty c th trnh c s n mn ca thc phm v bo qun thc phm c lu ngy. Trong thi gian thc phm ng trong hp lu, c th lp thic b n mn nhng khng gy hi ti sc khe con ngi. Tnh ng kn v cch li tt hn so vi cc loi bao b khc nh tnh chng thm kh v hi m rt tt, ngn cch c nh sng c kh nng chu c s thay i ln ca nhit v p sut Chu c qu trnh thanh trng m khng bin dng, tin li cho vic vn chuyn v bo qun thc phm c lu hn. C mu sng bng, c th in hoc trng vecni hoc in cc mu sc hp dn nng cao gi tr hng ha ca sn phm. D dng c gii ha, t ng ha trong sn xut

2.3 Nc vy

c cho vo trong qu trnh p. vy tan thnh nc to mi trng thun li ha tan cc cht ph gia, gia v lin kt cc nguyn liu v cc thnh phn khc trong hn hp, tng kh nng to cu trc, trng thi cho sn phm, ng thi b sung lng nc b mt i trong qu trnh ch bin. 2.4 C rt C rt l mt trong nhng loi rau trng rng ri nht v lu i nht trn th gii Trong 100g n c ca C rt, theo t l % c: nc 88,5; protid 1,5; glucid 8,8; cellulose 1,2; cht tro 0,8. Mui khong c trong C rt nh kalium, calcium, st, phosphor, ng, bor, brom, mangan, magnesium, molipden C rt giu v lng ng v cc loi vitamin cng nh nng lng. Cc dng ng tp trung lp v v tht nc ca c, phn li rt t. V vy c c rt c lp v dy, li nh mi l c tt. ng trong C rt ch yu l ng n (nh fructose, glucose) chim ti 50% tng lng ng c trong c, l loi ng d b oxy ho di tc dng ca cc enzym trong c th. Trong C rt c rt nhiu vitamin C, D, E v cc vitamin nhm B; ngoi ra, n cn cha nhiu cht caroten (cao hn C chua); sau khi vo c th, cht ny s chuyn ho dn thnh vitamin A, vitamin ca s sinh trng v tui tr. Cc ch tiu khi la chn c rt: C rt c mu bn ngoi u, gi c ti t nhin. C rt c hm lng polyphenol thp nn t b oxy ho. Hnh dng, kch thc ng u. C khng b b h, dp thi.

2.5 Hnh ty Thnh phn cay thm ch yu ca hnh l diallylsunfit(C3H5)2S. Trong hnh c allycin, mt t putin v cc axit hu c. Allycin cng c tc dng st khun nhng khng mnh nh ti. Trong sn phm bo kho thi hnh ty co tac dung lam thm cho san phm va cung co tac dung chng nm mc, nm men, ng thi c tac dung bao quan thc phm va cung cp dinh dng cho c th. 2.6 Ti

Ti l mt trong nhng gia v em li mi thm c trng cho sn phm do trong ti c v hng cay, thm du gip lm tng tnh cm quan cho sn phm. Ty thuc vo mu sc v m chia thnh 2 loi: ti ta v ti trng. Ti ta c mu tm , s nhnh t, nhnh to, v cay hng, thng c trng vo ma xun nn c gi l ti xun, c th n sng hoc lm gia v. Ti trng c v mu trng, v cay hng, thng c trng vo ma thu nn gi l ti thu, thng dng ngm gim. Ti thng thu hoch khi l bt u vng. C ti sau thu hoch c phi 4-5 ngy trong bng rm ni thong gi. Sau khong 2 tun, khi c ti bt u kh ct b thn li khong 4- 5cm. Trong c ti c cha 0.1-0.36% tinh du, trong c hn 90% cha cc hp cht lu hunh (S). Bng: Thnh phn dinh dng c trong 100g ti Thnh phn Nng lng Protein Lipid Cacbohydrate Ca Phospho Fe Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Acid ascorbic 2.7 Gng Hm lng 118Kcal 4,4g 0,2g 23,6g 5mg 44mg 0,4mg 0,25mg 0,03mg 0,9mg 3mg

Gng l mt gia v rt quen thuc. Gng khng nhng thm hng v cho mn n m cn gip c th tiu ha v hp th thc n d dng. Ngoi ra, gng cn l mt v thuc qu trong kho tng y hc dn gian m mi ngi c th vn dng t cha bnh cho mnh. Gng c danh php khoa hc: Zingiber officinale l mt loi thc vt hay c dng lm gia v, thuc. Trong c gng c cc hot cht sau: C gng ti Gi tr dinh dng trn 100 g (3,527 oz) Nng lng 20 kcal 80 kJ Cacbohydrat 17.77g -ng 1.7 g X tiu ha 2 g Cht bo 0.75 g Protein 1.82 g Thiamin (Vit. B1) 0.025 mg 2% Riboflavin (Vit. B2) 0.034 mg 2% Niacin (Vit. B3) 0.75 mg 5% Axt pantothenic (B5) 0.203 mg 4% Vitamin B6 0.16 mg 12% Folat (Vit. B9) 11 g 3% Vitamin C 5 mg 8% Canxi 16 mg 2% St 0.6 mg 5% Magi 43 mg 12% Phospho 34 mg 5% Kali 415 mg 9% Km 0.34 mg 3% Trong gng ti c enzym proteaza phn hy rt mnh cc protein thnh cc amino acid lm cho thc n mm, d tiu ha, loi c cc chui peptid l nn chng c d ng cho mt s ngi khng quen. y l mt trong nhng l do m ngi ta dng gng lm gia v. Gng c tc dng kch thch nhu ng rut, nhng li khng gy nn s co tht qu mc b my tiu ha, gip d tiu, chng tiu chy, y hi v chng i ma. Gng c ch vic gy lot d dy, c th do gng c ch s hnh thnh histamin. Trong gng c cc cht chng xy ha, c ch hnh thnh cc cht gy vim. Trong gng cn c nhiu tinh du trong c jamical c tnh dit nm v mecin c tnh dit khun. 2.8 S

Trong thc phm, s l mt gia v quen thuc c dng n sng hoc tm p. V ng thi, s c v the, cay, mi thm, tnh m, c tc dng lm ra m hi, st khun, chng vim, h kh. 2.9 t Mi 100g t hm lng vitamin C t n 198mg, lng ln beta carotene, lng axit citric, axit malic, vitamin B2, B6, Ca, Fe v khong cht phong ph c th nng cao tnh min dch ca c th. n t cn tng thm hot tnh ca t bo no lm chm s lo ha v thoi ha. Ngoi ra, trong t cn c hot cht capsaicin (cht ny tp trung nhiu nht gn cung) gy nng c tc dng kch thch no bt sn xut cht Endophin (gip gim au). Lng capsicain c trong t xanh nhiu hn t . Trong t chn, lng capsaicin chim t l khong 0.01 0.1%. Vi thnh phn ha hc nh trn, t gip c th tng cng min dch, tng kh nng chng oxy ha, khng vim, gim au v ngn nga s hnh thnh nhng cc mu ng. Ngoi ra, trong b kho, t cn gip to v nng, thm cho sn phm. V hin nay, ngi ta thng s dng bt t cho sn xut 2.10. Tiu Tiu l mt loi gia v thng c dng trong ch bin thc phm, tiu c v cay nng, mi thm rt c bit. Trong ch bin, tiu l mt trong nhng gia v rt cn thit nhm nng cao gi tr cm quan, c tc dng h tr tiu ha, gii c v khng khun. Bng:. Thnh phn ha hc ca tiu Thnh phn Cht khong Cht m Cellulose Cht ng bt Cht bo Tinh du Piperin Nha 2.11 Gia v ph gia Hm lng (%) 1,62 11,72 6,35 62,3 9,21 1,86 8,59 1,19

2.11.1 Mui To v mn cho tht, tng cht lng, cu trc cho sn phm. Tng kh nng bo qun cho sn phm v c tnh st khun nh. L cht c nh mu gin tip.

Gim t l oxy ha tan trong mi trng lm c ch cc vi sinh vt hiu kh pht trin. Lm tng kh nng c ch ca actin v myosin trong tht qua qu trnh to p sut thm thu. Trch ly protein myophibrilla, lm tng ha tan ca protein.

2.11.2 ng ng s dng trong ch bin thc phm l ng saccharose. ng s dng phi kh, tinh th ng nht v phi tan hon ton trong nc. Chc nng ca ng: Lm mm v tng v cho tht. Gi cho nitrit khng b oxy ha thnh nitrat. Tng p sut thm thu khi kt hp vi mui. L cht to ngt lm du v mn ca mui, to mi thm cho sn phm.

Lin kt vi nc bng lin kt hydro, bin nc t do thnh nc lin kt gp phn lm gim hot tnh ca nc c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. 2.11.3 Bt ngt Tn ha hc l Natri glutamate. Bt ngt c dng lm tng v ca thc n, to v ngt tht. Ngoi ra bt ngt cn tham gia tng hp nhiu acid amin, tc dng n chu trnh phn gii gluxit v cht bo, tc dng tch cc n hat ng ca h thn kinh trung ng, Bt ngt l cht iu v cn thit cho cng ngh ch bin thc phm. 2.11.4 Polyphosphate Polyphosphat l nhng polymer hay chnh xc hn l nhng mui a phn t ca Natri, Kali v ca cc ortho v meta phosphoric. Chc nng ca polyphosphat trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm:

 Hot ha protein trong tht: c kh nng trch ly m protein dng c si ra khi tht cao hn v nhanh hn, lm sn kt li thnh kt cu protein bn vng trong qu trnh x l nhit tip theo. c ch v tiu dit vi sinh vt: s c mt ca polyphosphat lm gim kh nng chng chu nhit ca vi sinh vt nhanh hn trong cng thi gian un nng, cng mt nhit . Gi nc cho thc phm, tng s lin kt gia nc vi tht, gip cho qu trnh bo qun khng g nc ra ngoi, kim hm s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Liu lng cho php s dng trong ch bin thc phm l khng qu 0.5% trong thnh phm. 2.11.5 Bt b kho Bt b kho c s dng l hn hp phi trn gia bt ng v hng v bt iu theo t l ng v hng : bt iu l 1 : 5. Ng v hng cng vi cc thnh phn nh qu, hi, inh hng c tc dng tt cho sc khe v to hng v c trng cho sn phm b kho cng nh nh vo mi hng nng ca hi lm du i mi hng kh chu c trng ca tht b. Lam tng cht lng cm quan cho sn phm v trong thnh phn ng v hng c cc cht tt cho sc khe. Bt iu nhm to mu p cho sn phm b kho 2.11.6 Tinh bt khoai m Bt nng cn gi l bt sn hoc tinh bt khoai m Tinh bt khoai m l sn phm dng tinh bt trng mn c chit xut t khoai m. Tinh bt khoai m c s dng rng ri trong cng ngh thc phm v ngoi thc phm. Trong cng ngh thc phm cc sn phm chnh c ngun gc t khoai m l ung glucose, dextrose, fructrose v cc cht l ngt khc. Tinh bt khoai m cn c th ch bin thnh mt sn phm gia v dng tinh th l bt ngt. Ngoi ra cn c rt nhiu sn phm c lin quan cng c ch bin t tinh bt khoai m nh si, bt vin, kem sa, nc st , kem, cht kt dnh dng trong thc phm, bt qunh cho cc loi sp v.v 1. III.

Vn chuyn tip nhn bo qun nguyn liu

Nguyn liu

Tht b c nhp v di dng cp ng thnh khi hnh ch nht khong 12kg, c vn chuyn v nh my bng xe lnh. Nhn vin KCS thng xuyn ly mu v kim tra cht lng ca nguyn liu, nu t tiu chun th cho nhp vo kho tr ng nhit phng l -30OC v tm nguyn liu t nhit -18OC.

 C rt, hnh ty xp vo thng g ri a vo xe container khong 300 1000kg vn chuyn. ng, mui, bt ngt, polyphosphate, bt t, bt iu , ng v hng thu mua dng bao ln, ch v bng xe ti va. Ti, gng, s xp vo thng g c lt sn lp m sch nh rm kh ri b vo xe container nh. Nguyn liu rau qu th a vo nh my phi cn ti tt, thng khng bo qun lu qu vi gi n 1 2 ngy. Tt c cc nguyn liu chnh ph th sau mi t nhp th phi c nhn vin kim tra cht lng theo tng ch tiu thc t ca nh my.

Bc d nguyn liu

T xe ti, nguyn liu c a vo kho bng xe nng v c kt hp phng php th cng.

Kho nguyn liu

Kho nguyn liu rau c v gia v ph gia u phi kh ro, thong mt, sch s, khng cn thng gi nhn to. Nguyn liu cng nh c rt, ti, gng, s cy th c th ng, nguyn liu mm hn nh hnh ty th ng trong thng ri xp chng thng ln nhau theo hnh zc zc. Tht nguyn liu khi em v bo qun lnh trong kho lnh th vn phi c treo cho cc khi tht trnh tip xc vi nhau, d ly ra khi s dng, trnh nh hng ti nhng khi tht cha dng n. Hp st ty vn chuyn t ni thu mua v kho bao b, ng trong thng carton, ra hp bng phun nc nng v hi qu bo ha. Bao b st ty ra xong cho vo bng ti i ti ni xp tht b. IV. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut hp b kho

4.1 S quy trnh

4.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh 4.2.1 R ng v ct nh tht b Tht b trc khi a vo sn xut s c r ng bng khng kh, nhit phng r ng khng qu 100C trong vng 3 4h cho n khi khi tht mm l c. Sau tht c ct nh ra thnh khi c kch thc khong 3x3x3 (cm) d nh lng v xp hp.

Hnh: My ct tht 4.2.2 p v massage

Sau khi c ct nh, tht b c p gia v kh mi hi c trng ca tht b v to thm hng v m cho sn phm. Gia v c p nhit lnh, nhit p l 0 40C v thi gian p l 4h. Lng gia v p nh bng sau (tnh cho 100g tht) Thnh phn ng Bt ngt Mui Tiu S Gng Ti Nc vy Polyphosphate Khi lng 2.7g 2.5g 3g 1g 2.5g 2.5g 1g 60g 2g

Sau khi cho gia v p v th tin hnh massage tht trong thng quay, tht c mm v gia v ngm vo d dng hn, to ra khi keo sau ny kt dnh tt hn. Mc khc massage cn tht thm nc ti a khi vo hp v rt nc st th tht khng ht nc, trnh lm lng hp. Nhit massage t 0 - 50C.

Hnh: Thit b masage tht 4.2.3 Phn loi nguyn liu rau c

Mc ch: loi b nhng nguyn liu xu, n thi, su bnh.. Trong nh my, vic la chn v phn loi nguyn liu thng do cng nhn tin hnh bng cch quan st trn cc bng chuyn trong khi vn chuyn n cng on ra. 4.2.4 Ra nguyn liu rau c

Nguyn liu sau khi phn loi c bng chuyn a n h thng ra. Mc ch: loi b tp cht, vi khun, cc cht ha hc hay sinh hc dng vi mc ch bo qun, mt lng thuc tr su hay bo v thc vt cn lu li. Yu cu nguyn liu sau khi ra phi sch, khng b gip nt v s to iu kin cho vi sinh vt xm nhp v pht trin sau ny, nguyn liu phi t tn tht cht dinh dng do cc thnh phn d ha tan trong nc nh cc loi ng, vitamin C, mui khong khuch tn ln vo nc ra. t c iu ny th thi gian ra phi ngn ng thi tit kim nc ra. Lng nc ra thng dng l t 0,7- 1 lt/kg nguyn liu. Nguyn liu c a vo bn ngm khong 15 pht, sau cho qua h thng phun nc p lc mnh (2-3at) xi ln nguyn liu ra tri cc cht bn trn b mt. C rt, gng, ti, s, hnh ty c ra sch trong giai on ny. 4.2.5 Bc v nguyn liu rau c

Dng dung dch KOH tch v. KOH c tc dng ha tan protopectin l cht lin kt gia lp v v tht qu nhng khng ha tan t bo v, do l cho v d tch ra. Tc dng tch v ca dung dch KOH ph thuc vo nhit , nng ca n v thi gian ngm nguyn liu trong dung dch. Cc loi rau c thng p dng nng v thi gian cao hn. Khi x l bng KOH, nn nng nhit ln tng tc dng ca ha cht, nhit

 cng cao th tc dng ca KOH cng mnh. Sau khi x l bng KOH nng phi lm ngui v dng nc ra sch nc. Loi nguyn liu C rt, gng Hnh ty Nng KOH (%) 5 20 Nhit (oC) 95 80 Thi gian (s) 60 60

Thit b bc v ch n gin gm c bn cha dung dch KOH, mt b phn trao i nhit lm nng dung dch cha trong bn v mt c cu vn chuyn c nhim v ti nguyn liu cn bc v vo bn cha. 4.2.6 Lm nh nguyn liu rau c

Cc nguyn liu nh gng, ti, s c bm nhuyn to c hng thm nhiu hn. C rt c ct thnh nhng khoanh trn c b dy 2cm, kch thc ny gip cho c rt khng b qu mm trong qu trnh tit trng vi thi gian di. Hnh ty c thi si c kch thc 1.55 (cm)

Hnh: My ct rau c 4.2.7 Chn

C rt v hnh ty sau khi thi nh s a qua cng on chn. Mc ch ca vic chn l kh khng kh trong gian bo, tng thm, v hot enzyme lm bin i mu sc trong qu trnh tit trng gip n nh mu cho c rt v hnh ty. C rt v hnh ty c a thit b chn c lm ngui. Nc c gia nhit bng hi t n nhit yu cu tin hnh chn nguyn liu. Ti khoang chn, cc v tr khc nhau lp t sencer cm ng nhit kim sot s ng nht v nhit ca c khoang chn. Nhit c th iu chnh t ng.

Nguyn liu sau khi chn c a sang khoang lm ngui tin hnh lm ngui, m bo mu sc v mi v ca nguyn liu.

Hnh: Thit b chn 4.2.8

V hp Chun b bao b: Trc khi cho sn phm vo, hp phi c kim tra cht lng loi tr nhng hp b li nh try xc, lp vecni b n sau chn hp theo xc sut kim tra kn. Cc loi hp st c vn chuyn v bo qun trong cc thng carton nn c t bi bn bm vo, v vy d dng cho vic ra sch bng cch phun nc nng v hi qu bo ha. Trong trng hp bao b dnh nhiu bi bn, hp c cho ngm vo nc ri xi li bng tia nc nng hay phun hi nng. Vic dng nc nng hay hi nng v sinh hp va gip cho qu trnh ra sch hp d dng va c tc dng lm lng nc cn ng li bao b bay hi nhanh chng. Sau khi ra xong, hp c em khi sy kh trc khi cho sn phm vo. Cho sn phm vo hp: Qu trnh ny c thc hin bng th cng. Cc nguyn liu gm tht sau khi p, c rt v hnh ty c chn, tt c c cho vo hp v cn iu chnh sao cho phn ci. Mt hp gm khong 3 cc tht b v 3 khoanh c rt v mt vi si hnh ty sao cho T l ci : nc l 50 : 50. Khi lng tnh l 200gr/hp. Mt s im ch khi cho thc phm vo hp

Khi xp thc phm vo hp cn mt khong trng trn nh hp, tc l khong cch gia mt thc phm v np hp, thng l vi mm. Cng mt loi thc phm th cht lng ca n phi ng u v mu sc, mi v, chn, hnh dng, kch thc cc ming v cc khc xp vo. Thc phm cho vo phi ng lng qui nh trong thnh phn ghi trn nhn hp. Sai s cho php ca trng lng tnh l 23%.

Khi cho thc phm vo hp cn gi ming hp sch s, khng c cc vn nh thc phm, du m hay nc st dnh vo mp hp v s nh hng n kn ca hp khi ghp m. 4.2.9 Rt st

Mc ch: Tng v ngon v tng gi tr dinh dng cho sn phm.

Hp sau khi c xp phn ci vo th ngi cng nhn s a ln bng chuyn i vo thit b rt st v ghp m. Cc thnh phn gia v nh bng di c nu cho ha tan hon ton ni nu 2 v. St c rt nng c nhit 85 900C c tc dng bi kh cho thc phm.

Bi kh: l cng on quan trng nh hng n cht lng v thi gian s dng ca sn phm.

Bi kh c tc dng ui khng kh tn ti trong thc phm v c lng khng kh trong khong khng nh hp, nhm hn ch s oxy ha cc cht trong thc phm nh hng n hng v, mu sc, dng cht trong thc phm. Hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt hiu kh v hn ch s n mn bao b.

Ngoi ra, bi kh cn to chn khng trong hp np hp c ht vo bn trong, trnh b phng, bung m ghp khi vn chuyn v bo qun. Lng dch st cho vo l 100g/hp.

Thnh phn nc st T l % (tnh theo dung dch) 100 2,6 3,0 1,2 30g/kg tht 1

Thnh phn Nc Mui ng Bt ngt bt b kho Bt nng 4.2.10

Ghp m Mc ch: Cch ly thc phm vi mi trng khng kh v vi sinh vt bn ngoi.

y l khu quan trng trong ch bin hp c nh hng n thi gian bo qun lu di ca thc phm. Do , cn phi ghp m ngay sau khi rt st.

Yu cu: np hp cn phi ghp tht kn v cht khi thanh trng p sut chnh lch gia bn trong v ngoi hp khng lm bung m ghp hay bt np khi thn hp.

Hnh: Thit b chit rt v ghp m 4.2.11 Thanh trng lm ngui

Mc ch

Tiu dit cc vi sinh v enzyme sn c tng thi gian bo qun thc phm. Qu trnh thanh trng ch nhm tiu dit cc vi sinh vt c kh nng pht trin iu kin bo qun bnh thng, lm h hng sn phm hoc to ra cc c t gy nguy hi n sc khe con ngi. Ngoi ra, vic thanh trng cn c tc dng lm tng cng mi v ca hp, lm nh kt cu t chc ca thc phm v tng tnh hp dn ring cho sn phm. Qu trnh thanh trng cn t c khng phi t v trng tuyt i m ch cn t c v trng cng nghip hay v trng thng phm.

Cc thng s ca ch thanh trng Nhit cn t c, duy tr trong thit b thanh trng. Thi gian cn thit gia nhit cho thit b p sut i khng

Vic theo di cc thng s ny khng cht ch, cn thn s dn n hu qu h hng do vi sinh vt sau mt thi gian ngn. Mi loi hp c mt cng thc thanh trng khc nhau, qu trnh thanh trng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t. Tuy nhin, n ph thuc rt nhiu vo thnh phn v tnh cht ca thc phm cn thanh trng.

Xy dng cng thc thanh trng Cc vi sinh vt c trong hp b kho Vi khun hiu kh

Bacillus mesentericus : c nha bo, khng c, trong nc v trn b mt rau. Nha bo b ph hy 1100C trong 1 gi, pht trin nhanh nhit quanh 370C. Bacillus subtilis : c nha bo khng gy bnh. Nha bo chu 1000C trong 1 gi, 1150C trong 6 pht. Khng gy mi v l, pht trin rt mnh 25 350C. Vi khun k kh

Clostridium sporogenes: c nh trng thi t nhin ca mi mi trng. N phn hy protid thnh mui ca NH3, ri thi NH3, sn sinh ra H2S, H2 v CO2. Nha bo ca n chu ng c trong nc si trn 1 gi. Clostridium sporogenes c c t, song b ph hy nu un si lu. Pht trin rt mnh 27 580C. Nhit ti thch l 370C. Vi khun gy bnh, gy ra ng c do ni c t

Clostridium botulinum: Loi ny ch b nhim khi khng tun theo nguyn tc v sinh v thanh trng ti thiu. Nha bo c kh nng khng mnh: 100oC l 330 pht, 115oC l 10 pht, 120oC l 4 pht. c t b ph hy hon ton khi un nng 80oC trong 30 pht. Salmonella: thuc nhm vi khun gy bnh, hiu kh, a m, khng c nha bo nhng c c t. La chn nhit thanh trng

Tt c cc loi thc phm em ng hp u l mi trng sng ca cc loi vi sinh vt. Mc d c rt nhiu yu t nh hng n kh nng hot ng ca vi sinh vt, trong acid nh hng rt ln, nn acid l yu t quan trng trong vic chn nhit thanh trng. Ngi ta chia sn phm hp thnh 2 nhm theo acid hot ng ca sn phm lm c s cho vic chn nhit thanh trng : Nhm sn phm hp khng chua v t chua c pH 4,2 thanh trng nhit t 100oC tr ln. Nhm sn phm hp chua c pH < 4,2 thanh trng nhit di 100 oC nhng khng thp hn 75-80 oC.

i vi b kho th pH > 4,2 nn nhit thanh trng cao hn 100oC, tuy nhin vi ngnh cng ngh hp lu i trn th gii qui c chn nhit chun l 121,1 oC. y nhm chn nhit thanh trng l 120 oC. La chn thi gian thanh trng

Thi gian thanh trng bng tng thi gian truyn vo tm hp v thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt k t lc tm hp t c nhit thanh trng. Tuy nhin cch tnh nh trn ch gn ng, v thc t vi sinh vt tp trung tm hp khng phi ch mi bt u b tiu dit ti thi im tm hp t c nhit thanh trng m b tiu dit mt phn trc . V vy thi gian thanh trng l hm s ca 2 i lng: thi gian truyn nhit v thi gian tiu dit. Trong sn phm b kho ta cn quan tm ti 2 loi vi sinh vt l Clostridium botulinum v vi sinh vt gy h hng c trng Clostridium sporogenes. Theo ti liu, thi gian tiu dit Clostridium botulinum c hng s Z = 10 120 oC th ht 4 pht. Ngoi ra sau khi thanh trng th t l sng st i vi Clostridium botulinum l 10-12 , cn i vi Clostridium sporogenes l 10-4. Ta c cng thc tnh thi gian hiu qu cn thit i vi ch thanh trng ny nh sau: i vi Clostridium botulinum th gi tr No = 1 nn thi gian hiu qu cn thit = 12D = 12.0,21 = 2,52(pht) Gi s trong b kho nhim ban u ca Clostridium sporogenes l 2 nha bo trong 10g thc phm, b kho c ng trong bao b hp st loi 200g, ta tnh theo cng thc: Trong : D: tra bng ta c D120 ca Clostridium sporogenes l 1,7 pht C: mt vi sinh vt t bo/g G: khi lng thc phm trong hp Vy thi gian hiu qu cn thit i vi qu trnh thanh trng b kho l 10 pht. Tuy nhin theo qui trnh cng ngh th thanh trng cn c tc dng lm chn sn phm nn ch thanh trng nhm chn l:

Hnh: Thit b thanh trng dng nm ngang Hp sau khi c ghp m s c xp vo cc r cch nhau bi cc khay bng g, sau a vo my thanh trng. Thi gian v nhit c nu r trn. 4.12 Kim tra hp sau thanh trng lm ngui Sau thanh trng lm ngui cn kim tra k lng phn loi, xp hng cht lng c ch bo qun thch hp.

Kim tra mt ngoi

- Quan st m ghp (bng mt, cc m hn hay b vo nc nng 80oC xem c si bt khng)

Kim tra np v y: khng phng Mt ngoi hp phi sng bng, khng c c hoen g, c bit l m hp. Kim tra bng gi nhit

hp sau sn xut c la chn ngu nhin ri cho vo t m hay phng c nhit thch hp trong mt thi gian, quan st s pht trin ca vi khun hay nha bo cn sng st hay khng sau thanh trng ri tin hnh kim tra.

Kim tra trong hp

Kim tra mu sc, mi v ca tht, o kch thc v khong khng nh hp, kim tra trng lng, hnh dng, cu to, thnh phn ha hc ca tht. 4.12 Bo n

Bo n nhit bnh thng, khong t 10 15 ngy. Qu trnh ny gip hp n nh v thnh phn v pht hin kp thi cc hp h hng Xp hp vo thng ri xp ng vo kho hay dng gi ng hp xp hp. 4.13 Dn nhn v bao gi hp Sau khi thi gian bo n, nu hp khng h hng, ta tin hnh dn nhn, in date ri ng thng hp (thng g hay thng ba cng) ri em i tiu th. V. Cc dng h hng ca hp 5.1 Cc nguyn nhn gy h hng hp 5.1.1 Do vi sinh vt Hin tng hp h hng do vi sinh vt l ph bin nht trong s cc loi hp h hng. Cc vi sinh vt pht trin, phn hy cc cht hu c ca thc phm, to ra kh CO2, H2S, NH3hay tit ra cc c t. C loi vi sinh vt pht trin sinh ra cht kh. V vy, hp h hng do vi sinh vt c th gy phng hp hay khng gy phng hp nn kh pht hin.

Cc nguyn nhn gy h hng hp do vi sinh vt

Do tit trng khng ch

Cc hp tit trng khng ch tc l cha nhit v thi gian tit trng cn thit. Cc vi sinh vt trong hp cn sng, pht trin lm sn phm b chua, hp b mt phm cht c th to thnh cc cht kh lm phng hp. Vn hnh khng ng quy tc lng khng kh cn li nhiu trong thit b nhit k v p k ch khng cn tng ng vi nhau. Xp hp khng ng quy cch cn tr qu trnh truyn nhit v i lu.

C mt s hp do b nhim trng qu nhiu do thit b v do cc qu trnh ch bin trc khi tit trng gy ra, ta khng pht hin c m vn tin hnh tit trng theo cng thc qui nh, cng coi nh thanh trng khng ch . Do lm ngui khng thch hp

Cc vi sinh vt a nhit lm hng hp, pht trin nhanh chng nhit khong 49 71oC. V vy nu khng lm ngui nhanh hp n nhit thp di khong nhit , th cc vi sinh vt c th pht trin lm h hng hp.

Do mi ghp b h

Hin tng ny xy ra khi thc hin khng ng qui trnh k thut v ch v sinh thc phm, lm cho vi sinh vt xm nhp v pht trin thc phm trong thi gian ch bin. Thi gian t lc vo hp n lc ghp kn v mang i tit trng qu lu. nhit khng cao lm , l iu kin thch hp cho cc vi sinh vt pht trin lm hng hp trc khi tit trng. 5.1.2 Do cc hin tng ha hc hp b hng do cc hin tng ha hc xy ra c th do cc phn ng gia cc thnh phn ca thc phm vi nhau hay gia cc thnh phn thc phm vi bao b. Cc phn ng ha hc ny, phn ln lm cho thc phm c mu sc, hng v gim i nhiu. Trong thi gian bo qun hp thnh phm, ta thng thy cc hp ng trong bao b st ty, b n mn kim loi mt bn trong ca bao b, lp trng thic b n mn. Kim loi nhim vo sn phm. Hin tng ny thng thy nhiu cc hp c acid cao. Lng kim loi nng nhim vo sn phm, c th gy bin i mu sc, mi v ca sn phm, v gy c i vi c th. Qu trnh n mn, kh hydro thot ra lm cho hp b phng. 5.1.3 Do cc nh hng c l Xy ra trong qu trnh thanh trng, bo qun v vn chuyn.

hp h hng do sai thao tc thit b thanh trng

Trong giai on cui ca qu trnh thanh trng, nu gim p sut hi qu nhanh, th to thnh hin tng cng phng hp, c th b bin dng, h mi ghp. Do p sut trong hp c to ra chnh lch vi p sut bn ngoi qu nhiu.

hp h hng do bi kh khng

Trong qu trnh thanh trng bng nhit, cc hp bi kh cn li s dn n gy cng phng hp. V hnh dng bn ngoi cc hp ny sau khi bo qun, thng thy b phng nh, np hp c th n ln xung c.

hp h hng do xp hp qu y

Khi sn phm xp trong hp qu y, sn phm s dn n th tch khi thanh trng bng nhit, lm cho hp b phng, hin tng ny d xy ra hn khi cho sn phm vo hp lc ngui, thanh trng sn phm cng b dn n nhiu.

hp h hng v b mp, mo, r

Mt s sn phm hp ng trong bao b st ty kch thc ln, khi ghp kn vi chn khng qu cao, chnh lch p sut ln, bao b st ty mng th d b mo. Hoc khi xp hp vo gi thanh trng v vn chuyn trc khi thanh trng, lm hp b mp, mo, lc p sut trong hp ln, khi thanh trng sn phm dn n s lm cng phng hp, c th lm h mi ghp kn ca hp. hp vi bao b st ty d c cc vt r: khi bo qun ni m. Khi trn b mt st c cc vt bn ca cht bo, trong qu trnh bo qun, cc cht bo b oxy ha li cc vt r. Hoc hp b thng do cc vt nhn gy ra khi vn chuyn, lc bo qun nc trong hp chy ra v c th gy r cho cc hp chung quanh n. 5.2 Cch x l hp h hng Tt c cc hp c du hiu hng do vi sinh vt gy ra, d hp b phng hay khng b phng, cng u khng th s dng lm thc n phi hy b. Cc hp h hng do hin tng ha hc, nu mc nh th c th ch bin thnh cc sn phm khc c gi tr thp hn (nh lm mt, nu ru, tht xay). Nhng khi c mi ca kim loi nhiu, mc nhim kim loi nng cao, th khng th s dng lm thc n. Cc hp h hng do cc nh hng c l, th v cht lng sn phm c th khng gim. Nhng khng c gi tr hay km gi tr thng phm. C th thay bao b khc, tin hnh nu li, c th x l ch bin thnh cc sn phm ph. TI LIU THAM KHO Nguyn l sn xut hp thc phm, Nguyn Trng Cn Nguyn L H, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, 2009. 1. Gio trnh cng ngh ch bin thy sn sc sn, Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TPHCM, 2008. 2. Gio trnh cng ngh ch bin thc phm ng hp, L M Hng, Trng i Hc Cn Th, 2005. 3. Mt s trang web tham kho: www.uga.edu http://www.nybeef.org/handlingandstorage.aspx Barneys Beef Stew, Food Processors Institute 2002 http://www.giavithienthanh.com/Products.aspx?ProductPK=13&Group=1