LẬP TRÌNH C TRÊN WINDOWS

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LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS
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Chng 1 TNG QUAN LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

1.1. M U
lp trnh trn Microsoft Windows, chng ta cn nm c cc c im c bn nht ca h iu hnh ny. Chng ny s gii thiu khi qut cc c im h iu hnh Microsoft Windows, cc vn lin quan n lp trnh bng ngn ng C, ng thi a ra mt chng trnh mu lm sn cho cc chng trnh c vit sau ny. Trong phn u, chng ta tm hiu s lc lch s pht trin ca h iu hnh Microsoft Windows v nhng c im nn tng ca Windows. Phn tip theo s trnh by nhng khi nim v yu cu cn bn ca vic lp trnh C trn Windows. Ngoi ra, phn ny cng gii thiu cc c ch v cc cng c m h iu hnh cung cp cho ngi lp trnh hay ngi pht trin cc ng dng trn Windows. Cui chng l phn xy dng mt chng trnh n gin nht trn Windows. Chng trnh ny c xem nh l khun mu ca mt chng trnh ng dng in hnh, v hu ht cc on chng trnh c vit minh ha trong sch u ly chng trnh ny lm khung sn pht trin cho ph hp vi tng yu cu. Thm vo , mt s kiu d liu mi c nh ngha trn Windows v nhng qui c v cch t tn bin cng c gii thiu trong phn ny. Phn chi tit v chuyn su hn ca vic lp trnh bng ngn ng C trn mi trng Windows s c trnh by trong cc chng tip theo.
1.2. H IU HNH MICROSOFT WINDOWS 1.2.1. Gii thiu

Gia thp nin 80, cng ty phn mm my tnh Microsoft cng b phin bn u tin ca dng h iu hnh Windows l Microsoft Windows 1.0. y l h iu hnh dng giao din ha khc vi giao din k t (text hay console) ca MS-DOS. Tuy nhin phi n phin bn th hai (Windows 2.0 - thng 11 nm 1987) th mi c bc ci tin ng k, l s m rng giao tip gia bn phm v thit b chut v giao din ha (GUI-Graphic User Interface) nh trnh n (menu) v hp thoi (dialog). Trong phin bn ny Windows ch yu cu b vi x l Intel 8086 hay 8088 chy real-mode truy xut 1 megabyte b nh. Thng 5 nm 1990, Microsoft cng b phin bn tip theo l Windows 3.0. S thay i ln trong phin bn ny l Windows 3.0 h tr protected-mode 16 bit ca cc b vi x l 286, 386, v 486 ca Intel. S thay i ny cho php cc ng dng trn Windows truy xut 16 megabyte b nh. Tip bc vi s pht trin l phin bn Windows 3.1 ra i nm 1992, Microsoft a cng ngh Font TrueType, m nhc (multimedia), lin kt v nhng i tng (OLE- Object Linking and Embedding), v a ra cc hp thoi chung c chun ha.
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Trong s pht trin mnh m ca nhng thp nin 90, Microsoft cng b tip dng h iu hnh Windows vi ng dng cng ngh mi (1993). H iu hnh ny ly tn l Windows NT (Windows New Technology), y l phin bn h iu hnh u tin ca Windows h tr 32 bit cho b x l 386, 486 v Pentium. Trong h iu hnh ny th cc ng dng phi truy xut b nh vi a ch l 32-bit v cc tp lnh hay ch th 32-bit. Ngoi ra Windows NT cng c thit k chy cc b vi x l (CPU) khc ngoi Intel v c th chy trn cc my trm (workstation). H iu hnh Windows 95 c cng b nm 1995 cng l mt h iu hnh 32-bit cho Intel 386 tr v sau. Tuy thiu tnh bo mt nh Windows NT v vic thch nghi vi my trm cng ngh RISC, nhng b li h iu hnh ny yu cu phn cng khng cao. Song song vi s pht trin phn mm th cng ngh phn cng cng pht trin khng km. tn dng sc mnh ca phn cng th cc th h Windows tip theo ngy cng hon thin hn. Nh Windows 98 pht trin t Window 95 v c nhiu ci thin nh hiu nng lm vic, h tr cc thit b phn cng tt hn, v cui cng l vic tch hp cht ch vi Internet v Word Wide Web. Windows 2000 l h iu hnh c xem l n nh v tt ca dng Windows, phin bn ny tng cng cc tnh nng bo mt thch hp trong mi trng mng v giao din p.
1.2.2. c im chung ca h iu hnh Microsoft Windows

Windows l mt h iu hnh s dng giao tip ngi dng ha (GUI), hay cn gi l h iu hnh trc quan (Visual interface). GUI s dng ha da trn mn hnh nh nh phn (Bitmapped video display). Do tn dng c ti nguyn thc ca mn hnh, v cung cp mt mi trng giu tnh trc quan v sinh ng. Windows khng n iu nh MS-DOS (hay mt s h iu hnh giao din console) m mn hnh c s dng ch th hin chui k t, do ngi dng g t bn phm (keyboard) hay xut thng tin dng vn bn. Trong giao din ngi dng ha, mn hnh giao tip vi ngi s dng a dng hn, ngi dng c th nhp d liu thng qua chut bng cch nhn vo cc nt nhn (button) cc hp chn (combo box)thit b by gi c nhp, c th l bn phm v thit b chut (mouse device). Thit b chut l mt thit b nh v trn mn hnh, s dng thit b chut ngi dng c th nhp d liu mt cch trc quan bng cch kch hot mt nt lnh, hay lm vic vi cc i tng ha lin quan n ta trn mn hnh. giao tip trong mi trng ha, Windows a ra mt s cc thnh phn gi l cc iu khin chung (common control), cc iu khin chung l cc i tng c a vo trong hp thoi giao tip vi ngi dng. Bao gm : hp vn bn (text box), nt nhn (button), nt chn (check box), hp danh sch (list box), hp chn (combo box) Tht ra mt ng dng trn Windows khng phi l qu phc tp v chng c hnh thc chung. Chng trnh ng dng thung chim mt phm vi hnh ch nht trn mn hnh gi l mt ca s. Trn cng ca mi ca s l thanh tiu (title bar). Cc chc nng ca chng trnh th c lit k trong thc n la chn ca chng trnh (menu) , hay xut hin di dng trc quan hn l cc thanh cng c (toolbar). Cc thanh cng c ny cha cc chc nng c s dng thng xuyn trong thc n gim thi gian cho ngi dng phi m thc n v Trang 3
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chn. Thng thng khi cn ly thng tin hay cung cp thng tin cho ngi dng th mt ng dng s a ra mt hp thoi, trong hp thoi ny s cha cc iu khin chung giao tip vi ngi dng. Windows cng ra to mt s cc hp thoi chun nh Open Files, v mt s hp thoi tng t nh nhau. Windows l mt h iu hnh a nhim, ty thuc vo b nh m ta c th chy nhiu ng dng cng mt lc, v cng c th ng thi chuyn qua li gia cc ng dng v thc thi chng. Trong cc phin bn ca Windows 98 v NT tr v sau, cc chng trnh ng dng t bn thn chng chia thnh nhiu tiu trnh (thread) x l v vi tc x l nhanh to cm gic nhng chng trnh ng dng ny chy ng thi vi nhau. Trong Windows, chng trnh ng dng khi thc thi c chia s nhng th tc m Windows cung cp sn, cc tp tin cung cp nhng th tc trn c gi l th vin lin kt ng (Dynamic Link Libraries - DLL). Windows c c ch lin kt nhng chng trnh ng dng vi cc th tc c cung cp trong th vin lin kt ng. Kh nng tng thch ca Windows cng rt cao. Cc chng trnh ng dng c vit cho Windows khng truy xut trc tip phn cng ca nhng thit b ho nh mn hnh v my in. M thay vo , h iu hnh cung cp mt ngn ng lp trnh ha (gi l Giao tip thit b ho - Graphic Device Interface - GDI) cho php hin th nhng i tng ha mt cch d dng. Nh vy mt ng dng vit cho Windows s chy vi bt c thit b mn hnh no hay bt k my in, min l ci t trnh iu khin thit b h tr cho Windows. Chng trnh ng dng khng quan tm n kiu thit b kt ni vi h thng. Nh gii thiu phn trn khi nim lin kt ng l thnh phn quan trng ca Windows, n c xem nh l ht nhn ca h iu hnh, v bn thn ca Windows l cc tp th vin lin kt ng. Windows cung cp rt nhiu hm cho nhng chng trnh ng dng ci t giao din ngi dng v hin th vn bn hay ha trn mn hnh. Nhng hm ny c ci t trong th vin lin kt ng hay cn gi l DLL. l cc tp tin c dng phn m rng l *.DLL hay *.EXE, hu ht c cha trong th mc \Windows\System, \Windows\system32 ca Windows 98 v cc th mc \WinNT\System, \WinNT\System32 ca Windows NT. Trong cc phin bn sau ny, h thng lin kt ng c to ra rt nhiu, tuy nhin, hu ht cc hm c gi trong th vin ny phn thnh 3 n v sau: Kernel, User, v GDI. Kernel cung cp cc hm v th tc m mt ht nhn h iu hnh truyn thng qun l, nh qun l b nh, xut nhp tp tin v tc v. Th vin ny c ci t trong tp tin KRNL386.EXE 16 bit v KERNEL32.DLL 32 bit. User qun l giao din ngi dng, ci t tt c khung ca s mc lun l. Th vin User c ci t trong tp tin USER.EXE 16 bit v USER32.DLL 32 bit. GDI cung cp ton b giao din thit b ho (Graphics Device Interface), cho php chng trnh ng dng hin th vn bn v ho trn cc thit b xut phn cng nh mn hnh v my in.
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Trong Windows 98, th vin lin kt ng cha khong vi ngn hm, mi hm c tn c t, v d CreateWindow, hm ny dng to mt ca s cho ng dng. Khi s dng cc hm m Windows cung cp cho th cc ng dng phi khai bo trong cc tp tin tiu .h hay .hpp (header file). Trong mt chng trnh Windows, c s khc bit khi ta gi mt hm ca th vin C v mt hm ca Windows hay th vin lin kt ng cung cp. l khi bin dch m my, cc hm th vin C s c lin kt thnh m chng trnh. Trong khi cc hm Windows s c gi khi chng trnh cn dng n ch khng lin kt vo chng trnh. thc hin c cc li gi ny th mt chng trnh Windows *.EXE lun cha mt tham chiu n th vin lin kt ng khc m n cn dng. Khi , mt chng trnh Windows c np vo b nh s to con tr tham chiu n nhng hm th vin DLL m chng trnh dng, nu th vin ny cha c np vo b nh trc th by gi s c np.
1.3. LP TRNH TRN MICROSOFT WINDOWS 1.3.1. c im chung

Windows l h iu hnh ha trc quan, do d cc ti nguyn ca h thng cung cp rt a dng i hi ngi lp trnh phi nghin cu rt nhiu pht hay ht sc mnh ca h iu hnh. Theo nh nhng mc ch tip cn ca cc nh lp trnh th cc ng dng trn Windows phi ht sc thn thin vi ngi dng thng qua giao din ha sn c ca Windows. V l thuyt th mt ngi dng lm vic c vi mt ng dng ca Windows th c th lm vic c vi nhng ng dng khc. Nhng trong thc t s dng mt ng dng cho t hiu qu cao trong Windows th cn phi c mt s hun luyn tr gip hay ti thiu th phi cho bit chng trnh ng dng lm vic nh th no. a s cc ng dng trong Windows u c chung mt giao din tng tc vi ngi dng ging nhau. V d nh cc ng dng trong Windows a s u c thanh thc n cha cc mc nh : File, Edit, Tool, Help V trong hp thoi th thng cha cc phn t iu khin chung nh : Edit Control, Button Control, Checkbox.
1.3.2. S khc bit vi lp trnh trn MS-DOS

Khi mi bc vo lp trnh trn Windows a s ngi hc rt l lm, nht l nhng ngi tng lm vic vi MS-DOS. Do MS-DOS l h iu hnh n nhim v giao tip qua giao din console. Nn khi vit chng trnh khng phc tp. Cn i vi Windows ngi lp trnh s lm vic vi b cng c lp trnh ha a dng cng vi cch x l a nhim, a lung ca Windows. V vy vic lp trnh trn Windows s gip cho ngi lp trnh nhm chn vi giao din console ca MS-DOS. Vic c gng pht huy cc sc mnh ti nguyn ca Windows s lm cho nhng ng dng cng mnh m, a dng, thn thin, v d s dng.
1.3.3. Mt s yu cu i vi ngi lp trnh

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iu trc tin ca ngi hc lp trnh C trn Windows l phi bit lp trnh C, sch ny khng c tham vng hng dn ngi hc c th thng tho lp trnh C trn Windows m cha qua mt lp hun luyn C no. Tuy nhin, khng nht thit phi hon ton thng tho C mi hc c lp trnh Windows. c th lp trnh trn nn Windows ngoi yu cu v vic s dng cng c lp trnh, ngi hc cn cn phi c cn bn v Windows, ti thiu th cng dng qua mt s ng dng trong Windows. Tht s yu cu ny khng qu kh khn i vi ngi hc v hin ti hu nh Windows qu quen thuc vi mi ngi, nhng ngi m s dng my tnh. Ngoi nhng yu cu trn, i khi ngi lp trnh trn Windows cng cn c khiu thm m, v cch trnh by cc hnh nh, cc iu khin trn cc hp thoi tt th s lm cho ng dng cng tin li, r rng, v thn thin vi ngi dng.
1.3.4. B cng c giao din lp trnh ng dng API

H iu hnh Windows cung cp hng trm hm cho nhng ng dng c th s dng truy cp cc ti nguyn trong h thng. Nhng hm ny c gi l giao din lp trnh ng dng API (Application Programming Interface). Nhng hm trn c cha trong cc th vin lin kt ng DLL ca h thng. Nh c cu trc ng ny mi ng dng u c th truy cp n cc hm . Khi bin dch chng trnh, n on m gi hm API th chng trnh dch khng thm m hm ny vo m thc thi m ch thm tn DLL cha hm v tn ca chnh hm . Do m cc hm API thc t khng c s dng khi xy dng chng trnh, v n ch c thm vo khi chng trnh c np vo b nh thc thi. Trong API c mt s hm c chc nng duy tr s c lp thit b ha, v cc hm ny gi l giao din thit b ha GDI (Graphics Device Interface). Do s c lp thit b nn cc hm GDI cho php cc ng dng c th lm vic tt vi nhiu kiu thit b ha khc nhau.
1.3.5. C ch thng ip
Khng ging nh cc ng dng chy trn MS-DOS, cc ng dng Win32 th x l theo cc s kin (event - driven), theo c ch ny cc ng dng khi c vit s lin tc ch cho h iu hnh truyn cc d liu nhp vo. H thng s m nhim vic truyn tt c cc d liu nhp ca ng dng vo cc ca s khc nhau ca ng dng . Mi mt ca s s c ring mt hm gi l hm x l ca s thng c t tn l WndProc, h thng s gi hm ny khi c bt c d liu nhp no c truyn n ca s, hm ny s x l cc d liu nhp v tr quyn iu khin v cho h thng. H thng truyn cc d liu nhp vo th tc x l ca ca s thng qua mt hnh thc gi l thng ip (message). Thng ip ny c pht sinh t ng dng v h thng. H thng s pht sinh mt thng ip khi c mt s kin nhp vo (input even), v d nh khi ngi dng nhn mt phm, di chuyn thit b chut, hay kch vo cc iu khin (control) nh thanh cun, Ngoi ra h thng cng pht sinh ra thng ip phn ng li mt s thay i ca h thng do mt ng dng mang n, iu ny xy ra khi ng dng lm cn kit ti nguyn hay ng dng t thay i kch thc ca ca s.
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Mt ng dng c th pht sinh ra thng ip khi cn yu cu cc ca s ca n thc hin mt nhim v no hay dng thng tin gia cc ca s. H thng gi thng ip vo th tc x l ca s vi bn tham s: nh danh ca ca s, nh danh ca thng ip, v hai tham s cn li c gi l tham s ca thng ip (message parameters). nh danh ca ca s xc nh ca s m thng ip c ch nh. H thng s dng nh danh ny xc nh cn phi gi thng ip n th tc x l ca ca s. nh danh thng ip l mt hng s th hin mc ch ca thng ip. Khi th tc x l ca s nhn thng ip th n s dng nh danh ny bit hnh thc cn thc hin. V d, khi mt thng ip c truyn n th tc ca s c nh danh l WM_PAINT th c ngha rng ca s vng lm vic thay i v cn phi v li vng ny. Tham s thng ip lu gi tr hay v tr ca d liu, c dng bi th tc ca s khi x l thng ip. Tham s ny ph thuc vo loi thng ip c truyn n, n c th l s nguyn, mt tp cc bit dng lm c hiu, hay mt con tr n mt cu trc d liu no , Khi mt thng ip khng cn dng n tham s th h thng s thit lp cc tham s ny c gi tr NULL. Mt th tc ca s phi kim tra xem vi loi thng ip no cn dng tham s quyt nh cch s dng cc tham s ny. C hai loi thng ip : Thng ip c nh ngha bi h thng (system-defined messages) : Dng thng ip ny c h thng nh ngha cho cc ca s, cc iu khin, v cc ti nguyn khc trong h thng. Thng c bt u vi cc tin t sau : WM_xxx, LB_xxx, CB_xxx, Thng ip c nh ngha bi ng dng (application-defined message) : Mt ng dng c th to ring cc thng ip s dng bi nhng ca s ca n hay truyn thng tin gia cc ca s trong ng dng. Nu mt ng dng nh ngha cc thng ip ring th th tc ca s nhn c thng ip ny phi cung cp cc hm x l tng ng. i vi thng ip h thng, th c cung cp gi tr nh danh t 0x0000 n 0x03FF, nhng ng dng khng c nh ngha thng ip c gi tr trong khong ny. Thng ip c ng dng nh ngha c gi tr nh danh t 0x0400 n 0x7FFF. L trnh ca thng ip t lc gi i n lc x l c hai dng sau: Thng ip c gi vo hng i thng ip ch x l (queue message): bao gm cc kiu thng ip c pht sinh t bn phm, chut nh thng ip : WM_MOUSEMOVE, WM_LBUTTONDOWN, WM_KEYDOWN, v WM_CHAR.
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Thng ip c gi trc tip n th tc x l khng qua hng i (nonqueue message), bao gm cc thng ip thi gian, thng ip v, v thng ip thot nh WM_TIMER, WM_PAINT, v WM_QUIT. X l thng ip : Mt ng dng phi xa v x l nhng thng ip c gi ti hng i ca ng dng . i vi mt ng dng n tiu trnh th s dng mt vng lp thng ip (message loop) trong hm WinMain nhn thng ip t hng i v gi ti th tc x l ca s tng ng. Vi nhng ng dng nhiu tiu trnh th mi mt tiu trnh c to ca s th s c mt vng lp thng ip x l thng ip ca nhng ca s trong tiu trnh .
1.4. CCH VIT MT NG DNG TRN MICROSOFT WINDOWS 1.4.1. Cc thnh phn c bn to nn mt ng dng
1.4.1.1. Ca s Trong mt ng dng ha 32-bit, ca s (window) l mt vng hnh ch nht trn mn hnh, ni m ng dng c th hin th thng tin ra v nhn thng tin vo t ngi s dng. Do vy, nhim v u tin ca mt ng dng ha 32-bit l to mt ca s. Mt ca s s chia s mn hnh vi cc ca s khc trong cng mt ng dng hay cc ng dng khc. Ch mt ca s trong mt thi im nhn c thng tin nhp t ngi dng. Ngi s dng c th dng bn phm, thit b chut hay cc thit b nhp liu khc tng tc vi ca s v ng dng. Tt c cc ca s u c to t mt cu trc c cung cp sn gi l lp ca s (window class). Cu trc ny l mt tp m t cc thuc tnh m h thng dng nh khun mu to nn cc ca s. Mi mt ca s phi l thnh vin ca mt lp ca s. Tt c cc lp ca s ny u c x l ring bit. 1.4.1.2. Hp thoi v cc iu khin Hp thoi (Dialog) dng tng tc vi ngi dng trong mt chng trnh ng dng. Mt hp thoi thng cha nhiu cc u khin nh nhp vn bn (edit text), nt bm (button), ghi ch (static control), hp danh sch (list box) Nt bm (button): gm c Push Button dng kch hot mt thao tc, Check Box dng chn mt trong hai trng thi (TRUE hay FALSE), Radio Button cng ging nh Check Box nhng mt nhm cc Radio Button phi c chn loi tr nhau. Ch thch (static): dng cha cc ghi ch trong hp thoi, ngoi ra ni dung c th thay i trong qu trnh s dng hp thoi. Hp lit k (list box): Chn mt hay nhiu d liu c lit k trong danh sch, nu hp cha nhiu dng v hp khng hin th ht cc mu thng tin th phi km theo mt thanh cun (scroll bar). nhp vn bn (edit text): Dng nhp vn bn, nu c nhiu dng th thng km theo thanh cun.
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Thanh cun (scroll bar): ngoi vic dng km vi list box hay edit box th thanh cun cn c th s dng c lp nhm to cc thc o Thc n (menu): l mt danh sch cha cc thao tc vi mt nh danh m ngi dng c th chn. Hu ht cc ng dng c ca s th khng th thiu thc n. Thanh cng c (toolbar): y l mt dng menu nhng ch cha cc thao tc cn thit di dng cc biu tng c trng. Ngoi ra cn rt nhiu cc iu khin m cc cng c lp trnh cung cp cho ngi lp trnh hay t h to ra da trn nhng thnh phn c cung cp sn. 1.4.1.3. ng dng in hnh trn Windows 1.4.1.4. Cc kiu tp tin xy dng mt ng dng trn Windows Chng trnh ngun Tng t nh cc chng trnh C chun, bao gm cc tp tin tiu (header) cha trong tp tin *.h, *.hpp. Cn m ngun (source code) cha trong tp tin *.c hay *.cpp. Tp tin nh ngha Tp tin ny c phn m rng l *.def, dng nh ngha cc iu khin do chng trnh to ra khi vit ng dng to DLL, ngoi ra cn dng khai bo vng nh heap khi chy chng trnh. Lc trc do vn tng thch vi Windows 3.1 nn tp tin ny thng c dng, cn ngy nay chng t c dng n. Cc file cha ti nguyn ca ng dng Cc file *.ico l cc biu tng (icon) c dng trong chng trnh. Thng thng cc cng c lp trnh trn Windows u c cc tool to cc nh ny. Con tr chut ca ng dng c th c v li di dng cc biu tng v lu trn a vi dng file *.cur. Cc file dng nh bitmap dng minh ha c lu dng file *.bmp. Tp tin ti nguyn *.rc l phn khai bo cc ti nguyn nh thc n, hp thoi, v cc nh danh ch n cc tp tin dng *.ico, *.cur, *.bmp,... 1.4.1.5. Cc kiu d liu mi Cc kiu d liu trn Windows thng c nh ngha nh ton t typedef trong tp tin windows.h hay cc tp tin khc. Thng thng cc tp tin nh ngha ny do Microsoft vit ra hoc cc cng ty vit trnh bin dch C to ra, nht thit n phi tng thch vi h iu hnh Windows 98, hay NT da trn kin trc 32-bit. Mt vi kiu d liu mi c tn vit tt rt d hiu nh UINT l mt d liu thng c dng m n gin l kiu unsigned int, trong Windows 9x kiu ny c kch thc l 32-bit. i vi kiu chui th c kiu PSTR kiu ny l mt con tr n mt chui tng t nh char*.
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Tuy nhin, cng c mt s kiu c khi bo tn thiu r rng nh WPARAM v LPARAM. Tn ny c t v c ngun ngc lch s su xa. Khi cn h iu hnh Windows 16-bit th tham s th 3 ca hm WndProc c khai bo l kiu WORD, vi kch thc 16-bit , cn tham s th 4 c kiu LONG l 32-bit. y l l do ngi ta thm tin t "W", "L" vo t "PARAM". Tuy nhin, trong phin bn Windows 32-bit, th WPARAM c nh ngha nh l UINT v LPARAM th c nh ngha nh mt kiu LONG, do c hai tham s ny u c gi tr l 32-bit. iu ny l mt s nhm ln v WORD vn l gi tr 16-bit trong Window 98. Trong th tc x l ca s WndProc gi tr tr v l kiu LRESULT. Kiu ny n gin c nh ngha nh l kiu LONG. Ngoi ra, c mt kiu thng xuyn dng l kiu HANDLE l mt s nguyn 32-bit c s dng nh mt kiu nh danh. C nhiu kiu nh danh nhng nht thit tt c phi c cng kch thc vi HANDLE. Bng sau m t mt s kiu d liu mi: Ki u HA NDLE HW ND BY TE WO RD DW ORD UI NT LO NG BO OL LPS TR LP Hng con tr chui. Con tr chui. Bool. long 32-bit. S nguyn khng du 32-bit. S nguyn 32-bit khng du. S nguyn 16-bit khng du. Gi tr 8-bit khng du. S nguyn 32-bit, nh danh. S nguyn 32-bit, nh danh. ngha
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NGN NG LP TRNH CSTR WP ARAM LP ARAM BS TR LP VOID LP TSTR LP CTSTR DBCS. 32-bit. 32-bit. Gi tr 32-bit tr n k t.
Con tr 32-bit n mt kiu khng xc nh. Ging nh LPSTR nhng c th chuyn sang dng Unicode v Ging nh LPCTSTR nhng c th chuyn sang dng Unicode v DBCS.
Bng 1.1 M t cc kiu d liu mi
1.4.2. Khun mu chung to mt ng dng

Mt ng dng n gin nht ca Windows bao gm c hai hm l WinMain v x l ca s WinProc. Do hai hm ny l quan trng v khng th thiu trong cc ng dng Windows. Hm WinMain thc hin cc chc nng sau : nh ngha lp ca s ng dng. ng k lp ca s va nh ngha. To ra th hin ca s ca lp cho. Hin th ca s. Khi ng chu trnh x l thng ip.
Hm x l WinProc c chc nng x l tt c cc thng ip c lin quan n ca s.
1.4.3. Hm WinMain
Hm chnh ca mt ng dng chy trn Windows l hm WinMain, c khai bo nh sau: int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow); Trang 11
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Chng ta s tm hiu mt hm WinMain mu sau y. int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow) { static TCHAR szAppName[] = TEXT("HelloWin"); // tn ng dng HWND hwnd; MSG msg; WNDCLASS wndclass; // bin nh ngha mt ca s /* nh ngha kiu ca s */ wndclass.style = SC_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW; wndclass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc; // Hm th tc ca s wndclass.cbClsExtra = 0; wndclass.cbWndExtra = 0; wndclass.hInstance = hInstance; // nh danh ng dng wndclass.hIcon = LoadIcon (NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); wndclass.hCursor = LoadCusor (NULL, IDC_ARROW); wndclass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH); wndclass.lpszMenuName = NULL; // Khng c menu wndclass.lpszClassName = szAppName; // tn ng dng /* ng k lp ca s */ if (!RegisterClass(&wndclass)) return 0; /* To lp ca s */ hwnd = CreateWindow (szAppName, // Tn ca s "Hello Program", // Tiu
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NGN NG LP TRNH WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, // Kiu ca s CW_USEDEFAULT, // Ta x CW_USEDEFAULT, // Ta y CW_USEDEFAULT, // Chiu rng CW_USEDEFAULT, // Chiu di NULL, // Ca s cha NULL, // Khng c menu hInstacne, // nh danh ng dng NULL); // Tham s b sung /* Hin th ca s */ ShowWindow (hwnd, iCmdShow); UpdateWindow (hwnd); /* Chu trnh x l cc thng ip*/ while (GetMessage (&msg, NULL, 0, 0)) { TranslateMessage (&msg); DispatchMessage (&msg); } return msg.wParam; } nh ngha mt lp ca s :
u tin ca vic xy dng mt ng dng Windows l phi nh ngha mt lp ca s cho ng dng. Windows cung cp mt cu trc WNDCLASS gi l lp ca s, lp ny cha nhng thuc tnh to thnh mt ca s. typedef struct _WNDCLASS Trang 13
NGN NG LP TRNH { UINT style; WNDPROC lpfnWndProc; int cbClsExtra; HINSTANCE hInstance; HICON hIcon; HCURSOR hCursor; HBRUSH hbrBackground; LPCSTR lpszMenuName; LPCSTR lpszClassName; } WNDCLASS, *PWNDCLASS;
ngha thuc tnh ca cu trc WNDCLASS c m t trong bng sau : Thuc tnh style lpfnWndProc cbClsExtra cbWndExtra hInstance hIcon hCursor hbrBackground lpszMenuName ngha Kiu lp Con tr n th tc window S byte c cp pht thm sau cu trc window-class S byte c cp pht thm sau mt instance ca window nh danh cha th tc ca s ca lp window nh danh ca biu tng nh danh ca con tr chut nh danh ca chi t nn Tn thc n Dng hm LoadIcon Dng hm LoadCursor Dng hm GetStockObject Tn thc n gn vi ca s, thc dn ny c khai bo trong tp tin ti Mc nh Mc nh ghi ch Kt hp nhiu kiu gi tr khc nhau bng ton t OR.
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NGN NG LP TRNH
LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS nguyn.
lpszClassName
Tn lp
Bng 1.2 M t thuc tnh ca lp ca s
ng k lp ca s : Sau khi nh ngha mt lp ca s, phi ng k lp ca s bng hm RegisterClass : ATOM RegisterClass( CONST WNDCLASS * lpWndClass ); To ca s : Lp ca s nh ngha nhng c tnh chung ca ca s, cho php to ra nhiu ca s da trn mt lp. Khi to ra mt ca s ca hm CreateWindow, ta ch nh cc c tnh ring ca ca s ny, v phn bit n vi cc ca s khc to ra cng mt lp. Khai bo hm to ca s : HWND CreateWindow( LPCSTR lpClassName, // Tn lp ca s ng k LPCSTR lpwindowName, // Tn ca ca s DWORD dwStyle, // Kiu ca ca s int x, // V tr ngang ban u int y, // V tr dc ban u int nWidth, // rng ban u int nHeight, // cao ban u HWND hWndParent, // nh danh ca ca s cha MENU hMenu, // nh dang ca thc n INSTANCE hInstance, // nh danh th hin ng dng PVOID lpParam // Cc tham s ban u ); Hin th ca s : Trang 15
NGN NG LP TRNH
Sau khi gi hm CreateWindow, mt ca s c to ra bn trong Windows, iu ny c ngha l Windows cp pht mt vng nh lu gi tt c cc thng tin v ca s c ch nh trong hm CreateWindow. Nhng thng s ny s c Windows tm li khi cn thit da vo nh danh m hm to ca s tr v. Tuy nhin, lc ny ca s cha xut hin trn mn hnh Windows, xut hin cn phi gi hm ShowWindow. Hm ShowWindow c khai bo nh sau: BOOL ShowWindow( HWND hWnd, // nh danh ca ca s cn th hin int nCmdShow // Trng thi hin th ); Mt s trng thi ca tham s nCmdShow: SW_HIDE : n ca s. SW_MAXIMIZE : Phng ca s ra ton b mn hnh. SW_MINIMIZE : thu nh thnh biu tng trn mn hnh. SW_RESTORE : Hin th di dng chun.
1.4.4. Hm x l ca s WndProc
Mt chng trnh Windows c th cha nhiu hn mt hm x l ca s. Mt hm x l ca s lun kt hp vi mt lp ca s c th. Hm x l ca s thng c t tn WndProc. Hm WndProc c chc nng giao tip vi bn ngoi, tc l vi Windows, ton b cc thng ip gi n ca s iu c x l qua hm ny. Hm ny thng c khai bo nh sau : LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc ( HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM ); Trong tham s u tin l nh danh ca ca s, tham s th 2 l nh danh thng ip, v cui cng l 2 tham s WPARAM v LPARAM b sung thng tin km theo thng ip. Chng ta s tm hiu mt hm x l ca s WndProc sau:
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
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NGN NG LP TRNH
HDC hdc; PAINTSTRUCT ps; RECT rect; /*X l cc thng ip cn thit vi ng dng*/ switch (msg) { case WM_CREATE: /*Vit on m khi to ca s*/ return 0; case WM_PAINT: /*Vit on m khi t v li ca s*/ hdc = BeginPaint ( hwnd, &ps); GetClientRect (hwnd, &rect); DrawText(hdc, "Hello", -1, &rect, DT_SINGLELINE| DT_CENTER| DT_VCENTER); EndPaint ( hwnd, &ps); return 0; case WM_SIZE: /*Vit on m khi kch thc ca s thay i*/ return 0; case WM_DESTROY: /*Ca s b ng*/ PostQuitMessage (0); return 0; }
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return DefWindowProc ( hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam); }
Thng thng chng ta ch chn x l cc thng ip cn thit c lin quan n chc nng ca ng dng. Cc thng ip khc th giao cho hm x l mc nh lm vic (hm DefWindowProc).
1.4.5. X l thng ip
Sau khi ca s c hin th trn mn hnh, th chng trnh phi c cc thng tin nhp ca ngi dng t bn phm hay thit b chut. Windows s duy tr mt hng i thng ip cho mi chng trnh chy trn n. Khi mt s kin nhp thng tin xut hin, Windows s dch s kin ny thnh dng thng ip v a n vo hng i thng ip ca ng dng tng ng. Mt ng dng nhn cc thng ip t hng i thng ip bng cch thc thi mt on m sau:
while ( GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0 ,0) ) { TranslateMessage (&msg); DispatchMessage (&msg); }
Trong msg l mt bin cu trc kiu MSG c nh ngha trong tp tin tiu WINUSER.H. typedef struct tagMSG { HWND hwnd; UINT message; WPARAM wParam; LPARAM lParam; DWORD time; POINT pt; } MSG, *PMSG; Trang 18
NGN NG LP TRNH
Kiu d liu POINT l mt kiu cu trc khc, c nh ngha trong tp tin tiu WINDEF.H, v c m t : typedef struct tagPOINT { LONG x; LONG y; } POINT, *PPOINT; ngha ca cc trng trong cu trc MSG hwnd : nh danh ca ca s m thng ip pht sinh. message : nh danh ca thng ip, v d nh thng ip pht sinh khi bm nt chut tri l WM_LBUTTONDOWN c gi tr 0x0201. wParam : Tham s 32-bit cha cc thng tin ph thuc vo tng thng ip c th. lParam : Tham s 32-bit ph thuc vo thng ip. time : Thi gian t thng ip trong hng i. pt : Ta ca chut khi t thng ip vo hng i Hm GetMessage s tr v 0 nu msg cha thng ip c nh danh WM_QUIT (0x0012), khi vng lp thng ip ngng v ng dng kt thc. Ngc li th hm s tr v mt gi tr khc 0 vi cc thng ip khc.
1.4.6. Xy dng mt ng dng u tin

Mt ng dng thng c giao din nn tng l mt khung ca s, to c ca s ny chng ta thc hin bng cch khai bo mt lp ca s v ng k lp ca s . ca s tng tc c th chng ta phi vit hm x l ca s WndProc khi tt c cc thng ip lin quan n ca s s c truyn vo cho hm ny. on chng trnh sau l khung sn cho cc chng trnh vit trn Windows, bao gm 2 hm chnh l : WinMain : hm chnh ca chng trnh thc hin cc chc nng : Khai bo lp ca s. ng k lp ca s va khai bo. To v hin th lp ca s trn. Vng lp nhn thng ip.
WndProc : Hm x l thng ip gi n ca s.
/* HELLOWORLD.C */
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#include <windows.h>
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc ( HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM ); int WINAPI WinMain (HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow ) { static TCHAR szAppName [] = TEXT ("HelloWorld"); HWND hwnd; MSG msg; WNDCLASS wndclass; wndclass.style = CS_HREDRAW|CS_VREDRAW; wndclass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc; wndclass.cbClsExtra = 0; wndclass.cbWndExtra = 0; wndclass.hInstance = hInstance; wndclass.hIcon = LoadIcon ( NULL, IDI_APPLICATION ); wndclass.hCursor = LoadCursor ( NULL, IDC_ARROW ); wndclass.hbrBackground = ( HBRUSH ) GetStockObject ( WHITE_BRUSH ); wndclass.lpszMenuName = NULL; wndclass.lpszClassName = szAppName; if ( !RegisterClass ( &wndclass ) ) { MessageBox(NULL, TEXT (" The program requires Windows"), szAppName, MB_ICONERROR ); return 0; }
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NGN NG LP TRNH
hwnd = CreateWindow ( szAppName, // Tn lp ca s TEXT (" The Hello World Program"), // Tiu ca s WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, // Kiu ca s CW_USEDEFAULT, // Ta x CW_USEDEFAULT, // Ta y CW_USEDEFAULT, // Chiu ngang CW_USEDEFAULT, // Chiu dc NULL, // Ca s cha NULL, // Thc n hInstance, // nh danh NULL ); // Tham s ShowWindow ( hwnd, iCmdShow ); UpdateWindow ( hwnd ); while ( GetMessage ( &msg, NULL, 0, 0) ) { TranslateMessage (&msg); DispatchMessage (&msg) ; } return msg.wParam; } // End WinMain
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { HDC hdc; PAINTSTRUCT ps; RECT rect;
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NGN NG LP TRNH
switch ( msg ) { case WM_CREATE: return 0; case WM_PAINT: hdc = BeginPaint ( hwnd, &ps); GetClientRect ( hwnd, &rect ); DrawText( hdc, TEXT("Hello World"), -1, &rect, DT_SINGLELINE | DT_CENTER | DT_VCENTER ); EndPaint ( hwnd, &ps); return 0; case WM_DESTROY: PostQuitMessage (0); return 0; } // End switch
return DefWindowProc ( hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam); }
Bng di y lit k ngha ca cc hm c s dng trong 2 hm WinMain v WndProc ca chng trnh HELLOWORLD.C. Tn hm LoadIcon LoadCurso r GetStockO bject RegisterCla Nhn mt i tng ha, trong trng hp ca chng trnh th ly mt chi t t li nn ca ca s. ng k mt lp ca s cho ca s ng dng trong ngha Np mt biu tng s dng trong chng trnh. Nap mt con tr chut cho chng trnh.
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NGN NG LP TRNH ss MessageBo x CreateWin dow ShowWindo w UpdateWin dow GetMesssag e TranslateM essage DispatchMe ssage BeginPaint GetClientR ect DrawText EndPaint PostQuitMe ssage DefWindow Proc chng trnh. Hin th mt thng ip.
To mt ca s da trn mt lp ca s. Hin th ca s ln mn hnh. Yu cu ca s v li chnh bn thn n. Nhn mt thng ip t hng i thng ip. Dch thng ip bn phm. Gi thng ip n hm x l ca s. Khi to chc nng v ca ca s. Ly hnh ch nht lu vng lm vic. Hin th mt chui vn bn. Kt thc vic v ca s. a thng ip thot vo hng i thng ip. Thc hin vic x l mc nh cc thng ip.
Bng 1.3 M t cc hm c s dng trong chng trnh minh ha
1.4.7. Mt s qui c t tn bin

Khi vit mt chng trnh ng dng ln vi nhiu kiu khai bo bin khc nhau, nu vic khai bo cc tn bin khng thch hp s lm cho chng trnh phc tp thm, i khi lm kh ngay c ngi vit ra cc m ngun . V vy cc lp trnh vin thng qui c sao cho mt tn bin va gi c chc nng ca n va xc nh c kiu loi. C rt nhiu phong cch t tn, trong s th c phong cch t tn theo c php Hungary (Hungarian Notation) l c dng nhiu nht. Qui c rt n gin l bt u tn bin th vit ch thng v cc ch u th Trang 23
NGN NG LP TRNH
hin kiu d liu ca bin, v c gi l cc tin t. V d nh bin szCmdLine l mt bin lu chui nhp t dng lnh, sz l th hin cho bin kiu chui kt thc k t 0, ngoi ra ta hay thy hInstance v hPrevInstance, trong h vit tt cho kiu handle, kiu d liu nguyn thng c khai bo dng tin t l ch i. C php Hungary ny gip cho ngi lp trnh rt nhiu trong khu kim tra li ca chng trnh, v khi nhn vo hai bin ta c th d dng nhn bit c s khng tng thch gia hai kiu d liu th hin trong tn ca hai bin. Bng m t mt s tin t khi t tn bin ca cc kiu d liu : Tin t c by n i x,y b w l dw s sz h p Lpsz Kiu d liu char, WCHAR, TCHAR BYTE short int bin lu ta x, y BOOL WORD long DWORD string chui kt thc bi k t 0 handle pointer con tr di chui k t kt thc k t 0
Bng 1.4 M t kiu t tn bin
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Chng 2 HP THOI V THANH TRNH N

2.1. M U
Hp thoi (dialog) v thanh trnh n (menu) l cc thnh phn khng th thiu trong vic t chc giao tip gia ngi s dng v chng trnh. Hp thoi c xem nh l mt loi ca s c bit, l cng c mm do, linh hot a thng tin vo chng trnh mt cch d dng. Trong khi menu l cng c gip ngi dng thc hin cc thao tc n gin hn, thng qua cc nhm chc nng thng s dng.
2.2. HP THOI
Hp thoi phi hp gia ngi s dng vi chng trnh bng mt s phn t iu khin m cc phn t ny nhn nhim v thu nhn thng tin t ngi dng v cung cp thng tin n ngi dng khi ngi dng tc ng n cc phn t iu khin. Cc phn t iu khin ny nhn ca s cha l mt hp thoi. Cc phn t iu khin thng l cc Button, List Box, Combo Box, Check Box, Radio Button, Edit Box, Scroll Bar, Static. Tng t nh cc thng ip gi n th tc WndProc ca ca s chnh.Windows s gi cc thng ip x l hp thoi n th tc x l hp thoi DlgProc. Hai th tc WndProc v th Trang 25
NGN NG LP TRNH
tc DlgProc tuy cch lm vic ging nhau nhng gia chng c nhng im khc bit cn lu . Bn trong th tc x l hp thoi bn cn khi to cc phn t iu khin bn trong hp thoi bng thng ip WM_INITDIALOG, cui cng l ng hp thoi, cn th tc x l WndProc th khng c. C ba loi hp thoi c bn. Hp thoi trng thi (modal), hp thoi khng trng thi (modeless) v hp thoi thng dng (common dialog) m chng ta s cp c th trong cc phn di.
2.2.1. Hp thoi trng thi

Hp thoi trng thi (modal) l loi hp thoi thng dng trong cc ng dng ca chng ta. Khi hp thoi trng thi c hin th th bn khng th chuyn iu khin n cc ca s khc, iu ny c ngha bn phi ng hp thoi hin hnh trc khi mun chuyn iu khin n cc ca s khc. 2.2.1.1. Cch to hp thoi n gin Sau y l chng trnh to ra mt hp thoi n gin. Hp thoi c to ra c ni dung nh sau. Khi hp thoi hin ln c xut hin dng ch "HELLO WORLD", bn trn hp thoi c mt biu tng ca hp thoi l mt icon, v pha di hp thoi l mt nt bm (Button) c tn l OK, khi nhp chut vo nt OK th hp thoi "HELLO WORLD" c ng li.
Hnh 2.1 Hp thoi n gin
on code chng trnh nh sau (V d 2.1): DIALOG.CPP (trch dn)

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); BOOL CALLBACK DialogProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM) ; LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
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static HINSTANCE hInstance ; switch (message) { case WM_CREATE : hInstance = ((LPCREATESTRUCT) lParam)->hInstance ; return 0 ; case WM_COMMAND : switch (LOWORD (wParam)) { case IDC_SHOW : DialogBox (hInstance, TEXT ("DIALOG1"), hwnd, DialogProc) ; break; } return 0 ; case WM_DESTROY : PostQuitMessage (0) ; return 0 ; } return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, lParam) ; }
/*----------------------hm x l thng ip hp thoi-------------------------------*/ BOOL CALLBACK DialogProc (HWND hDlg, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { switch (message) {
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case WM_INITDIALOG : return TRUE ; case WM_COMMAND : switch (LOWORD (wParam)) { case IDOK : EndDialog (hDlg, 0) ; return TRUE ; } break ; } return FALSE ; }
DIALOG1.RC (trch dn)

/*---------------------------------------dialog--------------------------------------------*/ DIALOG1 DIALOG DISCARDABLE 40, 20, 164, 89 STYLE DS_MODALFRAME | WS_POPUP FONT 9, "MS Sans Serif" BEGIN DEFPUSHBUTTON "OK",IDOK,54,65,50,14 CTEXT "HELLO WORLD ",IDC_STATIC,53,38,72,10 ICON IDI_ICON1,IDC_STATIC,68,9,20,20 END /* -----------------------------------------Menu------------------------------------------*/ MENU1 MENU DISCARDABLE BEGIN
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POPUP "Dialog1" BEGIN MENUITEM "&Show", IDC_SHOW END END
2.2.1.2. Hp thoi v to mu template cho hp thoi Trong v d 2.1 trn, ta to hp thoi bng cch dng cc cu lnh cha trong file ti nguyn DIALOG1.RC. Cch lm ny gip ta hiu cu trc lnh ca Windows, tuy nhin cng c Visual C++ Developer Studio, ta c th thit lp mt hp thoi trc quan hn nh sau : Chn Insert t thc n Resource View thm mt hp thoi, mn hnh c th hin nh trong hnh 2.2. Miscrosoft s hin th hp thoi trc quan cng vi thanh cng c bn c th thm cc thnh phn iu khin vo hp thoi. Chng ta c th iu chnh cc thuc tnh ca hp thoi nh tn hp thoi, ID hp thoi, v tr hin th ca hp thoi trn ca s chnh, kch thc ch v kiu ch th hin trn hp thoi...vv bng cch nhn chut phi trn hp thoi th ca s Properties ca hp thoi c hin th (hnh 2.3).
Hnh 2.2 Thm mt Dialog trong Resource View
Hnh 2.3 Hp thoi Properties ca Dialog
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Trong ca s Properties ny chn tab Styles, b mc chn Title Bar v khng cn to tiu cho ca s. Sau ng ca s Properties ca hp thoi li. By gi bt u thit k din mo cho hp thoi. Xa nt Cancel v khng cn n nt ny. thm mt biu tng vo hp thoi ta nhn nt Picture ln thanh cng c v kch chut vo hp thoi ri ko khung ch nht theo kch thc mong mun. y l ni m biu tng c hin th. Nhn chut phi vo khung ch nht va to, chn Properties t trnh n xut hin v nguyn nh danh ca biu tng l IDC_STATIC. nh danh ny s c Windowns t khai bo trong file Resource.h vi gi tr -1. Gi tr -1 l gi tr ca tt c cc nh danh m chng trnh khng cn tham chiu n. Tip n l chn i tng Icon trong trong mc Type, ri g nh danh ca Icon cn thm vo trong mc Image. Nu to ra biu tng Icon trc th ch vic chn Icon t danh sch cc Icon trong mc Image. thm dng ch "HELLO WORLD" vo hp thoi, chn Static Text t bng cng c v t i tng vo hp thoi. Nhn chut phi hin th Properties ca Static Text, sau vo mc caption nh dng ch "HELLO WORD" vo y. Dch v chy chng trnh sau xem file DIALOG1.RC di dng text, ni dung hp thoi c Windows pht sinh nh sau : DIALOG1 DIALOG DISCARDABLE 40, 20, 164, 90 STYLE DS_MODALFRAME | WS_POPUP FONT 9, "MS Sans Serif" BEGIN DEFPUSHBUTTON "OK",IDOK,54,65,50,14 CTEXT "HELLO WORLD ",IDC_STATIC,53,38,72,10 ICON IDI_ICON1,IDC_STATIC,68,9,21,20 END Dng u tin l tn ca hp thoi "DIALOG1" k tip l t kha DIALOG, DISCARDABLE v tip sau l 4 s nguyn. Hai s nguyn u tin ch v tr dng, ct ca hp thoi s c hin th trn ca s chnh. Hai s nguyn tip theo xc nh kch thc ca hp thoi theo th t ct v dng. Lu : Cc thng s nh ta v kch thc ca hp thoi khng tnh theo n v Pixel m tnh theo kch c ca Font ch. S o ca ta x v chiu rng da trn 1/4 n v rng trung bnh ca Font ch. S o ca ta y v chiu cao da trn 1/8 n v cao trung bnh ca Font ch. Theo sau lnh STYLE l cc thuc tnh ca hp thoi m bn cn thm vo. Thng thng hp thoi modal s dng cc hng WS_POPUP v DS_MODALFRAME ngoi ra cn Trang 30
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c cc hng WS_CAPTION, WS_MAXIMIZEBOX, WS_MINIMIZEBOX, WS_POPUP, WS_VSCROLL, WS_HSCROLL, WS_SYSMENU, .... Lnh BEGIN v lnh END c th c thay bng { v }. Trong v d trn, hp thoi s dng 3 kiu iu khin l DEFPUSHBUTTON (kiu nt bm mc nh), ICON (biu tng), v kiu CTEXT (vn bn c canh gia). Mt kiu iu khin c khai bo tng qut nh sau. Control-type "text", id , xPos, yPos, xWidth, yHeight, iStyle. Control-type l cc t kha khai bo kiu iu khin nh DEFPUSHBUTTON, ICON, CTEXT, . id l nh danh ca cc iu khin, thng thng mt iu khin c mt nh danh ring c gi cng vi thng ip WM_COMMAND n cc th tc x l thng ip ca ca s cha. xPos, yPos l v tr ct, dng him th ca iu khin trn ca s cha. xWidth, yHeight l chiu rng v chiu cao ca iu khin . i s cui cng l iStyle, i s ny ty chn dng nh ngha thm cc kiu ca s m iu khin cn th hin chng thng l cc hng WS_ c khai bo trong tp tin .h" ca Windows. 2.2.1.3. Th tc x l thng ip ca hp thoi Th tc x l thng ip ca hp thoi dng x l tt c cc thng ip t b qun l hp thoi ca Windows gi n hp thoi. Th tc ny c Windows gi khi c s tc ng ln cc phn t iu khin nm trong hp thoi. Xt th tc x l hp thoi DialogProc trong v d 2.1. Th tc ny c 4 tham s nh th tc WndProc, v th tc ny c nh ngha kiu tr v l CALLBACK.Tuy hai th tc ny tng t ging nhau nhng thc s gia chng c mt vi s khc bit ng ch . Th tc DialogProc tr v gi tr kiu BOOL, trong khi th tc WindProc th tr v gi tr LRESULT. Th tc DialogProc tr v gi tr TRUE (gi tr khc 0) nu n x l thng ip v ngc li nu khng x l cc thng ip th th tc tr v gi th l FALSE (tr 0). Cn th tc WindProc th gi hm DefWindowProc vi cc thng ip khng cn x l. Th tc DialogProc khng cn x l thng ip WM_DESTROY, cng khng cn x l thng ip WM_PAINT v cng khng nhn c thng ip WM_CREATE m l thng ip WM_INITDIALOG dng khi to hp thoi. Ngoi x l thng ip WM_INITDIALOG, th tc x l thng ip hp thoi ch x l mt thng ip duy nht khc l WM_COMMAND. y cng l thng ip c gi n ca s cha khi ta kch hot (nt nhn ang nhn c focus) ln cc thnh phn iu khin. Ch danh ID ca nt OK" l IDOK s c cha trong word thp ca i s wParam. Khi nt ny c nhn, th tc DialogProc gi hm EndDialog kt thc x l v ng hp thoi. Cc thng ip gi n hp thoi khng i qua hng i m n c Windows gi trc tip hm DialogProc truyn cc thng ip vo cho th tc x l hp thoi.V vy, khng phi bn tm v hiu ng ca cc phm tt c quy nh trong chng trnh chnh. 2.2.1.4. Gi hin th hp thoi v cc vn lin quan
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Trong th tc WndProc khi x l thng ip WM_CREATE Windows ly v nh danh hInstance ca chng trnh v lu n trong bin tnh hInstance nh sau. hInstance = ((LPCREATESTRUCT) lParam)->hInstance; Dialog1 kim tra thng ip WM_COMMAND xem word thp ca i s wParam c bng gi tr IDC_SHOW (ch danh ca thnh phn Show trong thc n). Nu phi, tc chn mc Show trn trnh n ca ca s chnh v yu cu hin th hp thoi, lc ny chng trnh gi hin th hp thoi bng cch gi hm. DialogBox (hInstance, TEXT ("DIALOG1"), hwnd, DialogProc) i s u tin ca hm ny phi l hInstance ca chng trnh gi, i s th hai l tn ca hp thoi cn hin th, i s th 3 l ca s cha m hp thoi thuc v, cui cng l a ch ca th tc x l cc thng ip ca hp thoi. Chng trnh khng th tr iu khin v hm WndProc cho n khi hp thoi c ng li. Gi tr tr v ca hm DialogBox l gi tr ca i s th hai trong hm EndDialog nm bn trong th tc x l thng ip hp thoi. Tuy nhin chng ta cng c th gi thng ip n hm WndProc yu cu x l ngay c khi hp thoi ang m nh hm SendMessage nh sau : SendMessage(GetParent(hDlg), message, wParam, lParam) Tuy Visual C++ Developer cung cp cho chng ta b son tho hp thoi trc quan m ta khng cn phi quan tm n ni dung trong tp tin .RC. Tuy nhin vi cch thit k mt hp thoi bng cc cu lnh gip chng ta hiu chi tit hn cu trc lnh ca Windows hn th na tp lnh dng thit k hp thoi phong ph v a dng hn rt nhiu so vi nhng g m ta trc quan c trn b son tho ca Developer. Bng cch s dng cc lnh c bit trong tp tin Resource editor ca Visual C++ ta c th to ra nhiu i tng m trong b son tho khng c. Thm hng WS_THINKFRAME vo mc STYLE co gin hp thoi (tng ng vi trong boder ta chn mc Resizing). t ni dung tiu cho hp thoi ta ch vic thm hng WS_CAPTION trong STYLE. STYLE DS_MODALFRAME | WS_POPUP | WS_CAPTION CAPTION "Hello Dialog1" C th dng cch khc thm tiu cho hp thoi, bng cch trong khi x l thng ip WM_INITDIALOG thm vo dng lnh: SetWindowText(hDlg,TEXT("Hello Dialog"));
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Khi hp thoi c tiu ri, c th thm cc chc nng phng to v thu nh hp thoi bng hng WS_MINIMIZEBOX, WS_MAXIMIZEBOX. C th thm trnh n vo hp thoi nu mun bng on lnh.
DIALOG1 DIALOG DISCARDABLE 40, 20, 164, 90 STYLE DS_MODALFRAME | WS_POPUP | WS_CAPTION CAPTION "Hello Dialog1" MENU MENU1
Trong MENU1 l tn ca trnh n ta to. Trong Visual C++ Developer ta ch cn chn tn thc n trong mc Menu nh hnh sau.
Hnh 2.4 Chn menu trong Dialog Propertier
T ca s Properties trn th chn mc "Font" nh Font ch cho hp thoi. Gi hm DialogBoxIndirect to ra mt hp thoi m khng cn dng resource script. Hp thoi to ra bng hm ny trong khi chng trnh ang thc hin c gi l hp thoi to t ng. Trong v d 3-1 ta ch dng 3 kiu iu khin l cc kiu ICON, CTEXT, DEFPUSHBUTTON. Ngoi ra cn c cc kiu iu khin c lit k trong bng sau. Kiu iu khin PUSHBUTTON DEFPUSHBUTTON CHECKBOX RADIOBUTTON GROUPBOX Lp ca s Button Button Button Button Button Kiu ca s BS_BUSHBUTTON BS_DEFBUSHBUTTON | WS_TABSTOP BS_CHECKBOX | WS_TABSTOP BS_RADIOBUTTON | WS_TABSTOP BS_GROUPBOX | WS_TABSTOP
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NGN NG LP TRNH LTEXT CTEXT RTEXT ICON EDITTEXT SCROLLBAR LISTBOX COMBOBOX Static Static Static Static Edit Scrollbar Listbox Combobox
LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS SS_LEFT | WS_GROUP SS_CENTER | WS_GROUP SS_RIGHT | WS_GROUP SS_ICON ES_LEFT | WS_BORDER | WS_STABSTOP SBS_HORZ LBS_NOTIFY | WS_BORDER | WS_VSCROLL CBS_SIMPLE | WS_TABSTOP
Bng 2.1 Cc kiu iu khin
Cc kiu iu khin c khai bo trong resource script c dng nh sau, ngoi tr kiu iu khin LISTBOX, COMBOBOX, SCROLLBAR, EDITTEXT. Control-type "text", id, xPos, yPos, xWidth, yHeight, iStyle Cc kiu iu khin LISTBOX, COMBOBOX, SCROLLBAR, EDITTEXT c khai bo trong resource script vi cu trc nh trn nhng khng c trng "text". Thm thuc tnh cho cc kiu iu khin bng cch thay i tham s iStyle. V d ta mun to radio button vi chui din t nm bn tri ca nt th ta gn trng iStyle bng BS_LEFTTEXT c th nh sau. RADIOBUTTON Radio1",IDC_RADIO1,106,10,53,15,BS_LEFTTEXT Trong resource script ta cng c th to mt kiu iu khin bng lnh tng qut sau. CONTROL "text", id, "class", iStyle, xPos, yPos, xWidth, yHeight Trong class l tn lp mun to v d thay v to mt radio button bng cu lnh.
RADIOBUTTON "Radio1",IDC_RADIO1,106,10,53,15,BS_LEFTTEXT
Thay bng on lnh sau:

CONTROL"Radio1",IDC_RADIO1,"button",106,10,53,15,BS_LEFTTEXT
2.2.1.5. V d chng trnh v hp thoi. minh ha cho vic trao i thng ip gia cc thnh phn iu khin bn trong hp thoi (ng vai tr l mt ca s cha) vi cc thnh phn iu khin con nm bn trong hp Trang 34
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thoi, v c ch qun l hp thoi ca Windows. Chng ta tin hnh xem xt v d 2-2. Kt qu thc hin ca chng trnh nh trong hnh 2.5. Ca s hp thoi gm c ba nhm nt chn radio.Nhm th nht dng chn i tng v l hnh ch nht hay hnh ellipse, nhm th hai dng chn mu t cho hnh v, nhm th 3 dng chn kiu t cho hnh v. Khi thay i vic chn mu t, kiu t th mu t v kiu t ca hnh v cnh bn s thay i theo mu t, v kiu t va mi chn. Khi nhn nt OK th hp thoi ng li v mu t, kiu t cng hnh v va mi v s c hin th ln ca s chnh. Nu nhn nt Cancel hoc nhn phm Esc th hp thoi c ng li nhng hnh v, mu t v kiu t khng c hin th ln ca s chnh. Trong v d ny nt OK v nt Cancel c ch danh ID ln lt l IDOK v IDCANCEL.Thng thng t ch danh cho cc phn t iu khin nm trong hp thoi c bt u bng ch ID. Biu tng chic xe p trn hp thoi l mt icon. Trn thanh tiu ca ca s chnh c mt biu tng, biu tng cng l mt icon ( l mt ly tr). Khi t cc nt radio vo hp thoi bng cng c Developer studio nh phi t cc nt theo th t nh hnh 2-5. Th khi Windows mi pht sinh m cho cc nt theo th t tng dn, iu ny gip chng ta d dng kim sot cc thao tc trn tp cc nt radio. Bn nh b lun mc chn Auto trong phn thit lp Properties ca cc nt chn radio. Bi v cc nt radio mang thuc tnh Auto yu cu vit t m lnh hn ngng chng thng kh hiu so vi cc nt khng c thuc tnh Auto. Chn thuc tnh Group, Tab stop trong phn thit k Properties ca nt OK, nt Cancel, v hai nt radio u tin trong ba nhm radio c th chuyn focus (chn) bng phm Tab trn bn phm.
Hnh 2.5 Minh ha trao i thng ip qua cc iu khin
Chng trnh minh ha (V d 2.2) : DIALOG2.CPP (trch dn)

#include <windows.h> #include "resource.h" LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); BOOL CALLBACK DialogProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); int iCurrentColor = IDC_BLACK, iCurrentFigure = IDC_RECT;
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int iCurrenBrush = IDC_HS_BDIAGONAL;
void PaintWindow(HWND hwnd, int iColor, int iFigure, int iBrush) { static COLORREF crColor[8] = { RGB(0, 0, 0), RGB(0, 0, 255), RGB(0, 255, 0), RGB(0, 255, 255), RGB(255, 0, 0), RGB(255, 0, 255), RGB(255, 255, 0), RGB(255, 255, 255) } ; HBRUSH hBrush,hbrush; HDC hdc ; RECT rect ; hdc = GetDC (hwnd) ; GetClientRect (hwnd, &rect) ; if(iBrush==IDC_HS_BDIAGONAL) hbrush=CreateHatchBrush(HS_BDIAGONAL, crColor[iColor-IDC_BLACK]); if(iBrush == IDC_HS_CROSS) hbrush=CreateHatchBrush(HS_CROSS, crColor[iColor - IDC_BLACK]); if(iBrush == IDC_HS_DIAGCROSS) hbrush=CreateHatchBrush(HS_DIAGCROSS, crColor[iColor - IDC_BLACK]); if(iBrush == IDC_HS_FDIAGONAL) hbrush=CreateHatchBrush(HS_FDIAGONAL, crColor[iColor - IDC_BLACK]); if(iBrush == IDC_HS_HORIZONTAL) hbrush=CreateHatchBrush(HS_HORIZONTAL, crColor[iColor - IDC_BLACK]); if(iBrush == IDC_HS_VERTICAL)
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hbrush=CreateHatchBrush(HS_BDIAGONAL, crColor[iColor - IDC_BLACK]); hBrush = (HBRUSH) SelectObject (hdc, hbrush) ; if (iFigure == IDC_RECT)
Rectangle (hdc, rect.left, rect.top, rect.right, rect.bottom) ; else Ellipse(hdc, rect.left, rect.top, rect.right, rect.bottom) ; DeleteObject (SelectObject (hdc, hBrush)) ; ReleaseDC (hwnd, hdc) ; } void PaintTheBlock(HWND hCtrl, int iColor, int iFigure, int iBrush) { InvalidateRect (hCtrl, NULL, TRUE) ; UpdateWindow (hCtrl) ; PaintWindow (hCtrl, iColor, iFigure,iBrush) ; } LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { static HINSTANCE hInstance ; PAINTSTRUCT ps ; switch (message) { case WM_CREATE: hInstance = ((LPCREATESTRUCT) lParam)->hInstance ; return 0 ;
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case WM_COMMAND: switch (LOWORD (wParam)) { case IDC_SHOW:
if (DialogBox (hInstance, TEXT ("DIALOG"), hwnd, DialogProc)) InvalidateRect (hwnd, NULL, TRUE) ; return 0 ; } break; case WM_PAINT: BeginPaint (hwnd, &ps) ; EndPaint (hwnd, &ps) ; PaintWindow (hwnd, iCurrentColor, iCurrentFigure, iCurrenBrush) ; return 0 ; case WM_DESTROY: PostQuitMessage (0) ; return 0 ; } return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, lParam) ; } BOOL CALLBACK DialogProc (HWND hDlg, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { static HWND hCtrlBlock ; static int iColor, iFigure,iBrush; switch (message)
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{ case WM_INITDIALOG: iColor = iCurrentColor ; iFigure = iCurrentFigure ; iBrush = iCurrenBrush;
CheckRadioButton(hDlg,IDC_BLACK,IDC_WHITE, iColor); CheckRadioButton(hDlg,IDC_RECT,IDC_ELLIPSE,iFigure);CheckRadioButton (hDlg, IDC_HS_BDIAGONAL, IDC_HS_VERTICAL, iBrush); hCtrlBlock = GetDlgItem (hDlg, IDC_PAINT) ; SetFocus (GetDlgItem (hDlg, iColor)) ; return FALSE ; case WM_COMMAND: switch (LOWORD (wParam)) { case IDOK: iCurrentColor = iColor ; iCurrentFigure = iFigure ; iCurrenBrush = iBrush; EndDialog (hDlg, TRUE) ; return TRUE ; case IDCANCEL: EndDialog (hDlg, FALSE) ; return TRUE ; case IDC_BLACK: case IDC_RED: case IDC_GREEN:
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case IDC_YELLOW: case IDC_BLUE: case IDC_MAGENTA: case IDC_CYAN: case IDC_WHITE: iColor = LOWORD (wParam) ;
CheckRadioButton (hDlg, IDC_BLACK, IDC_WHITE, LOWORD (wParam)) ; PaintTheBlock (hCtrlBlock, iColor, iFigure,iBrush) ; return TRUE ; case IDC_RECT: case IDC_ELLIPSE: iFigure = LOWORD (wParam) ; CheckRadioButton (hDlg, IDC_RECT, IDC_ELLIPSE, LOWORD (wParam)) ; PaintTheBlock (hCtrlBlock, iColor, iFigure,iBrush) ; return TRUE ; case IDC_HS_BDIAGONAL: case IDC_HS_CROSS: case IDC_HS_DIAGCROSS: case IDC_HS_FDIAGONAL: case IDC_HS_HORIZONTAL: case IDC_HS_VERTICAL: iBrush = LOWORD (wParam) CheckRadioButton(hDlg,IDC_HS_BDIAGONAL,IDC_HS_VERTICAL, LOWORD (wParam)) ; PaintTheBlock (hCtrlBlock, iColor, iFigure,iBrush) ; return TRUE ;
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} break; case WM_PAINT: PaintTheBlock (hCtrlBlock, iColor, iFigure,iBrush) ; break ; } return FALSE ; }
2.2.1.6. Lm vic vi cc thnh phn iu khin trong hp thoi Cc thnh phn iu khin con u gi thng ip WM_COMMAND n ca s cha ca n v ca s cha c th thay i trng thi ca cc thnh phn iu khin con nh kch hot, nh du (check), b du check (uncheck) bng cch gi cc thng ip n cc thnh phn iu khin con nm trong n. Tuy nhin trong Windows cung cp c ch trao i thng ip gia cc thnh phn iu khin con vi ca s cha. Chng ta bt u tm hiu cc c ch trao i thng ip . Trong v d 2.2 mu template ca hp thoi Dialog2 c th hin trong tp tin ti nguyn DIALOG2.RC gm c cc thnh phn. Thnh phn GROUPBOX c tiu do chng ta g vo, thnh phn ny ch n gin l mt khung vin bao quanh hai nhm nt chn radio, v hai nhm ny hon ton c lp vi nhau trong mi nhm. Khi mt trong nhng nt radio c kch hot th ca s iu khin con gi thng ip WM_COMMAND n ca s cha ( y l hp thoi) vi word thp ca i s wParam cha thnh phn ID ca iu khin con, word cao ca i s wParam cho bit m thng bo. Sau cng l i s lParam mang handle ca ca s iu khin con. M thng bo ca nt chn radio lun lun l BN_CLICKED (mang gi tr 0). Windows s chuyn thng ip WM_COMMAND cng vi cc i s wParam v lParam n th tc x l thng ip ca hp thoi (DialogProc). Khi hp thoi nhn c thng ip WM_COMMAND cng vi cc i s lParam v wParam, hp thoi kim tra trng thi ca tt c cc thnh phn iu khin con nm trong n v thit lp cc trng thi cho cc thnh phn iu khin con ny. C th nh du mt nt chn bng cch gi thng ip SendMessage (hwndCtrl ,MB_SETCHECK, 1, 0); V ngc li mun b chn mt nt no th dng hm. SendMessage (hwndCtrl, MB_SETCHECK, 0, 0);
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Trong i s hwndCtrl l handle ca ca s iu khin con. Chng ta c th gp rc ri khi mun s dng hai hm trn bi v khng bit handle ca cc thnh phn iu khin con. Chng ta ch bit handle ca cc thnh phn iu khin con khi nhn c thng ip WM_COMMAND. gii quyt c vng mc trn, trong Windows cung cp mt hm ly handle ca ca s con khi bit c nh danh ID ca n bng hm. hwndCtrl = GetDlgItem (hDlg, id); // hDlg l handle ca hp thoi C th ly c ch danh ID ca thnh phn iu khin con khi bit c handle ca n bng hm sau. id = GetWindowLong (hwndCtrl, GWL_ID); Tuy nhin, chng ta c th qun l ID ca cc thnh phn iu khin con, cn handle l do Windows cp ngu nhin, do vic dng handle nhn v ID ca cc thnh phn iu khin con l t dng n. Khi hp thoi nhn c thng ip WM_COMAND th chng ta phi kim tra nt radio no c chn (xc nh mu cn chn), v tin hnh b chn cc nt khc bng on lnh sau.
case WM_COMMAND: switch (LOWORD (wParam)) { case IDC_BLACK: case IDC_RED: case IDC_GREEN: case IDC_YELLOW: case IDC_BLUE: case IDC_MAGENTA: case IDC_CYAN: case IDC_WHITE: iColor = LOWORD (wParam) ; for( i = IDC_BLACK, i < IDC_WHITE,i++) SendMessage(GetDlgItem(hDlg, i),MB_SETCHECK, i == LOWORD( wParam), 0).
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return TRUE ; }
Trong iColor dng lu gi tr mu hin hnh c chn. Vng lp for dng kim tra trng thi ca tt c cc nt radio thng qua ID ca chng. Hm GetDlgItem dng ly handle ca nt c chn v lu vo bin i. Hm SendMessage dng gi thng ip MB_SETCHECK ti cc nt radio. Nu word thp ca i s wParam bng ch danh ID ca nt c chn th nt c nh du v cc nt khc s khng c chn. Ch :Trong cc v d trn thng dng hai nt OK v nt Cancel, hai nt ny c Windows t nh danh mc nh theo th t l IDOK v IDCANCEL. Thng thng ng hp thoi bng cch nhn chut vo mt trong hai nt OK hoc Cancel. Trong Windows, khi nhn nt Enter th Windows lun pht sinh thng ip WM_COMMAND, bt k i tng no ang nhn focus. LOWORD ca i s wParam mang gi tr ID ca nt nhn mc nh (nt OK), ngoi tr c mt nt ang nhn focus (trong trng hp ny th LOWORD ca i s wParam mang ch danh ca nt ang nhn focus). Nu nhn nt Esc hay nhn Ctrl+Break, th Windows gi thng ip WM_COMMAND vi thnh phn LOWORD ca i s wParam c gi tr IDCANCEL (nh danh mc nh ca nt Cancel). Do khng cn phi x l thm cc phm g ng hp thoi. Trong v d 2.2 x l hai trng hp khi nhn nt Cancel v nt OK ta dng on chng trnh sau.
switch (LOWORD (wParam)) { case IDOK: iCurrentColor = iColor ; iCurrentFigure = iFigure ; EndDialog (hDlg, TRUE) ; return TRUE ; case IDCANCEL: EndDialog (hDlg, FALSE) ; return TRUE ; }
Hm EndDialog dng kt thc v ng hp thoi.Trong trng hp nhn nt OK th hai gi tr iCurrentColor v gi tr iCurrentFigure c lu li cho ca s cha (c hai bin trn Trang 43
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u l bin ton cc). Ch rng, hai gi tr khc bit (TRUE, FALSE) ca i s th hai trong li gi hm EndDialog. Gi tr ny s c tr ngc v t li gi hm DialogBox trong th tc WndProc.
case WM_COMMAND: switch (LOWORD(wParam)) { case IDC_SHOW: if(DialogBox(hInstance, TEXT("DIALOG"), hwnd, DialogProc)) InvalidateRect (hwnd, NULL, TRUE) ; return 0 ; } break;
C ngha nu hm DialogBox tr v gi tr TRUE, tc nt OK c nhn. Lc th tc WndProc s cp nht li ni dung ca ca s chnh, bng cch ghi li s thay i gi tr ca hai bin ton cc iCurrentColor v gi tr iCurrentFigure dng v li hnh ch nht hay hnh ellipse vi mu c chn l iCurrentColor. V ngc li nu nhn nt Cancel th gi tr iCurrentColor v gi tr iCurrentFigure s khng thay i, tc th tc WndProc s dng li gi tr c. Gi tr TRUE hay FALSE thng bo cho ca s chnh bit rng ngi dng t chi hay chp thun ty chn trong hp thoi. V TRUE v FALSE c kiu s nguyn (1,0) nn i s th hai trong li gi hm EndDialog c kiu s nguyn (int). Do kt qu tr v ca hm ny cng c kiu l s nguyn. V d nu bn bm nt OK th tr tr v ca hm bng 1. Nu bn bm nt Cancel th tr tr v ca hm bng 0, v nu trong chng trnh c s dng nt bm mc nh Inoge th khi bm nt ny tr tr ca hm s l 2. 2.2.1.7. V trong hp thoi Trong v d 2.2 chng ta dng phng php v trn hp thoi y l cng vic khc thng. By gi ta tm hiu cng vic tin hnh nh th no. Trong file RESOURCE.RC c thnh phn iu khin l. LTEXT "",IDC_PAINT, 5, 22, 92, 93 Khi chng ta chn nt radio thay i mu, hnh v hay nhn c thng ip WM_PAINT th th tc DialogProc thc hin thao tc v vo thnh phn iu khin ca hp thoi bng hm PaintTheBlock. Hm ny c khai bo nh sau. Trang 44
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Trong hCtrBlock l handle ca thnh phn iu khin c nh danh l IDC_PAINT. Handle ca thnh phn iu khin ny c ly v bi hm. hCtrBlock=GetDlgItem(hDlg, IDC_PAINT); Ni dung ca hm PaintTheBlock nh sau.
void PaintTheBlock(HWND hCtrl, int iColor, int iFigure) { InvalidateRect(hCtrl, NULL, TRUE); UpdateWinDow(hCtrl); PaintWinDow(hCtrl, iColor, iFigure); }
Hm InvalidateRect(hCtrl, NULL, TRUE) v UpdateWindow(hCtrl) c nhim v lm cho ca s con cn phi v li. Hm PaintWindow dng v ra mn hnh ellipse hay ch nht. u tin hm ny ly DC (device context) ca thit b c handle l hCtrl, v v ln thit b ny dng hnh nh cng vi mu t c chn. Kch thc ca ca s con cn v c ly bng hm GetClientRect.Hm ny tr v kch thc ca vng client cn v theo n v tnh l pixel. Chng ta v trn vng client ca cc iu khin con ch khng v trc tip ln vng client ca hp thoi. Khi hp thoi nhn c thng ip WM_PAINT th thnh phn iu khin c nh danh IDC_PAINT c v li. Cch x l thng ip WM_PAINT ging nh th tc x l WndProc ca ca s chnh, nhng th tc x l hp thoi khng gi hm BeginPaint v hm EndPaint bi v n khng t v ln ca s ca chnh n. Nu mun v hiu ha mt phn t iu kin, tc bin i nt sang trng thi v hiu ha th dng hm. EnableWindow(hwndCtrl, bEnable); i s hwndCtrl l ch danh ca thnh phn iu khin mun v hiu ha, thnh phn th hai l bEnable mang hai gi tr TRUE hay FALSE, nu thnh phn ny mang gi tr FALSE th iu khin ny c v hiu ha, cn ngc li nu thnh phn ny mang gi tr TRUE th iu khin c hiu ha tr li.
2.2.2. Hp thoi khng trng thi
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Trong phn trn tho lun loi hp thoi, th nht l hp thoi trng thi, v by gi tip tc tho lun n loi hp thoi th hai, hp thoi khng trng thi (modeless). hiu r cch s dng cng nh nhng thao tc trn hp thoi khng trng thi, chng ta th t tm hiu qua cc mc sau. 2.2.2.1. S khc nhau gia hp thoi trng thi v hp thoi khng trng thi Hp thoi khng trng thi khc vi hp thoi trng thi ch. Sau khi hin th hp thoi khng trng thi chng ta c th chuyn thao tc n cc ca s khc m khng cn ng hp thoi dng ny li. iu ny thun tin i vi ngi dng khi ngi dng mun trc quan cc s thao tc cng mt lc. V d nh trnh son tho Studio Deverloper bn c th thao tc qua li gia hai hp thoi, l hp thoi bn cn thit k v mt hp thoi cha cc loi iu khin m bn dng thit k. Vi cch lm ny gip ngi dng trc quan hn so vi cch ch cho php ngi dng ch thao tc trn mt ca s. S dng hm DialogBox gi hp thoi trng thi v ch nhn c kt qu tr v khi hp thoi ny b ng cng vi hm DialogBox kt thc. Gi tr tr v ca hm ny do i s th hai ca hm kt thc hp thoi (EndDialog) quy nh. Cn i vi hp thoi khng trng thi th c to ra bng hm. hDlgModeless=CreateDialog(hInstance, szTemplate, hwndParent, DialogProc); Nhng hm ny tr quyn iu khin v cho ni gi ngay lp tc v gi tr tr v l handle ca ca hp thoi hin hnh. V c th c nhiu ca s thao tc cng mt lc nn bn lc handle ny d dng truy cp khi bn cn. Phi t ch WS_VISIBLE cho hp thoi khng trng thi, bng cch chn mc More Styles trong ca s Properties ca hp thoi. Nu nh khng bt ch VISIBLE ln th chng trnh phi c cu lnh ShowWindow sau li gi hm CreateDialog khi mun hin th hp thoi dng ny ln mn hnh. hDlgModeless=CreateDialog(hInstance, szTemplate, hwndParent, DialogProc); ShowWindow(hDlgModeless,SW_SHOW); Cc thng ip gi n hp thoi dng modal do trnh qun l Windows iu khin cng khc vi cc thng ip gi n hp thoi dng modeless phi i qua hng i ca chng trnh chnh. Bi v cc thng ip ca hp thoi dng modeless dng chung vi cc thng ip ca ca s chng trnh chnh. Nh vy chng ta phi lc ra thng ip no l thng ip gi n hp thoi khi thao tc trn hp thoi t trong vng lp nhn thng ip. lm c iu ny chng ta dng handle ca hp thoi (lu trong bin ton cc) c tr v t li gi hm CreateDialog v chuyn hng chng bng on lnh nh sau.
while(GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0)) { if (hDlgModeless==0 || !IsDialogMessage (hDlgModeless, &msg);
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{ TranslateMessage(&msg); DispatchMessage(&msg); } }
Nu thng ip ly ra t hng i dnh cho hp thoi th hm IsDialogMessage kim tra v gi n cc th tc x l hp thoi. V lc ny hm tr v gi tr TRUE, cn ngc li th hm tr v gi tr FALSE. Nu dng thm chc nng phm tng tc th on chng trnh trn c
vit li nh sau. while(GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0)) { if (hDlgModeless==0 || !IsDialogMessage(hDlgModeless, &msg); { if(TranslateAccelerator (hwnd, hAccel, &msg) { TranslateMessage(&msg); DispatchMessage(&msg); } } }
Nn ch rng bin hDlgModeless lun mang gi tr 0 cho n lc c mt hp thoi c khi to bng cu lnh CreateDialog th gi tr ca n mi c thay i. Khi ca s hp thoi b hy nh t hDlgModeless v gi tr 0. iu ny gip Windows khng gi nhm thng ip x l n cc ca s khc. kt thc v ng hp thoi dng Modeless bn dng hm DestroyWindow ch khng phi dng hm EndDialog nh hp thoi dng Modal. 2.2.2.2. V d v hp thoi khng khng trng thi minh ha cch dng hp thoi khng trng thi (modeless) ta xt v d 2.3. Chng trnh v d 2.3 sau khi chy c kt qu nh sau.
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Hnh 2.6 Minh ha hp thoi khng trng thi
Khi dng chut chn loi hnh v trn radio button, loi hnh v c chn s v cng lc ln control tnh ca hp thoi v ca s chnh. Dng chut chn mu t cho hnh v c chn, bng cch r chut ln 3 thanh cun Scrollbar. Chng trnh minh ha (V d 2.3) : * MODELESS.CPP (trch dn)
void PaintWindow (HWND hwnd, int iColor[], int iFigure) { HBRUSH hBrush ; HDC hdc ; RECT rect ; hdc = GetDC(hwnd) ; GetClientRect (hwnd, &rect) ; hBrush = CreateSolidBrush(RGB(iColor[0], iColor[1], iColor[2])); hBrush = (HBRUSH) SelectObject (hdc, hBrush) ; if (iFigure == IDC_RECT) Rectangle (hdc, rect.left, rect.top, rect.right, rect.bottom) ; else Ellipse(hdc, rect.left, rect.top, rect.right, rect.bottom) ; DeleteObject (SelectObject (hdc, hBrush)) ;
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ReleaseDC (hwnd, hdc) ; }
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { switch (message) { case WM_PAINT: PaintTheBlock(hwnd, iColor, iFigure) ; return 0 ; case WM_DESTROY : DeleteObject((HGDIOBJ)SetClassLong(hwnd, GCL_HBRBACKGROUND,(LONG)GetStockObject (WHITE_BRUSH))) ; PostQuitMessage (0) ; return 0 ; } return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, lParam) ; } void PaintTheBlock (HWND hCtrl, int iColor[], int iFigure) { InvalidateRect (hCtrl, NULL, TRUE); UpdateWindow (hCtrl) ; PaintWindow (hCtrl, iColor, iFigure) ; } BOOL CALLBACK ColorScrDlg (HWND hDlg, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { HWND hwndParent, hCtrl ;
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static HWND hCtrlBlock ; int iCtrlID, iIndex ; switch (message) { case WM_INITDIALOG : hCtrlBlock = GetDlgItem (hDlg, IDC_PAINT) ; for (iCtrlID = 10 ; iCtrlID < 13 ; iCtrlID++) { hCtrl = GetDlgItem (hDlg, iCtrlID) ; PaintTheBlock (hCtrlBlock, iColor, iFigure) ; PaintTheBlock (hwndParent, iColor, iFigure) ; SetScrollRange (hCtrl, SB_CTL, 0, 255, FALSE) ; SetScrollPos(hCtrl, SB_CTL, 0, FALSE) ; } return TRUE ; case WM_COMMAND: { switch( LOWORD(wParam)) { case IDC_RECT: case IDC_ELLIPSE: iFigure = LOWORD(wParam) ; hwndParent = GetParent (hDlg) ;
CheckRadioButton(hDlg, IDC_RECT, IDC_ELLIPSE, LOWORD (wParam)) ; PaintTheBlock(hCtrlBlock, iColor, iFigure) ; PaintTheBlock (hwndParent, iColor, iFigure) ;
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return TRUE ; } break; } case WM_VSCROLL : hCtrl = (HWND) lParam ; iCtrlID = GetWindowLong (hCtrl, GWL_ID) ; iIndex = iCtrlID - 10 ; hwndParent = GetParent (hDlg) ; PaintTheBlock (hCtrlBlock, iColor, iFigure) ; PaintTheBlock (hwndParent, iColor, iFigure) ; switch (LOWORD (wParam)) { case SB_PAGEDOWN : iColor[iIndex] += 15 ; case SB_LINEDOWN : iColor[iIndex] = min (255, iColor[iIndex] + 1) ; break; case SB_PAGEUP : iColor[iIndex] -= 15 ; case SB_LINEUP : iColor[iIndex] = max (0, iColor[iIndex] - 1); break; case SB_TOP : iColor[iIndex] = 0 ; break;
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case SB_BOTTOM : iColor[iIndex] = 255 ; break; case SB_THUMBPOSITION : case SB_THUMBTRACK : iColor[iIndex] = HIWORD (wParam) ; break; default : return FALSE ; } SetScrollPos(hCtrl, SB_CTL, iColor[iIndex], TRUE) ; SetDlgItemInt (hDlg, iCtrlID + 3, iColor[iIndex], FALSE) ; InvalidateRect(hwndParent,NULL,TRUE);
DeleteObject ( (HGDIOBJ)SetClassLong( hwndParent, GCL_HBRBACKGROUND, (LONG) CreateSolidBrush( RGB(iColor[0], iColor[1], iColor[2]) ) ) ) ; return TRUE ; case WM_PAINT: PaintTheBlock(hCtrlBlock, iColor, iFigure) ; break; } return FALSE ; }
2.3. MENU
Trong giao din ng dng Windows, thnh phn quan trng thng khng th thiu l menu ca chng trnh. Menu xut hin ngay di thanh tiu ca chng trnh ng dng. Ngoi ra trong mt s ng dng thanh menu c th di chuyn c.
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Tht ra menu cng kh n gin, v chng c t chc thnh cc nhm trn thanh chnh (File, Edit, View,), mi mc lit k trong menu chnh c th cha mt hay nhiu mc lit k gi l menu popup hay dropdown, v vi mi mc lit k trong menu popup ny c th c cc mc con ca n,. Cc mc lit k trn menu c th dng kch hot mt lnh, hay chn trng thi (check, uncheck). Cc mc lit k trn menu c 3 dng: c hiu lc (enabled), khng c hiu lc (disabled), v mu xm (grayed). Vi quan im lp trnh th ta ch cn hai trng thi l c hiu lc v khng c hiu lc m thi, do trng thi mu xm s ch cho ngi dng bit l trng thi ca mc lit k c hiu lc hay khng. V vy khi vit chng trnh nhng mc no khng c hiu lc th ta thit lp trng thi mu xm, khi ngi dng s bit rng mc lit k khng c hiu lc.
2.3.1. Thit lp Menu

to mt menu v a vo chng trnh bao gm cc bc sau: *To menu trong tp tin ti nguyn *.RC: to menu trong tp tin ti nguyn, thng c 2 cch chnh l: dng mt trnh son tho m tp tin ti nguyn v son tho theo cu trc tp tin RC cung cp cho ti nguyn menu. Thng thng, cch ny t s dng, v cc mi trng pht trin C trn Windows (Borland C for Windows, Visual C) u cung cp cc cng c cho php to menu mt cch d dng. *Ci t menu vo ca s ca chng trnh ng dng: phn ny n gin l khi nh ngha lp ca s ta thit lp thuc tnh lpszMenuName ca cu trc lp WNDCLASS bng tn menu c khai bo trong tp tin ti nguyn. V d : wndclass.lpszMenuName = "MENU1"; Ngoi ra, c th ci t menu vo ca s bng cch dng lnh : hMenu = LoadMenu ( hInstance, TEXT("MENU1") ); Lnh ny s tr v mt nh danh ca menu c np, khi c c nh danh menu ny th khi a vo ca s c 2 cch sau: *Trong hm to ca s CreateWindow, tham s th 9 ca hm l nh danh cho menu, thit lp tham s ny l nh danh ca menu va to. hwnd = CreateWindow ( TEXT("MyClass"), TEXT("Window Caption"), WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, NULL, hMenu, hInstance, NULL ); *Khi gi hm to ca s CreateWindow, tham s th 9 c thit lp NULL, sau trong chng trnh dng lnh: SetMenu(hWnd, hMenu); thit lp menu cho ca s.
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*Thm cc on chng trnh x l menu: Windows pht sinh thng ip WM_COMMAND v gi n chng trnh khi ngi dng chn mt mc lit k c hiu lc trn thanh menu. Khi ch cn x l thng ip WM_COMMAND bng cch kim tra 16 bit thp ca tham s wParam l xc nh c ID ca mc lit k no trn menu c chn.
2.3.2. V d minh ha Menu

*Tp tin ti nguyn cha khai bo menu : MENUDEMO.RC
MENUDEMO MENU DISCARDABLE BEGIN POPUP "&File" BEGIN MENUITEM "&New", IDM_FILE_NEW MENUITEM "&Open", IDM_FILE_OPEN MENUITEM "&Save", IDM_FILE_SAVE MENUITEM "Save &As...", IDM_FILE_SAVE_AS MENUITEM SEPARATOR MENUITEM "E&xit", IDM_APP_EXIT END POPUP "&Edit" BEGIN MENUITEM "&Undo", IDM_EDIT_UNDO MENUITEM SEPARATOR MENUITEM "C&ut", IDM_EDIT_CUT MENUITEM "&Copy", IDM_EDIT_COPY MENUITEM "&Paste", IDM_EDIT_PASTE MENUITEM "De&lete", IDM_EDIT_CLEAR END POPUP "&Background"
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BEGIN
MENUITEM "&White", IDM_BKGND_WHITE, CHECKED MENUITEM "&Light Gray", IDM_BKGND_LTGRAY MENUITEM "&Gray", IDM_BKGND_GRAY MENUITEM "&Dark Gray", IDM_BKGND_DKGRAY MENUITEM "&Black", IDM_BKGND_BLACK END POPUP "&Help" BEGIN MENUITEM "&Help...", IDM_APP_HELP MENUITEM "&About ...", IDM_APP_ABOUT END END
*Tp tin tiu cha cc nh ngha : MENUDEMO.H

#define IDM_FILE_NEW 40001 #define IDM_FILE_OPEN 40002 #define IDM_FILE_SAVE 40003 #define IDM_FILE_SAVE_AS 40004 #define IDM_APP_EXIT 40005 #define IDM_EDIT_UNDO 40006 #define IDM_EDIT_CUT 40007 #define IDM_EDIT_COPY 40008 #define IDM_EDIT_PASTE 40009 #define IDM_EDIT_CLEAR 40010 #define IDM_BKGND_WHITE 40011 #define IDM_BKGND_LTGRAY 40012
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#define IDM_BKGND_GRAY 40013 #define IDM_BKGND_DKGRAY 40014 #define IDM_BKGND_BLACK 40015 #define IDM_APP_HELP 40018 #define IDM_APP_ABOUT 40019
*Tp tin cha m ngun : MENUDEMO.C

#include <windows.h> #include "menudemo.h" LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); /* Khai bo tn dng chung cho ccti nguyn trong chng trnh.*/ TCHAR szAppName[] = TEXT ("MenuDemo") ; int WINAPI WinMain (HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow) { HWND hwnd; MSG msg; WNDCLASS wndclass; wndclass.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW; wndclass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc ; wndclass.cbClsExtra = 0 ; wndclass.cbWndExtra = 0 ; wndclass.hInstance = hInstance ; wndclass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); wndclass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW); wndclass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH) ; wndclass.lpszMenuName = szAppName ;
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wndclass.lpszClassName = szAppName ; if (!RegisterClass (&wndclass)) {
MessageBox(NULL, TEXT("This program requires Windows "), szAppName, MB_ICONERROR) ; return 0 ; } hwnd = CreateWindow (szAppName, TEXT("Menu Demonstration"), WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,CW_USEDEFAULT,CW_USEDEFAULT,CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL) ; ShowWindow (hwnd, iCmdShow) ; UpdateWindow (hwnd) ; while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0)) { TranslateMessage (&msg) ; DispatchMessage (&msg) ; } return msg.wParam ; } LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { /* Khao bo danh sch cc mu chi t, cc hng ny c nh ngha trong file WINGDI.H */ static int idColor[5] = { WHITE_BRUSH, LTGRAY_BRUSH, GRAY_BRUSH, DKGRAY_BRUSH, BLACK_BRUSH } ; static int iSelection = IDM_BKGND_WHITE ; HMENU hMenu ; switch (message) {
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case WM_COMMAND: hMenu = GetMenu (hwnd) ; // Ly nh danh ca menu
switch (LOWORD (wParam)) // Kim tra nh danh mc chn { case IDM_FILE_NEW: case IDM_FILE_OPEN: case IDM_FILE_SAVE: case IDM_FILE_SAVE_AS: MessageBeep(0) ; //Pht ra ting ku bp return 0 ; case IDM_APP_EXIT: /*Gi thng ip ng ng dng li*/ SendMessage (hwnd, WM_CLOSE, 0, 0) ; return 0 ; case IDM_EDIT_UNDO: case IDM_EDIT_CUT: case IDM_EDIT_COPY: case IDM_EDIT_PASTE: case IDM_EDIT_CLEAR: MessageBeep (0) ; return 0 ; case IDM_BKGND_WHITE: case IDM_BKGND_LTGRAY: case IDM_BKGND_GRAY: case IDM_BKGND_DKGRAY: case IDM_BKGND_BLACK:
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/* B check ca mc chn trc */ CheckMenuItem(hMenu,iSelection, MF_UNCHECKED); iSelection = LOWORD (wParam) ; /*Ly ID mc mi*/ /* Check mc chn mi*/ CheckMenuItem (hMenu, iSelection, MF_CHECKED) ; /* Thit lp mu tng ng vi mc chn mi*/
SetClassLong(hwnd,GCL_HBRBACKGROUND, ( LONG) GetStockObject(idColor[iSelectionIDM_BKGND_WHITE]));
InvalidateRect (hwnd, NULL, TRUE) ; return 0 ; case IDM_APP_HELP: MessageBox(hwnd, TEXT("Help not yet implemented!"), szAppName, MB_ICONEXCLAMATION | MB_OK) ; return 0 ; case IDM_APP_ABOUT: MessageBox (hwnd, TEXT ("Menu Demonstration Program\n (c) Charles Petzold, 1998"), szAppName, MB_ICONINFORMATION | MB_OK) ; return 0 ; } break; case WM_DESTROY: PostQuitMessage(0) ; return 0 ; } return DefWindowProc(hwnd, message, wParam, lParam) ; }
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Chng 3 CC I TNG IU KHIN

3.1. M U
Cc i tng iu khin (control) l cc thnh phn tng tc trc quan, th hin r c ch giao tip ha gia ng dng v ngi dng. Nh cc i tng ny, cc chng trnh ng dng trong Windows tr nn thn thin v d dng. V th, chng l cc thnh phn c bn khng th thiu trong hu ht cc ng dng. Trong chng ny, chng ta s tm hiu cc to lp v x l cho cc i tng iu khin thng qua cc lp (class) sau : Lp Button (nt bm). Lp Static (tnh). Lp Edit Box (son tho). Lp List Box (danh sch). Lp Combo Box. Lp Scroll Bar (thanh cun).
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3.2. GII THIU TNG QUAN

Mt kiu iu khin c xem nh l mt ca s con. C th to nhiu ca s con trong cng mt ca s cha. Cc ca s con xc nh handle ca s ca cha bng cch gi hm : hwndParent = GetParent (hwnd); hwnd l handle ca ca s con cn ly handle ca ca s cha. V khi ly c handle ca ca s cha, ca s con c quyn gi cc thng ip n ca s cha thng qua hm. SendMessage(hwndParent, message, wParam, lParam); message l thng ip cn gi n th tc x l ca ca s cha. wParam l ch danh ID ca ca s con, cn lParam ghi li trng thi ca ca s con. Vy chng ta c th to mt thnh phn iu khin dng ca s con hay cn gi l "child window control". Ca s con c nhim v x l cc thng ip nh bn phm, thng ip chut v thng bo cho ca s cha khi trng thi ca ca s con thay i. Nh vy ca s con tr thnh cng c giao tip (cho php nhp v xut) gia ngi dng vi chng trnh. Tuy chng ta c th to ra mt ca s con cho chnh mnh, nhng chng ta nn tn dng cc lp ca s con c Windows nh ngha sn hay cn gi l nhng kiu iu khin chun. Nhng kiu iu khin chun ny thng l cc nt bm (button), hp kim tra (check box), hp son tho (edit box), hp danh sch (list box), combo box, cc thanh cun v chui ch. V d mun to ra mt nt bm trn mn hnh ch cn gi hm CreateWindows, m chng cn phi quan tm n cch v, cch nhn chut hay l chp khi b kch hot. Tt c iu ny u do Windows x l. iu quan trng lphi chn thng ip WM_COMMAND ca cc iu khin x l thng ip ny theo nhng mc ch khc nhau. Cc kiu iu khin con thng c dng trong hp thoi. Nh minh ha trong chng 2, cc iu khin nhn hp thoi lm ca s cha. Tuy nhin, cng c th to cc kiu iu khin con trc tip trn vng ca s chnh, bng cch gi hm CreateWindow v iu chnh v tr cng vi kch thc ca n cho thch hp bng hm MoveWindow. Th tc x l thng ip ca ca s cha gi cc thng ip n cc khiu iu khin con, v ngc li cc child window control gi cc thng ip yu cu ca s cha x l cc thng ip . to mt ca s ng dng bnh thng. u tin phi ng k lp ca s bng hm RegisterClass. Tip theo l khi to lp ng k thng qua hm CreateWindow. Cn trng hp mun to mt lp c nh ngha sn th khng cn ng k cho lp ca s con mun to. S dng cc kiu iu khin trc tip trn ca s chnh i hi cc tc v cp thp hn so vi dng cc kiu iu khin trn hp thoi. V cc kiu iu khin to ra trn ca s chnh khng c h tr cc tin ch. V d nh chng ta khng th s dng phm bm tab chuyn focus gia cc kiu iu khin vi nhau.
3.3. LP BUTTON
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tm hiu cc kiu iu khin, xem xt v d 3.1 sau. Trong v d ny to ra 9 ca s con chun trn mt ca s cha nh hnh 3.1.
Hnh 3.1 Minh ha cc lp Button
Nhp chut vo cc nt, lc cc nt s gi thng ip WM_COMMAND n th tc x l thng ip WndProc ca ca s cha. Th tc WndProc x l v in ra mn hnh cc thng s lParam v wParam ca thng ip gi ti ny.Trong lParam l handle ca ca s con gi thng ip n ca s cha. wParam c hai phn LOWORD v HIWORD, LOWORD cho bit ID ca ca s con, HIWORD l m thng bo. M thng bo nt bm l mt trong nhng gi tr sau. nh danh m thng bo Button BN_CLICKED BN_PAINT BN_HILETE hay BN_PUSHED BN_UNHILITE hay BN_UNPHUSHED BN_DISABLE BN_DOUBLECLICKED hay BN_DBCLICK BN_SETFOCUS BN_KILLFOCUS
Bng 3.1 nh danh m thng bo Button
Gi tr 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Khng bao gi thy c cc gi tr ca nt bm, ch bit rng gi tr t 1 n 4 dnh cho kiu button BS_USERBUTTON, gi tr 5 dnh cho kiu BS_RADIOBUTTON, BS_AUTORADIOBUTTON, BS_OWNEDRAW, hay cc nt bm khc nu nt bm bao gm kiu BS_NOTYFY. Gi tr 5,6 dnh cho cc kiu nt bm bao gm c c NOTYFY. Sau y l chng trnh chnh. * CONTROL1.CPP (trch dn)
struct { int iStyle ; TCHAR *szText ; } button[ ] = { BS_PUSHBUTTON, TEXT ("PUSHBUTTON"), BS_DEFPUSHBUTTON, TEXT ("DEFPUSHBUTTON"), BS_CHECKBOX, TEXT ("CHECKBOX"), BS_AUTOCHECKBOX, TEXT ("AUTOCHECKBOX"), BS_RADIOBUTTON, TEXT ("RADIOBUTTON"), BS_3STATE, TEXT ("3STATE"), BS_AUTO3STATE, TEXT ("AUTO3STATE"), BS_GROUPBOX, TEXT ("GROUPBOX"), BS_AUTORADIOBUTTON, TEXT ("AUTORADIO") }; #define NUM (sizeof(button) / sizeof(button[0])) LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM) ; LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
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static HWND hwndButton[NUM] ; static RECT rect ; static TCHAR szTop[] = TEXT("message wParam lParam"), szUnd[] = TEXT("_______ ______ ______"), szFormat[] = TEXT("%-16s%04X-%04X %04X-%04X"), szBuffer[50]; static int cxChar, cyChar ; HDC hdc ; PAINTSTRUCT ps ; int i ; switch (message) { case WM_CREATE : cxChar = LOWORD(GetDialogBaseUnits()) ; cyChar = HIWORD(GetDialogBaseUnits()) ; for (i = 0 ; i < NUM ; i++)
hwndButton[i] = CreateWindow(TEXT("button"), button[i].szText, WS_CHILD|WS_VISIBLE|button[i].iStyle, cxChar, cyChar*(1+2*i), 20*cxChar, 7*cyChar/4, hwnd, (HMENU)i, ((LPCREATESTRUCT)lParam)->hInstance, NULL) ; return 0 ; case WM_SIZE : rect.left = 24*cxChar ; rect.top = 2*cyChar ; rect.right = LOWORD(lParam) ; rect.bottom = HIWORD(lParam) ; return 0 ; case WM_PAINT :
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InvalidateRect (hwnd, &rect, TRUE) ; hdc = BeginPaint (hwnd, &ps) ; SelectObject(hdc,GetStockObject(SYSTEM_FIXED_FONT)); SetBkMode (hdc, TRANSPARENT) ;
TextOut (hdc, 24 * cxChar, cyChar, szTop, lstrlen (szTop)); TextOut (hdc, 24 * cxChar, cyChar, szUnd, lstrlen (szUnd)) ; EndPaint (hwnd, &ps) ; return 0 ; case WM_DRAWITEM : case WM_COMMAND : ScrollWindow (hwnd, 0, -cyChar, &rect, &rect) ; hdc = GetDC (hwnd) ; SelectObject(hdc, GetStockObject(SYSTEM_FIXED_FONT)); TextOut (hdc, 24*cxChar, cyChar*(rect.bottom/cyChar-1), szBuffer, wsprintf (szBuffer, szFormat, message==WM_DRAWITEM ? TEXT ("WM_DRAWITEM") : TEXT ("WM_COMMAND"), HIWORD (wParam), LOWORD (wParam), HIWORD (lParam), LOWORD (lParam))) ; ReleaseDC (hwnd, hdc); ValidateRect (hwnd, &rect); break; case WM_DESTROY : PostQuitMessage(0) ; return 0 ; } return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, lParam) ; }
to ra mt child window control bn dng cu trc CreateWindow vi cc thng s nh sau.
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: cxChar
-> hInstance, NULL) ;
Trong tn lp l c nh. Tn ca s do chng ta t. Kiu ca s s dng l WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE v mt trong 9 kiu button (BS_PUSHBUTTON, BS_CHECKBOX,...). Tip theo l 4 thng s xc nh v tr x, v tr y, kch thc theo chiu rng, kch thc chiu cao ca ca s con trn vng client ca ca s cha. hwnd l handle ca ca s cha. ID l ch danh ca mi ca s con (mi ca s con c duy nht mi s ID). ID ny phi p kiu HMENU ch nh trnh n. lParam thc cht l mt con tr n cu trc LPCREATESTRUCT c thnh phn hInstance. D mun ly th qun hInstance th phi p kiu lParam.
3.3.1. Lp Push Button

Trong v d 3.1 c hai Push Button c to ra bng hm CreateWindow vi kch thc v v tr c xc nh bi ngi lp trnh. Cc Push Button c s dng bt tt mt hnh ng tc thi ch khng gi c trng thi bt hay tt lu di nh checkbox c. Trn y l hai kiu ca s BS_PUSHBUTTON v BS_DEFBUTTON (kiu nt bm mc nh). Hai kiu ny khi thit k th khc nhau nhng khi s dng th n c chc nng hon ton ging nhau. Khi nhn chut vo nt ny th nt ny gi thng ip WM_COMMAND n ca s cha vi m thng bo BN_CLICK. C th tc ng n nt bm ny bng cch gi hm. SendMessage( hwndButton, BM_SETSTASE, 1, 0 ); Nu mun nt nhn ny tr li trng thi bnh thng th gi hm : SendMessage(hwndButton, BM_SETSTASE, 0, 0 ); hwndButton l nh danh ca ca s con c tr v bi hm CreateWindow.
3.3.2. Lp Check Box

Mt check box l l mt hp vung km theo ch. Thng thng ch nm bn tri ca hp. Tuy nhin, cng c th t ch nm bn phi bng cch thm vo kiu BS_LEFTTEXT khi to mt button. Cc check box cho php ngi dng chn cc ty chn, n hot ng nh mt cng tc. C hai loi check box thng dng l BS_CHECKBOX v BS_AUTOCHECKBOX. Khi s dng loi BS_CHECKBOX, chng ta t t du check box Trang 66
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bng cch gi n kiu iu khin ny thng ip BS_SETCHECK. Thng s wParam trong hm SendMessage c t gi tr 1 to nh du, v bng 0 khi mun hy nh du. Ly trng thi ca mt check box bng cch gi n kiu iu khin ny thng ip BM_GETCHECK. Dng on chng trnh sau bt tt du check khi x l thng ip WM_COMMAND c gi n t cc kiu iu khin.
SendMessage((HWND)lParam, BM_SETCHECK, (WPARAM)!SendMessage( (HWND)lParam, BM_GETCHECK, 0, 0), 0);
Ch ton t ! (NOT) ng trc hm SendMessage. Gi tr lParam l handle ca ca s con gi n ca s cha trong thng ip WM_COMMAND. Mun bit trng thi ca check box no th gi ti n thng ip BM_GETCHECK. khi ng mt check box loi BS_CHECKBOX vi trng thi c nh du, bng cch gi n n mt thng ip BM_SETCHECK theo cu trc. SendMessage (hwndButton,BM_SETCHECK, 1, 0); Cn check box BS_AUTOCHECK l loi nt bm m t n nh du bt hay tt cho chnh n. Mun ly trng thi ca check box hin hnh, ch cn gi thng ip BM_GETCHECK n kiu iu khin ny theo cu trc. iCheck = SendMessage (hwndButton, BM_SETCHECK, 1, 0); iCheck mang gi tr TRUE nu check box trng thi chn, cn ngc li iCheck mang gi tr FALSE. Ngoi ra cn c hai loi check box khc l BS_3STATE v BS_AUTO3STATE. Hai loi ny cn c thm trng thi th 3, l trng thi nt check box c mu xm xut hin khi bn gi thng ip WM_SETCHECK vi tham s wParam bng 2 n check box ny. Mu xm cho bit ngi dng chn la khng thch hp hay khng xc nh.
3.3.3. Lp Radio Button

Mt radio button l mt vng trn c km theo ch. Ti mt thi im ch c mt radio button c nhn. Cc radio thng c nhm li s dng cho vic la chn duy nht trong nhm. Trng thi cc radio button khng bt tt nh check box. C ngha, khi nhn chut vo radio button th button ny c nh du, v khi ta nhn chut vo mt ln na th radio cng vn trng thi nh du. C hai kiu radio button l BS_RADIOBUTTON v BS_AUTORADIOBUTTON, nhng kiu th hai ch s dng trong hp thoi. Khi nhn thng ip WM_COMMAND t radio button, th chng ta phi nh du radio bng cch gi thng ip BM_SETCHECK vi thng s wParam bng 1 nh sau. SendMessage(hwndButton, BM_SETCHECK, 1, 0); Tt c cc radio button trong cng mt nhm, nu bn mun tt du check th bn gi n chng thng ip BM_SETCHECK vi thng s wParam bng 0 nh sau.
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SendMessage(hwndButton, BM_SETCHECK, 0, 0);
3.3.4. Lp Group Box

Group box c kiu BS_GROUPBOX, y l loi button c bit. Mt group box ch n gin l mt ng vin c dng tiu trn nh. Group box khng x l cc thng ip bn phm, khng x l cc thng ip chut v cng khng gi thng ip WM_COMMAND n ca s cha ca n. Cc group box thng c s dng bao quanh cc kiu iu khin khc.
3.4. LP STATIC
To ra mt lp tnh bng cch s dng "static" khi to lp ca s trong hm CreateWindow. Lp tnh khng nhn nhp d liu t bn phm cng nh t chut, v khng gi thng ip WM_COMMAND n ca s cha. Khi di chuyn hay nhn chut vo cc ca s con tnh, ca s con ny by thng ip WM_NCHITTEST v tr v gi tr HTTRANSPARENT n Windows. iu ny lm cho Windows gi cng thng ip WM_NCHITTEST cho ca s cha. Ca s cha thng gi thng ip ny n th tc DefWindowProc. Cc kiu ca s tnh sau y dng v mt hnh ch nht hay mt khung ln vng client ca ca s con. Cc kiu FRAME l nhng ng bao hnh ch nht, cc kiu RECT l nhng hnh ch nht : SS_BLACKRECT, SS_GRAYRECT, SS_ WHITERECT. SS_BLACKFRAME, SS_GRAYFAME, SS_WHITEFRAME.
3.5. LP EDIT TEXT

Trong mt phng din no th lp son tho (edit text) c xem l mt ca s c nh ngha sn n gin nht. Nhng xt mt kha cnh khc th n li phc tp nht. Dng tn lp "edit" cng vi cc thng s v tr x, v tr y, chiu rng, chiu cao trong hm CreateWindow to ra ca s son tho. Khi ca s son tho nhn focus th chng ta c th g ch vo, xo cc ch, nh du cc chvv. Cc thao tc trn c Windows h tr hon ton. Mt trong nhng ng dng thng xuyn nht, v n gin nht ca lp son tho l to ra mt ca s cho php ngi dng nhp cc ch vo. minh ha cho ca s nhp ta xt v d 3.2 sau. *
#include <windows.h> #define ID_EDIT 1 LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); TCHAR szAppName[] = TEXT ("PopPad1") ;
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lParam) { static HWND hwndEdit ; switch (message) { case WM_CREATE :
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM
hwndEdit = CreateWindow (TEXT("edit"), NULL, WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_HSCROLL | WS_VSCROLL | WS_BORDER | ES_LEFT | ES_MULTILINE | ES_AUTOHSCROLL | ES_AUTOVSCROLL, 0, 0, 0, 0, hwnd, (HMENU)ID_EDIT, ((LPCREATESTRUCT) lParam) -> hInstance, NULL) ; return 0 ; case WM_SETFOCUS : SetFocus (hwndEdit) ; return 0 ; case WM_SIZE : MoveWindow (hwndEdit, 0, 0, LOWORD(lParam), HIWORD(lParam), TRUE); return 0 ; case WM_COMMAND : if (LOWORD (wParam) == ID_EDIT) if ( HIWORD(wParam)==EN_ERRSPACE || HIWORD(wParam)==EN_MAXTEXT ) MessageBox(hwnd, TEXT("Edit control out of space."), szAppName, MB_OK | MB_ICONSTOP) ; return 0 ; case WM_DESTROY : PostQuitMessage(0) ; return 0 ; } return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, lParam) ; }
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Hn ch ca edit box c nh ngha sn l s k t ngi dng nhp vo phi khng qu 30.000 k t ch.
3.5.1. Cc kiu lp Edit Text

Trong v d trn to mt edit box bng cch gi hm CreateWindow. C kiu ca s l WS_CHILD, cng mt s ty chn. Chng ta c th canh tri, phi, gia cc ch trong vng ca s edit box bng cch thay i thng s kiu ca s ES_LEFT, ES_RIGHT, ES_CENTER trong hm CreateWindow. C th to mt edit control cho php hin th nhiu hng bng cch chn kiu ca s ES_MULTILINE. Mt edit control mc nh ch cho php nhp mt hng k t cho n cui edit box. S dng ES_AUTOHSCROLL, ES_AUTOVSCROLL to mt edit control c thanh cun ngang, v cun ng t ng. C th thm thanh cun ngang v ng vo edit control bng cch s dng kiu ca s WS_HSCROLL, WS_VSCROLL. Dng kiu ca s WS_BORDER to ng vin cho edit control. Kch thc ca edit control c xc nh bng cch gi hm MoveWindow khi hm WndProc x l thng ip WM_SIZE. Trong v d trn th kch thc ca edit control c t bng kch thc ca ca s chnh. MoveWindow(hwndEdit, 0, 0, LOWORD(lParam), HIWORD(lParam), TRUE); Cc edit control gi thng ip WM_COMMAND cng cc thng s wParam, lParam n window ca s cha. Vi ngha : LOWORD(wParam) l ID ca s con, HIWORD(wParam) l m thng bo. lParam l handle ca edit control. M thng bo EN_SETFORCUS EN_KILLFORCUS EN_CHANGE EN_UPDATE EN_ERRSPACE EN_MAXTEXT EN_HSCROLL EN_VSCROLL ngha Endit control nhn focus nhp. Endit control mt focus nhp. Ni dung ca edit control s thay i. Ni dung ca edit control thay i. Edit control chy qu thi gian. Edit control chy qu khng gian khi chn. Thanh cun ng ca edit control b tc ng. Thanh cun nm ca edit control b tc ng.
Bng 3.2 Danh sch m thng bo ca edit Control.
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3.5.2. Cc thng ip n mt lp Edit Text

Cc th t thng ip sau cho php ct, sao chp, xo cc phn ch c chn (selected). SendMessage (hwndEdit, WM_CUT, 0, 0); SendMessage (hwndEdit, WM_COPY, 0, 0); SendMessage (hwndEdit, WM_CLEAR, 0, 0); Vi WM_CUT ct phn ch c nh du a vo vng Clipboard. WM_COPY sao chp phn ch c nh du a vo Clipboard nhng phn nh du vn cn trn edit control. WM_CLEAR xa phn ch c nh du m khng a vo clipboard. Chn phn ch nm trong clipboard vo vng son tho edit control bng cch gi hm. SendMessage (hwndEdit, WM_PASTE , 0, 0); Nhn bt u v kt thc ca phn ch chn bng cch gi hm : SendMessage (hwndEdit, EM_GETSEL, (WPARAM)&iStart, (LPARAM)&iEnd ); iStart lu v tr bt u v iEnd lu v tr kt thc. thay th phn ch chn bng ch khc, ta dng hm ; SendMessage(hwndEdit,EM_REPLACESEL,0,(LPARAM)szString); Trong szString l chui mun thay th. i vi edit control nhiu dng, ta m s dng ch bng hm. iCount = SendMessage (hwndEdit, EM_GETLINECOUNT, 0, 0); Cc dng trong edit control c nh s bt th t t 0. Ly chiu di ca mt dng bng lnh. iLength = SendMessage (hwndEdit, EM_LINELENGTH, iLine, 0). Chp hng ny vo b m bng cch gi hm. iLength = SendMessage ( hwdEdit, EM_GETLINE, iLine, (LPARAM)Buffer ).
3.6. LP LIST BOX

List box l tp hp cc chui k t c gi gn trong mt hnh ch nht. Mt chng trnh c th thm hoc xa cc chui trong list box bng cch gi cc thng ip n th tc Trang 71
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window ca list box. List box control gi thng ip WM_COMMAND n ca s cha khi c mt mc trong list box b nh du. Ca s cha xc nhn cc mc trong list box b nh du. Mt list box c th chn c mt mc hay nhiu mc cng mt lc (ty theo loi list box n hay kp).
3.6.1 Cc kiu List Box

Chng ta to mt ca s con list box bng hm CreateWindow vi lp ca s l "listbox" cng vi loi ca s WS_CHILD. Tuy nhin kiu ca s con mt nh ny khng gi thng ip WM_COMMAND n ca s cha, c ngha chng trnh t kim tra vic nh du cc danh mc trong list box. V th, cc kiu iu khin list box thng nh ngha kiu list box LBS_NOTYFY, iu ny cho php ca s cha nhn thng ip WM_COMMAND t list box. Nu mun sp xp cc mc trong list box th s dng kiu LBS_SORT. Theo mc nh, nhng list box to ra l nhng list box n. V th, nu mun to ra mt list box kp (tc list box cho php ngi dng chn nhiu dng cng lc) th phi s dng loi list box LBS_MULTIPLESEL.Thng thng, List box s t cp nht khi mt mc c thm vo. Tuy nhin c th ngn cn vic cp nht ny bng kiu LBS_NOREDRAW. Vic lm ny i khi khng thch lm, thay vo chng ta c th s dng thng ip WM_SETREDRAW ngn chn tm thi vic v li ca list box. Theo mc nh, cc mc trong list box khng c ng vin bao quanh khi hin th trn mn hnh. Tuy nhin, c th thm ng vin cho cc mc bng nh danh ca s WS_BORDER. Thm thanh cun ng vo list box bng cch thm nh danh ca s WS_VSCROLL. Thng thng windows nh ngha mt list box gm cc thng s sau : LBS_NOTIFY | LBS_SORT | WS_VSCROLL | WS_BORDER. Ngoi ra cn c cc thng s WS_SIZEBOX v WS_CAPTION dng thay i kch thc v thm tiu cho list box. Nn to ra mt list box c chiu rng bng chiu di ca chui di nht trong list box cng vi chiu di ca thanh cun dc. Chiu di ca thanh cun dc c xc nh bng hm. GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXVCROLL);
3.6.2. t cc chui vo List Box

thm mt chui vo list box ta gi cc thng ip n th tc Windows list box bng hm SendMessage. Khi truyn chui cho hm SendMessage th thng s wParam l mt con tr, tr n chui c kt thc bi k t NULL. Hm SendMessage tr v m LB_ERRSPACE (gi tr -2) khi Windows chy qu khng gian b nh dnh cho list box. Hm SendMessage tr v m LB_ERR ( -1) khi xy ra li khc v tr v m LB_OKAY ( 0 ) nu thao tc thm thnh cng.
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Nu s dng kiu LBS_SORT th khi thm mt chui vo list box ch cn dng ch th LB_ADDSTRING theo cu trc. SendMessage(hwndList, LB_ADDSTRING, 0, (LPARAM) szString); Vi szString l chui cn thm vo list box. Nu trong list box khng dng kiu LBS_SORT th c th chn mt chui vi ch th LB_INSERTSTRING cng v tr mun chn bng hm. SendMessage(hwndList, LB_INSERTSTRING, iIndex, (LPARAM) szString); iIndex l v tr mun chn chui vo. Nu gi tr ny bng -1 th chui c chn vo y ca list box. Xa mt chui trong list box bng ch th LB_DELETESTRING. SendMessage(hwndList, LB_DELETESTRING, iIndex, 0); Xa ht cc phn t nm trong list box th dng ch th LB_RESETCONTENT vi cu trc. SendMessage(hwndList, LB_LB_RESETCONTENT, 0, 0 ); Khi thm vo hay xa th Windows t cp nht li list box. Tuy nhin ta cng c th tm thi cn s cp nht ny bng cch tt c v li list box. SendMessage(hwndList, WMSETREDRAW, FALSE, 0); Sau khi thc hin xong ta bt c v li list box bng hm. SendMessage(hwndList, WMSETREDRAW, TRUE, 0);
3.6.3. Chn v ly cc mc trn List Box

Tng t nh t chui vo List box , chn v ly mc trong List box cng phi gi cc thng ip n th tc Window List box bng hm SendMessage. Dng ch th LB_GETCOUNT m s mc trong List box. iCount = SendMessage (hwndList, LB_GETCOUNT, 0, 0 ); Lm sng mc chn mc nh th dng LB_SETCURSEL. SendMessage (hwndList, LB_SETCURSEL, iIndex, 0 );
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Nu t gi tr iIndex bng -1 th window s b tt c cc mc chn. chn cc mc da trn ch bt u ca mc, ta dng hm. iIndex = SendMessage (hwndlist, LB_SELECTSTRING, iIndex, (LPARAM) szSearchString); iIndex l v tr bt u ca vic tm vi k t u ging szSearchString. Nu gi tr iIndex bng -1 th vic tm bt u t v tr u tin. Hm s tr v gi tr tm ci. Nu chui khng tn ti th hm tr v m li LB_ERR. Xc nh mc chn khi nhn c thng ip WM_COMMAND t list box bng hm. iIndex = SendMessage(hwndList, LB_GETCURSEL, 0, 0); Hm tr v v tr ca mc c chn, cn ngc li nu khng c mc no c chn th hm tr v m li LB_ERR. Mun xc nh chiu di ca mt chui bt k c trong list box dng hm. iLength = SendMessage(hwndList, LB_GETTEXTLEN, iIndex, 0); Vi iIndex l v tr ca chui cn xc nh chiu di. chp chui trn vo vng p Buffer, ta dng hm. iLength = SendMessage(hwndList, LB_GETTEXT, iInde, (LPARAM) Buffer); Gi tr tr v ca hai hm trn l chiu di ca chui k t. Nn nh kch thc vng buffer sao cho cha chiu di ca chui cng thm k t kt thc chui cn ghi vo. Tuy nhin, i vi list box chn kp th chng ta khng th dng cc ch th LB_SETCURSEL, LB_GETCURSEL, hoc LB_SELECTSTRING. Thay vo phi dng ch th LB_SETSEL chn mt mc m khng lm nh hng n cc mc chn khc. SendMessage(hwndList, LB_SETSEL, wParam, iIndex); Tham s wParam khc 0 chn v lm sng mc, bng 0 hy vic chn. Xc nh trng thi ca mt mc no trong list box (loi list box chn kp) dng hm. iSelect = SendMessage(hwndList, LB_GETSEL, iIndex, 0); Hm tr v gi tr khc 0 nu mc c v tr iIndex c chn, v bng 0 nu mc v tr khng c chn.
3.6.4. Nhn cc thng ip t List Box
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Khi dng chut nhn vo list box, khi list box nhn focus nhp. Ca s cha c th t focus nhp n list box bng hm. SetFocus (hwndList); Khi list box nhn focus nhp, chng ta dng con chut, cc phm ch, phm Spacebar chn cc mc trong list box. List box gi thng ip WM_COMMAND vi cc thng s wParam, lParam n ca s cha vi ngha : LOWORD (wParam) ID ca s con. HIWORD (wParam) M thng bo. lParam Handle ca s con.
M thng bo LBN_ERRSPACE LBN_SELCHANGE Gi tr ngha
-2 1 2 3 4 5
Con trol list box chy qu khng gian Cho bit mc chn hin hnh thay i Cho bit mt mc b double click vi chut Cho bit ngi dng thay i mc chn trong list box Cho bit list box ang nhn c focus nhp Cho bit list box mt focus nhp
Bng 3.3 Cc gi tr ca m thng bo
LBN_DBLCLK
LBN_SELCANCEL
LBN_SETFOCUS
LBN_KILLFOCUS
M thng bo LBN_ERRSPACE, LBN_SELCHANGE c gi n ca s cha khi kiu ca s list box bao gm LBS_NOTIFY.
3.6.5. Mt ng dng List Box

Sau y l mt v d v list box, kt qu chng trnh sau khi chy th hin trong hnh 3.2. Trong v d ny, ta to ra mt list box gm cc phn t cam, chanh, nho . Khi dng chut hay dng phm Spacebar cng vi phm mi tn chn cc mc trong list box, mc c chn s c mu t th hin c chn la (mc nh trong Windows l mu xanh) v ni dung mc chn ny c hin th ln kiu iu khin tnh nm bn trn vng thao tc ca ca s chnh. Chng trnh minh ha nh sau (v d 3.2).
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Hnh 3.2 ng dng minh ha lp List Box
* LISTBOX.CPP (trch dn)

#include <windows.h> #define ID_LIST 1 #define ID_TEXT 2 LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); void FillListBox (HWND hwndList) { int i; static TCHAR *tc[]={TEXT("cam"), TEXT("quyt"), TEXT("buoi"), TEXT("tao"), TEXT("chanh"), TEXT("xoai"), TEXT("nho")}; for(i=0; i<7; i++) SendMessage(hwndList, LB_ADDSTRING, 0, (LPARAM)tc[i]); } LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { static HWND hwndList, hwndText ; int iIndex, iLength, cxChar, cyChar ; TCHAR *pVarName; switch (message)
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{ case WM_CREATE : cxChar = LOWORD (GetDialogBaseUnits ()) ; cyChar = HIWORD (GetDialogBaseUnits ()) ; // To mt listbox
hwndList = CreateWindow ( TEXT("listbox"), NULL, WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | LBS_NOTIFY | LBS_STANDARD, cxChar, cyChar * 3, cxChar * 16 + GetSystemMetrics (SM_CXVSCROLL), cyChar * 5, hwnd, (HMENU) ID_LIST, (HINSTANCE)GetWindowLong(hwnd, GWL_HINSTANCE), NULL ) ; // to mt control "static" hwndText = CreateWindow ( TEXT("static"), NULL, WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | SS_LEFT, cxChar, cyChar, GetSystemMetrics (SM_CXSCREEN), cyChar, hwnd, (HMENU) ID_TEXT, (HINSTANCE)GetWindowLong(hwnd, GWL_HINSTANCE), NULL) ; FillListBox (hwndList) ; return 0 ; case WM_SETFOCUS : //t focus nhp cho list box SetFocus (hwndList) ; return 0 ; //x l cc thng ip khi chn mc trong list box case WM_COMMAND : if (LOWORD (wParam) == ID_LIST && HIWORD (wParam) == LBN_SELCHANGE) { // ly ch v tr ca mc c chn iIndex=SendMessage(hwndList,LB_GETCURSEL, 0, 0); iLength = SendMessage (hwndList, LB_GETTEXTLEN, iIndex, 0) + 1 ; pVarName =(char*) calloc (iLength, sizeof (TCHAR)) ; SendMessage ( hwndList, LB_GETTEXT, iIndex, (LPARAM)pVarName) ; SetWindowText (hwndText, pVarName) ; free (pVarName) ;
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} return 0 ; case WM_DESTROY : PostQuitMessage (0) ; return 0 ; } return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, lParam) ; }
Khi dng chut hay bn phm chn mc trong list box, th list box gi thng ip WM_COMMAND cho th tc WndProc ca ca s cha x l. Khi th tc WndProc nhn c thng ip WM_COMMAND, n kim tra word thp ca tham s wParam c bng nh danh ca list box ( v d trn l ID_LIST) khng v word cao ca tham s wParam(m thng bo) c bng LBN_SELCHANGE khng. Nu bng, n ly ch s ca mc c chn thng qua hm: SendMessage (hwndList, LB_GETCURSEL, 0, 0) ; V tip tc ly ni dung ca mc c chn thng qua hm. SendMessage ( hwndList, LB_GETTEXT, iIndex, (LPARAM) pVarName); Sau cng, hin th mc c chn ln control tnh thng qua hm. SetWindowText (hwndText, pVarName);
3.7. LP COMBO BOX

Cng ging nh List box, Combo box cng l tp hp cc chui k t c gi gn trong mt hnh ch nht. Mt chng trnh c th thm hoc xa cc chui trong Combo box bng cch gi cc thng ip n th tc window ca Combo box. Combo box control gi thng ip WM_COMMAND n ca s cha khi c mt mc trong Combo box c nh du. Ca s cha xc nhn mc c nh du trong Combox box. Trong Combox box ch cho php chn mt mc trong danh sch cc mc c trong Combo box.
3.7.1. S khc v ging nhau gia Combo Box v List Box

Cc thao tc trn list box v combo box l hon ton ging nhau, ch khc nhau hnh thc th hin. List box hin th cc mc khi chng c cp nht, cn combo box ch hin th cc
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mc khi ta nhp chut vo n. Khi to kiu iu khin combo box vi hm CreateWindow phi s dng lp ca s "combobox" cng vi kiu ca s l WS_CHILD. List box c th cho php chn nhiu mc cng lc, cn combo box th ch cho php chn mt mc m thi. Khng ging nh list box, combo box c hai phn. Phn di l danh sch cc mc c thm vo combo box, phn trn l mt edit control dng hin th mc chn hin hnh.
3.7.2. Thm, xa mt chui trnCombo Box

thm mt chui vo combo box dng hm SendMessage vi thng ip CB_ADDSTRING: SendMessage (hWnd, CB_ADDSTRING, 0, (LPARAM) szString); hWnd l handle ca Combo box control, szString l chui cn thm vo. Hn ch chiu di ca chui cn thm vo bng thng ip CB_LIMITTEXT. SendMessage (hWnd, CB_LIMITTEXT, (WPARAM)length, 0). length l chiu di ca chui cn thm vo khng k k t kt thc chui. chn mt chui vo Combo box ti v tr xc nh, ta dng thng ip CB_INSERTSTRING. SendMessage (hWnd, CB_INSERTSTRING, iIndex, (LPARAM) szString). iIndex l v tr cn chn chui vo Combo box. xa tt c cc mc trong Combo box, ta dng thng ip CB_RESETCONTENT. SendMessage (hWnd, CB_RESETCONTENT, 0, 0). Tng t, ta c th xa mt mc trong Combo box bng thng ip CB_DELETESTRING. SendMessage (hWnd, CB_DELETESTRING, iIndex, 0);
3.7.3. Chn v ly mc trn Combo box

m s mc c trong Combo box bng thng ip CB_GETCOUNT. iCount = SendMessage (hWnd, CB_GETCOUNT, 0, 0). Hm trn tr v s mc c trong Combo box. Thng thng ta chn mc t Combo box. Tuy nhin, ta cng c th chn mc bng thng ip CB_SETCURSEL. SendMessage (hWnd, CB_SETCURSEL, (WPARAM) iIndex, 0). Trang 79
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Vi iIndex l v tr cn chn, nu gi tr ny bng 1 th Windows loi b vic chn i vi tt c cc mc trong Combo box. Khi nhn thng ip WM_COMMAND t Combo box, chng ta c th xc nh mc c chn c v tr th my trong Combo box (v tr bt u l 0) bng cch dng thng ip CB_GETCURSEL. iIndex = SendMessage (hWnd, CB_GETCURSEL, 0, 0); iIndex l v tr ca mc c chn. Nu khng c mc no c chn th hm trn s tr v m li CB_ERR (gi tr bng 1). xc nh chiu di iLength ca mt chui c trong Combo box, ta dng thng ip CB_GETLBTEXTLEN. iLength=SendMessage (hwnd, CB_GETLBTEXTLEN, iIndex, 0); Hm tr v chiu di chui vi iIndex l v tr ca chui cn ly chiu di. Nu mun ly ni dung ca mc no , ta s dng thng ip CB_GETLBTEXT. SendMessage ( hWnd, CB_GETLBTEXT, iIndex, (LPARAM)szString); iIndex l v tr chui cn ly, szString dng cha chui ly c.
3.7.4. Mt ng dng Combo box

minh ha cch cch s dng Combo box cng vi cc th tc x l thng ip trong Combo box chng ta cng nhau kho st v d sau (v d 3.3). Kt qu thc hin chng trnh.
Hnh 3.3 ng dng minh ha lp Combo Box
* COMBOBOX.CPP ( trch dn) Trang 80
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void FillCombo (HWND hwndCombo) { int i;
static TCHAR *tc[ ] = {TEXT("MAI XUAN HUNG"), TEXT("LE HOAN VU"), TEXT("LE LU NHA"), TEXT("PHAM THANH PHONG"), TEXT("LE LUC"), TEXT("NGUYEN TIEN"), TEXT("DINH QUYEN")}; for(i=0; i<7; i++) SendMessage(hwndCombo,CB_ADDSTRING,0,(LPARAM)tc[i]); } LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { static HWND hwndCombo, hwndText ; int iIndex, iLength, cxChar, cyChar ; TCHAR *pVarName; switch (message) { case WM_CREATE : cxChar = LOWORD (GetDialogBaseUnits ()) ; cyChar = HIWORD (GetDialogBaseUnits ()) ; hwndCombo = CreateWindow (TEXT ("combobox"), NULL, WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | LBS_STANDARD, cxChar, cyChar * 3, cxChar * 20 + GetSystemMetrics (SM_CXVSCROLL), cyChar * 10, hwnd, (HMENU)ID_COMBO, (HINSTANCE) GetWindowLong (hwnd, GWL_HINSTANCE), NULL) ; hwndText = CreateWindow (TEXT ("static"), NULL, WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | SS_LEFT, cxChar, cyChar, GetSystemMetrics (SM_CXSCREEN), cyChar, hwnd, (HMENU) ID_TEXT, (HINSTANCE) GetWindowLong (hwnd, GWL_HINSTANCE), NULL) ; FillListBox (hwndCombo) ; return 0 ; case WM_SETFOCUS : SetFocus (hwndCombo) ;
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return 0 ; case WM_COMMAND :
if (LOWORD(wParam) == ID_COMBO && HIWORD(wParam) == LBN_SELCHANGE) { iIndex=SendMessage(hwndCombo,CB_GETCURSEL,0,0); iLength=SendMessage(hwndCombo,CB_GETLBTEXTLEN,iIndex, 0)+1; pVarName =(char*) calloc (iLength, sizeof (TCHAR)) ; SendMessage(hwndCombo, CB_GETLBTEXT, iIndex, (LPARAM)pVarName) ; SetWindowText (hwndText, pVarName) ; free (pVarName) ; } return 0 ; case WM_DESTROY : PostQuitMessage (0) ; return 0 ; } return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, lParam) ; }
3.8. LP SCROLL BAR

Trong cc chng trc thanh cun ca s c to ra bng cch s dng hai thng s WS_VSCROLL hay WS_HSCROLL, thanh cun c to ra trong trng hp ny nm bn di hoc bn phi vng client. By gi to lp mt control thanh cun m kiu iu khin thanh cun ny xut hin bt c ni no trong vng thao tc. Bng cch s dng lp "scrollbar" cng vi hai kiu thanh cun nh ngha sn SBS_VERT v SBS_HORZ. Khng ging nh cc kiu control iu kin cp trn, cc control thanh cun y khng gi thng ip WM_COMMAND, m li gi thng ip WS_VSCROLL v WS_ HSCROLL cho ca s cha. C th phn bit c thanh cun ca s v kiu iu khin thanh cun thng qua tham s lParam. Tham s ny s bng 0 nu nh thanh cun ny l thanh cun ca s, cn tham s ny s bng handle ca ca s thanh cun nu nh thanh cun l mt
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kiu iu khin. Cn tham s wPram th ging nhau cho c hai loi thanh cun ca s v kiu iu khin thanh cun. Bn c th to mt kiu iu khin thanh cun vi chiu di v chiu rng ty . Nu bn mun to mt kiu iu khin thanh cun c kch thc bng kch thc ca thanh cun ca s. Th dng hai hm sau ly chu cao v chiu rng ca thanh cun ca s. GetsystemMetrics (SM_CYHCROLL) ; GetsystemMetrics (SM_CXVCROLL) ; Tng t nh thanh cun ca s chng ta c th t vng v v tr cho kiu iu khin thanh cun hm. SetScrollRange (hwndScroll, SB_CTL, iMin, iMax, bRedraw) ; hwnScroll l handle ca control thanh cun. Tham s SB_CTL l mt trong hai kiu SBS_VERT tng ng vi thanh cun ngang v SBS_HORZ tng ng vi thanh cun ng. Theo mc nh th thanh cun nm trong vng c gi tr t 0 n 100 n v chiu di, tuy nhin c th t li vng thanh cun thng qua hai tham s iMin tng ng vi chn di ca vng v iMax tng ng vi chn trn ca vng. Tham s nRedraw mang mt trong hai gi tr TRUE hoc FALSE, nu mun Windows v li thanh cun da trn vng mi th phi t gi tr ny bng TRUE, cn ngc li th t gi tr ny bng FALSE. Dng hm sau t li v tr con chy trn thanh cun. SetScrollPos (hwndScroll, SB_CTL, iPos, bRedraw); Vi iPos l v tr cn t con chy trn vng control thanh cun.
3.8.1. Giao din bn phm i vi thanh cun

C th dng bn phm di chuyn con chy trn vng control thanh cun khi thanh cun nhn c focus nhp. Sau y l cc phm di chuyn cng vi cc chc nng ca n trn control thanh cun.
Cc phm di chuyn Gi tr wParam ca thng ip thanh cun
Home End Page Up Page Down Left hay Up
SB_TOP SB_BOTTOM SB_PAGEUP SB_PAGEDOWN SB_LINEUP
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LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS SB_LINEDOWN
Bng 3.4 Cc gi tr wParam ca thng ip thanh cun
t focus nhp cho cc thanh cun bng hm. SetFocus (hwndScroll); Vi hwnScroll l handle ca control thanh cun. Mun t focus cho mt thanh cun no khi khi ng chng trnh th phi t focus ny khi x l thng ip WM_SETFOCUS trong th tc WndProc. V l do, thanh cun ch quan tm n cc phm di chuyn, n khng quan tm n phm Tab. iu ny lm cho vic s dng phm Tab di chuyn focus nhp t thanh cun ny n thanh cun khc gp nhiu kh khn. Tuy nhin gii quyt vn ny ta nguyn cu cc k thut sau. Nhn a ch th tc window ca cc control thanh cun bng hm GetWindowLong vi nh danh GWL_ID. Bn c th t th tc Windows cho thanh cun bng hm SetWindowLong vi nh danh GWL_WNDPROC. Trong v d sau y, hm SetWindownLong t th tc window cho thanh cun mi v tr v a ch th tc window thanh cun c. hm x l thanh cun ScrollProc trong v d sau nhn tt c cc thng ip gi n th tc window thanh cun. Hm ny ch n gin thay i focus nhp gia cc thanh cun khi bm phm Tab hay Shift-Tab, bng cch gi window thanh cun c thng qua hm CallWindowProc.
3.8.2. T mu cc thanh cun v cc static text

Mu ca cc thanh cun c thc hin bng cch x l cc thng ip WM_CTLCOLORSCROLLBAR. Trong v d sau hm WinProc ta nh ngha mt mng gm c 3 phn t mi phn t l mt handle chi t (brush) cho mt thanh cun.
static HBRUSH hBrush[3];
Cc chi t trn c to ra bng hm CreateSolidBrush trong th tc x l thng ip WM_CREATE .

for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) { hBrush [i] = CreateSolidBrush (color [i]); }
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Trong color cha cc gi tr mu s cp RGB (Red, Green, Blue). Mt trong 3 chi t (brush) c tr v khi x l thng ip WM_CTLCOLORCROLLBAR trong th tc WinProc bng on chng trnh sau.
case WM_CTLCOLORCROLLBAR: i = GetWindowLong (HWND) lParam, GWL_ID) : return (LRESULT) hBrush [i];
Ch : Cc chi t phi c hy b trc khi kt thc chng trnh thng qua hm DeleteOject khi x l thng ip WM_DESTROY trong th tc x l WinProc.
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) DeleteObject (hBrush [i]);
Cc static text c t mu tng t nh cc thanh cun, bng cch x l thng ip WM_CTLCOLORSTATIC trong th tc WinProc thng qua hm SetTextColor. Dng hm SetBkColor t mu nn ch, trong v d sau th mu nn ch trng vi mu h thng COLOR_BTNHIGHLIGHT. i vi cc Static text tnh ta ch p dng mu nn ch cho hnh ch nht nm sau mi k t ch khng phi ton b chiu rng ca ca s control. thc hin iu ny, trong th tc WndProc hm x l WM_CTLCOLORSTATIC phi tr v mt handle cho mt chi t (brush) ca mu COLOR_BTNHIGHLIGHT. Cc chi t ny c to ra khi x l thng ip WM_CREATE v phi c hy khi x l thng ip WM_DESTROY.
3.8.3. T mu nn ca s
Trong v d di y to ra ca s v mt chi t mu en cho vng thao tc cho ca s ny. Wndclass.hbrBackground = CreateSolidBrush (0) ; Khi thay i vic chn trn cc thanh cun th chng trnh to ra mt chi t (brush) mi v chn handle ca chi t mi ny vo ca s trn. Nhn hay t handle ca chi t (brush) bng hm GetClassWord v hm SetClassWord. C th to mt chi t (brush) mi v chn handle ca chi t ny vo cu trc ca ca s, sau xa chi t (brush) c. DeleteObject ( (HBRUSH)SetClassLong( hwnd, GCL_HBRBACKGROUND, (LONG)CreateSolidBrush(RGB (icolor[0], icolor[1], icolor[2])))) ; Windows s dng chi t mi ny t vng thao tc cho ln t k tip. Dng hm sau xa 2/3 bn phi ca vng thao tc trc khi v li vng ny. InvalidateRect (hwnd, &icolor, TRUE) ;
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Hm InvalidateRect lm cho window t thng ip WM_PAINT vo trong hng i cc thng ip ca th tc x l window. M thng ip WM_PAINT c u tin thp hn cc thng ip x l bn phm hay chut nn n c x l sau. Nu mun vng ca s c cp nht li mu ngay sau khi di chuyn con chy trn thanh cun th dng hm. UpdateWindow (hwnd) ; Tuy nhin nu chng ta dng hm ny th lm cho tc x l thng ip chut v bn phm chm li. Hm WndProc khng x l thng ip WM_PAINT m a cho hm DefWindowProc. Nh chng ta bit windows x l mc nh thng ip WM_PAINT ch n gin l li gi hm BeginPaint v EndPaint. Nhng trn chng ta ch nh InvalidateRect l phn nn cn phi xa, chnh iu ny hm BeginPaint s khin cho Windows t ng pht sinh thng ip xa nn WM_ERASEBKGND. Ch : phi dn dp cc chi t trc khi chng trnh kt thc bng hm DeleteOject trong khi x l thng ip WM_DESTROY.
Hnh 3.4 ng dng minh ha lp Scroll Bar
3.8.4. Mt ng dng ca thanh cun

Hnh 3.4 minh ha mt ng dng v thanh cun (Scroll Bar). Trong v d ny, ta s dng 3 thanh cun v 6 static text. Bng cch dng chut hay bn phm, ta di chuyn con trt trn thanh cun thay i gi tr mu. Mu thay i tng ng s l mu t ca vng client bn cnh. Ba stactic text di mi thanh cun dng ghi nhn gi tr mu thay i tng ng vi cc thanh cun. * SCROLLBAR.CPP (trch dn)
int idFocus ; WNDPROC OldScroll[3] ;
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lParam) {
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM
static COLORREF crPrim[3] = { RGB (255, 0, 0), RGB (0, 255, 0), RGB (0, 0, 255) }; static HBRUSH hBrush[3], hBrushStatic; static HWND hwndScroll[3], hwndLabel[3], hwndValue[3], hwndRect; static int color[3], cyChar ; static RECT rcColor ; static TCHAR *szColorLabel[] = { TEXT("Red"), TEXT("Green"), TEXT("Blue") } ; HINSTANCE hInstance ; int i, cxClient, cyClient ; TCHAR szBuffer[10] ; switch (message) { case WM_CREATE : hInstance = (HINSTANCE) GetWindowLong (hwnd, GWL_HINSTANCE) ; hwndRect = CreateWindow (TEXT("static"), NULL, WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | SS_WHITERECT, 0, 0, 0, 0, hwnd, (HMENU) 9, hInstance, NULL) ; for (i = 0 ; i < 3 ; i++) { hwndScroll[i] = CreateWindow (TEXT ("scrollbar"), NULL, WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_TABSTOP | SBS_VERT, 0, 0, 0, 0, hwnd, (HMENU) i, hInstance, NULL) ; SetScrollRange(hwndScroll[i], SB_CTL, 0, 255, FALSE); SetScrollPos (hwndScroll[i], SB_CTL, 0, FALSE) ; hwndLabel[i] = CreateWindow ( TEXT("static"), szColorLabel[i], WS_CHILD|WS_VISIBLE|SS_CENTER, 0, 0, 0, 0, hwnd, (HMENU) (i + 3), hInstance, NULL) ;
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hwndValue [i] = CreateWindow (TEXT ("static"), TEXT ("0"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | SS_CENTER, 0, 0, 0, 0, hwnd, (HMENU) (i + 6), hInstance, NULL) ; OldScroll[i] = (WNDPROC) SetWindowLong ( hwndScroll[i], GWL_WNDPROC, (LONG) ScrollProc) ; hBrush[i] = CreateSolidBrush (crPrim[i]) ; } hBrushStatic = CreateSolidBrush ( GetSysColor (COLOR_BTNHIGHLIGHT)) ; cyChar = HIWORD (GetDialogBaseUnits ()) ; return 0 ; case WM_SIZE : cxClient = LOWORD (lParam) ; cyClient = HIWORD (lParam) ; SetRect (&rcColor, 0, 0, cxClient/1.5, cyClient) ; MoveWindow (hwndRect, cxClient/1.5, 0, cxClient/2, cyClient, TRUE) ; for (i = 0 ; i < 3 ; i++) { MoveWindow (hwndScroll[i], ((int)(1.2 * i + 1) * cxClient) / 13 + (int)cxClient/1.5, 2*cyChar, cxClient / 17, cyClient - 4 * cyChar, TRUE) ; MoveWindow (hwndLabel[i], (2.3 * i + 1) * cxClient / 28+ cxClient/1.5, cyChar / 2, cxClient / 8, cyChar, TRUE) ; MoveWindow (hwndValue[i], (2.3 * i + 1) * cxClient / 28+ cxClient/1.5, cyClient - 3 * cyChar / 2, cxClient / 8, cyChar, TRUE) ; } SetFocus (hwnd) ; return 0 ; case WM_SETFOCUS : SetFocus (hwndScroll[idFocus]) ; return 0 ; case WM_VSCROLL :
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i = GetWindowLong ((HWND) lParam, GWL_ID) ; switch (LOWORD (wParam)) { case SB_PAGEDOWN : color[i] += 15 ; case SB_LINEDOWN : color[i] = min (255, color[i] + 1) ; break; case SB_PAGEUP : color[i] -= 15 ; case SB_LINEUP : color[i] = max (0, color[i] - 1) ; break; case SB_TOP : color[i] = 0 ; break ; case SB_BOTTOM : color[i] = 255 ; break ; case SB_THUMBPOSITION : case SB_THUMBTRACK : color[i] = HIWORD (wParam) ; break ; default : break ; }
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SetScrollPos (hwndScroll[i], SB_CTL, color[i], TRUE) ; wsprintf (szBuffer, TEXT ("%i"), color[i]) ; SetWindowText (hwndValue[i], szBuffer) ;
DeleteObject ( (HBRUSH)SetClassLong( hwnd, GCL_HBRBACKGROUND, (LONG)CreateSolidBrush ( RGB( color[0], color[1], color[2] ) ) ) ) ; InvalidateRect (hwnd, &rcColor, TRUE) ; return 0 ; case WM_CTLCOLORSCROLLBAR : i = GetWindowLong ((HWND) lParam, GWL_ID) ; return (LRESULT) hBrush[i] ; case WM_CTLCOLORSTATIC : i = GetWindowLong ((HWND) lParam, GWL_ID) ; if (i >= 3 && i <= 8) { SetTextColor ((HDC) wParam, crPrim[i % 3]) ; SetBkColor ( (HDC) wParam, GetSysColor ( COLOR_BTNHIGHLIGHT ) ); return (LRESULT) hBrushStatic ; } break ; case WM_SYSCOLORCHANGE : DeleteObject (hBrushStatic) ; hBrushStatic = CreateSolidBrush ( GetSysColor (COLOR_BTNHIGHLIGHT)) ; return 0 ; case WM_DESTROY : DeleteObject ((HBRUSH) SetClassLong (hwnd, GCL_HBRBACKGROUND, (LONG) GetStockObject (WHITE_BRUSH))) ; for (i = 0 ; i < 3 ; i++)
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DeleteObject (hBrush[i]) ; DeleteObject (hBrushStatic) ; PostQuitMessage (0) ; return 0 ; } return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, lParam) ; }
LRESULT CALLBACK ScrollProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { int id = GetWindowLong (hwnd, GWL_ID) ; switch (message) { case WM_KEYDOWN : if (wParam == VK_TAB) SetFocus (GetDlgItem (GetParent (hwnd), (id + (GetKeyState (VK_SHIFT) < 0 ? 2 : 1)) % 3)) ; break ; case WM_SETFOCUS : idFocus = id ; break ; } return CallWindowProc(OldScroll[id],hwnd,message,wParam,lParam); }
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Chng 4 X L BN PHM, THIT B CHUT, V B NH THI GIAN

4.1. M U
Cc chng trc trnh by cc thnh phn iu khin chung v hp thoi. Trong cc thnh phn ny, vic giao tip vi ngi dng c cc hp thoi hay cc iu khin x l, thng khng cn quan tm lm vic giao tip vi cc thit b . Tuy nhin, lp trnh trn Windows cng cn phi hiu vic x l cc thit b nhp nh bn phm v thit b chut. Mt s ng dng nh ha hay thao tc vn bn t nhiu cng phi vit cc x l lin quan ti bn phm v thit b chut. Trong chng ny, hai phn u s trnh by cch ngi lp trnh s dng bn phm v thit b chut xy dng mt ng dng trn Windows. Thc cht ca vic x l bn phm hay thit b chut cng n gin, v vi c ch thng ip ca Windows th ta ch cn tm hiu cc thng ip c pht sinh t bn phm hay t thit b chut vit cc x l tng ng vi tng thit b. Phn cui ca chng trnh by mt thnh phn cng khng km quan trng l b nh thi gian. Windows cung cp c ch ny truyn thng vi ng dng theo nh k. Vi c ch ny, ng dng ch cn khai bo mt b nh thi gian vi mt khong thi gian cho trc. V
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khi ng dng hot ng th h thng s truyn mt tn hiu cho ng dng theo tng khong thi gian nh k c khai bo. Tm li vic tm hiu bn phm, thit b chut, v b nh thi gian s em li s hiu bit su sc v thnh phn nhp liu cn bn ca mt ng dng trn Windows.
4.2. BN PHM
Trong mi trng tng tc ho ngy nay c hai thnh phn nhp liu khng th thiu l bn phm (keyboard) v thit b chut (mouse). Tuy mt s ng dng khng tin li khi dng bn phm, nh cc chng trnh tr chi (game), hay cc m phng ha vi thit b nh v l thit b chut chng hn, nhng bn phm vn l thit b khng th thay th ca mt my tnh. Bn phm h tr nhp liu rt phong ph : mt chng trnh son tho vn bn th khng th thiu vic nhp d liu t bn phm. Nu my tnh b h thit b chut b ta vn c th thc thi cc tc v ca ng dng mt cch bnh thng. Trong phn ny chng ta s tm hiu cc thng ip c pht sinh t bn phm v cch can thip x l chng.
4.2.1. Nn tng c s v bn phm

Windows nhn v x l thng tin nhn c t bn phm, qua hnh thc cc thng ip v gi cho ng dng. Trong ng dng Windows cc thng ip s c h iu hnh chuyn cho hm x l ca s WndProc ca ng dng. Windows cung cp 8 loi thng ip khc nhau phn bit cc tnh hung ca cc phm c g. Tuy nhin khng phi lc no chng ta cng phi x l ton b cc thng ip , thng thng th ch cn x l mt na cc thng ip c pht sinh t bn phm, v cc thng ip cn li s c Windows x l mc nh. V d, trong Windows c th b qua khi nhn phm Ctrl, Alt, Shift cng vi cc phm khc, nu khng mun chn x l ring cho ng dng. Trong trng hp nu chng ta mun chn x l ring cho mnh, chng hn to phm nng (hotkey) phi ch trnh dng trng hp vi cc phm nng m Windows cung cp. V khi theo quyn u tin, ng dng ca chng ta s x l thng ip v s lm cho h thng khng hot ng nh bnh thng. Thnh phn giao tip chung nh hp thoi (dialog) cng c nhiu giao tip vi bn phm, nhng chng ta khng cn quan tm n vic giao tip vi bn phm khi hp thoi c kch hot. X l bn phm trong hp thoi thng c giao cho Windows x l. Cc iu khin c dng trong hp thoi nh hp nhp liu (edit box), hp la chn (check box), hay cc nt nhn (button)...iu c kh nng t x l phm g vo v ch tr li thng bo ca cc phm g cho ca s cha (parent window). Tuy vy, vi mt s cc iu khin nht nh theo ng dng ta c th phi x l cc thng ip tng cng thm sc mnh ca thnh phn iu khin ny. Tm li trong cc ng dng c cu thnh t cc thnh phn iu khin c bn ny th chng ta khng quan tm n vic x l cc thng ip t bn phm.
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4.2.2. Khi nim focus trong cc ng dng trong mi trng Windows

Windows a ra khi nim s quan tm (focus) cho cc ng dng c chy ng thi trong mt thi im. V ch c mt bn phm, nn Windows phi qun l v phn phi cc thng ip c g vo cho cc ng dng. Thng thng, c cc trng hp trn Windows l : mt trong s cc ng dng ang chy c kch hot (active) hay khng c ng dng no chy. Khi c mt chng trnh ng dng c kch hot th Windows xem nh ng dng nhn c s quan tm.Trong mt ng dng c nhiu cc ca s, mi thi im ch mt ca s nhn c s quan tm. Theo c ch ny, Windows cung cp mt dng gi l hng i thng ip. Mi thng ip s c a vo hng i x l thng ip v c Windows phn phi n cc ng dng tng ng. Hm DispatchMessage trong vng lp x l thng ip s chu trch nhim chuyn thng ip n th tc x l ca s WndProc ca cc ca s tng ng. Mt ca s c th xc nh c trng thi quan tm ca mnh bng cch chn cc thng ip WM_SETFOCUS, WM_KILLFOCUS trong hm x l WndProc. Thng ip WM_SETFOCUS s cho ca s bit c thi im nhn c quan tm ca Windows v ngc li WM_KILLFOCUS s thng bo cho ca s bit c mt s quan tm t Windows. Phn sau s gii thiu k hn v x l thng ip.
4.2.3. C ch hng i v qun l hng i

Trong Windows khi ngi dng nhn v nh phm trn bn phm, th thng qua trnh iu khin thit b bn phm (keyboard driver) s din dch m qut (scan code) ca phn cng sang hnh thc thng ip. Trc ht Windows s tm thi lu tr thng ip ny vo hng i thng ip ca h thng (system message queue). Hng i thng ip h thng ca Windows l mt hng i duy nht v qun l cc thao tc tin x l thng tin nhp t bn phm v chut. Windows s ln lt ly cc thng ip trong hng i x l v s gi n hng i ca ng dng khi ng dng x l xong thng ip bn phm v thit b chut trc .
Hnh 4.1 Qu trnh x l bn phm
L do m Windows phi chia thnh hai giai on trong qu trnh nhn v gi thng ip t bn phm n hng i ca ng dng l do vic ng b ha vi mi tin trnh. Nu Windows khng qun l hng i h thng th rt kh ng b cc tin trnh ca cc ng dng. V d, khi mt ca s nhn c s quan tm v chun b x l cc thng ip. Ngi dng c th g phm nhanh trong khi thng ip trc vn cha x l xong. Gi s ngi dng mun chuyn qua ng dng khc v nhn Alt-Tab, khi thng ip bn phm mi ny s c a vo hng i ca h thng v phn pht cho ng dng kia ch khng phi a vo hng i ca ng dng. Vi tnh nng ng b ha ca Windows th cc thng ip t bn phm m bo c chuyn giao ng cho cc ca s tng ng.
4.2.4. X l thng ip t bn phm

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Thao tc cn bn ca nhp liu t bn phm l thao tc nhn v nh mt phm. Khi thao tc nhn mt phm trn bn phm c thc hin th Windows s pht sinh thng ip WM_KEYDOWN hay WM_SYSKEYDOWN v a vo hng i thng ip ca ng dng hay ca s nhn c s quan tm (focus). Cng tng t, khi ta nh phm th thng ip WM_KEYUP hay WM_SYSKEYUP s c h iu hnh phn pht ti hng i . Khi thc hin thao tc nhp t bn phm th vic nhn (down) v nh (up) phi i i vi nhau. Tuy nhin, nu chng ta nhn mt phm v gi lun th Windows s pht sinh hng lot cc thng ip WM_KEYDOWN hay WM_SYSKEYDOWN, nhng vi thao tc nh th ch pht sinh mt thng ip WM_KEYUP hay WM_SYSKEYUP. Cc thng ip ny s c gi tun t n cc hm WndProc ca cc c s nhn c s quan tm ca Windows. Ngoi ra chng ta c th bit c thi im m thng ip phm c g vo lc no bng cch dng hm GetMessageTime. Nh chng ta thy trong dng trn mt thao tc nhn hay th th c hai dng thng ip khc nhau nh WM_KEYDOWN v WM_SYSKEYDOWN ca thao tc nhn, v tng t i vi thao tc nh. Thng ip c tip u ng l "SYS" thng c pht sinh khi ngi dng nhn cc phm g h thng. Khi ngi dng nhn phm Alt kt hp vi phm khc th thng pht sinh thng ip WM_SYSKEYDOWN v WM_SYSKEYUP. i vi t hp cc phm Alt, chc nng thng l gi mt mc chn trn trnh n menu ca ng dng hay trnh n h thng system menu v ngoi ra dng chuyn i cc tc v gia nhiu ng dng khc nhau (phm Alt+Tab hay Alt+Esc), v ng ca s ng dng khi kt hp vi phm chc nng F4. Khi xy dng mt chng trnh ng dng, thng t quan tm n cc thng ip WM_SYSKEYDOWN v thng ip WM_SYSKEYUP. Chng ta ch cn dng hm DefWindowProc cui mi hm WndProc ca ca s nhn thng ip. Windows s chu trch nhim x l cc thng ip dng h thng ny, nu c nhng tc v c bit th chng ta c th chn cc thng ip ny x l. Tuy nhin ta khng nn lm nh vy v khi chng trnh ca chng ta s chy khng bnh thng nh cc ng dng khc. Khng phi chng ta giao ph hon ton cho Windows x l cc thng ip h thng ca ng dng, m Windows s x l cc thng ip h thng ny v a ra cc thng ip bnh thng khc n ng dng. V d khi nhn phm Alt+Tab th Windows s to mt thng ip h thng gi vo hng i ca ng dng v khi khng x l thng ip ny th theo mc nh hm DefWindowProc s x l v tr v thng ip WM_KILLFOCUS cho ng dng, khi ng dng ca chng ta s d dng x l hn. Tm li thng ip WM_KEYDOWN v WM_KEYUP thng c sinh ra bi cc phm nhn thng thng khng kt hp vi phm Alt. Nu chng trnh ca chng ta b qua khng x l cc thng ip ny th Windows cng khng to ra cc thng ip hay x l g c bit. 4.2.4.2. Cc thng ip pht sinh t bn phm Sau y l bng m t cc thng ip pht sinh t bn phm (theo th t Alphabet). Thng ip Nguyn nhn pht sinh Trang 95
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LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS Thng ip ny cng c gi n cc ca s b kch hot v ca s khng b kch hot. Nu cc ca s ny cng mt hng i nhp liu, cc thng ip ny s c truyn mt cch ng b, u tin th tc Windows ca ca s trn cng b mt kch hot, sau n th tc ca ca s trn cng c kch hot. Nu cc ca s ny khng nm trong cng mt hng i th thng ip s c gi mt cch khng ng b, do ca s s c kch hot ngay lp tc. Thng bo n ca s rng ngi dng to mt s kin lnh ng dng, v d khi ngi dng kch vo button s dng chut hay nh vo mt k t kch hot mt lnh ca ng dng. Thng ip ny c gi ti ca s c s quan tm khi thng ip WM_KEYDOWN c dch t hm TranslateMessage. Thng ip WM_CHAR c cha m k t ca phm c nhn. Thng ip ny c gi ti ca s c s quan tm khi thng ip WM_KEYUP c x l t hm TranslateMessage. Thng ip ny xc nhn m k t khi mt phm dead key c nhn. Phm dead key l phm kt hp to ra k t ngn ng khng c trong ting anh (xut hin trong bn phm h tr ngn ng khc ting Anh). ng dng gi thng ip ny xc nh mt phm nng lin quan n mt ca s. gi thng ip ny th dng hm SendMessage. Thng ip ny c gi khi ngi dng nhn mt phm nng c ng k trong RegisterHotKey. Thng ip ny c gi cho ca s nhn c s quan tm khi ngi dng nhn mt phm trn bn phm. Phm ny khng phi phm h thng (Phm khng c nhn phm Alt). Thng ip ny c gi cho ca s nhn c s quan tm khi ngi dng nh mt phm c nhn trc .Phm ny khng phi phm h thng (Phm khng c nhn phm Alt). Thng ip ny c gi ti ca s ang nhn c s quan tm trc khi n mt quyn ny. Thng ip ny c gi ti ca s sau khi ca s nhn c s quan tm ca Windows ng dng s gi thng ip ny n ca s lin quan n phm nng, khi ngi dng nhn mt phm nng th ca s tng ng lin quan ti phm nng ny s c kch hot. Thng ip ny s c gi ti ca s nhn c s quan tm
WM_APPCOM MAND WM_CHAR
WM_DEADCH AR
WM_GETHOTK EY WM_HOTKEY WM_KEYDOW N
WM_KEYUP WM_KILLFOC US WM_SETFOCU S WM_SETHOTK EY WM_SYSCHAR
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LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS khi hm TranslateMesage x l xong thng ip WM_SYSKEYDOWN. Thng ip WM_SYSCHAR cha m ca phm h thng. Phm h thng l phm c cha phm Alt v t hp phm khc.
WM_SYSDEAD CHAR
Thng ip ny c gi ti ca s nhn c s quan tm khi mt thng ip WM_SYSKEYDOWN c bin dch trong hm TranslateMessage. Thng ip ny xc nhn m k t ca phm h thng deadkey c nhn. Thng ip ny c gi ti ca s nhn c s quan tm khi ngi dng nhn phm F10 hay nhn Alt trc khi nhn phm khc. Thng ip ny cng c gi khi khng c ca s no nhn c s quan tm v lc ny th ca s nhn c l ca s ang c kch hot (Active). Thng ip ny c gi ti ca s nhn c s quan tm khi ngi dng nhn mt phm m trc gi phm Alt. Cng tng t nu khng c ca s no nhn c s quan tm th thng ip ny s c gi cho ca s ang c kch hot.
Bng 4.1 M t thng ip pht sinh t bn phm
WM_SYSKEYD OWN
WM_SYSKEYU P
4.2.4.3 M phm o (Virtual key code) Windows cung cp khi nim phm o nhm tch ri vi thit b bn phm hay ni cch khc l tin ti c lp thit b vi bn phm. Khi mt phm c nhn th phn cng vt l pht sinh ra mt m qut (scan code), trn bn phm tng thch IBM cc phm c gn vi cc m v d phm W l 17, phm E l 18, v phm R l 19... Cch sp xp ny thun ty da trn v tr vt l ca phm trn bn phm. Nhng ngi xy dng nn Windows nhn thy rng nu dng trc tip m qut th s khng thch hp khi b l thuc vo bn phm hin ti v tng lai. Do h c x l bn phm bng cch c lp thit b hn, bng cch to ra mt bng nh ngha tp gi tr phm tng qut m sau ny c gi l m phm o. Mt s gi tr bn phm o m ta khng thy xut hin trn bn phm IBM tng thch nhng c th tm thy chng trong bn phm ca cc nh sn xut khc hay chng c dnh cho bn phm trong tng lai. Cc gi tr ca phm o ny c nh ngha trong tp tin tiu WINUSER.H v c bt u vi cc tip u ng VK_xxxxx. sau y l bng m t cc phm o thng dng trong Windows giao tip vi bn phm IBM tng thch.
Thp phn Thp lc phn Hng phm nh ngha trong WINUSER.H Windows dng Bn phm IBM tng thch
1 2 3
01 02 03
VK_LBUTTON VK_RBUTTON VK_CANCEL X
Nt chut tri Nt chut phi Ctrl Break
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NGN NG LP TRNH 4 04 VK_MBUTTON
LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS Nt chut gia
Bng 4.2 M t cc phm o
Cc thng ip trn ch c nhn khi dng chut, ta khng bao gi nhn c thng ip trn nu g t bn phm. Khng nn dng phm CtrlBreak trong ng dng Windows, phm ny thng c ngt cc ng dng trong DOS. Nhng gi tr phm o tip sai dnh cho cc phm Backspace, Tab, Enter, Escape, v Spacebar c dng nhiu trong chng trnh Windows.
Thp phn
Thp lc phn
Hng phm nh ngha trong WINUSER.H
Windows dng
Bn phm IBM tng thch
8 9 12 13 16 17 18 19 20 27 32
08 09 0C 0D 10 11 12 13 14 1B 20
VK_BACK VK_TAB VK_CLEAR VK_RETURN VK_SHIFT VK_CONTROL VK_MENU VK_PAUSE VK_CAPITAL VK_ESCAPE VK_SPACE
X X X X X X X X X X X
Backspace Tab Phm s 5 trong NumPad vi n Numlock tt. Enter (cho hai phm) Shift (cho hai phm) Ctrl (cho hai phm) Alt (cho hai phm) Pause Caps Lock Esc Spacebar
Bng 4.3 M t cc phm o
Bng m t phm o tip sau y l cc phm thng c s dng nhiu trong Windows.
33
21
VK_PRIOR
Page Up
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NGN NG LP TRNH 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F VK_NEXT VK_END VK_HOME VK_LEFT VK_UP VK_RIGHT VK_DOWN VK_SELECT VK_PRINT VK_EXECUTE VK_SNAPHOT VK_INSERT VK_DELETE VK_HELP
LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS X X X X X X X Page Down End Home Phm tri Phm mi tn ln Phm phi Phm xung Print Screen X X Insert Delete
Bng 4.4 M t cc phm o (tip theo)
Mt s cc phm o nh VK_SELECT, VK_PRINT, VK_EXECUTE, hay VK_HELP thng ch xut hin trong cc bn phm gi lp m chng ta t khi nhn thy. Tip sau l m phm o ca cc phm s v phm ch trn bn phm chnh. Trong bn phm b sung phm Num Pad c qui nh ring.
48-57 65-90
30-39 41-5A
Khng Khng
X X
T phm 0 n phm 9 trn bn phm chnh T phm A n phm Z.
Bng 4.5 M t cc phm ch v s trn bn phm chnh
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M phm o trong bng trn bng vi m ASCII ca k t m phm th hin. Trong cc ng dng Windows thng khng dng m phm o ny m thay vo ng dng ch x l thng ip k t dnh cho k t c m ASCII. Cui cng l m phm o ca bn phm m rng Num Pad (bn phi ca bn phm) v cc phm chc nng (F1, F2, F3...).
96-105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112121 122135 144 145
60-69 6A 6B 6C 6D 6E 6F 70-79 7A-87 90 91
VK_NUMPAD0 n VK_NUMPAD9 VK_MULTIPLY VK_ADD VK_SEPARATOR VK_SUBTRACT VK_DECIMAL VK_DIVIDE VK_F1 n VK_F10 VK_F11 n VK_F24 VK_NUMLOCK VK_SCROLL
Bng 4.6 M t cc phm b sung
Phm 0 9 khi n Num Lock c bt Phm * Phm +
Phm Phm . Phm / X Phm F1 n F10 Phm F11 n F24 Num Lock Scroll Lock
Mt s cc phm o nh F13- F24 th c Windows to ra phng h cho cc bn phm sau ny. Thng th ng dng Windows ch dng phm F1 F10 m thi. 4.2.4.4. Cc tham s wParam v lPram trong thng ip pht sinh t bn phm Trong thng ip phm g (WM_KEYDOWN, WM_KEYUP, WM_SYSKEYDOWN, v WM_SYSKEYUP) th tham s wParam s nhn gi tr m phm o. Cn tham s lParam s cha thng tin chi tit v phm c g vo. Bng sau m t cc thng tin cha trong 32 bit ca tham s lParam.
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Bit nhn dng

Ni dung
0-15
Cha s ln ca phm c nhn xung. Nu chng ta ch nhn ri nh ra th gi tr ny bng 1, nu chng ta gi lun phm th s lp ny s tng theo. Cha m qut OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) c pht sinh t phn cng, ta hu nh khng quan tm n thng tin ny C ny c gi tr 1 khi phm c nhn l phm thuc nhm phm m rng trn bn phm IBM tng thch hay phm Alt, Ctrl bn phi bn phm c nhn. Windows t quan tm n gi tr ca c ny M ng cnh ca phm (Context code), nu c ny c gi tr bng 1 th phm Alt c nhn, iu ny tng ng vi thng ip WM_SYSKEYDOWN hay WM_SYSKEYUP c pht sinh Trng thi ca phm trc , trng ny bng 0 cho bit phm trc trng thi nh, v 1 nu phm trc trng thi nhn. Trng thi dch chuyn ca phm, c ny bng 0 nu phm ang c nhn, v bng 1 nu phm c nhn.
Bng 4.7 M t thng tin cha trong tham s lParam
16-23
24
29
30
31
4.2.5. on chng trnh minh ha on chng trnh di y minh ha mt chng trnh nh nhp cc k t t bn phm v xut ra mn hnh.
#define BUFSIZE 65535; #define SHIFTED 0x8000; LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc( HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam ) { HDC hdc; // Thit b ng cnh TEXTMETRIC tm; // Cu trc metric ca vn bn static DWORD dwCharX; // B ngang ca k t
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static DWORD dwCharY; // Chiu di ca k t static DWORD dwClientX; // B ngang ca vng lm vic static DWORD dwClientY; // Chiu di ca vng lm vic static DWORD dwLineLen; // Chiu di ca mt dng
static DWORD dwLines; // S dng vn bn trong vng lm vic static int nCaretPosX = 0; // Ta x ca caret static int nCaretPosY = 0; // Ta y ca caret static int nCharWidth = 0; // B dy ca k t static int cch = 0; // S k t trong buffer static int nCurChar = 0; // Ch n k t hin thi trong buffer static PTCHAR pchInputBuf; // K t tm a vo buffer int i, j; // Bin lp int cCR = 0; // S k t xung dng int nCRIndex = 0; // Ch n k t xung dng cui cng int nVirtKey; // M phm o TCHAR szBuf [128]; // Buffer tm TCHAR ch; // K t PAINTSTRUCT ps; // Dng cho hm BeginPaint RECT rc; // Hnh ch nht trong hm DrawText SIZE sz; // Kch thc ca chui COLORREF crPrevText; // Mu ca vn bn COLORREF crPrevBk; // Mu nn switch ( message ) { case WM_CREATE: /* Ly thng tin font hin thi */
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hdc = GetDC ( hWnd ); GetTextMetrics ( hdc, &tm ); ReleaseDC ( hWnd, hdc ); dwCharX = tm.tmAveCharWidth; dwCharY = tm.tmHeight; /* Cp pht b nh m lu k t nhp vo */
pchInputBuf = (LPTSTR)GlobalAlloc( GPTR,BUFSIZE * sizeof ( TCHAR ) ); return 0; case WM_SIZE: /* Lu gi kch thc ca vng lm vic */ dwClientX = LOWORD ( lParam ); dwClientY = HIWORD ( lParam ); /* Tnh kch thc ti a ca mt dng v s dng ti a trong vng lm vic */ dwLineLen = dwClientX - dwCharX; dwLines = dwClientY / dwCharY; break; case WM_SETFOCUS: /* To v hin th caret khi ca s nhn c s quan tm */ CreateCaret ( hWnd, ( HBITMAP ) 1, 0, dwCharY ); SetCaretPos ( nCaretPosX, nCaretPosY * dwCharY ); ShowCaret ( hWnd ); break; case WM_KILLFOCUS: /*n caret v hy khi ca s khng cn nhn c s quan tm */ HideCaret ( hWnd );
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DestroyCaret ( ); break; case WM_CHAR: switch ( wParam ) { case 0x08: // Backspace case 0x0A: // Linefeed case 0x1B: // Escape MessageBeep( ( UINT ) 1 ); return 0; case 0x09: // tab /* Chuyn phm tab thnh 4 k t trng lin tc nhau */ for ( i = 0; i < 4; i ++ ) SendMessage (hWnd, WM_CHAR, 0x20, 0); return 0; case 0x0D: // Xung dng /* Lu k t xung dng v to dng mi a caret xung v tr mi */ pchInputBuf [ cch++ ] = 0x0D; nCaretPosX = 0; nCaretPosY += 1; break; default: // X l nhng k t c th hin th c ch = ( TCHAR ) wParam; HideCaret ( hWnd ); /* Ly b dy ca k t v xut ra */
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hdc = GetDC ( hWnd ); GetCharWidth32 ( hdc, (UINT) wParam, (UINT)wParam, &nCharWidth ); TextOut(hdc, nCaretPosX, nCaretPosY*dwCharY, &ch, 1); ReleaseDC ( hWnd, hdc ); /* Lu k t vo buffer */ pchInputBuf [ cch++ ] = ch;
/* Tnh li v tr ngang ca caret. Nu v tr ny ti cui dng th chn thm k t xung dng v di chuyn caret n dng mi */ nCaretPosX += nCharWidth; if ( ( DWORD ) nCaretPosX > dwLineLen ) { nCaretPosX = 0; pchInputBuf [ cch++ ] = 0x0D; ++nCaretPosY; } nCurChar = cch; ShowCaret ( hWnd ); break; } SetCaretPos ( nCaretPosX, nCaretPosY * dwCharY ); break; case WM_KEYDOWN: switch ( wParam ) { case VK_LEFT: // LEFT arrow /* Caret di chuyn qua tri v ch n u dng */
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if ( nCaretPosX > 0 ) { HideCaret ( hWnd ); /* Tnh ton li v tr ca caret khi qua tri */ ch = pchInputBuf [--nCurChar ]; hdc = GetDC ( hWnd ); GetCharWidth32 ( hdc, ch, ch, &nCharWidth ); ReleaseDC ( hWnd, hdc ); nCaretPosX=max(nCaretPosX-nCharWidth,0 ); ShowCaret ( hWnd ); } break; case VK_RIGHT: // RIGHT arrow /* Di chuyn caret sang phi */ if (nCurChar < cch) { HideCaret ( hWnd ); /* Tnh ton li v tr ca caret khi sang phi */ ch = pchInputBuf [ nCurChar ]; if ( ch == 0x0D ) { nCaretPosX = 0; nCaretPosY++; }
/* Nu k t khng phi l enter th kim tra xem phm shift c c nhn hay khng. Nu c nhn th i mu v xut ra mn hnh. */ else
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{ hdc = GetDC ( hWnd ); nVirtKey = GetKeyState ( VK_SHIFT ); if ( nVirtKey & SHIFTED ) { crPrevText=SetTextColor( hdc,RGB (255, 255, 255) ); crPrevBk= SetBkColor(hdc,RGB(0,0,0)); TextOut(hdc,nCaretPosX,nCaretPosY*dwCharY, &ch,1 ); SetTextColor ( hdc, crPrevText ); SetBkColor ( hdc, crPrevBk ); } GetCharWidth32(hdc,ch,ch,&nCharWidth); ReleaseDC ( hWnd, hdc ); nCaretPosX = nCaretPosX + nCharWidth; } nCurChar++; ShowCaret ( hWnd ); break; } break; case VK_UP: // Phm mi tn ln case VK_DOWN: // Phm mi tn xung MessageBeep ( (UINT) 1 ); return 0; case VK_HOME: // Phm home
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/* Thit lp v tr ca caret dng u tin */ nCaretPosX = nCaretPosY = 0; nCurChar = 0; break; case VK_END: // Phm end
/* Di chuyn v cui vn bn v lu v tr ca k t xung dng cui */ for ( i=0; i < cch; i++ ) { if ( pchInputBuf [ i ] == 0x0D ) { cCR++; nCRIndex = i + 1; } } nCaretPosY = cCR; /* Chp tt c cc k t t k t xung dng cui n k t hin thi va nhp t bn phm vo b nh m. */ for ( i = nCRIndex, j = 0; i < cch; i++, j++ ) szBuf [ j ] = pchInputBuf [ i ]; szBuf [ j ] = TEXT ( '\0' ); /* Tnh v tr dc ca caret */ hdc = GetDC ( hWnd ); GetTextExtentPoint32(hdc,szBuf, lstrlen(szBuf), &sz ); nCaretPosX = sz.cx; ReleaseDC ( hWnd, hdc ); nCurChar = cch; break;
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default: break; } SetCaretPos( nCaretPosX, nCaretPosY*dwCharY ); break; case WM_PAINT: if ( cch == 0 ) break; hdc = BeginPaint ( hWnd, &ps ); HideCaret ( hWnd ); SetRect ( &rc, 0, 0, dwLineLen, dwClientY ); DrawText ( hdc, pchInputBuf, -1, &rc, DT_LEFT ); ShowCaret ( hWnd ); EndPaint ( hWnd, &ps ); break; case WM_DESTROY: PostQuitMessage ( 0 ); /* Gii phng buffer */ GlobalFree ( ( HGLOBAL) pchInputBuf ); UnregisterHotKey ( hWnd, 0xAAAA ); break; default: return DefWindowProc ( hWnd, message, wParam, lParam ); } return NULL; }
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4.3. THIT B CHUT

Trong mt mi trng giao tip ha, vic s dng thit b nh v chut l ht sc cn thit. Nh thit b chut ta c th di chuyn n mt im bt k trn khung mn hnh v thc hin thao tc kch cc nt chut. i vi mt s ng dng ha khng qu phc tp th cng c thc hin ch yu l chut, ring i vi cc ng dng i hi s phc tp khi v th ngi ta dng bt v. Vi Windows th thit b chut l mt thnh phn quan trng, nu chng ta b thit b chut th vn khi ng bnh thng v cc chng trnh vn c th chy c. Tuy nhin khi ta s lng tng nhiu khi x l cc ng dng trc quan tng tc vi ngi dng theo ta hay nh v. Cng tng t nh bn phm, thit b chut cng c dng nhp d liu t ngi dng vo ng dng nhng d liu y khng phi l vn bn nh khi nhp t bn phm m l cc thao tc v hay x l cc i tng ha.
4.3.1. C bn v thit b chut trong Windows

V c bn Windows h tr cc loi thit b chut c mt nt, hai v ba nt, ngoi ra Windows cn c th dng thit b khc nh joystick hay bt v bt chc thit b chut. Cc ng dng trong Windows thng n vic dng cc nt th hai v nt th ba, c th s dng tt trn cc thit b chut ch c mt nt. Thng thng nt th hai ca thit b chut phi c dng cho chc nng gi thc n ng cnh (context menu). Theo nguyn tc, ta c th kim tra xem c tn ti thit b chut hay khng bng cch dng hm GetSystemMetrics. fMouse = GetSystemMetrics( SM_MOUSEPRESENT ); Gi tr tr v fMouse l TRUE (1) nu c thit b chut c ci t, v ngc li bng FALSE (0) nu thit b chut khng c ci t vo my. Ta cng c th kim tra s nt ca thit b chut bng cch dng hm trn theo cu lnh sau: nButton = GetSystemMetrics( SM_CMOUSEBUTTONS ); Gi tr tr v l 0 nu khng ci t thit b chut, tuy nhin di Windows 98 gi tr tr v l 2 nu cha ci t thit b chut. Khi ngi dng di chuyn thit b chut th Windows cng di chuyn mt nh bitmap nh trn mn hnh, nh ny c gi l con tr chut (mouse cursor). Con tr chut ny c mt im gi l im nng (hot spot) , im nng ny nm trong hnh bitmap, v do ngi to con tr chut quyt nh. Khi chng ta tham chiu ti mt v tr ca con tr chut th chnh l chng ta ang dng ta ca im nng ny.
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Windows h tr mt s cc con tr chut chun, m ngi lp trnh ch cn gi ra v dng ch khng cn phi to cc tp tin *.cur. trng thi bnh thng th mt ng dng trong Windows thng dng con tr chut IDC_ARROW c nh ngha trong WINUSER.H, im nng chnh l im trn cng ca mi tn. Ngoi ra con tr chut cn cho bit trng thi ca ng dng, v d mt ng dng ang x l cn mt khong thi gian th con tr chut xut hin hnh ng h ct (IDC_WAIT). Khi hu nh cc chc nng giao tip vi ngi dng iu phi hon n khi x l hon thnh. Trong lp ca s ta c trng nh ngha con tr chut cho ng dng nh sau wndclass.hCursor = LoadCursor ( NULL, IDC_ARROR); Vi thit b chut ta c th c cc hnh ng nh sau: Kch chut : nhn v th mt nt chut. Kch p chut : nhn v th chut nhanh (nhn 2 ln nhanh). Ko : di chuyn chut trong khi vn nm gi mt nt.
4.3.2. X l cc thng ip t thit b chut

Cc thng ip c to t chut rt khc vi thng ip ca bn phm, mt th tc ca s s nhn thng ip chut bt c khi no thit b chut di chuyn qua ca s hay kch vo trong ca s, thm ch c trong trng hp ca s khng c kch hot hay khng nhn c s quan tm. Windows nh ngha 21 thng ip c pht sinh t thit b chut. Trong s c n 11 thng ip khng lin quan n vng lm vic (client area). Nhng thng ip khng phi vng lm vic (nonclient-area messages) thng c cc ng dng b qua khng x l. 4.3.2.1. Thng ip chut trong vng lm vic Khi con tr chut di chuyn vo vng lm vic ca mt ca s, th tc ca s ca n s nhn c thng ip WM_MOUSEMOVE. Bng sau m t cc thao tc lm vic vi thit b chut v cc thng ip pht sinh t n. Nt Tri Gia Phi Nhn WM_LBUTTONDOWN WM_MBUTTONDOW N WM_RBUTTONDOWN Th WM_LBUTTONUP WM_MBUTTONUP WM_MBUTTONUP Nhn p WM_LBUTTONDBLCLK WM_MBUTTONDBLCLK WM_RBUTTONDBLCLK
Bng 4.8 M t thng ip kch thit b chut
Th tc ca s ca ng dng s nhn c thng ip ca nt chut gia nu my tnh ci thit b chut c 3 nt. Tng t nh vy vi thng ip thit b chut phi, chng ta cn c
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thit b chut dng 2 nt. nhn c thng ip kch p thit b chut th tc ca s phi khai bo nhn thng ip ny. Wndclass.style = CS_HREDRAW|CS_VREDRAW|CS_DBLCLKS; Trong thng ip pht sinh t thit b chut th tham s lParam s cha v tr ca thit b chut, 16 byte thp s cha gi tr ta x, cn 16 byte cao s cha gi tr ta ca y. ly ra hai gi tr ny ta c th dng macro l LOWORD v HIWORD. Gi tr wParam s cho bit trng thi ca nt nhn, phm Shift, v phm Ctrl. Chng ta c th kim tra cc trng thi ny bng cch dng bit mt n c nh ngha trc trong WINUSER.H. Cc mt n ny c bt u bng tin t MK_xxx (Mouse Key)
MK_LBUTTON
Nt chut tri nhn Nt chut gia nhn Nt chut phi nhn Phm Shift c nhn Phm Ctrl c nhn
MK_MBUTTON
MK_RBUTTON
MK_SHIFT
MK_CONTROL
Bng 4.9 M t trng thi ca chut v phm nhn
V d khi nhn c thng ip WM_LBUTTONDOWN chng ta mun kim tra xem phm Ctrl c c nhn hay khng bng cch so gi tr wParam vi mt n MK_CONTROL.
... if (wParam & MK_CONTROL) { /* C gi phm control */ } else { /* Khng gi phm control */ }
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Nh chng ta bit khi di chuyn thit b chut qua vng lm vic th thng ip WM_MOUSEMOVE s c gi n cho th tc ca s . Nhng Windows khng pht sinh thng ip ny cho tng pixel trn mn hnh m tu thuc vo thng s phn cng ca thit b chut c ci t v tc lm vic ca n. Khi chng ta kch nt chut tri vo vng lm vic ca mt ca s khng kch hot (inactive window) th Windows s kch hot ca s ny tc l ca s va c kch sau truyn thng ip WM_LBUTTONDOWN vo th tc WndProc ca ca s. Khi mt ca s nhn c thng ip WM_XXXDOWN th khng nht thit phi nhn c thng ip WM_XXXUP hay ngc li. iu ny c gii thch nh sau, khi ngi dng kch tri vo mt ca s v gi lun nt chut va kch ri ko thit b chut n mt vng thuc phm vi ca ca s khc mi th. Khi ca s u tin s nhn c thng ip nhn chut WM_LBUTTONDOWN v ca s th hai s nhn c thng ip nh thit b chut WM_LBUTTONUP. Tuy nhin tnh hung trn s khng xut hin vi hai trng hp ngoi l sau : Th tc WndProc ca mt ca s ang thc hin vic bt gi thit b chut (mouse capture), i vi tnh trng ny th ca s tip tc nhn c thng ip chut cho d con tr chut c di chuyn ra ngoi vng lm vic ca ca s. Kiu ny thng xut hin trong cc ng dng v hay thao tc i tng ha, v d khi ta v mt ng thng di v ko ra ngoi vng lm vic ca ca s, th khi ca s v s bt gi to ca thit b chut to ng thng v c th cho thanh cun cun theo. Nu xut hin hp thng tin trng thi (model) ca h thng, th khng c chng trnh no khc nhn c thng ip ca thit b chut. Hp thoi trng thi h thng v hp thoi trng thi ca ng dng ngn cn vic chuyn qua ca s khc trong mt ng khi n cha gii quyt xong hay vn cn trng thi kch hot (active). 4.3.2.2. Thng ip ca thit b chut ngoi vng lm vic Vi cc thng ip ca thit b chut va tm hiu trong phn trc u c pht sinh khi thit b chut nm trong vng lm vic ca ca s. Khi di chuyn con tr chut ra khi vng lm vic ca ca s nhng vn trong phm vi ca ca s th khi cc thng ip ca thit b chut s c pht sinh dng thng ip ca thit b chut ngoi vng lm vic (nonclient-area). Ngoi vng lm vic ca mt ca s l ca s thanh tiu , thc n, v thanh cun ca ca s. Ni chung vi cc thng ip ca thit b chut pht sinh t ngoi vng lm vic th chng ta khng quan tm lm, thay vo ta giao ph cho hm mc nh x l l DefWindowProc thc hin. iu ny cng ging nh l thng ip bn phm h thng m ta tm hiu trong cc phn trc. Cng tng t nh thng ip xut pht t vng lm vic, cc thng ip ngoi vng lm vic c nh ngha vi t NC vo sau du "_", ta c bng m t cc thng ip pht sinh t ngoi vng lm vic nh sau.
Nt Tri Nhn
WM_NCLBUTTONDOWN
Th
WM_NCLBUTTONUP
Nhn p
WM_NCLBUTTONDBLCLK
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Gi a Phi
WM_NCMBUTTONDOWN WM_NCMBUTTONUP

WM_NCMBUTTONDBLCLK
WM_RBUTTONDOWN
WM_NCRBUTTONDOWN
WM_NCRBUTTONDBLCLK
Bng 4.10 M t cc thng ip chut ngoi vng lm vic
Cc tham s lParam v wParam cng hi khc so vi cc thng ip thit b chut pht sinh trong vng lm vic. Vi tham s lParam ca thng ip pht sinh t ngoi vng lm vic s ch ra v tr ngoi vng lm vic ni m thit b chut di chuyn hay ko ti. V tr ny c nh danh bi cc gi tr nh ngha trong WINUSER.H c bt u vi HT (vit tt cho hittest).
Hnh 4.2 Minh ha ta mn hnh v ta vng lm vic
Tham s lParam s cha ta x 16 byte thp v ta y 16 byte cao. Tuy nhin, y l ta mn hnh, khng phi l ta vng lm vic ging nh thng ip pht sinh t vng lm vic. Do chng ta phi chuyn v ta vng lm vic x l tip nu cn. chuyn t ta mn hnh sang ta lm vic hay ngc li t ta lm vic sang ta mn hnh ta dng hai hm tng ng c Windows cung cp nh sau : ScreenToClient( hwnd, &pt ); ClientToScreen( hwnd, &pt ); pt l bit cu trc POINT, hai hm trn s nhn tham chiu n bin pt do sau khi gi hm ta s c gi tr pt tng ng ta mi.
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4.3.3 V d minh ho thit b chut

on chng trnh thc hin chc nng v t do bng cc thao tc: Nhn chut tri v mt ng thng t v tr con tr ca bt v n v tr chut tri kch, ngoi ra ta cng c th v bng cch nhn phm tri v gi lun sau ta ko chut n v tr bt k ri th. Nu ta nhn chut phi th s i mu ca bt v.
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { HDC hdc; static POINT oldPoint; static int iC; int WIDTH_PEN = 2; HPEN oPen,pen; COLORREF Col [ ] ={ RGB (0, 0, 0) , RGB (255 ,0 ,0), RGB (0, 255, 0), RGB (0, 0, 255), RGB (255, 255, 0)}; POINT point; TCHAR str [255]; switch ( message ) // X l thng ip { case WM_LBUTTONDOWN: /* V ng thng t v tr trc n v tr chut hin ti*/ hdc = GetDC ( hWnd ); pen = CreatePen ( PS_SOLID,WIDTH_PEN,Col [ iC] ); oPen = ( HPEN ) SelectObject ( hdc,pen ); point.x = LOWORD ( lParam );
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point.y = HIWORD ( lParam ); MoveToEx ( hdc, oldPoint.x, oldPoint.y, NULL ); LineTo ( hdc, point.x, point.y ); oldPoint = point; /* Chn li bt v trc v hy bt v va to*/ SelectObject ( hdc, oPen ); DeleteObject ( pen ); ReleaseDC ( hWnd, hdc ); break; case WM_RBUTTONDOWN:
/* Chuyn index ca bng mu sang v tr tip theo, nu cui bng mu th quay li mu u tin*/ iC = ( iC+1 ) % ( sizeof ( Col ) / sizeof ( COLORREF ) ); break; case WM_MOUSEMOVE: /* Xut to chut hin thi ln thanh tiu */ sprintf ( str,"Toa do chuot x = %d, To do y = %d", LOWORD(lParam), HIWORD(lParam)); SetWindowText ( hWnd, str ); /* Kim tra xem c gi phm chut tri hay khng*/ if ( wParam & MK_LBUTTON ) { hdc = GetDC ( hWnd ); pen = CreatePen ( PS_SOLID,WIDTH_PEN,Col [ iC ] ); oPen = ( HPEN ) SelectObject ( hdc, pen ); point.x = LOWORD ( lParam ); point.y = HIWORD ( lParam ); MoveToEx ( hdc, oldPoint.x, oldPoint.y, NULL );
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LineTo ( hdc, point.x, point.y ); oldPoint = point; SelectObject ( hdc, oPen ); DeleteObject ( pen ); ReleaseDC ( hWnd, hdc ); } break; case WM_DESTROY: PostQuitMessage ( 0 ); break; default: return DefWindowProc ( hWnd, message, wParam, lParam ); } return 0; }
4.4. B NH THI GIAN

Nh chng ta bit Windows cung cp cho ta cc thng tin thng qua dng thng ip nh l thng ip bn phm, thng ip pht sinh t thit b chut . V ngoi ra th mt thng ip cng rt hu dng l thng ip thi gian. Khi vit mt chng trnh chng ta c th yu cu h iu hnh gi mt thng ip cnh bo theo tng khong thi gian nht nh chng ta c th lm mt s x l cn thit. Thng ip ny c gi t h iu hnh n chng trnh thng qua mt b nh thi gian (Timer) v thng ip c pht sinh l WM_TIMER. Vic dng chc nng ny rt n gin, ta khai bo mt b nh thi gian v thit lp thng s khong thi gian Windows pht sinh thng ip Timer cho ng dng. Khi ng dng ch cn x l thng ip WM_TIMER trong hm x l ca s WinProc.
4.4.1. B nh thi gian v vn ng b

Theo l thuyt thng ip thi gian do Windows cung cp l chnh xc n mili giy nhng thc t khng hon ton nh vy. S chnh xc cn ph thuc vo ng h ca h thng v cc hot ng hin thi ca chng trnh. Nguyn nhn ca vn l thng ip thi gian WM_TIMER c u tin thp, nh thng ip t v li mn hnh WM_PAINT, thng thng chng phi ch cho x l xong cc thng ip khc.
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4.4.2. Khi to b nh thi gian

Khng nh thng ip xut pht t bn phm v chut, c Windows gi t ng vo hng i thng ip ca ng dng. i vi thng ip thi gian phi c khai bo trc bng hm SetTimer, sau khi khai bo hm ny th Windows s gi thng ip WM_TIMER iu n vo hng i ca ng dng. Hm SetTimer c khai bo nh sau : UINT_PTR SetTimer( HWND hWnd, UINT_PTR nIDEvent, UINT uElapse, TIMERPROC lpTimerFunc ); Trong ngha cc tham s c m t: hWnd : nh danh ca ca s khai bo dng b nh thi gian. nIDEvent : nh danh ca b nh thi gian. nElapse : L khong thi gian ngh gia hai ln gi thng ip lpTimerFunc : Hm s x l khi thng ip WM_TIMER pht sinh, nu chng ta khai bo l NULL th Windows s gi thng ip WM_TIMER vo hng i thng ip ca ca s tng ng. Khi khng cn dng b nh thi gian na hay kt thc ng dng ta gi hm KillTimer, hm ny c khai bo : BOOL KillTimer( HWND hWnd, UINT_PTR uIDEvent ); hWnd : nh danh ca ca s dng b nh thi gian uIDEvent : nh danh ca b nh thi gian.
4.4.3. V d v b nh thi gian

4.4.3.1. Dng thng ip WM_TIMER on chng trnh minh ha vic s dng b nh thi gian trong chng trnh. C mi 0.5 giy th chng trnh pht sinh t ng ngu nhin mt vng trn trn mn hnh.
#include <time.h> #include "stdio.h" #define MAX_POINT 10000 #define IDT_TIMER1 1 LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
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{ PAINTSTRUCT ps; HDC hdc; static int NumCir = 0; static POINT point [ MAX_POINT ]; int r = 5, i; HPEN pen, oldPen; RECT rc; TCHAR str [255]; /* X l thng ip*/ switch ( message ) { case WM_CREATE: /* Khai bo dng b nh thi gian trong ng dng*/
SetTimer(hWnd, IDT_TIMER1, 500, ( TIMERPROC )NULL); /* Khi ng hm ngu nhin*/ srand ( (unsigned) time( NULL ) ); break; case WM_PAINT: hdc = BeginPaint ( hWnd, &ps ); pen = CreatePen ( PS_SOLID, 2, RGB (255,0,0) ); oldPen = (HPEN) SelectObject ( hdc, pen ); /* V cc vng trn vi tm l cc im lu trong point v bn knh l r */ for( i=0; i < NumCir; i++ ) Arc ( hdc, point[i].x-r, point[i].y-r, point[i].x+r, point[i].y+r, point[i].x+r, point[i].y,point[i].x+r,point[i].y); /* Ly li bt v trc v hy bt v va to*/
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SelectObject ( hdc, oldPen ); DeleteObject ( pen ); EndPaint ( hWnd, &ps ); break; case WM_TIMER: /* Ly thng tin ca vng lm vic*/ GetClientRect ( hWnd, &rc ); /*Pht sinh ngu nhin mt vng trn*/ point [NumCir].x = rand( ) % (rc.right - rc.left); point [NumCir].y = rand( ) % (rc.bottom - rc.top); NumCir++; /*Hin th s vng trn sinh ra trn thanh tiu */ sprintf ( str,"So vong tron : %d", NumCir); SetWindowText ( hWnd, str ); /* Lm bt hp l vng lm vic & yu cu v li */ InvalidateRect ( hWnd, &rc, FALSE); break; case WM_DESTROY: /* Hy b s dng b nh thi gian*/ KillTimer ( hWnd, IDT_TIMER1 ); PostQuitMessage ( 0 ); break; default: return DefWindowProc ( hWnd, message, wParam, lParam ); } return 0;
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}
4.4.3.2. Dng hm x l on chng trnh sau cng khai bo s dng mt b nh thi gian, nhng khai bo trc tip, tc l khi ht thi gian ch thay v truyn thng ip WM_TIMER th Windows gi hm TimerProc thc hin. Chng trnh khi thc thi s xut ra mt dng ng h in t theo dng : gi : pht :giy.
#include <time.h> #include "stdio.h" #define IDT_TIMER1 1 LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { PAINTSTRUCT ps; HDC hdc; /* Khai bo bin lu cc gi tr khng gian*/ struct tm *newtime; time_t CurTime; TCHAR str [255]; RECT rc; /* Bin LOGFONT to font mi*/ LOGFONT lf; HFONT oldFont, font; COLORREF color = RGB (255, 0, 0), oldColor; switch ( message ) { case WM_CREATE: /* khi to b nh thi gian, v khai bo hm x l Timer*/
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SetTimer ( hWnd, IDT_TIMER1, 1000, ( TIMERPROC ) TimerProc ); break; case WM_PAINT: hdc = BeginPaint ( hWnd, &ps ); /* Ly gi ng h h thng*/ time( &CurTime ); newtime = localtime ( &CurTime ); GetClientRect ( hWnd, &rc ); /* To chui xut ra mn hnh*/ sprintf(str,"Gio hien tai : %d gio: %d phut: %d giay", newtime->tm_hour,newtime->tm_min, newtime>tm_sec); /* Thit lp mu k t xut*/ oldColor = SetTextColor ( hdc, color ); /* To font ring dng*/ memset ( &lf, 0, sizeof ( LOGFONT ) ); lf.lfHeight = 50; strcpy ( lf.lfFaceName, "Tahoma" ); font = CreateFontIndirect ( &lf ); oldFont = ( HFONT ) SelectObject ( hdc,font ); /* Xut ra mn hnh*/ DrawText ( hdc, str, strlen(str), &rc, DT_CENTER | DT_VCENTER | DT_SINGLELINE ); /* Ly li cc gi tr mc nh*/ SetTextColor ( hdc,oldColor ); SelectObject ( hdc,oldFont ); DeleteObject ( font ); EndPaint ( hWnd, &ps ); break;
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case WM_DESTROY: PostQuitMessage ( 0 ); break; default: return DefWindowProc ( hWnd, message, wParam, lParam ); } return 0; } /* Hm x l ca Timer*/
VOID CALLBACK TimerProc( HWND hwnd, UINT uMsg, UINT_PTR idEvent, DWORD dwTime) { /* Hm ny n gin yu cu t li vng lm vic*/ RECT rc; GetClientRect ( hwnd, &rc ); InvalidateRect ( hwnd, &rc, TRUE ); }
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Chng 5 X L VN BN V FONT CH
5.1. M U
Mt trong cc c tnh ni bt nht ca Windows l giao din giao tip vi ngi dng. Nh c tnh ny, nhiu dng d liu thng tin khc nhau c my tnh h tr khi xut ra mn hnh, my in, Trong , xut vn bn ra vng lm vic ca cc ng dng Win32 l hnh thc ph bin nht trong giao din ha. cc chng trc, cc thao tc xut thng tin ch c thc hin thng qua cc ca s thng bo, hp thoi v cc phn t iu khin. Chng ny s trnh by cch th hin ni dung vn bn trn vng lm vic ca ca s thng qua cc hm Win32 API. Phn cui chng s trnh by cch khi to, chn v x l cc dng font ch khc nhau. Nh kh nng ny, vic th hin cc on vn bn s tr nn sinh ng v trc quan hn.
5.2. X L VN BN
X l vn bn l cng vic ph bin nht trong cc thao tc ha. Chng c s dng theo cc nh dng v cch thc khc nhau trong cc ng dng x l ti liu, bng biu, c s d liu v h tr thit k bng my tnh (CAD - Computer Aided Design). Tp hp cc hm Win32 API x l vn bn c phn thnh hai nhm chnh: Nhm cc hm nh dng chun b cho thao tc xut d liu, v nhm cc hm thc hin thao tc hin th. Chng ta s bt u vi vic tm hiu cc hm hin th.
5.2.1. Hin th vn bn
hin th ni dung vn bn trn cc thit b xut, da vo tng trng hp th hin khc nhau, ta dng cc hm Win32 API khc nhau. Cc hm ny ph thuc vo font ch, thuc tnh ca thit b ng cnh DC (Device Context ) v khong cch k t th hin.
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Hm ph bin nht thc hin thao tc xut mt chui k t vn bn, s dng font ch, mu ch v mu nn hin hnh l : BOOL TextOut(HDC hDC, int nXStart, int nYStart, LPCTSTR lpString, int cbString); Hm ny thc hin thao tc xut chui k t xc nh bi con tr lpString ra DC, vi chiu di c xc nh bi cbString (khng ph thuc vo k t NULL nh du kt thc chui). Hai trng nXStart v nYStart l v tr gc ca chui hin th, xc nh theo ta logic ca vng lm vic ca s, v thng l im gc trn bn tri ca vng hin th chui. Chng ta s bn k hn khi tm hiu v canh l vn bn trong phn 5.2.2. Nu thao tc xut chui thc hin thnh cng, hm tr v gi tr khc 0. Ngc li, gi tr tr v bng 0. Khi cn trnh by vn bn theo tun t tng ct, ta dng hm TabbedTextOut sau : LONG TabbedTextOut(HDC hDC, int nX, int nY, LPCTSTR lpString, int nCount, int nNumTabs, LPINT lpnTabStopPositions, int nTabOrigin); Nu trong chui k t c cc k t tab (\t hoc 0x09), hm TabbedTextOut s chuyn cc k t tab vo dy cc v tr "dng" tng ng. S lng cc tab dng c xc nh bi nNumTabs, v lpnTabStopPositions l dy v tr cc tab dng theo n v tnh pixels. V d, nu rng trung bnh ca mi k t l 8 pixels, v mi tab dng cn t cch nhau 5 k t, dy cc tab dng s phi ln lt c gi tr 40, 80, 120, . Tuy nhin, cc gi tr ny khng nht thit phi l bi s ca nhau. Nu bin nNumTabs hoc lpnTabStopPositions c gi tr l 0 v NULL, cc tab dng c t cch nhau tng 8 k t. Nu nNumTabs bng 1, lpnTabStopPositions tr n gi tr xc nh mt dy tng tun hon l bi s ca dy ny. V d, nu nNumTabs bng 1, v lpnTabStopPositions bng 30, ta s c dy tab dng ti v tr 30, 60, 90, pixels. Trng nTabOrigin xc nh ta theo trc x ca im bt u tnh khong cch ti cc tab. Gi tr ny khng nht thit phi l v tr u tin ca chui, c th chn trng hoc khng. Hm tr v kch thc chui hin th, theo n v logic, nu thnh cng. Ngc li, hm tr v 0. Trong , chiu cao chui l WORD cao ca bin kiu LONG, chiu rng l WORD thp. Mt hm xut vn bn khc tng t hm TextOut l hm ExtTextOut : BOOL ExtTextOut(HDC hDC, int X, int Y, UINT fuOptions, CONST RECT *lprc, LPCTSTR lpString, UINT cbCount, CONST INT *lpDx);
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Bin lprc l mt con tr n cu trc RECT, trong ni dung vn bn hin th s b ct vo vng hnh ch nht tng ng nu fuOptions c thit lp l ETO_CLIPPED, hoc l vng nn hnh ch nht s c t bi mu nn nu fuOptions l ETO_OPAQUE. Trng lpDx l mt dy s nguyn xc nh khong cch gia cc k t lin tip trong chui. N cho php mt chng trnh to khong cch rng hoc hp gia cc k t, iu m i lc cn thit trong vic iu chnh cc t trong vn bn theo rng ct. Gi tr lpDx c th l NULL tng ng vi ch mc nh cho khong cch ny. Tng t hm TextOut, hm ExtTextOut tr v gi tr khc 0 nu thnh cng. Ngc li, gi tr tr v bng 0. Mt hm mc mc cao hn xut vn bn l hm DrawText : int DrawText(HDC hDC, LPCTSTR lpString, int nCount, LPRECT lpRect, UINT uFormat); Cng nh cc hm xut vn bn khc, hm DrawText xut chui xc nh bi con tr lpString c di nCount. Tuy nhin, vi chui c k t kt thc l NULL, nu nCount bng -1, hm s t ng tnh ton chiu di ca chui. Bin lpRect tr n cu trc RECT ca hnh ch nht (theo to logic) m trong vn bn th hin theo nh dng c thit lp trong uFormat. Nu uFormat bng 0, ni dung vn bn s c hin th theo tng dng t trn xung di. Mi dng mi c xc nh thng qua k t v u dng CR (carriage return, bng \r hoc 0x0D) hoc k t xung dng LF (linefeed, bng \n hoc 0x0A) c trong vn bn. Phn vn bn bn ngoi hnh ch nht lpRect s b ct b. Gi tr uFormat bng 0 cng chnh l gi tr c canh l tri (DT_LEFT). Ngoi ra, ta c th thit lp cc c canh l phi (DT_RIGHT), v canh l gia (DT_CENTER) cho vn bn. loi b chc nng iu khin ca cc k t CR v LF, cn thm vo c DT_SINGLELINE. Nu thit lp DT_SINGLELINE, ta cng c th ch nh v tr ca dng hin th pha trn (DT_TOP), pha di (DT_BOTTOM), hoc chnh gia (DT_VCENTER) trong vng hnh ch nht. Trong trng hp hin th nhiu dng vn bn, Windows ch ngt dng khi gp k t CR v LF. ngt dng di hn kch thc hnh ch nht hin th, cn thit lp c DT_WORDBREAK. Nu khng mun Windows ct b cc phn d ra khi v ch vt qu phm vi khung ch nht, ta thm c DT_NOCLIP. Nu mun k t tab (\t hoc 0x09) c din dch thnh k t phn ct, cn thm c DT_EXPANDTABS. Gi tr mc nh ca tab l 8 khong trng. C DT_TABSTOP c dng t li gi tr tab. Trong trng hp ny, byte cao ca word thp (bits 15-8) ca uFormat s cha gi tr tab cn thay th.
5.2.2. nh dng vn bn
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Da vo c trng cc thnh phn hin th, cc hm nh dng vn bn phn lm ba nhm lin quan n thuc tnh ca DC, rng k t v kch thc chui k t hin th. Vic thit lp thuc tnh nh dng vn bn cho DC c thc hin thng qua cc hm canh l vn bn, thit lp khong cch k t, xc nh mu nn v mu vn bn. Cng vi cc hm ny, Windows cng cung cp cc hm cho bit thuc tnh hin hnh tng ng cho DC. Trong cc hm v thuc tnh DC, bin u tin lun l handle ca DC hin hnh. Xt hm thit lp mu ch v mu nn : COLORREF SetTextColor(HDC hDC, COLOREF crColor); COLORREF SetBkColor(HDC hDC, COLORREF crColor); Bin crColor xc nh mu cn thit lp. Nu thnh cng, hm tr v mu ch (mu nn) trc khi c thit lp. Nu khng, hm tr v gi tr c CLR_INVALID. Ngoi ra, xc nh mu ch v mu nn hin hnh, ta dng hai hm sau : COLORREF GetTextColor(HDC hDC); COLORREF GetBkColor(HDC hDC); Nu hm thc hin thnh cng, ta xc nh c mu hin hnh. Nu khng, gi tr tr v l CLR_INVALID. Khi v ch, Windows s dng hai ch : ch trong sut (TRANSPARENT) v ch m (OPAQUE). ch trong sut, mu nn s khng c s dng n, ch v ra ln nn hin hnh. ch m, trc khi v ch, nn s c xo i vi mu nn c thit lp bi hm SetBkColor: int SetBkColor(HDC hDC, int iBkMode); Vi iBkMode l ch nn TRANSPARENT hoc OPAQUE (ch mc nh ca Windows l OPAQUE). Nu thnh cng, hm tr v ch nn trc khi c thit lp. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l zero. bit ch nn hin ti, ta dng hm : int GetBkMode(HDC hDC); Hm tr v gi tr TRANSPARENT hoc OPAQUE, nu thnh cng. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l zero. xc lp v tr chui vn bn hin th da trn im gc nXStart, nYStart (xem phn 5.2.1) ta dng hm SetTextAlign : UINT SetTextAlign(HDC hDC, UINT fMode); Khi , im gc nXStart cnh bn tri khung ch nht nu fMode l TA_LEFT. K t u chui s hin th t im gc ny. y cng l gi tr mc nh ca Windows. Nu fMode Trang 127
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bng TA_RIGHT, v tr chui c tnh t bn phi, tc k t cui chui hin th ti im gc, v ngc li cho n k t u tin. Nu fMode bng TA_CENTER, v tr gia chui chnh l im gc. Tng t, thit lp v tr hin th chui theo phng ng, cc c TA_TOP, TA_BOTTOM, v TA_BASELINE c dng tng ng im gc nYStart trn, gia v di dng vn bn hin th. i vi Windows th gi tr mc nh theo phng ng l TA_TOP. Nu gi hm SetTextAlign vi c TA_UPDATE, Windows s khng s dng im gc nXStart, nYStart trong hm xut vn bn TextOut, thay vo l v tr c thit lp trc bi hm MoveToEx hoc LineTo, hoc mt hm thay i v tr khc. C TA_UPDATE cng cp nht im gc v u chui (nu dng TA_LEFT) v v cui chui (nu dng TA_RIGHT) cho ln gi k tip. iu ny cn thit cho vic hin th nhiu dng vn bn vi hm TextOut. Nu c TA_CENTER c thit lp, v tr ca nXStart vn nh c sau khi hm TextOut c gi. bit ch canh l vn bn hin ti, ta dng hm : UINT GetTextAlign(HDC hDC); Nu thnh cng, hm tr v c tng ng ca canh l vn bn hin hnh. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l GDI_ERROR. V d sau y trnh by cch thc xc nh cc dng canh l theo phng ngang:
switch ( (TA_LEFT | TA_RIGHT | TA_CENTER) & GetTextAlign(hDC) ) { case TA_LEFT: . . . case TA_RIGHT: . . . case TA_CENTER: . .
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. }
V d tip theo s dng hm SetTextAlign cp nht v tr hin th hin thi khi hm TextOut c gi. Trong v d ny, bin cArial l mt s nguyn cho bit s font Arial.
UINT uAlignPrev; char szCount[8]; uAlignPrev = SetTextAlign(hdc, TA_UPDATECP); MoveToEx(hdc, 10, 50, (LPPOINT) NULL); TextOut(hdc, 0, 0, "Number of Arial fonts: ", 23); itoa(cArial, szCount, 10); TextOut(hdc, 0, 0, (LPSTR) szCount, strlen(szCount)); SetTextAlign(hdc, uAlignPrev);
Mt thuc tnh khc ca DC nh hng n cch v chui l khong cch gia cc k t trong chui hin th. Khong cch mc nh ca Windows l 0, khi cc k t c hin th lin tip nhau. thay i khong cch gia cc k t, ta dng hm : int SetTextCharacterExtra(HDC hDC, int nCharExtra); Trong , nCharExtra l khong cch theo n v logic thit lp gia cc k t. Nu thnh cng, hm tr v khong cch trc khi c thit lp. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0x80000000. bit khong cch hin ti, ta dng hm : int GetTextCharacterExtra(HDC hDC); Nu thnh cng, gi tr tr v cho bit khong cch hin ti. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0x80000000. Ngoi ra, Windows cn h tr cc hm cho bit rng k t v kch thc chui hin th. y l cc hm cp cao, s dng trong vic trnh by vn bn vi cc kiu font kh phc tp. Trong chng ny, chng ta ch cp n mt s hm nh GetTextMetrics (phn 5.3.2) v GetTextExtentPoint32 (phn 5.3.5).
5.3. FONT CH
Trong Windows, khi trnh by vn bn, cc k t c th hin theo nhiu dng khc nhau. y l mt trong nhng c trng c bn ca giao din ha - ngi dng (GUI Graphical User Interface). thc hin iu ny, Windows h tr nhiu dng font ch khc
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nhau. Trong phn ny, chng ta tm hiu cc vn chnh v cc font ch, cng nh cch s dng chng trnh by vn bn.
5.3.1. Khi nim font trong Windows

Mt font ch l mt tp hp cc k t v k hiu cng dng, th hin qua kiu ch, loi ch v kch c ch. Kiu ch xc nh cc c trng v k t v k hiu trong font ch, v d rng, nt ch dy hoc mnh, c chn (c gch ngang hoc cc nt cong mnh u cc k t) hay khng. Loi ch xc nh m nht (trng lng) v nghing ca dng font th hin. Chia lm ba loi sau : roman, opaque, v italic. Font roman l dng font ch c trng lng trung bnh, thng dng trong in n. Font opaque l dng c bin i nging ca font roman. Font italic l dng font c thit k theo dng nghing chuyn bit. Kch thc font ch c tnh nh l khong cch t chn di ca mt k t c chn n chn trn ca mt k t hoa, v c tnh theo n v im (khong 0,013817 ca 1 inch). Mt tp cc font vi mt s kch c v trng lng khc nhau nhng cng mt kiu loi c xem l mt h font ch. Cc font ch trong Windows c chia thnh hai nhm, gi l font GDI v font thit b. Font GDI c lu tr di dng tp tin trn a, trong khi font thit b c thit k sn trong thit b xut tng ng, v d my in. Khng nh font GDI, khi in bng font thit b, Windows khng cn nh dng font, m ch cn gi ni dung d liu trc tip n thit b. Ngi dng chn trc tip font t my in in. i vi font GDI, Windows chuyn vn bn thnh nh bitmap sau chuyn n my in in. Nh vy, li im ca font GDI l c lp vi thit b xut, tuy nhin tc x l in chm hn. Cc font GDI thng thng gm c : font bitmap, font vector v font TrueType. Font bitmap c cu thnh t ma trn pixel, c li im l hin th nhanh, nhng hn ch trong vic th hin vi cc kch thc khc nhau (do ch phng to thu nh, v khi phng trng rt th). Font vector th hin cc k t nh l tp hp cc nt v (s dng cc hm GDI), do linh ng v co gin hn font bitmap, tuy nhin c v kh chm v ng nt cng khng c mm mi cho lm. Font TrueType l dng font c s dng ph bin nht hin nay, c lu tr di dng mt tp cc im nh, kt hp mt s thut ton bin i. Do th hin sc xo cc ng nt trn mn hnh v my in. Chng ta s kho st cc hm x l cho cc font ch dng ny trong phn 5.3.3. Cn by gi chng ta tm hiu cch s dng cc font c sn ca h thng.
5.3.2. S dng font nh ngha sn

Khi ta gi cc hm v ch TextOut, TabbedTextOut, ExtTextOut hoc DrawText, Windows s s dng font ch ang c chn trong DC hin th ni dung vn bn. Ta c th dng mt s font c Windows nh ngha sn, thng gi l font h thng (phn bit cc font Trang 130
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do ngi dng to trong qu trnh x l vn bn xem phn 5.3.3). Tn macro ca cc font ny th hin trong bng sau : MACRO
ANSI_FIXED_FONT
FONT Font vi kch thc c nh ca k t da trn Windows. Font Courier l mt v d in hnh ca dng font ny. Font vi rng k t thay i da trn cc k t chun ca Windows. Font MS San Serif l mt v d in hnh. Font vi thit b cho c chn mc nhin. Dng font ny thng co sn trong h thng iu khin vic trnh by trn thit b. Tuy nhin, i vi mt s thit b, font c ci t ngay trn thit b. V d, i vi my in, cc font thit b ci sn thc hin thao tc in nhanh hn so vi vic load bitmap nh v t my tnh. Font ca giao din ha c thit lp mc nh. Font ch c nh, da trn b k t OEM. V d, i vi my IBM, font OEM da trn b k t IBM PC. Font h thng ca Windows. c h iu hnh dng trnh by cc thnh phn giao din nh thanh tiu , menu, ni dung vn bn trong cc hp thoi thng ip. Cc font h thng ny lun c sn khi ci h iu hnh, trong khi cc font khc cn phi ci thm ty theo ng dng sau ny. Font Windows c s dng nh font h thng trong cc phin bn trc 3.0.
Bng 5.1 Macro cc font nh ngha sn.
ANSI_VAR_FONT
DEVICE_DEFAULT_FONT
DEFAULT_GUI_FONT
OEM_FIXED_FONT
SYSTEM_FONT
SYSTEM_FIXED_FONT
Vic chn v s dng font h thng trong Windows kh n gin. lm iu ny, u tin chng trnh to ra handle ca font - kiu bin HFONT, sau chn font dng hm GetStockObject. HGDIOBJ GetStockObject(int fnObject);
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Trong , kiu HGDIOBJ l HFONT, bin fnObject l mt trong cc macro bng trn. Nu thnh cng, hm ny tr v handle ca font h thng hin hnh. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l NULL. thay i font, ta gi hm SelectObject. HGDIOBJ SelectObject(HDC hDC, HGDIOBJ hGDIObj); Hoc gn hn, ta c th gi : SelectObject(hDC.GetStockObject(fnObject)); Khi , font hin hnh trong DC l font va c gi. Hm tr v macro font trc . Nu khng thnh cng, li tr v l GDI_ERROR. Thng khi gi font nh sn, nu cc font khng c sn, h thng s tr v font h thng (SYSTEM_FONT). Lu , ch nn dng cc font c sn nu ch hin th ca DC ng dng hin thi l MM_TEXT. xem cc thuc tnh ca font h thng, v d kch thc ca b font tnh ton v tr khi xut vn bn, ta dng hm GetTextMetrics. BOOL GetTextMetrics(HDC hDC, LPTEXTMETRIC lpTM); Bin lpTM l con tr n cu trc TEXTMETRIC m nu hm thc hin thnh cng (tr v gi tr nonzero) s cha cc tham s ca font. on chng trnh sau minh ha vic chn font nh sn vo mt DC, sau vit mt chui k t s dng font ny. HFONT hfnt, hOldFont; hfnt = GetStockObject(ANSI_VAR_FONT); if (hOldFont = SelectObject(hdc, hfnt)) { TextOut(hdc, 10, 50, "Sample ANSI_VAR_FONT text.", 26); SelectObject(hdc, hOldFont); } Tuy nhin, font ch h thng kh ngho nn, khng p ng nhu cu trnh by vn bn. V th, Windows h tr cc hm s dng cc font ch t to. Phn tip theo s bn k hn v cc hm x l cc font ny.
5.3.3. S dng font t to
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Font logic l mt i tng GDI c handle kiu HFONT. Mt font logic l mt m t ca mt font ch thc t. Tng t nh vit v logic v chi sn logic, font logic l mt i tng tru tng, v tr thnh font thc t trong DC khi ng dng gi hm SelectObject. u tin, ta cn nh ngha cc trng trong cu trc LOGFONT theo mt trong hai cch sau : Thit lp cc trng trong cu trc LOGFONT da trn cc c tnh ca font bn quan tm. Trong trng hp ny, khi gi hm SelectObject, Windows s s dng mt thut ton "nh x font" chn mt font tng thch nht hin c trn thit b. Chn font trong hp thoi Font, hm ChooseFont s khi gn cc gi tr trong cu trc LOGFONT theo thuc tnh font c chn.
s dng font ny trong cc thao tc xut vn bn, trc ht ng dng cn khi to font logic, ri chuyn cho DC. Vic to font logic c thc hin bng cch gi hm CreateFont hoc hm CreateFontIndirect. Tuy nhin, hm CreateFont t c s dng hn do hm cn gi cc bin trong cu trc LOGFONT, trong khi hm CreateFontIndirect ch cn bin con tr LOGFONT. C hai hm u tr v handle ca font logic HFONT. Trc khi ng dng c th xut vn bn, font logic cn c nh x tng ng vi mt font vt l trong thit b xut, hoc font np vo h iu hnh. Tin trnh ny c thc hin khi ng dng gi hm SelectObject. Khi , ta c th dng hm GetTextMetrics (hoc cc hm tng ng) xc nh kch thc v c trng ca font thc tnh v tr v xut vn bn ra thit b xut. Sau khi dng font, ta cn loi b font dng hm DeleteObject. Ch khng c xo font trong DC ang thc thi, hoc font h thng.
5.3.4. Cu trc LOGFONT v TEXTMETRIC

to font logic, ta c th gi hm CreateFont v CreateFontIndirect. Hm CreateFontIndirect nhn con tr cu trc LOGFONT. Hm CreateFont c bin l 14 trng ca LOGFONT. Xt nh ngha ca cu trc LOGFONT : typedef struct tagLOGFONT // lf { LONG lfHeight; LONG lfWidth; LONG lfEscapement; LONG lfOrientation;
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NGN NG LP TRNH LONG lfWeight; BYTE lfItalic; BYTE lfUnderline; BYTE lfStrikeOut; BYTE lfCharSet; BYTE lfOutPrecision; BYTE lfClipPrecision; BYTE lfQuality; BYTE lfPitchAndFamily; TCHAR lfFaceName[LF_FACESIZE]; } LOGFONT;
Hai trng u trong cu trc LOGFONT tnh theo n v logic, do ph thuc vo ch hin th. Trng lfHeight l chiu cao ca k t, nhn gi tr mc nh ca font nu bng 0. Nu lfHeight m, Windows xc nh kch c font qua gi tr tuyt i gn nht. Gi tr dng ca lfHeight xp x bng gi tr tmHeight tng ng trong cu trc TEXTMETRICS. Trng lfWidth xc nh rng k t. Trong trng hp lfWidth bng 0, Windows s chn font tng ng da vo chiu cao lfHeight. Gi tr lfWidth khc 0 thng c s dng cho cc font TrueType (khng tng thch cho cc font vector). Trng ny tng ng trng tmAveCharWidth trong cu trc TEXTMETRICS. Hai trng tip theo xc nh hng hin th ca cc k t trong chui. Trng lfEscapement xc nh gc lch gia ng c s (base line) v trc x ca thit b. Gi tr nhp vo l mt bi s ca 10. Chui xut theo hng mc nh (tri sang phi), hng ln, t phi sang tri, v hng xung nu gi tr ln lt l 0, 900, 1800, v 2700. Trng lfOrientation xc nh hng ng c s ca tng k t so vi trc x. Gi tr c xc nh tng t lfEscapement. Nu ng dng gi hm trong Windows NT, vi ch ha l GM_ADVANCED, gi tr lfEscapement c xc nh c lp vi lfOrientation. Trong cc trng hp khc, hai gi tr ny phi c thit lp nh nhau. V d sau th hin vic xut mt chui quanh tm vng lm vic ca ca s ng dng bng cch thay i gi tr ca trng lfEscapement v lfOrientation tng 10 .
RECT rc; int angle; HFONT hfnt, hfntPrev;
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LPSTR lpszRotate = "String to be rotated."; // Cp pht vng nh cho cu trc LOGFONT.
PLOGFONT plf=(PLOGFONT)LocalAlloc(LPTR, sizeof(LOGFONT)); // Xc nh tn v m nht ca font. lstrcpy(plf->lfFaceName, "Arial"); plf->lfWeight = FW_NORMAL; // Thu nhn kch thc ca vng lm vic ca s ng dng . GetClientRect(hwnd, &rc); // Thit lp ch nn TRANSPARENT cho thao tc xut vn bn. SetBkMode(hdc, TRANSPARENT); // V chui quay quanh tm vng lm vic tng 10 (36 ln). for (angle = 0; angle < 3600; angle += 100) { plf->lfEscapement = angle; hfnt = CreateFontIndirect(plf); hfntPrev = SelectObject(hdc, hfnt); TextOut(hdc, rc.right/2, rc.bottom/2, lpszRotate, lstrlen(lpszRotate)); SelectObject(hdc, hfntPrev); DeleteObject(hfnt); } // Chuyn ch hin th v li dng OPAQUE. SetBkMode(hdc, OPAQUE); // Gii phng vng nh cp pht cho cu trc LOGFONT. LocalFree((LOCALHANDLE) plf);
Trng tip theo l lfWeight xc nh m nht ca k t, c gi tr t 0 n 1000. Trong trng hp bng 0, Windows s dng gi tr mc nh. tin dng, ta dng mt s macro sau : Trang 135
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FW_DONTCARE FW_THIN FW_EXTRALIGHT FW_ULTRALIGHT FW_LIGHT FW_NORMAL FW_REGULAR FW_MEDIUM FW_SEMIBOLD FW_DEMIBOLD FW_BOLD FW_EXTRABOLD FW_ULTRABOLD FW_HEAVY FW_BLACK
LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS Gi tr

0 100 200 200 300 400 400 500 600 600 700 800 800 900 900
Bng 5.2 Macro xc nh m nht lfWeight.
Cc trng lfItalic, lfUnderline, lfStrikeOut xc nh font nghing, c gch di, gch ngang nu c thit lp bng TRUE. Trng lfCharSet xc nh tp k t s dng. Gi tr OEM_CHARSET xc nh tp k t ph thuc h iu hnh. Thng thng, ta s dng DAFAULT_CHARSET (tp k t mc nh). Vic chn tp k t l rt quan trng, nu ng dng s dng font c tp k t khng xc nh, h thng khng th thng dch chng. Cc trng cn li kh phc tp. Chng ta khng phn tch cc gi tr ca chng y. Trng lfOutPrecision nh ngha chnh xc (c th c) ca font thc t so vi font yu cu. Trng lfClipPrecision xc nh cch thc cc k t b ct b khi nm ngoi vng clipping. Trng lfQuality dng cho font vector, xc nh cch thc GDI nh ngha chnh xc ca font logic so vi font vt l. Trng lfPitchAndFamily xc nh h font ch. Trng lfFaceName xc nh tn kiu font. Sau khi chn font cho DC, ta cn bit cc c trng ca font hin ti dng cho vic xut vn bn bng hm GetTextMetrics. Ta c cu trc TEXTMETRIC : typedef struct tagTEXTMETRIC // tm
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NGN NG LP TRNH { LONG tmHeight; LONG tmAscent; LONG tmDescent; LONG tmInternalLeading; LONG tmExternalLeading; LONG tmAveCharWidth; LONG tmMaxCharWidth; LONG tmWeight; LONG tmOverhang; LONG tmDigitizedAspectX; LONG tmDigitizedAspectY; BCHAR tmFirstChar; BCHAR tmLastChar; BCHAR tmDefaultChar; BCHAR tmBreakChar; BYTE tmItalic; BYTE tmUnderlined; BYTE tmStruckOut; BYTE tmPitchAndFamily; BYTE tmCharSet; } TEXTMETRIC;
Cc trng v kch thc c tnh theo n v logic, ph thuc vo ch hin th. Trng tmHeight cho bit chiu cao ca k t, bng tng hai trng tmAscent (phn trn ng c s) v tmDescent (phn di ng c s). Trng tmInternalLeading xc nh khong cch Trang 137
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bn trong ng bin xc nh bi tmHeight. Ngi thit k c th cho gi tr ny bng 0. Trng tmExternalLeading l khong cch Windows thm vo gia cc dng. Ngi dng cng c th gn gi tr ny bng 0. Trng tmAveCharWidth cho bit rng trung bnh ca cc k t ch thng. Trng tmMaxCharWidth cho bit rng k t ln nht tnh theo n v logic. i vi b font fixed-pitch ( rng khng i), gi tr ny bng tmAveCharWidth. Trng tmOverhang cho bit phn m rng (theo n v logic) m Windows thm vo font vector khi font nghing hoc t m. Khi font nghing, gi tr tmAveCharWidth khng thay i, bi v chui cc k t nghing vn c rng bng chui ch thng thng. Trong trng hp ch m, Windows s m rng tng k t. Khi , tmAveCharWidth ca k t bnh thng bng tmAveCharWidth tr i ln tmOverhang ca k t m. Trng tmDigitizedAspectX v tmDigitizedAspectY xc nh t l co ca font. Chng ta cng c th xc nh chng bng hm GetDeviceCaps (xc nh cc thng tin thit b) vi cc thng s ca nIndex l LOGPIXELSX v LOGPIXELSY. int GetDeviceCaps(HDC hDC, int nIndex); Trng tmFirstChar xc nh gi tr k t u tin trong font, tmLastChar xc nh gi tr k t cui cng. Nu gi hm GetTextMetricsW, gi tr ny s ln hn 255. Trng tmDefaultChar cha gi tr Windows dng hin th cc k t khng tn ti trong b font, thng l hnh ch nht. Trng tmBreakChar c dng ngt t khi canh chnh vn bn. Nu khng dng cc font c bit, v d font EBCDIC, gi tr ny chnh l gi tr k t khong trng (m bng 32). Cc trng tmWeight, tmItalic, tmUnderlined, tmStruckOut, tmCharSet v tmPitchAndFamily ging cc trng lfWeight, lfItalic, lfUnderline, lfStrikeOut, lfCharSet v lfPitchAndFamily trong cu trc LOGFONT.
5.3.5. S dng hp thoi chn font

chn font, ta c th s dng hp thoi font. u tin, ng dng khi to cc gi tr trong cu trc CHOOSEFONT, sau gi hm ChooseFont hin th hp thoi lit k danh sch cc font. Sau khi ngi dng chn mt font c sn v chn OK, hm ChooseFont s khi gn cc gi tr tng ng vo cu trc LOGFONT. ng dng c th gi hm CreateFontIndirect to mt font logic da trn cc yu cu ca ngi dng. Xt cu trc CHOOSEFONT. typedef struct tagCHOOSEFONT // cf { DWORD lStructSize; HWND hwndOwner;
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NGN NG LP TRNH HDC hDC; LPLOGFONT lpLogFont; INT iPointSize; DWORD Flags; DWORD rgbColors; LPARAM lCustData; LPCFHOOKPROC lpfnHook; LPCTSTR lpTemplateName; HINSTANCE hInstance; LPTSTR lpszStyle; WORD nFontType; WORD ___MISSING_ALIGNMENT__; INT nSizeMin; INT nSizeMax; } CHOOSEFONT;
Trng lStructureSize xc nh s byte kch thc cu trc. Trng hwndOwner xc nh ca s cha hp thoi chn font. Trng ny c th l mt handle ca s xc nh, hoc cng c th bng NULL nu hp thoi khng xc nh ca s cha. Trng hDC l DC ca my in c cc font c lit k trong hp thoi. Ch dng trng hDC nu thit lp trng Flags vi c CF_PRINTERFONTS hoc CF_BOTH; trong cc trng hp khc, gi tr trng ny b b qua. Trng lpLogFont tr n cu trc LOGFONT. Nu ta thit lp trong trng Flags gi tr CF_INITTOLOGFONTSTRUCT, v khi gn cc gi tr cho n, hm ChooseFont s khi to hp thoi vi font gn ging nht. Sau khi ta chn OK ng hp thoi, hm ChooseFont s thit lp cc gi tr ca cu trc ny da trn cc chn la tng ng. Trng iPointSize xc nh kch thc font c chn theo n v 1/10 im. Gi tr ny s c thit lp sau khi ta ng hp thoi. Trng Flags l tp cc bit c c dng khi to hp thoi Font. Trng ny c th kt hp cc gi tr sau :
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CF_APPLY
LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS Hp thoi c thm button Apply. Ta phi cung cp hm hook x l thng ip WM_COMMAND cho button ny. Hp thoi lit k danh sch cc font my in v font mn hnh. Trng hDC s xc nh DC lin quan n my in. C ny cn kt hp vi c CF_SCREENFONTS v CF_PRINTERFONTS. Xc nh hm ChooseFont ch qun l v chn la trn font dng TrueType. hp thoi th hin cc control cho php ngi dng thit lp ch gch ngang, gch di v chn mu. Nu c ny c thit lp, ta c th s dng trng rgbColors xc nh mu font ban u. Ta cng c th s dng trng lfStrikeOut v lfUnderline ca cu trc LOGFONT tr n trng lpLogFont xc nh cc thit lp ban u ca checkbox gch ngang v gch di k t. Hm ChooseFont s s dng cc trng ny tr v gi tr chn la ca ngi dng. Cho php th tc hook thit lp trong trng lpfnHook. Ch ra trng hInstance v lpTemplateName xc nh hp thoi mu s dng mc nh. Ch ra trng hInstance xc nh khi d liu cha hp hoi mu trc khi np. H thng s b qua gi tr ca trng lpTemplateName. Xc nh hm ChooseFont s ch ra li nu ngi dng c chn font hoc kiu khng tn ti. Xc nh hm ChooseFont phi s dng cu trc LOGFONT qua trng lpLogFont khi to hp thoi. Xc nh hm ChooseFont ch chn font c kch thc trong gii hn t nSizeMin n nSizeMax. Ging c CF_NOVECTORFONTS. Khi s dng cu trc LOGFONT khi to cc control ca hp thoi, trong combo box tn font khng th hin mt font no ang c chn c.
CF_BOTH
CF_TTONLY
CF_EFFECT
CF_ENABLEHOOK
CF_ENABLETEMPLATE
CF_ENABLETEMPLATE HANDLE
CF_FORCEFONTEXIST
CF_INITTOLOGFONTST RUCT
CF_LIMITSIZE
CF_NOOEMFONTS CF_NOFACESEL
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CF_NOSCRIPTSEL
LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS Khng cho php chn combo box Scrip. Khi c ny c thit lp, trng lfCharSet ca cu trc LOGFONT c thit lp vi gi tr DEFAULT_CHARSET khi hm ChooseFont tr v. C ny ch dng khi khi to hp thoi. Khi s dng cu trc LOGFONT khi to cc control ca hp thoi, ta khng dng kiu font no c (combo box style). Khi s dng cu trc LOGFONT khi to cc control ca hp thoi, ta khng hin th chn la ban u cho combo box kch thc. Hm ChooseFont khng cho php chn la font vector. Hp thoi font ch lit k cc font vit hng ngang. Hp thoi ch lit k cc font h tr my in lin quan n DC xc nh qua handle hDC. Ch nh hm ChooseFont ch cho php chn la cc font c th co gin (font vector, TrueType, ). Hp thoi ch lit k cc font mn hnh c h thng h tr. Hp thoi s hin th nt Help. Trng hwndOwner phi xc nh window nhn thng ip HELPMSGSTRING m hp thoi a ra khi ngi dng nhn button Help. Xc nh trng lpszStyle tr n vng m cha d liu kiu m hm ChooseFont dng khi to combo box Font Style. Sau khi ngi dng ng hp thoi, hm ChooseFont chp d liu kiu vo vng m. Xc nh hm ChooseFont cho php chn la cc font c sn cho my in v mn hnh. Nu c ny c thit lp, c c CF_BOTH v CF_SCALABLEONLY cng cn c thit lp.
Bng 5.3 Cc macro c Flags khi to hp thoi Font.
CF_NOSTYLESEL
CF_NOSIZESEL
CF_NOVECTORFONTS
CF_NOVERTFONTS
CF_PRINTERFONTS
CF_SCALABLEONLY
CF_SCREENFONTS
CF_SHOWHELP
CF_USESTYLE
CF_WYSIWYG
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Nu c CF_EFFECT c thit lp, trng rgbColors s xc nh mu ch khi to. Nu hm ChooseFont thc hin thnh cng, trng ny s cha gi tr RGB ca mu ch m ngi dng chn. Trng lCustData xc nh d liu c ng dng nh ngha chuyn cho hm hook gn bi gi tr lpfnHook. Nu h thng gi thng ip WM_INITDIALOG, gi tr lParam ca thng ip l con tr tr n cu trc CHOOSEFONT xc nh khi hp thoi c to. Trng lpfnHook tr n th tc hook CFHookProc x l cc thng ip ca hp thoi. s dng gi tr ny, cn phi thit lp c vi CF_ENABLEHOOK. Trng lpTemplateName tr n chui (kt thc bng k t NULL) xc nh tn ti nguyn hp thoi mu, lin quan vi trng hInstance. Nu thit lp c CF_ENABLETEMPLATEHANDLE, hInstance l handle ca i tng vng nh cha hp thoi mu. Nu thit lp c CF_ENABLETEMPLATE, hInstance xc nh module cha hp thoi mu c tn trng lpTemplateName. Trng lpszStyle tr n vng m cha d liu kiu. Nu thit lp c CF_USESTYLE, hm ChooseFont s s dng d liu trong vng m khi to combo box kiu font. Khi ngi dng ng hp thoi, hm ChooseFont chp chui trong combo box kiu font vo vng m ny. Trng nFontType xc nh dng font tr v. C th kt hp cc gi tr sau :
BOLD_FONTTYPE
Font ch m. Gi tr ny c lp li trong trng lfWeight ca cu trc LOGFONT, v bng FW_BOLD. Font ch nghing. Gi tr ny c lp li trong trng lfItalic ca cu trc LOGFONT. Font ch l font my in. Font ch bnh thng. Gi tr ny c lp li trong trng lfWeight ca cu trc LOGFONT, v bng FW_REGULAR . Font ch l font mn hnh. Font da theo giao din GUI.
ITALIC_FONTTYPE
PRINTER_FONTTYPE REGULAR_FONTTYP E
SCREEN_FONTTYPE SIMULATED_FONTT YPE
Bng 5.4 Cc macro xc nh dng font tr v.
Trng nSizeMin v nSizeMax xc nh kch c ch nh nht v ln nht m ngi dng c th chn. Hm ChooseFont ch nhn ra cc gi tr ny khi c CF_LIMITSIZE c thit lp. Trang 142
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Nh trnh by trn, to hp thoi font cho php ngi dng chn cc thuc tnh ca mt font logic, ta dng hm ChooseFont. BOOL ChooseFont(LPCHOOSEFONT lpcf); Vi lpcf tr n cu trc CHOOSEFONT cha cc thng tin dng khi to hp thoi. Khi hm tr v, cu trc ny cha cc thng tin m ngi dng chn. Nu ngi dng nhn nt OK trn hp thoi, hm tr v gi tr khc 0. Ngc li, nu chn Cancel hoc ng (close) hp thoi, gi tr tr v bng 0. V d sau minh ha vic chn font logic s dng hp thoi font.
HFONT FAR PASCAL MyCreateFont( void ) { CHOOSEFONT cf; LOGFONT lf; HFONT hfont; // Khi to cc trng trong cu trc CHOOSEFONT. cf.lStructSize = sizeof(CHOOSEFONT); cf.hwndOwner = (HWND)NULL; cf.hDC = (HDC)NULL; cf.lpLogFont = &lf; cf.iPointSize = 0; cf.Flags = CF_SCREENFONTS; cf.rgbColors = RGB(0,0,0); cf.lCustData = 0L; cf.lpfnHook = (LPCFHOOKPROC)NULL; cf.lpTemplateName = (LPSTR)NULL; cf.hInstance = (HINSTANCE) NULL; cf.lpszStyle = (LPSTR)NULL; cf.nFontType = SCREEN_FONTTYPE;
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cf.nSizeMin = 0; cf.nSizeMax = 0; // Hin th hp thoi font. ChooseFont(&cf);
/* To font logic da trn cc chn la ca ngi dng v tr v handle ca font logic */ hfont = CreateFontIndirect(cf.lpLogFont); return (hfont); }
5.3.6. V d v hin th vn bn bng cc font khc nhau

Sau khi tm hiu v vic xut ni dung vn bn v s dng font ch bng cc hm Win32 API, ta c th trnh by vn bn mt cch linh ng hn. Phn ny a ra v d xut mt chui vn bn theo cc font khc nhau trn cng mt dng. Mt trong cc cch trnh by mt dng vn bn vi nhiu font ch khc nhau l s dng hm GetTextExtentPoint32 sau mi ln gi hm TextOut v cng chiu di nhn c vo v tr hin th hin ti. V d sau xut cu "This is a sample string", s dng ch m vit "This is a", ch nghing vit "sample", v tr li ch m vit string.". Sau khi xut xong, chng trnh phc hi li dng font mc nh.
int XIncrement; int YStart; TEXTMETRIC tm; HFONT hfntDefault, hfntItalic, hfntBold; SIZE sz; LPSTR lpszString1 = "This is a "; LPSTR lpszString2 = "sample "; LPSTR lpszString3 = "string."; /* To font ch m v nghing (hm ny khng vit y) */ hfntItalic = MyCreateFont(); hfntBold = MyCreateFont(); /* Chn font ch m v vit chui ti v tr xc nh bi cp tham s (XIncrement, YStart) */
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XIncrement = 10; YStart = 50; hfntDefault = SelectObject(hdc, hfntBold);
TextOut(hdc, XIncrement, YStart, lpszString1, lstrlen(lpszString1)); /* Tnh di ca chui u tin v cng gi tr ny vo gi tr XIncrement thc hin thao tc xut chui tip theo */ GetTextExtentPoint32(hdc, lpszString1, lstrlen(lpszString1), &sz); XIncrement += sz.cx; /* Xc nh ln phn m rng k t qua cu trc TEXTMETRIC v tr bt XIncrement. (iu ny ch cn thit cho font vector) */ GetTextMetrics(hdc, &tm); XIncrement -= tm.tmOverhang; /* Chn font nghing v vit chui th hai bt u ti v tr (XIncrement, YStart) */ hfntBold = SelectObject(hdc, hfntItalic); GetTextMetrics(hdc, &tm); XIncrement -= tm.tmOverhang; TextOut(hdc, XIncrement, YStart, lpszString2, lstrlen(lpszString2)); /* Tnh di ca chui u tin v cng gi tr ny vo gi tr XIncrement thc hin thao tc xut chui tip theo */ GetTextExtentPoint32(hdc, lpszString2, lstrlen(lpszString2), &sz); XIncrement += sz.cx; /* Chn li font ch m v vit chui th ba bt u ti v tr (XIncrement, YStart) */ SelectObject(hdc, hfntBold); TextOut(hdc, XIncrement-tm.tmOverhang, YStart, lpszString3, lstrlen(lpszString3)); /* Chn li font ban u */ SelectObject(hdc, hfntDefault); /* Xo cc i tng font ch */ DeleteObject(hfntItalic);
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DeleteObject(hfntBold);
Trong v d trn, ta s dng hm GetTextExtentPoint32 nhn chiu di v chiu cao ca chui vn bn. BOOL GetTextExtentPoint32(HDC hDC, LPCTSTR lpString, int cbString, LPSIZE lpSize); Trong hDC l handle ca DC, lpString tr n chui vn bn c chiu di xc nh bi cbString. V lpSize tr n cu trc SIZE cha kch thc ca chui k t cn xc nh. typedef struct tagSIZE { LONG cx; LONG cy; } SIZE; Cu trc trn xc nh chiu rng v chiu cao ca mt hnh ch nht ln lt qua hai bin cx v cy. Nu thc hin thnh cng, hm tr v gi tr khc 0. Ngc li, gi tr tr v bng 0.
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Chng 6 HA V CC I TNG GDI

6.1. M U
Windows cung cp mt tnh nng rt c sc, l kh nng ha c lp thit b c xy dng trn k thut GDI (giao din giao tip vi cc thit b ha khc nhau). GDI l th vin ha ca Windows, cung cp tt c hm phc v cho cc thao tc kt xut hnh nh v vn bn ra thit b. GDI c th v ra nhiu loi thit b khc nhau: Mn hnh My in My v
GDI c trch nhim giao tip v kt xut cc yu cu m ngi dng chuyn cho n n ng thit b ch. V c bn, n giao tip vi cc trnh iu khin thit b (cc tp tin .drv), tht ra cc trnh iu khin thit b cng l mt giao din do Windows a ra, do trch nhim nng n khng tht s thuc v GDI ca Windows m l ca cc nh sn xut thit b phn cng, h buc phi cung cp trnh iu khin theo giao din ny nu mun bn c sn phm cho ngi dng Windows. Nh vy, ngi lp trnh khng cn quan tm n vic iu khin trc tip thit b xut m ch cn quan tm n th vin hm GDI. Chng ny s trnh by cc khi nim c s v GDI nh device context, cc hm GDI c s v v t, cc hm np v zoom nh bitmap. Phn cui chng s trnh by cch ly v handle device context ca my in v mt s hm c s s dng cho vic iu khin in n. Tm li, Windows cung cp kh nng s dng cng mt hm kt xut ra nhiu thit b khc nhau. iu ny lm cho chng trnh c lp vi thit b.
6.2. DEVICE CONTEXT

Device context l mt thit b xut logic, lin kt vi mt thit b xut vt l c th. Windows khng cho php chng ta kt xut trc tip ra thit b vt l m phi thng qua handle ca device context. Handle device context l mt s nguyn khng du c Windows cp nh mt nh danh ca device context. V d 1 : Xut dng ch "Hello Windows 2000" ra mn hnh
HDC hDC;
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/* Ly device context ca ca s */ hDC=GetDC(hWnd);
/* Xut dng ch "Hello Windows 2000" ra ca s ti v tr (20,20) */ TextOut(hDC, 20, 20, "Hello Windows 2000", 18); /*Gii phng Device Context */ RealeaseDC(hWnd, hDC);
V d 2 : V hnh ch nht
HDC hDC; HPEN hPen, oldHPen; /* Ly v device context ca ca s */ hDC=GetDC(hWnd); /* To bt v mi vi nt lin, dy 5, mu xanh */ hPen=CreatePen(PS_SOLID, 5, RGB(0, 0, 255)); /* Chn bt v hin hnh l bt v mi v lu li bt v c */ oldHPen=(HPEN)SelectObject(hDC, hPen); /* V hnh ch nht */ Rectangle(hDC, 20, 20, 100, 100); /* Restore li bt v c */ SelectObject(hDC, oldHPen); /* Gii phng bt v to ra */ DeleteObject(hPen); /* Gii phng device context */ ReleaseDC(hWnd, hDC);
6.2.1. Thao tc ly v v gii phng Device Context

C 3 cch nhn v v gii phng mt Device Context : S dng hm BeginPaint v EndPaint khi x l thng ip WM_PAINT: Trang 148
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hDC = BeginPaint(hWnd, &ps); // X l EndPaint(hWnd, &ps);
Bin ps l mt cu trc kiu PAINTSTRUCT. Dng hm GetDC v ReleaseDC khi x l cc thng ip khc WM_PAINT:
hDC = GetDC(hWnd); //X l ReleaseDC(hWnd, hDC);
Dng hm GetWindowDC v ReleaseDC :

hDC = GetWindowDC(hWnd); // X l ReleaseDC(hWnd, hDC);
Lu : Cc hm GetDC v BeginPaint tr v device context cho vng client ca ca s, ring hm GetWindowDC tr v device context ca ton b ca s k c thanh tiu , menu, thanh cun v tt nhin l c vng client. v ra ngoi vng lm vic (client area), phi chn thng ip WM_NCPAINT( NC: None Client). Ngoi ra, cn c th nhn v device context ca ton mn hnh bng hm: hDC = CreateDC( "DISPLAY", NULL, NULL, NULL);
6.2.2. To lp v gii phng memory device context

Memory device context(MDC)l mt device context o khng gn vi mt thit b xut c th no. Mun kt qu kt xut ra thit b vt l ta phi chp MDC ln mt device context tht s(device context c lin kt vi thit b vt l). MDC thng c dng nh mt device context trung gian v trc khi thc s xut ra thit b, nhm gim s chp git nu thit b xut l window hay mn hnh. to MDC tng thch vi mt hDC c th, s dng hm CreateCompatibleDC: HDC hMemDC; hMemDC = CreateCompatibleDC(hDC); n gin hn, c th t NULL vo v tr hDC, Windows s to mt device context tng thch vi mn hnh.
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NGN NG LP TRNH Hy MDC bng hm DeleteDC.
MDC c b mt hin th nh mt thit b tht. Tuy nhin, b mt hin th ny lc u rt nh, ch l mt pixel n sc. Khng th lm g vi mt b mt hin th ch gm 1 bit nh vy. Do cn lm cho b mt hin th ny rng hn bng cch chn mt i tng bitmap GDI vo MDC: SelectObject(hMemDC, hBitmap); Ch c th chn i tng bitmap vo MDC, khng th chn vo mt device context c th c. Sau khi chn mt i tng bitmap cho MDC, c th dng MDC nh mt device context tht s. Sau khi c hon tt trong MDC, nh c a ra device context tht s bng hm BitBlt: BitBlt(hDC, xDest, yDest, nWidth, nHeight, hMemDC, xSource, ySource); V d : Chun b nh trc khi a ra mn hnh, trnh gy chp mn hnh trong thng ip WM_PAINT.
case WM_PAINT: hdc = BeginPaint(hWnd, &ps); // Ly v kch thc vng client ca ca s hin hnh RECT rect; GetClientRect(hWnd, &rect); // To MDC tng thch vi DC ca ca s HDC hMemDC; hMemDC = CreateCompatibleDC(hdc); // Chn mt i tng bitmap m rng vng hin th cho MDC HBITMAP bitmap,oBitmap; bitmap = CreateCompatibleBitmap(hdc,rect.right,rect.bottom); oBitmap = (HBITMAP)SelectObject(hMemDC,bitmap); // V li nn MDC FillRect(hMemDC, &rect, HBRUSH (GetBkColor(hMemDC)));
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// Xut hnh nh, text ra MDC SetPixel(hMemDC, 0, 0, RGB(255,0,0)); MoveToEx(hMemDC, 50, 50, NULL); LineTo(hMemDC, 100, 100); Rectangle(hMemDC, 10, 10, 100, 100); TextOut(hMemDC, 15 ,15, "Testing MDC", 11);
If (!BitBlt(hdc, 0, 0, rect.right, rect.bottom, hMemDC, 0, 0, SRCCOPY)) MessageBox(hWnd, "Failed to transfer bit block", "Error",MB_OK); // Phc hi li bitmap c cho MDC SelectObject(hMemDC, oBitmap); // Gii phng MDC, bitmap to DeleteDC(hMemDC); DeleteObject(bitmap); EndPaint(hWnd, &ps); break;
6.3. MT S HM HA C S
S dng cc hm ha c s, ta c th trnh by cc i tng vn bn, hnh nh trn ng dng. Gm cc nhm hm v vn bn (text), bt v, min t, v nh bitmap. Cc hm v vn bn c trnh by trong chng trc. y s trnh by cc nhm hm cn li.
6.3.1. Nhm hm v
COLORREF GetPixel(HDC hDC, int nXPos, int nYPos); Ly v gi tr mu ti v tr (nXPos, nYPos) ca hDC, tr v -1 nu im ny nm ngoi vng hin th. COLORREF SetPixel(HDC hDC, int nXPos, int nYPos, COLORREF clrRef); V mt im mu clrRef ti v tr (nXPos, nYPos) ln hDC. Gi tr tr v l mu ca im (nXPos, nYPos) hoc -1 nu im ny nm ngoi vng hin th.
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NGN NG LP TRNH DWORD MoveToEx(HDC hDC, int x, int y);
Di chuyn bt v n ta (x, y) trn hDC. Gi tr tr v l ta c ca bt v, x = LOWORD, y = HIWORD. BOOL LineTo(HDC hDC, int xEnd, int yEnd); V on thng t v tr hin hnh n v tr (xEnd, yEnd) trn hDC. Hm tr v TRUE nu thnh cng, FALSE nu tht bi. BOOL Polyline(HDC hDC, const POINT FAR *lpPoints, int nPoints); V ng gp khc ln hDC bng cc on thng lin tip, s nh l nPoints vi ta cc nh c xc nh trong lpPoints. Hm tr v TRUE nu thnh cng, FALSE nu tht bi. BOOL Polygon(HDC hDC, const POINT FAR *lpPoints, int nPoints); V a gic c nPoints nh, ta cc nh c xc nh bi lpPoints. Hm tr v TRUE nu thnh cng, FALSE nu tht bi. BOOL Rectangle(HDC hDC, int left, int top, int right, int bottom); V hnh ch nht c ta l left, top, right, bottom ln hDC. HPEN CreatePen(int penStyle, int penWidth, COLORREF penColor); To bt v c kiu penStyle, dy nt v l penWidth, mu penColor. Hm tr v handle ca bt v nu thnh cng v tr v NULL nu tht bi. Cc gi tr ca penStyle nh sau :
Gi tr PS_SOLID PS_DASH PS_DOT PS_DASHDOT PS_DASHDOTDOT PS_NULL PS_INSIDEFRAME Bng 6.1 Cc kiu bt v penStyle Khng hin th Gii thch
V d : To bt v mi v dng bt v ny v mt s ng c s. Trang 152
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HDC hDC; POINT PointArr[3]; HPEN hPen, hOldPen; hDC = GetDC(hWnd); PointArr[0].x = 50; PointArr[0].y = 10; PointArr[1].x = 250; PointArr[1].y = 50; PointArr[2].x = 125; PointArr[2].y = 130; // V mt ng gp khc bng Pen hin hnh Polyline(hDC, PointArr, 3); //To Pen mi c nt lin, dy 1, mu xanh hPen = (HPEN)CreatePen(PS_SOLID, 1, RGB(0, 0, 255)); //Chn bt v mi cho hDC ca window hOldPen = SelectObject(hDC, hPen); //V ng thng vi bt v mi MoveToEx(hDC, 100, 100, NULL); LineTo(hDC, 200, 150); //Tr li bt v c cho hDC SelectObject(hDC, hOldPen); //Xo bt v mi to v gii phng hDC DeleteObject(hPen); ReleaseDC(hWnd, hDC);
6.3.2. Nhm hm min

HBRUSH CreateSolidBrush(COLORREF cRef); Trang 153
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HBRUSH CreateHatchBrush(int bStyle, COLORREF cRef); To mu t dng li kiu bStyle vi mu cRef. Cc kiu bStyle : HS_HORIZONTAL HS_VERTICAL HS_FDIAGONAL HS_BDIAGONAL HS_CROSS HS_DIAGCROSS BOOL FloodFill(HDC hDC, int xStart, int yStart, COLORREF cRef); T mu mt vng kn, mu ng bin l cRef. BOOL ExtFloodFill(HDC hDC, int xStart, int yStart, COLORREF cRef, UINT fillStyle); T mu mt vng kn, fillStyle quyt nh cch t : o FLOODFILLBORDER : T mu vng c mu ng bin l cRef. o FLOODFILLSURFACE : T vng c mu cRef. V d : S dng cc mu c sn v to cc mu t mi t.
HDC hDC; HPEN hPen; HBRUSH hBrush, hOldBrush; hDC = GetDC(hWnd); //V hai hnh ch nht vi bt v Black hPen = (HPEN)GetStockObject(BLACK_PEN); SelectObject(hDC, hPen);
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Rectangle(hDC, 10, 10, 50, 50); Rectangle(hDC, 100, 100, 200, 200); // Dng mt trong cc mu t c sn t hnh hBrush = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(GRAY_BRUSH); SelectObject(hDC, hBrush); FloodFill(hDC, 30, 30, RGB(0,0,255)); // To mu t mi t hnh th hai
hBrush = (HBRUSH)CreateHatchBrush(HS_DIAGCROSS, RGB(0, 255, 255)); hOldBrush = (HBRUSH)SelectObject(hDC, hBrush); FloodFill(hDC, 150, 150, RGB(0, 0, 0)); SelectObject(hDC, hOldBrush); //Xa mu t v gii phng hDC DeleteObject(hBrush); ReleaseDC(hWnd, hDC);
6.3.3. Nhm hm bitmap

6.3.3.1. Np nh C hai cch np nh bitmap : Np t bitmap resource trong chng trnh : HBITMAP LoadBitmap(HINSTANCE hInstance, LPCTSTR lpBitmapName); i s u tin hInstance l handle th hin ca module cha bitmap resource, c th l NULL nu bitmap mun np l mt bitmap h thng. l cc bitmap nh s dng cho cc thnh phn giao din chng trnh nh close box v cc du check, cc nh danh bt u vi tip u ng OBM. i s th hai c th s dng macro MAKEINTRESOURCE nu bitmap kt hp vi mt nh danh kiu nguyn, hoc l chui tn bitmap resource. Sau khi s dng, dng hm DeleteObject gii phng handle ang tham chiu n bitmap . V d : Np bitmap resource, c s dng MDC trnh gy chp mn hnh.
// Ly v kch thc vng client ca ca s RECT rect;
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GetClientRect(hWnd, &rect); // Ly v handle device context ca ca s HDC hdc; hdc = GetDC(hWnd); //To MDC tng thch vi hDC ca ca s HDC hMemDC; hMemDC = CreateCompatibleDC(hdc); HBITMAP hNewBmp,hOldBmp; // Np bitmap resource c ID l IDB_CUB
hNewBmp = LoadBitmap(hInst, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDB_CUB)); if(hNewBmp) { //Gn bitmap mi cho MDC hOldBmp = (HBITMAP)SelectObject(hMemDC,hNewBmp); //Copy bitmap t MDC sang DC BitBlt(hdc, 0, 0, rect.right, rect.bottom, hMemDC, 0, 0, SRCCOPY); } //Phc hi li bitmap c cho MDC SelectObject(hMemDC, hOldBmp); //Gii phng bitmap va to v MDC, hdc DeleteObject(hNewBmp); DeleteDC(hMemDC); ReleaseDC(hdc);
Np t file bitmap ca Windows(*.bmp) : *
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Bng mu trong Windows GDI l mt khi nim ging nh bng mu tht s ca ha s, n gm cc mu(palette entry) vi thng tin c th v mt sc . qun l vic th hin mu trn cc ca s, Windows s dng cc bng mu. Thng thng cc ca s dng bng mu h thng th hin thng tin. Tuy nhin, trong nhiu trng hp bng mu h thng khng ph hp vi nhu cu, khi ta cn thay mt s mu trong bng mu h thng bng cc mu ph hp hn.
Trong thc t, Windows cho php mi ca s dng mt bng mu khc nhau vi iu kin s lng mu trong bng mu khng c vt qu s mu ti a cho php ca thit b hin th. Khi mt ca s nhn s quan tm (focus), Windows s th hin d liu trong ca s vi s mu ti a cho php ca bng mu tng ng, nhng mu cn li trong palette s c th hin bng nhng mu gn ging nht. i vi nhng ca s khng active, d liu s c th hin bng nhng mu gn ging nht trong bng mu h thng.
Hnh 6.2 Cch th hin mu s dng palette.
V d v cch th hin mu s dng palette: o Bng mu h thng c 12 gi tr mu. o Bng mu 1 dng cho ca s 1. Ca s 1 ang active nn cc mu ca bng mu 1 c nh x trc tip vo bng mu h thng. o Bng mu 2 dng cho ca s 2. Ca s 2 khng active nn cc mu 0,2,4,5,6 c nh x vo cc v tr cn trng trn bng mu h thng; cc mu cn li c nh x vo nhng mu gn ging nht ca bng mu h thng. * File bitmap gm 2 phn: phn header v phn d liu nh.
Hnh 6.3 Cu trc file bitmap.
o Cu trc BITMAPFILEHEADER
Tn trng Kch thc ngha
bfType bfSize
2 bytes(WORD) 4 bytes(DWORD)
Loi file(=BM) Kch thc file(bytes)
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NGN NG LP TRNH bfReserved1 bfReserved2 bfOffBits 2 bytes(WORD) 2 bytes(WORD) 4 bytes(DWORD)
LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS Khng dng(=0) Khng dng(=0) Kch thc ca phn BitmapHeader (byte)
o Cu trc BITMAPINFO
Tn trng Kiu ngha
bmiHeader bmiColors
BITMAPINFOHEADER RGBQUAD*
Cc thng s nh bitmap Bng mu ca nh.
o Cu trc BITMAPINFOHEADER
Tn trng Kiu ngha
biSize biWidth biHeight biPlanes biBitCount
DWORD LONG LONG WORD WORD
Kch thc phn BITMAPINFO(=40 bytes) Chiu rng bitmap(theo n v pixel) Chiu cao bitmap(theo n v pixel) S plane. Lun = 1. S bit dng lu gi tr 1 im nh. = 1: nh trng en = 4: nh 16 mu = 8: nh 256 mu =16: nh 16 bits =24: nh 24 bits Gi tr ny cho bit s mu c trong bng mu bmiColors.
biCompression
DWORD
Hnh thc nn ca d liu nh: - BI_RGB: nh khng nn
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LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS - BI_RLE8: nn theo hnh thc RLE cho nh 8 bits/pixel - BI_RLE4: nn theo hnh thc RLE cho nh 4 bits/pixel
biSizeImage biXPelsPerMeter biYPelsPerMeter biClrUsed biClrImportant
DWORD LONG LONG DWORD DWORD
Kch thc ca nh(n v byte). Trng hp biCompression=BI_RGB th gi tr ny c th = 0. phn gii (DPI/m) theo phng ngang. Dng trong trng hp nh qut t scanner. phn gii (DPI/m) theo phng dc. Dng trong trng hp nh qut t scanner. S mu thc s c dng. Nu = 0 th c ngha l dng tt c mu trong bng mu. S lng mu quan trng dng trong vic hin th nh. Nu = 0 ht dng tt c mu trong bng mu.
o Cu trc RGBQUAD bmiColors l mt mng kiu RGBQUAD, cha cc gi tr mu dng cho nh, y chnh l bng mu ca nh. S lng phn t ca bmiColors bng s mu ca nh. bmiColors ch dng cho nh en trng, 16 mu v 256 mu; khi phn d liu nh cho mi pixel ch l cc index n 1 v tr trong bng mu ny. i vi nh 16 bits v 24 bits mu, gi tr bmiColors=NULL, bng mu khng c s dng na. Trong trng hp ny, nu nh l 16 bits th mi pixel s c biu din bng 1 WORD trong phn d liu nh, 5 bits thp nht s lu gi tr mu Blue, 5 bits k s lu gi tr mu Green, v 5 bits sau cng lu gi tr mu Red, bit cao nht khng c s dng (L do l nh dng 16 bits biu din RGB, ta chia u cho 3 sc nn mi sc R, G, B s c 5 bits biu din v d ra 1 bit). nh 24 bits th dng 3 bytes biu din cho 3 sc RGB cho mi pixel trong phn d liu nh.
Tn trng Kiu ngha
rgbRed rgbGreen rgbBlue rgbReserved
BYTE BYTE BYTE BYTE
Gi tr thnh phn RED Gi tr thnh phn GREEN Gi tr thnh phn BLUE Khng dng
o Cu trc phn d liu nh (BITMAPDATA):
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Nh trnh by trn, phn d liu tp tin bitmap dng lu gi tr index ca mu tng ng vi im nh trong bng mu i vi nh c s mu <=256. Cc im nh c lu tun t t tri sang phi theo tng dng qut(scanline) theo th t t di ln. i vi nh <=256 mu, bit gi tr mu (R,G,B) ng vi 1 im nh (x,y), s dng cng thc sau: (R,G,B) ca im nh i = bmiColors[i] i vi nh 16 v 24 bits mu, ta khng dng palette v cch biu din ca phn d liu c trnh by trn. Phn d liu ca file bitmap c th c nn theo phng php RLE, ti liu ny khng trnh by chi tit vo mi loi nh nn, nu cn cc bn c th tham kho trong cc gio trnh v x l nh. * *.bmp:
o c header ca file, ly cc thng tin v nh: rng, cao, bng mu o c d liu nh v gii m(nu cn thit) vo b nh m. o To palette mu t bng mu ly c t file bng hm CreatePalette. o i palette mu cho thit b xut, s dng cc hm SelectPalette, RealizePalette. o To lp bitmap handle bng hm CreateDIBitmap.
Hnh 6.4 S tng qut quy trnh np nh bitmap
V d : Np nh bitmap t file.
void LoadBmp(char *bmpFN, HDC hdc, RECT rect) { try { int FHandle; BITMAPFILEHEADER bmpfh; HANDLE hBmp, hBuff; BITMAPINFO *BmpInfo; unsigned char *Buff;
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int Count,NumColor; long n, BytesPerLine; Count=0; SetCursor(LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_WAIT)); // M file bitmap c if ((FHandle=open(bmpFN, O_BINARY|O_RDONLY))==-1) throw "Cannot open the file."; // c header file bitmap read(FHandle, &bmpfh, sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER));
hBmp=GlobalAlloc(LMEM_MOVEABLE, bmpfh.bfOffBits-sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER)); BmpInfo=(BITMAPINFO*)GlobalLock(hBmp); // c phn bitmap info v palette mu read(FHandle, BmpInfo, bmpfh.bfOffBits-sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER)); if (BmpInfo->bmiHeader.biCompression != BI_RGB) throw "Program don't support compressed bitmap file."; // Xc nh s mu ca palette NumColor=(int)pow(2,BmpInfo->bmiHeader.biBitCount); if(NumColor>256) throw "The program supports 256 colors bitmap file only."; // Xc nh s byte cho 1 scanline BytesPerLine=(bmpfh.bfSize-bmpfh.bfOffBits)/ BmpInfo->bmiHeader.biHeight; /* Cp nht thng tin kch thc nh trn BITMAPINFO (hin ti = 0 nu nh khng nn) */ BmpInfo->bmiHeader.biSizeImage=bmpfh.bfSize-bmpfh.bfOffBits; // c ni dung file bitmap hBuff=GlobalAlloc(GMEM_MOVEABLE,
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BmpInfo->bmiHeader.biSizeImage); Buff=(unsigned char *)GlobalLock(hBuff); If (!Buff) throw "Cannot read the bitmap data."; // c tng dng trn file do { n = read(FHandle,Buff,BytesPerLine); Buff+=n; Count++; }while (Count<BmpInfo->bmiHeader.biHeight); close(FHandle); GlobalUnlock(hBuff); GlobalUnlock(hBmp); SetCursor(LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW));
/*-----------------To palette mu cho nh Bitmap---------------------*/ HANDLE hMemPal; LOGPALETTE far *logPal; HPALETTE hPal; int i; hMemPal=GlobalAlloc(LMEM_MOVEABLE, sizeof(LOGPALETTE)+NumColor*sizeof(PALETTEENTRY)); logPal=(LOGPALETTE far *)GlobalLock(hMemPal); // S mc trong Palette logPal->palNumEntries=NumColor; logPal->palVersion=0x300; //Gn cc gi tr mu RGB cho nhng Entry trong Palette for (i=0;i<NumColor;i++) //Error here
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{
logPal->palPalEntry[i].peRed=BmpInfo->bmiColors[i].rgbRed; logPal->palPalEntry[i].peGreen = BmpInfo->bmiColors[i].rgbGreen; logPal->palPalEntry[i].peBlue = BmpInfo->bmiColors[i].rgbBlue; logPal->palPalEntry[i].peFlags = PC_RESERVED; } // To handle cho Palette hPal=CreatePalette(logPal); GlobalUnlock(hMemPal); GlobalFree(hMemPal); If (!hPal) throw "Cannot create palette."; /*------------------------Tao handle bmp file ------------------------------*/ SetCursor(LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_WAIT)); // Map palette vo hdc SelectPalette(hdc,hPal,FALSE); RealizePalette(hdc); BmpInfo=(BITMAPINFO *)LocalLock(hBmp); Buff=(unsigned char *)GlobalLock(hBuff); //To bitmap hBmp=CreateDIBitmap(hdc,(BITMAPINFOHEADER *)BmpInfo, CBM_INIT, Buff, (BITMAPINFO *)BmpInfo,DIB_RGB_COLORS); GlobalUnlock(hBuff); GlobalUnlock(hBmp); GlobalFree(hBuff); GlobalFree(hBmp);
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SetCursor(LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW)); if(!hBmp) throw "Cannot create bitmap.";
/*-----------------------Hin th bitmap ln ca s---------------------------*/ HDC hMemDC; HANDLE OldBmp; // To MDC hMemDC=CreateCompatibleDC(hdc); SelectPalette(hMemDC, hPal, FALSE); // Tr v palette h thng UnrealizeObject(hPal); // Map li palette RealizePalette(hdc); SelectPalette(hMemDC, hPal, FALSE); // Lin kt hMemDC vi nh bitmap OldBmp=SelectObject(hMemDC, hBmp); // Copy bitmap ln window BitBlt(hdc, 0, 0, rect.right, rect.bottom, hMemDC, 0, 0,SRCCOPY); // Hy MDC SelectObject(hMemDC,OldBmp); DeleteDC(hMemDC); } catch(char *e) { MessageBox(NULL, e, "Error", MB_OK|MB_ICONERROR); } }
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Thao tc zoom nh i hi phi c hai MDC, mt MDC ngun copy nh vo, mt MDC ch lu nh c zoom t MDC ngun.
Hnh 6.4 S tng qut quy trnh zoom nh bitmap
V d : zoom nh bitmap ly t bitmap resource.

// Ly v kch thc vng client ca ca s RECT rect; GetClientRect(hWnd, &rect); //Ly v handle device context ca ca s HDC hdc; hdc = GetDC(hWnd); // To 2 MDC tng thch vi DC ca ca s HDC hSourceMemDC, hDestMemDC; hSourceMemDC = CreateCompatibleDC(hdc); hDestMemDC = CreateCompatibleDC(hdc); //Np bitmap cn load va to mt bitmap rng tng thch hdc HBITMAP hBmp,hOldBmp,hBlankBmp,hOldBlankBmp; hBmp = LoadBitmap(hInst, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDB_CUB)); hBlankBmp = CreateCompatibleBitmap(hdc,rect.right,rect.bottom); if(hBmp && hBlankBmp && hSourceMemDC && hDestMemDC) { // Chn bitmap cn load cho MDC ngun hOldBmp = (HBITMAP)SelectObject(hSourceMemDC, hBmp); // Chn blank bitmap cho MDC ch hOldBlankBmp =(HBITMAP)SelectObject(hDestMemDC,hBlankBmp); // Ly v thng tin ca nh
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BITMAP bmpInfo;
GetObject(hBmp, sizeof(BITMAP),(BITMAP *)&bmpInfo); // Zoom nh t MDC ngun sang MDC ch StretchBlt(hDestMemDC, 0, 0, rect.right, rect.bottom,hSourceMemDC, 0, 0, bmpInfo.bmWidth, bmpInfo.bmHeight, SRCCOPY); // Copy nh zoom t MDC ch ln hdc BitBlt(hdc, 0, 0, rect.right, rect.bottom, hDestMemDC, 0,0,SRCCOPY); } // Gii phng cc bitmap handle, MDC handle SelectObject(hSourceMemDC, hOldBmp); DeleteObject(hBmp); SelectObject(hDestMemDC, hOldBlankBmp); DeleteObject(hBlankBmp); DeleteDC(hSourceMemDC); DeleteDC(hDestMemDC); ReleaseDC(hdc);
6.4. IN N
Trn Windows, cc ng dng khng truy xut trc tip my in m s dng cc hm GDI v ra device context ca my in. Do vic in n trn Windows tr nn n gin, tng t vic v ra cc hp thoi trn mn hnh. Vi c ch ny, ngi lp trnh khng cn quan tm n vic my in ang s dng l my in hiu g, loi no Cc Windows printer device driver s m nhn vic chuyn d liu cn in sang dng ph hp vi my in hin hnh. Tin trnh in n trn Windows bao gm cc bc sau: Ly v device context ca my in cn in. Gi yu cu bt u vic in n (STARTDOC). Kt xut d liu ra my in(c th sang trang _ NEWFRAME nu cn). Gi yu cu kt thc vic in n(ENDDOC). Gii phng device context my in.
6.4.1. Ly v handle device context my in

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NGN NG LP TRNH 6.4.1.1. S dng file win.ini
Da vo thng tin v my in mc nh trong file win.ini. File win.ini lu thng tin v my in trong section [windows], entry DEVICE. V d : mt on ca file win.ini cha thng tin v my in mc nh. [windows] device = EpsonFX1050, Epson9, LPT1 l cc thng tin v tn my in, driver, v cng giao tip vi my tnh. Mt s hm chun c ghi file win.ini ca Windows : DWORD GetProfileString(LPCTSTR lpAppName, LPCTSTR lpKeyName, LPCTSTR lpDefault, LPTSTR lpReturnedString, DWORD nSize); BOOL WriteProfileString(LPCTSTR lpAppName, LPCTSTR lpKeyName, LPCTSTR lpString); V d : In dng ch ra my in mc nh.
void PrintStrWinInit(char *msg) { char prnInfo[200]; GetProfileString("windows", "device", "NoPrinter", prnInfo, 200); If ( strcmp(prnInfo, "NoPrinter") ) { char prnName[100], prnDriver[100], prnPort[100]; char seps[10]; char *token; strcpy(seps,","); token = strtok(prnInfo, seps); strcpy(prnName, token); token=strtok(NULL, seps); strcpy(prnDriver, token);
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token=strtok(NULL, seps); strcpy(prnPort, token); HDC prnDC; prnDC=CreateDC(prnDriver, prnName, prnPort, NULL); if(prnDC) { StartDoc(prnDC, NULL); StartPage(prnDC); TextOut(prnDC, 100, 100, "Your message here:", 18); TextOut(prnDC, 100, 200, msg, strlen(msg)); TextOut(prnDC, 100, 300, "End of printing", 15); EndPage(prnDC); EndDoc(prnDC); DeleteDC(prnDC); } } }
6.4.1.2. S dng hp thoi Print Mt cch khc n gin hn ly v handle device context ca mt my in bt k thay v my in mc nh l s dng hp thoi in chun ca Windows. Hp thoi in chun c kch hot bng hm PrintDlg (hm ny c nh ngha trong module COMMDLG.DLL), hp thoi ny cho php ngi dng thit lp cc thng s in n.
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Hnh 6.4 Hp thoi in
Kt qu tr v ca hm PrintDlg l mt handle device context ca my in chn. V d : In dng ch ra my in c chn t hp thoi in chun.

void PrintStrPrintDlg(char *msg) { PRINTDLG pd; ZeroMemory(&pd, sizeof(PRINTDLG)); pd.lStructSize = sizeof(PRINTDLG); pd.hwndOwner = GetFocus(); pd.Flags = PD_RETURNDC|PD_NOSELECTION; if(PrintDlg(&pd)) { StartDoc(pd.hDC, NULL); StartPage(pd.hDC); TextOut(pd.hDC, 100, 100, "Your message here:", 18); TextOut(pd.hDC, 100, 200, msg, strlen(msg)); TextOut(pd.hDC, 100, 300, "End of printing", 15);
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EndPage(pd.hDC); EndDoc(pd.hDC); DeleteDC(pd.hDC); } }
6.4.2. Cc hm iu khin in n
Hm int StartDoc(hDC, lpDocInfo) ngha
Bt u tc v in n 1 ti liu trong file c tn lpDocInfo, hDC l handle printer device context. Kt thc tc v in n. Hy tc v in hin hnh. Bt u trang mi. Kt thc 1 trang. Ch nh hm (MyAProc) x l trng hp ngi dng mun ngt ngang tc v in.
int EndDoc(hDC) int AbortDoc(hDC) int StartPage(hDC) int EndPage(hDC) int SetAbortDoc( hDC, MyAProc )
Bng 6.2 Cc hm iu khin in n
6.4.3. X l li khi in
Trong qu trnh in bng vic s dng cc hm iu khin in n, nu cc thao tc thnh cng th lun tr v gi tr ln hn 0. Nu c li, dng hm DWORD GetLastError(VOID) ly v m li (ch WinNT v Win2000 mi h tr hm ny).
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Chng 7 QUN L B NH V TP TIN

7.1. M U
Mt tin trnh thng thng c hiu l mt chng trnh my tnh ang c thi hnh. Qu trnh thc thi cc tin trnh gn lin vi vic qun l v s dng cc ti nguyn trong my tnh, trong ng k nht l qun l b nh chnh v x l h thng lu tr ph. Trong cc h thng my tnh hin i, b nh chnh l trung tm ca cc thao tc, x l. B nh chnh c th xem nh mt mng cc phn t kiu BYTE hoc WORD, c xc nh thng qua a ch ca chng. Mi chng trnh c nh x vo b nh chnh trc khi c thi hnh v c h iu hnh qun l thng qua tp lnh xc nh. Trong sut qu trnh thi hnh, cc chng trnh vi d liu truy xut ca chng lun c t trong b nh chnh. Nhng b nh chnh th kh nh c th lu gi mi d liu v chng trnh, ngoi ra d liu s mt khi khng cn c cung cp nng lng. Do , cn phi s dng h thng lu tr ph. Chng ny trnh by cc vn trn qua hai phn sau : phn 7.2 - Qun l b nh - trnh by cch thc Microsoft Win32 API qun l cc vng nh thng qua cc hm cp pht, s dng, v gii phng chng; cch thc thao tc trn a ch vng nh o v cc trang nh. Phn 7.3 - X l tp tin - trnh by cc hm thc hin cc thao tc to, x l v hy tp tin, cng nh tm hiu mt s vn lin quan n tp tin.
7.2. QUN L B NH
Mi tin trnh trong Win32 u c mt vng a ch o 32-bit cho php nh v vng nh n 4 GB. a ch o ny khng phi l vng nh vt l thc t. Windows s dng mt cu trc d liu nh x chuyn i a ch o thnh vng nh vt l. Vng a ch o ca mi tin trnh thng ln hn rt nhiu so vi vng nh vt l thc s trn my tnh. Do , tng vng nh cho cc tin trnh ang thc hin, h thng s dng vng nh trng trn a. Vng nh vt l v vng a ch o ca mi tin trnh c t chc thnh cc trang, ph thuc vo h my tnh. V d, i vi my tnh h x86, mi trang c kch thc l 4 KB. tng kh nng linh ng trong vic qun l b nh, h thng c th di chuyn cc trang t b nh chnh vo a v ngc li. Cc thao tc ny c thc hin ch bi h thng, cc ng dng ch vic gi cc hm cp pht v s dng vng a ch o. Th vin C chun h tr cc hm cp pht v gii phng vng nh nh malloc, free, , hoc trong C++ l new, delete, . Th nhng trong Windows 16 bits, cc hm ny c th gy li h thng. Trong Win32, ta c th s dng chng an ton do h thng ch qun l b nh qua cc trang vt l m khng nh hng n a ch o. Hn na, Win32 cng khng phn bit gia Trang 171
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con tr gn v con tr xa. Mc d vy, cc hm trn khng th hin cc kh nng h tr ca vic qun l b nh trong Win32. Chng ta s lm quen vi cc hm Global v Local - s dng t Windows 16 bits, v cc hm qun l vng nh o khc.
7.2.1. Cc hm Global v Local

Cc hm ton cc (global) v a phng (local) l cc hm heap Windows 16 bits. Tuy nhin, qun l b nh trong Win32 cng h tr cc hm ny c th s dng cc chng trnh, hoc source code ca cc chng trnh vit cho Windows 16 bits. Cc hm ton cc v a phng x l chm v t chc nng hn cc hm qun l b nh mi thit k cho Win32. Chng ta s lm quen cc hm mi phn sau. cp pht vng nh cho mt tin trnh, ta c th s dng hm GlobalAlloc hoc LocalAlloc. Vic qun l vng nh trong Win32 khng phn bit hm ton cc hay cc b nh trong Windows 16 bits. Do , khng c s phn bit gia cc i tng vng nh c cp pht bi hai hm trn. Thm vo , vic chuyn m hnh on vng nh 16 bits sang vng a ch o 32 bits thc hin mt s hm ton cc v a phng vi cc chn la (options) khng cn thit hoc v ngha. V d, v c cp pht ton cc v a phng u tr v a ch o 32 bits, do khng xc nh dng con tr gn hoc xa trong cc hm trn. Hai hm ny cp pht mt vng nh theo kch thc nBytes trong heap. C prototype nh sau : HGLOBAL GlobalAlloc(UINT uFlags, DWORD nBytes); HLOCAL LocalAlloc(UINT uFlags, UINT nBytes); Trong uFlags xc nh cch thc cp pht vng nh. Ta c bng sau :
Ton cc GMEM_FIXE D GMEM_MOV EABLE EABLE D LMEM_MOV a phng LMEM_FIXE ngha
Cp pht vng nh c nh. Gi tr tr v l mt con tr. Cp pht vng nh khng c nh. Trong Win32, khi nh khng bao gi di chuyn trong vng nh vt l, nhng trong heap mc nh. Hm tr v handle ca mt i tng b nh. Ta dng hm GlobalLock hoc LocalLock chuyn handle sang con tr vng nh. Khi to ni dung vng nh vi gi tr 0.
GMEM_FIXED | GMEM_ZEROINIT
GMEM_ZERO INIT GPTR INIT
LMEM_ZERO
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GHND

GMEM_MOVEABLE | GMEM_ZEROINIT LPTR LHND LMEM_FIXED | LMEM_ZEROINIT LMEM_MOVEABLE | LMEM_ZEROINIT
Bng 7.1 Cc c s dng trong cc hm GlobalAlloc v LocalAlloc
Ch : Khng th s dng gi tr GMEM_FIXED ng thi vi GMEM_MOVEABLE, hoc LMEM_FIXED ng thi vi LMEM_MOVEABLE. Nu thnh cng, hm tr v handle cho i tng vng nh c cp pht. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l NULL. Cc i tng vng nh c cp pht bng hm GlobalAlloc v LocalAlloc l cc trang ring, truy cp c-ghi bi chnh tin trnh to n. Cc tin trnh khc khng th truy cp cc i tng vng nh ny. Khi dng cch thc cp pht GMEM_MOVEABLE hoc LMEM_MOVEABLE, ta nhn c handle vng nh. s dng vng nh, ta dng hm GlobalLock hoc LocalLock : LPVOID GlobalLock(HGLOBAL hMem); LPVOID LocalLock(HLOCAL hMem); Nu thnh cng hm tr v con tr tr n byte u tin trong khi nh. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l NULL. Khi kho (lock) vng nh, cc khi nh khng th dch chuyn trong b nh my tnh. Sau khi s dng con tr vng nh, cn m kho (unlock) chng, h thng c th di chuyn v s dng cc vng nh linh ng cho cc tin trnh khc. Ta dng hai hm tng ng l GlobalUnlock v LocalUnlock. BOOL GlobalUnlock(HGLOBAL hMem); BOOL LocalUnlock(HLOCAL hMem); Mi ln kho vng nh, bin m tng ng tng mt n v. Mi ln m kho, bin m gim mt. Nu vng nh cn kho, hm tr v gi tr khc 0, ngc li gi tr tr v l 0. Kch thc tht s ca vng nh c cp pht c th ln hn kch thc yu cu (nBytes). xc nh s byte tht s c cp pht, ta dng hm GlobalSize v LocalSize. DWORD GlobalSize(HGLOBAL hMem); UINT LocalSize(HLOCAL hMem); Trang 173
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Nu thnh cng, hm tr v s byte kch thc vng nh xc nh bi hMem. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0. Ngoi ra, ta c th s dng hm GlobalReAlloc v LocalReAlloc cp pht thay i kch thc hoc thuc tnh vng nh. HGLOBAL GlobalReAlloc(HGLOBAL hMem, DWORD nBytes, UINT uFlags); HLOCAL LocalReAlloc(HLOCAL hMem, UINT nBytes, UINT nFlags); Trng nBytes xc nh kch thc cp pht li cho vng nh hMem. Tuy nhin, khi nFlags cha GMEM_MODIFY (hoc LMEM_MODIFY), h thng b qua gi tr ny. Khi , hm thay i cc thuc tnh ca vng nh. xc nh handle ca vng nh khi bit con tr vng nh, ta dng hm GlobalHandle v LocalHandle nh sau : HGLOBAL GlobalHandle(LPCVOID pMem); HLOCAL LocalHandle(LPCVOID pMem); Vi pMem l con tr tr n byte u tin trong vng nh. Nu thnh cng, hm tr v handle cn tm. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l NULL. Sau khi s dng xong, ta dng hm GlobalFree v LocalFree gii phng cc vng nh c cp pht. HGLOBAL GlobalFree(HGLOBAL hMem); HLOCAL LocalFree(HLOCAL hMem); Nu thnh cng, gi tr tr v l NULL. Ngc li, hm tr v gi tr handle ca i tng ban u. on chng trnh sau minh ha cch h thng cp pht mt vng nh vi kch thc yu cu l 3500 bytes. Sau gn cc gi tr vng nh bng 0x3C.
HANDLE hMem; LPBYTE lpAddress; int i, nSizeMem; hMem = GlobalAlloc(GMEM_MOVEABLE, 3500); if(hMem != NULL) {
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/* Vng nh c th ln hn 3500 */ nSizeMem = GlobalSize(hMem); lpAddress = (LPBYTE)GlobalLock(hMem); if(Address != NULL) { for(i=0; i<nSizeMem; i++) lpAddress[i] = 0x3C; GlobalUnlock(hMem); /* */ } /* Nu khng dng na th gi hm GlobalFree(hMem); */ }
on chng trnh tip theo cp pht li vng nh trn vi kch thc l 5000 bytes, khi gn cc gi tr l 0x00 :
HANDLE hMemTmp; hMemTmp = GlobalReAlloc(hMem, 5000, GMEM_MOVEABLE|GMEM_ZEROINIT); if(hMemTmp != NULL) { hMem = hMemTmp; nSizeMem = GlobalSize(hMem); /* */ } /* Khi kt thc s dng, cn gi hm
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GlobalFree(hMem); */
7.2.2 Cc hm Heap
Cc hm heap cho php cc tin trnh to mt vng heap ring cho mt hoc mt s trang trong vng a ch ca tin trnh ang thc hin. Sau tin trnh c th s dng mt tp cc hm khc nhau qun l vng nh trong heap ny. y khng c s phn bit gia vng nh c cp pht bi hm heap ring hay dng cc hm cp pht khc. u tin hm HeapCreate to i tng heap cho mt tin trnh. Vng nh heap ny ch c dng cho tin trnh ny m thi, v khng chia s cho cc tin trnh khc, ngay c cc tin trnh trong th vin lin kt ng DLL (dynamic-link library). HANDLE HeapCreate(DWORD flOptions, DWORD dwInitialSize, DWORD dwMaximumSize); Trng flOptions xc nh cc thuc tnh c chn cho vng heap mi c khi to. C th l HEAP_GENERATE_ EXCEPTIONS v HEAP_NO_SERIALIZE. Trng dwInitialSize xc nh kch thc khi to ca heap, c lm trn cho cc trang vng nh. Trng dwMaximumSize xc nh vng nh ti a c th cp pht cho tin trnh bng hm HeapAlloc hoc HeapReAlloc. Hm tr v handle ca i tng heap nu thnh cng, ngc li tr v NULL. cp pht vng nh ln u, ta gi hm HeapAlloc. Nu mun cp pht li, dng hm HeapReAlloc. LPVOID HeapAlloc(HANDLE hHeap, DWORD dwFlags, DWORD dwBytes); Trng dwFlags c th l HEAP_GENERATE_ EXCEPTIONS, HEAP_NO_SERIALIZE, v HEAP_ZERO_ MEMORY. Trng dwBytes xc nh s bytes vng heap c cp pht. Nu thnh cng, hm tr v con tr n vng nh. Nu tht bi, hm tr v NULL nu dwFlags khng thit lp HEAP_ GENERATE_EXCEPTIONS. Nu c thit lp, gi tr tr v l STATUS_NO_MEMORY (khng c sn vng nh hoc li vng heap), hoc STATUS_ACCESS_VIOLATION (Do li vng heap hoc bin khng chnh xc). LPVOID HeapReAlloc(HANDLE hHeap, DWORD dwFlags, LPVOID lpMem, DWORD dwBytes); Trng lpMem tr n vng nh cn cp pht li. Vng nh ny c to bng hm HeapAlloc hoc HeapReAlloc. Trng dwBytes xc nh kch thc vng nh cn cp pht. Gi tr ny phi nh hn 0x7FFF8. kho v m kho vng nh heap, ta dng hm HeapLock v HeapUnlock. BOOL HeapLock(HANDLE hHeap);
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Nu thnh cng, gi tr tr v khc 0. Ngc li, hm tr v 0. xc nh kch thc vng heap, ta dng hm HeapSize. DWORD HeapSize(HANDLE hHeap, DWORD dwFlags, LPCVOID lpMem); Trong hm ny, dwFlags ch dng vi HEAP_NO_ SERIALIZE. Cc trng khc tng t cc hm khc. Nu thnh cng, hm tr v kch thc vng nh. Nu tht bi, hm tr v gi tr l 0xFFFFFFFF. Sau khi s dng, ta gii phng vng nh v hy i tng heap bng hm HeapFree v HeapDestroy. BOOL HeapFree(HANDLE hHeap, DWORD dwFlags, LPVOID lpMem); BOOL HeapDestroy(HANDLE hHeap); Trong , trng dwFlags c nh ngha ch vi gi tr HEAP_NO_SERIALIZE. Nu thnh cng, hai hm ny u tr v gi tr khc 0. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0. Chng ta khng minh ha cc hm s dng b nh heap trong ti liu ny.
7.2.3 Cc hm Virtual
Microsoft Win32 API cung cp mt tp cc hm qun l b nh o cho php mt tin trnh thao tc v xc nh cc trang trong vng a ch khng gian o, gm cc chc nng sau : dnh vng khng gian a ch o cho mt tin trnh. Vng khng gian dnh khng cp pht vng lu tr vt l tht s, nhng ngn khng cho cc thao tc cp pht khc s dng vng nh ny. N khng nh hng n cc tin trnh khc. Khi cn s dng, tin trnh s cp pht vng lu tr vt l cho khng gian ny. Cp pht xc nhn chui cc trang dnh trong khng gian a ch o ca tin trnh c th s dng vng lu tr vt l (trong RAM hoc a). Thit lp cc thuc tnh c-ghi, ch c, hoc khng c truy cp cho cc trang xc nhn. iu ny khc vi cc hm cp pht chun lun cp pht cp pht cc trang vi thuc tnh l c-ghi. Gii phng chui cc trang dnh, sn vng a ch o cho cc thao tc cp pht ca tin trnh ang gi. Kh xc nhn cc trang xc nhn bng cch gii phng vng lu tr vt l, sn cho cc thao tc cp pht ca cc tin trnh khc. Kho mt hoc mt vi trang vng nh xc nhn vo vng nh vt l (RAM) h thng c th hon chuyn cc trang vo tp tin trang. Nhn thng tin v chui cc trang trong vng a ch o ca tin trnh ang gi hoc ca mt tin trnh xc nh khc.
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Thay i cc chc nng bo v truy cp cho chui xc nh cc trang xc nhn trong vng a ch o ca tin trnh ang gi hoc tin trnh xc nh khc. 7.2.3.1 Cp pht vng nh o Cc hm qun l b nh o thc hin cc thao tc trn cc trang vng nh. cp pht cc trang vng nh o, ta dng hm VirtualAlloc, vi cc chc nng sau y : dnh mt hay nhiu trang trng. Cp pht xc nhn mt hay nhiu trang dnh. dnh v cp pht xc nhn mt hay nhiu trang trng. Chng ta c th ch nh a ch u ca cc trang dnh hay cp pht, hoc cho h thng t xc nhn a ch. Hm s lm trn a ch ch nh vi bin trang thch hp. Vng nh c cp pht c khi gn bng 0, nu ta khng thit lp c MEM_RESET. LPVOID VirtualAlloc(LPVOID lpAddress, DWORD dwSize, DWORD flAllocationType, DWORD flProtect); Trng lpAddress xc nh a ch bt u ca vng cp pht. Nu vng nh ang dnh, a ch ch nh c lm trn n bin 64 KB k tip. Nu vng nh dnh v ang c xc nhn, a ch s c lm trn n bin trang k. xc nh kch thc ca trang, ta s dng hm GetSystemInfo. Nu bin ny bng NULL, h thng t xc nhn a ch vng nh cp pht. Trng dwSize xc nh s byte kch thc vng nh. Nu lpAddress bng NULL, gi tr ny s c lm trn n bin trang k. Nu khng, cc trang cp pht l cc trang cha mt hay nhiu byte nm trong khong t lpAddress n lpAddress+dwSize. Ngha l, nu hai byte nm hai trang th c hai trang u nm trong vng cp pht. Trng flAllocationType xc nh dng cp pht, c th kt hp t cc c :
C MEM_COM MIT ngha
Cp pht vng lu tr vt l trong b nh hoc a. Cc trang c cp pht xc nhn hoc kh cp pht u c th c cp pht li m khng gy ra li. dnh vng khng gian a ch o ca tin trnh. Khng th cp pht vng dnh bng cc hm cp pht b nh khc (malloc, GlobalAlloc, ) cho n khi chng c gii phng. Chng ch c cp pht bng hm VirtualAlloc. p dng cho Windows NT. Khi thit lp vi gi tr ny, d liu c xem nh khng quan trng,
MEM_RESE RVE
MEM_RESE T
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LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS c th b vit chng ln. ng dng khng hon chuyn d liu t b nh chnh vo (ra) tp tin trang. Mt khc, khi thit lp gi tr ny, h thng s b qua cc gi tr ca flProtect.
MEM_TOPD OWN
Cp pht vng nh ti a ch cao nht c th.
Bng 7.2 Cc c xc nh dng cp pht flAllocationType.
Trng flProtect xc nh cch thc bo v truy cp vng nh. Nu cc trang c cp pht xc nhn, mt trong cc c sau c th c thit lp, kt hp vi cc c PAGE_GUARD v PAGE_NOCACHE :
C PAGE_READONLY PAGE_READWRITE PAGE_EXECUTE ngha
Ch cho php c cc trang cp pht (khng c ghi). Cho php truy cp c v ghi cc trang vng nh. Cho php thc thi cc tin trnh, nhng khng c v ghi. Cho php thc thi v c, nhng khng c ghi. Cho php thc thi, c v ghi. Cc trang trong vng tr thnh cc trang "lnh canh". Nu ghi hoc c cc trang ny, h thng s pht sinh li ngoi l STATUS_PAGE_GUARD v tt tnh trng ca trang lnh canh. Xem thm v d trong phn 7.2.3.4. Cm truy cp (c, ghi, thc thi) cc trang. Nu truy cp, ta c li bo v chung. Khng dng b nh m. Thch hp vi cc ch bo v trang hn l NO_ACCESS.
PAGE_EXECUTE_READ PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE PAGE_GUARD
PAGE_NOACCESS
PAGE_NOCACHE
Bng 7.3 Cc c xc nh dng bo v truy cp flProtect.
Nu thnh cng, hm tr v a ch c s ca cc trang vng cp pht. Ngc li gi tr tr v l NULL. 7.2.3.2 Gii phng vng nh o
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gii phng vng nh o, ta dng hm VirtualFree. Hm gii phng hoc kh cp pht (hoc c hai) cc trang trong khng gian a ch o ca tin trnh ang gi. BOOL VirtualFree(LPVOID lpAddress, DWORD dwSize, DWORD dwType); Trng lpAddress l con tr tr n vng cc trang cn gii phng. Nu dwType cha c MEM_RELEASE, y phi l con tr tr v t hm VirtualAlloc. Trng dwSize xc nh s byte kch vng nh cn gii phng. Nu dwType cha c MEM_RELEASE, gi tr ny cn thit lp bng 0. Trong cc trng hp khc, vng nh hng s l cc trang c t nht mt byte nm trong on lpAddress n lpAddress + dwSize. Ngha l, nu c 2 byte nm bin hai trang khc nhau, th c hai trang u c gii phng. Trng dwType xc nh cch gii phng, s dng gi tr MEM_DECOMMIT, hoc MEM_RELEASE. Vi gi tr u, hm gii phng cc trang ch nh ( c xc nhn cp pht). Nu cc trang cha c cp pht, ta vn c th kh cp pht (decommit) m khng gy ra li. Vi gi tr sau, hm gii phng vng nh dnh. Trong trng hp ny, dwSize phi bng 0, nu khng hm thc hin tht bi. Nu thnh cng, hm tr v gi tr khc 0. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0. Lu gii phng cc trang, cc trang phi cng tnh trng (cp pht hay dnh), v tt c cc trang dnh bng hm cp pht VirtualAlloc cn gii phng ng thi. Nu mt s trang dnh ban u c xc nhn cp pht, chng cn c kh cp pht trc khi gi hm VirtualFree gii phng. 7.2.3.3 Thao tc trn cc trang vng nh xc nh kch thc cc trang trn my tnh, ta s dng hm GetSystemInfo. VOID GetSystemInfo(LPSYSTEM_INFO lpSystemInfo); Trng lpSystemInfo tr n cu trc SYSTEM_INFO cha cc thng tin h thng.
typedef struct _SYSTEM_INFO // sinf { union { DWORD dwOemId; struct { WORD wProcessorArchitecture;
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WORD wReserved; } }; DWORD dwPageSize; LPVOID lpMinimumApplicationAddress; LPVOID lpMaximumApplicationAddress; DWORD dwActiveProcessorMask; DWORD dwNumberOfProcessors; DWORD dwProcessorType; DWORD dwAllocationGranularity; WORD wProcessorLevel; WORD wProcessorRevision; }SYSTEM_INFO;
xc nh thng tin v b nh, ta ch kho st mt s trng lin quan. Trng dwPageSize cc nh kch thc cc trang theo dng c cp pht bng hm VirtualAlloc. Trng lpMinimumApplicationAddress tr n a ch vng nh thp nht, v trng lpMaximumApplicationAddress tr n a ch vng nh cao nht c th truy cp bi cc ng dng v th vin lin kt ng. Trng dwAllocationGranularity xc nh phn nh m vng nh o cp pht. C th, hm VirtualAlloc yu cu cp pht mt byte s dnh mt vng khng gian b nh c kch thc l dwAllocationGranularity byte. Tin trnh c th kho mt hay nhiu trang c cp pht (xc nhn) vo vng nh vt l (RAM), ngn chn vic h thng hon chuyn cc trang vo (ra) tp tin trang bng cch dng hm VirtualLock. BOOL VirtualLock(LPVOID lpAddress, DWORD dwSize); m kho cc trang b kho, ta dng hm VirtualUnlock, cho php cc trang c th c hon chuyn vo (ra) tp tin trang trn a. BOOL VirtualUnlock(LPVOID lpAddress, DWORD dwSize); Trng lpAddress tr n a ch c s ca vng cc trang cn c kho. Trng dwSize xc nh s byte vng nh cn kho, gm cc trang cha tt c cc a ch t lpAddress n lpAddress + dwSize. Nu thnh cng, gi tr tr v khc 0. Ngc li, cc hm tr v 0. Trang 181
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S trang mc nh c cp pht ti a l 30 trang. Tuy nhin, chng ta c cng th thay i s trang ti a ny. Cc trang cn m kho khng nht thit phi l cc trang ca ln gi kho bng hm VirtualLock trc , nhng u phi l cc trang ang b kho. Khc vi cc hm GlobalLock v LocalLock c dng mt bin m m chui cc ln kho vng nh, hm VirtualLock th khng. Do m kha, ta ch cn gi hm VirtualUnlock mt ln m thi. 7.2.3.4 S dng cc hm qun l b nh o Trong phn ny, chng ta minh ha bng v d thc hin thao tc dnh v xc nhn vng nh, v v d to trang "lnh canh". Trong v d u tin, ta s dng hm VirtualAlloc v VirtualFree cp pht dnh v xc nhn vng nh o. u tin, hm VirtualAlloc c gi cp pht dnh mt khi cc trang. Ta s dng gi tr NULL cho a ch c s, ng ngha vi vic cho h thng t xc nh v tr vng cp pht. Sau s dng li hm VirtualAlloc cp pht xc nhn cc trang trong vng dnh. Khi , ta cn ch nh a ch c s cho cc trang ny. Trong v d ny, ta s dng cu trc try-except xc nhn cc trang trong vng dnh. Mi khi c li trang xut hin trong qu trnh thc hin khi try, hm lc trc khi except s c thc hin. Nu hm lc c th cp pht mt trang khc, phn thc thi s tip tc trong khi try ti ci im xut hin li ngoi l. Ngc li, cc handler ngoi l trong khi except c thc thi. Nh mt thay th cho cp pht ng, tin trnh c th n gin cp pht xc nhn vng cn li thay v ch dnh chng. Tuy nhin vic cp pht xc nhn nh vy li to nn cc khi nh khng cn thit ng ra c s dng cho cc tin trnh khc. Trong v d ny, ta s dng hm VirtualFree gii phng vng nh xc nhn ln vng nh dnh sau khi hon tt cng vic. Hm ny c gi hai ln : ln u kh cp pht cc trang c cp pht xc nhn, v ln sau gii phng ton b cc trang di dng dnh.
#define PAGELIMIT 80 #define PAGESIZE 0x1000 INT PageFaultExceptionFilter(DWORD); VOID MyErrorExit(LPTSTR); LPTSTR lpNxtPage; DWORD dwPages = 0; VOID UseDynamicVirtualAlloc(VOID)
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{ LPVOID lpvBase; LPTSTR lpPtr; BOOL bSuccess; DWORD i;
/* dnh cc trang trong khng gian a ch o ca tin trnh */ lpvBase = VirtualAlloc( NULL, // h thng t xc nh a ch PAGELIMIT*PAGESIZE,// kch thc vng cp pht MEM_RESERVE, // cp pht di dng dnh PAGE_NOACCESS); // cch thc bo v = khng truy cp if (lpvBase == NULL ) MyErrorExit("VirtualAlloc reserve"); lpPtr = lpNxtPage = (LPTSTR) lpvBase; /* S dng cu trc x l ngoi l try-exception truy cp cc trang. Nu li trang xut hin, b lc ngoi l s thc thi cp pht xc nhn cc trang k tip trong khi dnh */ for (i=0; i < PAGELIMIT*PAGESIZE; i++) { try { lpPtr[i] = 'a'; // Ghi vo b nh } /* Nu xut hin li trang, c gng cp pht xc nhn trang khc */ except ( PageFaultExceptionFilter(GetExceptionCode() ) ) { /* on ny ch thc hin khi hm lc khng th xc nhn trang k tip */ ExitProcess( GetLastError() );
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} }
/* Gii phng cc trang sau khi s dng. u tin l cc trang c cp pht xc nhn */ bSuccess = VirtualFree( lpvBase, // a ch c s ca khi nh dwPages*PAGESIZE, // s byte cc trang cp pht MEM_DECOMMIT); // hnh thc l kh xc nhn /* Cui cng, gii phng ton vng nh ( dnh) */ if (bSuccess) { bSuccess = VirtualFree( lpvBase, // a ch c s ca khi nh 0, // gii phng ton khi nh MEM_RELEASE); // gii phng (hon ton) } } INT PageFaultExceptionFilter(DWORD dwCode) { LPVOID lpvResult; /* Nu xut hin li ngoi l, thot chng trnh */ if (dwCode != EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION) { printf("exception code = %d\n", dwCode); return EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER; } printf("page fault\n");
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/* Nu cc trang dnh c dng th thot */ if (dwPages >= PAGELIMIT) { printf("out of pages\n"); return EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER; } /* Ngc li, cp pht xc nhn mt trang khc */ lpvResult = VirtualAlloc( (LPVOID) lpNxtPage, // cp pht trang tip theo PAGESIZE, // s byte kch thuc trang MEM_COMMIT, // cp pht xc nhn cc trang PAGE_READWRITE); // truy cp c-ghi if (lpvResult == NULL ) { printf("VirtualAlloc failed\n"); return EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER; } /* Tng trang m, v chuyn lpNxtPage n trang tip */ dwPages++; lpNxtPage += PAGESIZE; /* Tip tc thc hin ni li trang xut hin */ return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_EXECUTION; }
on chng trnh tip theo thc hin thao tc to trang "lnh canh". Trang ny cung cp cnh bo khi truy cp cc trang vng nh. iu ny rt hu ch cho cc ng dng cn qun l s m rng ca cu trc d liu ng.
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to trang lnh canh, ta thit lp c PAGE_GUARD trong hm VirtualAlloc. C ny c th dng kt hp vi tt c cc c khc, tr c PAGE_NOACCESS. Nu chng trnh truy cp trang "lnh canh", h thng s pht sinh li ngoi l STATUS_GUARD_PAGE (0x80000001). H thng cng xo c PAGE_GUARD, loi b tnh trng "lnh canh" ca trang vng nh. H thng s khng ngng truy cp trang vng nh vi li ngoi l STATUS_GUARD_PAGE. Nu mt li ngoi l xut hin trong sut dch v h thng, dch v s tr v gi tr xc nh li. Nu sau ta truy cp li trang ny (m cha thit lp li tnh trng "lnh canh"), th s khng xy ra li ngoi l na. Chng trnh sau minh ha cch thc hin ca mt trang lnh canh, v hin tng xut hin li dch v h thng :
#include <windows.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> int main() { LPVOID lpvAddr; DWORD cbSize; BOOL vLock; LPVOID commit; cbSize = 512; // Vng nh cn cp pht. /* Gi hm cp pht */ lpvAddr=VirtualAlloc(NULL,cbSize,MEM_RESERVE, PAGE_NOACCESS); if(lpvAddr == NULL) { fprintf(stdout,"VirtualAlloc failed on RESERVE with %ld\n", GetLastError()); } /* Cp pht xc nhn vng nh */
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commit = VirtualAlloc(NULL,cbSize,MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READONLY|PAGE_GUARD); if(commit == NULL) { fprintf(stderr,"VirtualAlloc failed on COMMIT with %ld\n", GetLastError()); } else { fprintf(stderr,"Committed %lu bytes at address %lp\n", cbSize,commit); } /* Kho vng nh xc nhn */ vLock = VirtualLock(commit,cbSize); if(!vLock) { fprintf(stderr,"Cannot lock at %lp, error = %lu\n", commit, GetLastError()); } else fprintf(stderr,"Lock Achieved at %lp\n",commit); /* Kho vng nh ln na */ vLock = VirtualLock(commit,cbSize); if(!vLock) { fprintf(stderr,"Cannot get 2nd lock at %lp, error = %lu\n", commit, GetLastError());
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} else fprintf(stderr,"2nd Lock Achieved at %lp\n",commit); }
Chng trnh trn cho kt qu tng t kt qu sau : Committed 512 bytes at address 003F0000 Cannot lock at 003F0000, error = 0x80000001 2nd Lock Achieved at 003F0000 Ch : Ln kho th nht tht bi, to li ngoi l STATUS_GUARD_PAGE. Tuy nhin, trong ln kho th hai, hm thc hin thnh cng, do h thng loi b tnh trng "lnh canh" ca trang.
7.3 X L TP TIN
Tp tin l mt n v lu tr c bn my tnh phn bit cc khi thng tin khc nhau, c lu tr trn cc thit b lu tr ph nh l a, bng t, v c t chc theo cc nhm gi l th mc. x l tp tin, ta c th dng cc hm trong C chun nh fopen, fclose, fread, fwrite, fseek, trong mi trng Windows. Cc hm ny c h tr trong th vin stdio.h. Chng ta s khng bn v cc hm ny y. Trong phn ny, chng ta s tm hiu cc hm thao tc trn tp tin ca Win32 cho php cc ng dng to, m, cp nht v xo cc tp tin, cng nh tm hiu cc thng s h thng v tp tin.
7.3.1 To v m tp tin
Win32 API cung cp hm CreateFile to mt tp tin mi hoc m mt tp tin c sn. HANDLE CreateFile(LPCTSTR lpFileName, DWORD dwDesiredAccess, DWORD dwShareMode, LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES lpSecurityAttributes, DWORD dwCreationDisposition, DWORD dwFlagsAndAttributes, HANDLE hTemplateFile); Trng lpFileName tr n chui k t zero xc nh tn tp tin cn m hoc to. Trng dwDesiredAccess xc nh cch thc truy cp i tng. Mt ng dng c th thc hin truy cp c, ghi, c-ghi, s dng mt hay kt hp cc gi tr sau :
Gi tr ngha
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0
LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS Xc nh truy vn thit b n mt i tng. Mt ng dng c th truy vn thuc tnh thit b m khng cn phi truy cp thit b. Xc lp hnh thc truy cp c. D liu c th c t tp tin, ng thi dch chuyn con tr tp tin. truy cp c-ghi, ta kt hp vi c GENERIC_WRITE. Xc lp hnh thc truy cp ghi. D liu c th c ghi vo tp tin, ng thi dch chuyn con tr. c th truy cp cghi, ta kt hp vi c GENERIC_READ.
GENERIC_ READ
GENERIC_ WRITE
Bng 7.4 Trng dwDesiredAccess xc nh cch truy cp i tng
Trng dwShareMode thit lp cc bit c xc nh cch chia s i tng (tp tin). Nu dwShareMode bng 0, i tng khng th chia s. Khi , ta khng th thao tc trn i tng cho n khi ng handle. chia s i tng, ta kt hp mt trong cc c sau :
FILE_SHARE_D ELETE
S dng trong Windows NT : Thao tc trn i tng ch thc hin nu yu cu truy cp xo. Thao tc trn i tng ch thc hin nu yu cu truy cp c. Thao tc trn i tng ch thc hin nu yu cu truy cp ghi.
FILE_SHARE_R EAD FILE_SHARE_ WRITE
Bng 7.5 Trng dwShareMode xc nh cch chia s i tng
Trng lpSecurityAttributes tr n cu trc SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES xc nh handle i tng c c chuyn cho cc tin trnh con hay khng. y chng ta khng dng, v thit lp gi tr l NULL. Trng dwCreationDisposition xc lp thao tc to tp tin mi hay m tp tin c. Dng mt trong cc gi tr sau :
CREATE_NEW
To mi mt tp tin. Hm ny tht bi nu tp tin c. To mi mt tp tin. Nu tp tin tn ti, hm s to chng ln, ng thi xo cc thuc tnh hin hnh ca tp tin. Trang 189
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OPEN_EXISTIN G OPEN_ALWAY S TRUNCATE_E XISTING
LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS M mt tp tin. Hm tht bi nu tp tin cha c sn. M mt tp tin nu c sn. Nu tp tin cha tn ti, hm s to tp tin nh s dng c CREATE_NEW. M mt tp tin. Khi m, h thng khi to kch thc tp tin li v 0 byte. Tin trnh gi cn m tp tin t nht vi dng truy cp GENERIC_WRITE. Hm tht bi nu khng tn ti tp tin.
Bng 7.6 Trng dwCreationDisposition xc lp thao tc tp tin
Trng dwFlagsAndAttributes xc nh cc thuc tnh v c cho tp tin. Ta c th kt hp cc thuc tnh sau :

FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ARCHIVE
Tp tin archive. ng dng dng thuc tnh ny nh du tp tin c th sao lu hoc loi b. Tp tin n. Khng hin th trong danh sch cc tp tin thng thng trong cc th mc. Tp tin khng c thuc tnh no khc. Thuc tnh ny thng c dng duy nht. D liu tp tin khng c sn. D liu c ch nh di chuyn vt l vo vng lu tr offline. Tp tin ch c. ng dng khng th ghi hoc xo d liu trong tp tin. Tp tin l mt phn ca h iu hnh, hoc c s dng c bit trong h thng. Tp tin c dng cho vng lu tr tm. Sau khi ng dng kt thc, tp tin s c xa.
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_OFFLINE
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SYSTEM
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_TEMPORARY
Bng 7.7 Trng dwFlagsAndAttributes xc nh cc thuc tnh v c cho tp tin.
Cc c xc nh tp tin kh phc tp, chng ta khng bn k y. Trng cui cng l hTemplateFile xc nh handle truy cp GENERAL_READ n tp tin tm. Tp tin tm c vai tr h tr cc thuc tnh tp tin v thuc tnh m rng cho tp tin c to. Trong Windows 95, gi tr hTemplateFile cn c gn bng NULL. Nu thnh cng hm tr v handle ca tp tin xc nh. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE.
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Lu , vic thit lp gi tr dwDesiredAccess cho php ng dng c th truy vn cc thuc tnh thit b m khng thc s truy cp thit b. iu ny rt hu dng, v d trong trng hp ng dng mun xc nh kch thc cng cc nh dng a mm m khng cn phi c a trong a. Khi to mt tp tin, hm CreateFile thc hin cc chc nng sau: Kt hp cc c v thuc tnh tp tin c xc nh bi c dwFlagsAndAttributes vi gi tr l FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ARCHIVE. Thit lp kch thc tp tin bng 0. Chp cc thuc tnh m rng ca tp tin tm vo tp tin mi nu bin hTemplateFile xc nh. Khi m mt tp tin c sn, hm CreateFile thc hin cc chc nng sau : Kt hp cc c xc nh bi dwFlagsAndAttributes vi cc thuc tnh ca tp tin hin c. Hm CreateFile s b qua cc thuc tnh ca tp tin xc nh bi c dwFlagsAndAttributes. Thit lp kch thc tp tin da vo gi tr ca dwCreationDisposition. B qua gi tr ca bin hTemplateFile. Nu hm to mt tp tin trn a mm khng c a mm, hoc trn CD-ROM khng c a CD, h thng s a ra mt hp thoi thng ip (message box) yu cu ngi dng a a mm hoc a CD vo. h thng khng thc hin thao tc trn, cn thit lp gi tr uMode trong hm SetErrorMode l SEM_FAILCRITICALERRORS. UINT SetErrorMode(UINT uMode); Trong v d sau, hm CreateFile m mt tp tin c c :
HANDLE hFile; hFile = CreateFile("MYFILE.TXT", // m tp tin MYFILE.TXT GENERIC_READ, // m c FILE_SHARE_READ, // chia s c NULL, // khng bo mt OPEN_EXISTING, // ch m tp tin c FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, //Tp tin thng NULL); // khng c thc tnh tm if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
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ErrorHandler("Could not open file."); // li x l }
xo tp tin trn, trc ht ta ng tp tin li.

CloseHandle(hFile); DeleteFile("MYFILE.TXT");
Trong v d sau, hm to mt tp tin mi v m ch ghi.

HANDLE hFile; hFile = CreateFile("MYFILE.TXT", // tp tin MYFILE.TXT GENERIC_WRITE, // to ghi 0, // khng chia s NULL, // khng bo mt CREATE_ALWAYS, // ghi chng nu c FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL | // tp tin bnh thng FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED, // khng ng b I/O NULL); // khng thuc tnh tm if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) { ErrorHandler("Could not open file."); // li x l }
7.3.2 To tp tin tm
Cc ng dng c th nhn mt tp tin duy nht cho tp tin tm bng cch s dng hm GetTempFileName. xc nh ng dn n th mc cha tp tin tm c to, ta dng hm GetTempPath. Hm GetTempFileName to tn mt tp tin tm. Tn tp tin y gm ng dn ni vi mt chui k t s thp lc phn th hin tn tp tin, v phn m rng l .TMP.
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UINT GetTempFileName(LPCTSTR lpPathName, LPCTSTR lpPrefixString, UINT uUnique, LPTSTR lpTempFileName); Trng lpPathName tr n mt chui k t (kt thc bng k t NULL) xc nh ng dn ca tp tin, dng cc k t ANSI. Nu trng ny bng NULL, hm tht bi. Trng lpPrefixString tr n mt chui k t (kt thc bng k t NULL). Hm s dng 3 k t u tin ca chui nh phn tin t ca tp tin. Cc k t s dng phi l ky t ANSI. Trng uUnique xc nh mt s nguyn khng du (m) hm chuyn thnh chui k t thp lc phn s dng trong vic to tp tin tm. Trng lpTempFileName tr n vng nh m cha tn tp tin tm. Trng ny l mt chui k t kt thc NULL cc k t ANSI. di vng nh m c xc nh bi gi tr MAX_PATH ca th mc tng ng. Tp tin to c s c dng nh sau : path\preuuuu.TMP Trong path l ng dn, xc nh bi gi tr lpPathName; pre l 3 k t u ca chui lpPrefixString; v uuuu l gi tr thp lc phn ca uUnique. Khi thot khi h iu hnh (tt my chng hn), cc tp tin tm to bng hm ny s t ng b xo. trnh cc li khi chuyn chui ANSI, ng dng cn gi hm CreateFile trc to tp tin tm. Nu gi tr uUnique bng 0, hm GetTempFileName xc lp mt con s duy nht da trn thi im hin ti ca h thng. Nu tp tin c, h thng t tng ln mt s mi cho n khi c mt tn duy nht. Nu thc hin thnh cng, hm tr v con s duy nht xc nh trong trng uUnique. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0. thu nhn ng dn tp tin tm, ta dng hm GetTempPath. DWORD GetTempPath(DWORD nBufferLength, LPTSTR lpBuffer); Trng nBufferlength xc nh kch thc vng m chui k t xc nh bi lpBuffer. Trng lpBuffer tr n vng m nhn chui k t xc nh ng dn tp tin tm. Chui k t kt thc bng k t \, v d : C:\TEMP\. Nu thnh cng, hm tr v ln xc nh kch thc chui zero. Nu gi tr tr v ln hn nBufferLength, gi tr tr v s l kch thc vng m cn cha ng dn. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0 nu hm tht bi.
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7.3.3 Sao chp v di chuyn tp tin

chp (copy) mt tp tin, ta cn m ch ch c. Sau dng hm CopyFile chp vo mt tp tin mi. BOOL CopyFile(LPCTSTR lpExistingFileName, LPCTSTR lpNewFileName, BOOL bFailIfExists); Trng lpExistingFileName v lpNewFileName tr n chui (kt thc NULL) xc nh tn tp tin c v tn tp tin mi. Trng bFialIfExists xc nh cch to tp tin vi tn mi trn. Nu trng c thit lp l TRUE, v tp tin c tn lpNewFileName tn ti, hm tht bi. Nu trng c thit lp l FALSE v tp tin tn ti, hm s to tp tin mi chng ln tp tin c. Nu thnh cng, hm tr v gi tr khc 0. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0. di chuyn (move) mt tp tin, trc ht cn phi ng tp tin li (nu ang m). Ta dng hm MoveFile. Hm ny thc hin thao tc i tn mt tp tin hay th mc (bao gm c cc tp tin con trong th mc). BOOL MoveFile(LPCTSTR lpExistingFileName, LPCTSTR lpNewFileName); Hai trng trn ln lt tr n tn tp tin (th mc) hin c v tn tp tin (th mc) mi. Tn tp tin (th mc) mi cn phi cha c trong ng dn ca n. Tn tp tin mi c th trn mt h thng hay a khc, trong khi tn th mc mi phi cng a vi th mc c. Nu thnh cng, gi tr tr v khc 0. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0. V d sau minh ha vic to v s dng tp tin tm copy mt tp tin. u tin ng dng m tp tin ORIGINAL.TXT bng cch s dng hm CreateFile. Sau ng dng s dng hm GetTempFileName v CreateFile to tp tin tm. ng dng c tng khi 4K d liu vo vng m, chuyn ni dung trong vng m sang ch hoa, v vit chng xung tp tin tm. Sau khi chuyn ton b tp tin trn sang tp tin tm, ta i tp tin tm thnh ALLCAPS.TXT bng cch dng hm MoveFile.
HANDLE hFile; HANDLE hTempFile; DWORD dwBytesRead, dwBytesWritten, dwPos; char szTempName[MAX_PATH]; char buffer[4096]; /* M tp tin c sn */ hFile = CreateFile("ORIGINAL.TXT", // tn tp tin
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GENERIC_READ, // m c 0, // khng chia s NULL, // khng bo mt OPEN_EXISTING, // tp tin c sn FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, // tp tin thng thng NULL); // khng thuc tnh tm if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) { ErrorHandler("Could not open file."); // x l li } /* To tp tin tm */ GetTempFileName("\\TEMP", // th mc cha tp tin tm "NEW", // phn u tp tin tm 0, // to tn duy nht szTempName); // vng m tn
hTempFile = CreateFile((LPTSTR) szTempName, // tn tp tin GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE, // m dng c-ghi 0, // khng chia s NULL, // khng bo mt CREATE_ALWAYS, // to chng nu tp tin c FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, // tp tin thng thng NULL); // khng thuc tnh tm if (hTempFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) { ErrorHandler("Could not create temporary file."); }
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/* c khi 4K vo vng m. Chuyn tt c cc k t trong vng m sang dng ch hoa. Vit vng m vo tp tin tm. */ do { if (ReadFile(hFile, buffer, 4096, &dwBytesRead, NULL)) { CharUpperBuff(buffer, dwBytesRead); WriteFile(hTempFile, buffer, dwBytesRead, &dwBytesWritten, NULL); } } while (dwBytesRead == 4096); /* ng c hai tp tin */ CloseHandle(hFile); CloseHandle(hTempFile); /* Chuyn tp tin tm vo tp tin mi ALLCAPS.TXT */ if (!MoveFile(szTempName, "ALLCAPS.TXT")) { ErrorHandler("Could not move temp. file."); }
Hm CloseHandle ng mt tp tin ang m. Xem phn 7.3.6.
7.3.4 c v ghi d liu vo tp tin

Mi tp tin ang m c mt con tr tp tin xc nh byte k tip s c c hoc ghi. Khi mt tp tin m ln u tin, h thng thit lp con tr tp tin ti v tr u tp tin. Mi khi c hoc ghi vo mt byte, con tr tp tin t ng dch chuyn. thay i v tr ny, ta dng hm SetFilePointer. DWORD SetFilePointer(HANDLE hFile, LONG lDistanceToMove, PLONG lpDistanceToMoveHigh, DWORD dwMoveMethod); Trng hFile l handle ca tp tin cha con tr tp tin cn di chuyn. Handle ny cn c to di dng truy cp GENERIC_READ hoc GENERIC_WRITE.
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NGN NG LP TRNH
Trng lDistanceToMove v lpDistanceToMoveHigh xc nh s byte con tr cn dch chuyn. Nu lpDistanceToMoveHigh bng NULL, 32-bit thp ca lDistanceToMove xc nh s byte cn di di con tr. Ngc li, hai trng trn thit lp mt gi tr 64-bit (khng du) th hin s byte cn di di con tr. Trng dwMoveMethod xc nh im gc m con tr cn di di. Nu trng ny bng FILE_BEGIN, im gc l im u tin (byte th 0) ca tp tin. Nu l FILE_CURRENT, im gc l v tr hin ti ca con tr. V FILE_END xc nh im gc l v tr cui hin ti ca tp tin. Nu thnh cng, v lpDistanceToMoveHigh bng NULL, gi tr tr v l DWORD thp ca con tr tp tin. Nu lpDistanceToMoveHigh khc NULL, hm tr v DWORD thp ca con tr tp tin, v tr trng ny n DWORD cao ca con tr tp tin. Nu hm tht bi v lpDistanceToMoveHigh bng NULL, gi tr tr v l 0xFFFFFFFF. bit thm thng tin li, ta dng hm GetLastError. Nu hm tr v 0xFFFFFFFF v lpDistanceToMoveHigh, c th hm thnh cng hoc tht bi, cn phi gi hm GetLastError xc nh. on chng trnh sau trnh by vn ny :
/* Trng hp 1: Gi hm vi lpDistanceToMoveHigh == NULL */ /* C gng di chuyn con tr tp tin ca hFile mt on */ dwPtr = SetFilePointer(hFile, lDistance, NULL, FILE_BEGIN); if (dwPtr == 0xFFFFFFFF) // Kim tra tht bi { dwError = GetLastError() ; // Nhn m li . . . // X l li } // Cui phn x l li
/* Trng hp 2: Gi hm vi lpDistanceToMoveHigh != NULL */ /* C gng di chuyn con tr tp tin hFile mt on di */ dwPtrLow = SetFilePointer(hFile, lDistLow, & lDistHigh, FILE_BEGIN); /* Kim tra tht bi */ if (dwPtrLow==0xFFFFFFFF&&(dwError=GetLastError())!=NO_ERROR) { // X l li
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NGN NG LP TRNH
// . . . } // Cui phn x l li
di chuyn tin, ta thit lp dch chuyn mt gi tr dng. Ngc li, thit lp gi tr m di chuyn li con tr tp tin. Nu gi tr con tr tp tin sau khi dch chuyn m, hm tht bi, v m li m hm GetlastError tr v l ERROR_NEGATIVE_SEEK. Nu mun di chuyn con tr n cui tp tin ghi tip, ta cng c th dng hm SetEndOfFile. BOOL SetEndOfFile(HANDLE hFile); Trng hFile l handle ca tp tin cn di chuyn con tr n cui tp tin cn c to vi dng truy cp GENERAL_WRITE. Nu thnh cng, hm tr v gi tr khc 0. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0. Hm ReadFile c d liu t mt tp tin, t im xc nh bi con tr tp tin. Sau khi c, con tr tp tin dch chuyn mt on ng vi s byte tht s c c. Tng t, ghi vo tp tin ta dng hm WriteFile. BOOL ReadFile(HANDLE hFile, LPVOID lpBuffer, DWORD nNumberOfBytesToRead, LPDWORD lpNumberOfBytesRead, LPOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped); BOOL WriteFile(HANDLE hFile, LPCVOID lpBuffer, DWORD nNumberOfBytesToWrite, LPDWORD lpNumberOfBytesWritten, LPOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped); Handle tp tin hFile cn c to vi dng truy cp GENERAL_READ hoc GENERAL_WRITE. Trng lpBuffer tr n vng nh m nhn d liu c t tp tin, hay cha d liu cn ghi. Trng nNumberOfBytesToRead xc nh s byte cn c. Trng lpNumberOfBytesRead tr n cc byte c c. Hm ReadFile thit lp gi tr ny bng 0 trc khi thc hin cc thao tc khc kim tra li. Trng nNumberOfBytesToWrite xc nh s byte cn ghi. Nu trng ny bng 0, hm khng ghi d liu, nhng vn c gi thc hin. Trng lpNumberOfBytesWritten xc nh s byte ghi c, trng ny cng c hm WriteFile thit lp v 0 trc khi thc hin cc thao tc khc kim tra li. Cui cng, trng lpOverlapped tr n cu trc OVERLAPPED. Nu tp tin c m vi c FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED, gi tr ny phi khc NULL. n gin ta thit lp gi tr bng NULL, hm s c (ghi) tp tin t v tr con tr hin ti v hm ch tr kt qu v sau khi c (ghi) xong.
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NGN NG LP TRNH
Hm ReadFile s dng vi mt s l do sau : thao tc ghi hon tt cui ng ng ghi, c ht s byte yu cu, hoc xy ra li khi c. Nu thnh cng, cc hm tr v gi tr khc 0. Ngc li, gi tr tr v bng 0.
7.3.5 Kho v m kho tp tin

Mc d h thng cho php nhiu ng dng c th m v ghi vo cng mt tp tin, cc ng dng khng nn thc hin song song. ngn chn ng dng khc ghi vo phn d liu ca mnh, ta c th s dng hm LockFile. m kho tp tin, cho php cc ng dng khc truy cp vng d liu, ta dng hm UnlockFile. BOOL LockFile(HANDLE hFile, DWORD dwFileOffsetLow, DWORD dwFileOffsetHigh, DWORD nNumberOfBytesToLockLow, DWORD nNumberOfBytesToLockHigh); BOOL UnlockFile(HANDLE hFile, DWORD dwFileOffsetLow, DWORD dwFileOffsetHigh, DWORD nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow, DWORD nNumberOfBytesToUnlockHigh); Trng hFile l handle ca tp tin c m di dng GENERAL_READ hoc GENERAL_WRITE, hoc c hai. Trng dwFileOffsetLow v dwFileOffsetHigh xc nh word thp v cao ca byte offset u tin cn kho hay m kho. Trng nNumberofBytesToLockLow (nNumberofBytesTo UnlockLow) v nNumberOfBytesToLockHigh (nNumberOf BytesToUnlockHigh) xc nh word thp v cao di khong byte cn kho hay m kha. Nu thnh cng, hm tr v gi tr khc 0. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0. V d sau y ni mt tp tin vo mt tp tin khc. ng dng s dng hm CreateFile m tp tin ONE.TXT c, v TWO.TXT vit. Sau ng dng ni phn d liu ca tp tin ONE.TXT vo cui tp tin TWO.TXT bng cch c (dng hm ReadFile) v ghi (dng hm WriteFile) tng khi 4K d liu. Trc khi vit vo tp tin th hai, ng dng dch chuyn con tr n cui tp tin bng cch dng hm SetFilePointer, sau kha vng cn ghi dng hm LockFile. Sau khi thc hin thao tc ghi xong, ta m kho, dng hm UnlockFile, cc ng dng khc c th s dng tp tin ny.
HANDLE hFile; HANDLE hAppend; DWORD dwBytesRead, dwBytesWritten, dwPos; char buff[4096];
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NGN NG LP TRNH
/* M mt tp tin c */ hFile = CreateFile("ONE.TXT", // m tp tin ONE.TXT GENERIC_READ, // m c 0, // khng chia s NULL, // khng bo mt OPEN_EXISTING, // ch m tp tin tn ti FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, // tp tin bnh thng NULL); // khng c thuc tnh tm if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) { ErrorHandler("Could not open ONE."); // x l li } /* M tp tin c. Nu cha c, to tp tin mi */ hAppend = CreateFile("TWO.TXT", // m tp tin TWO.TXT GENERIC_WRITE, // m ghi 0, // khng chia s NULL, // khng bo mt OPEN_ALWAYS, // m tp tin c hoc to mi FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, // tp tin bnh thng NULL); // khng c thuc tnh tm if (hAppend == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) { ErrorHandler("Could not open TWO."); // x l li }
/* Ni tp tin th nht vo cui tp tin th hai. Kho tp tin th hai ngn chn cc tin trnh khc truy cp khi ang ghi. M kho sau khi ghi xong */ do
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NGN NG LP TRNH
{ if (ReadFile(hFile, buff, 4096, &dwBytesRead, NULL)) { dwPos= SetFilePointer(hAppend, 0, NULL, FILE_END); LockFile(hAppend, dwPos, 0, dwPos+dwBytesRead, 0);
WriteFile(hAppend, buff, dwBytesRead, &dwBytesWritten, NULL); UnlockFile(hAppend, dwPos, 0, dwPos+dwBytesRead, 0); } } while (dwBytesRead == 4096); /* ng c hai tp tin */ CloseHandle(hFile); CloseHandle(hAppend);
7.3.6 ng v xo tp tin
s dng hiu qu ti nguyn h thng, ng dng cn ng cc tp tin khi khng cn dng na bng cch gi hm CloseHandle. Nu ng dng b ngt v tp tin vn ang m, h thng s t ng ng tp tin ny. BOOL CloseHandle(HANDLE hObject); Nu thnh cng, hm tr v gi tr khc 0. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0. bit cc thng tin li m rng, ta dng hm GetLastError. xo mt tp tin, ta dng hm DeleteFile. Lu rng tp tin ny cn phi ng trc khi b xa. BOOL DeleteFile(LPCTSTR lpFileName); Trng lpFileName tr n chui (kt thc bng k t NULL) xc nh tp tin cn xo. Nu thnh cng, hm tr v kh tr khc 0. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0. Hm tht bi nu tp nu tp tin cn xo khng tn ti. Trong Windows NT, hm khng th xo cc tp tin ang m. Tuy nhin, trong Windows 95, tp tin ang m vn c th b xo.
7.3.7 X l th mc
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NGN NG LP TRNH
Khi ng dng to mt tp tin mi, h iu hnh s thm tp tin ny vo mt th mc xc nh. to v xo mt th mc, ta dng hm CreateDirectory v RemoveDirectory. BOOL CreateDirectory(LPCTSTR lpPathName, LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES lpSecurityAttributes); BOOL RemoveDirectory(LPCTSTR lpPathName); Trng lpPathName tr n chui (kt thc bng k t NULL) xc nh ng dn th mc cn to (hay cn xo). Kch thc chui mc nh gii hn cho ng dn l MAX_PATH k t. Trong trng hp xo th mc, ng dn cn xc nh th mc l th mc rng. Trng lpSecurityAttributes tr n cu trc SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES cha trng lpSecurityDescriptor xc nh m t mt ca th mc mi. n gin, ta gn gi tr lpSecurityAttributes bng NULL, khi th mc mi nhn cc gi tr m t mt mc nh. Nu thnh cng, cc hm tr v gi tr khc 0. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0. Th mc cui ca ng dn ang s dng gi l th mc hin hnh. xc nh th mc hin hnh, ng dng gi hm GetCurrentDirectory. thay i th mc hin hnh, ng dng gi hm SetCurrentDirectory. DWORD GetCurrentDirectory(DWORD nBufferLength, LPTSTR lpBuffer); Trng nBufferLength xc nh kch thc vng m ca chui k t th hin th mc hin hnh. Vng m ny phi di cha c k t NULL cui chui. Trng lpBuffer s cha chui k t ny. Nu thnh cng, hm tr v gi tr xc nh s k t c ghi vo vng m, khng cha k t NULL. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0. Nu vng m lpBuffer khng ln, gi tr tr v xc nh kch thc cn thit ca vng m, gm c byte NULL ng du kt thc chui. BOOL SetCurrentDirectory(LPCTSTR lpPathName); Trng lpPathName tr n chui k t (kt thc bng NULL) xc nh ng dn mi. Nu thnh cng, hm tr v gi tr khc 0. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0.
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LẬP TRÌNH C TRÊN WINDOWS

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LẬP TRÌNH C TRÊN WINDOWS

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NGN NG LP TRNH

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

Chng 1 TNG QUAN LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

1.2. H IU HNH MICROSOFT WINDOWS 1.2.1. Gii thiu

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

1.2.2. c im chung ca h iu hnh Microsoft Windows

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

1.3. LP TRNH TRN MICROSOFT WINDOWS 1.3.1. c im chung

1.3.2. S khc bit vi lp trnh trn MS-DOS

1.3.3. Mt s yu cu i vi ngi lp trnh

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

1.3.4. B cng c giao din lp trnh ng dng API

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

1.4.2. Khun mu chung to mt ng dng

Hm x l WinProc c chc nng x l tt c cc thng ip c lin quan n ca s.

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS nguyn.

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

return DefWindowProc ( hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam); }

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

1.4.6. Xy dng mt ng dng u tin

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

return DefWindowProc ( hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam); }

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

Bng 1.3 M t cc hm c s dng trong chng trnh minh ha

1.4.7. Mt s qui c t tn bin

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

Chng 2 HP THOI V THANH TRNH N

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

2.2.1. Hp thoi trng thi

Hnh 2.1 Hp thoi n gin

on code chng trnh nh sau (V d 2.1): DIALOG.CPP (trch dn)

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

DIALOG1.RC (trch dn)

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

Hnh 2.2 Thm mt Dialog trong Resource View

Hnh 2.3 Hp thoi Properties ca Dialog

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

Hnh 2.4 Chn menu trong Dialog Propertier

Thay bng on lnh sau:

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

Hnh 2.5 Minh ha trao i thng ip qua cc iu khin

Chng trnh minh ha (V d 2.2) : DIALOG2.CPP (trch dn)

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS

LP TRNH C TRN WINDOWS