B CNG NGHIP

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP THNH PH H CH MINH

KHOA CNG NGH HO HC

NGUYN L HOT NG CA MT S DETECTOR TRONG SC K LNG V KH

Ging vin: ThS L NHT TM

Thng 10/2006

Mc lc
Gii thiu v phng php sc k..1 1. Nguyn l hot ng ca mt s detector trong sc k kh....1 1.1 Dectector dn nhit (thermal conductivity dectector)..3 1.2 Detector ion ha ngn la (flame-ionization detector)4 1.3 Detector cng kt in t (electron capture dtector):.. 6 1.4 Detector pht x nguyn t (atomic-emission detector):..9 1.5 Detector quang k ngn la (flame photometric GC detector)9 1.6 Detector quang ha ion (photoionization detector): ..11 1.8 Chemiluminescence Spectroscopy: ...12 2. Nguyn l hot ng ca mt s detector trong sc k lng:...13 2.1. Nguyn l hot ng ca mt s detector trong sc k lng:...13

2.2 The refractive index detector : u d chit sut RI 14 2.3 My d hunh quang .15 2.4 My d UV:16 3. Cc thng s quan trng ca detector:..17

GII THIU V PHNG PHP SC K V U D DETECTOR Sc k l phng php tch, phn li, phn tch, cc cht da vo s phn b khc nhau gia pha ng v pha tnh. Khi tip xc vi pha tnh cc cu t ca hn hp s phn b gia pha ng v pha tnh tng ng vi tnh cht ca chng (tnh b hp ph, tnh tan...) Trong cc h thng sc k ch c cc phn t pha ng mi chuyn ng dc theo h sc k. Cc cht khc nhau s c i lc khc nhau vi pha ng v pha tnh. Trong qu trnh pha ng chuyn ng dc theo h sc k cc cht c i lc ln vi pha tnh s chuyn ng chm hn qua h thng sc k so vi cc cht c i lc yu hn so vi pha ny. Trong phng php phn tch sc k phi qua nhiu quy trnh phn tch

Detector L ct In Compute r Bm mu

Trong th detector l mt trong nhng b phn quan trng. Detector c nhim v chuyn ha mt i lng khng in (trong trng hp ny l nng ca cc cht c tch khi ct sc k) thnh i lng in v c chc nng pht hin v o ln ca cc cu t khi ra khi ct sc k. V vy detector quyt nh mt phn chnh xc cng nh nhy ca phng php. Nguyn tc hot ng ca cc detector l da vo tnh cht vt l ca cc cu t nh: tnh cht hp th v pht x nh sng, tnh phn cc, tnh khc x, tnh dn in, dn nhit, khi lng ring 1. Nguyn l hot ng ca mt s detector trong sc k kh:

Detector Dn nhit(TCD) Kiu dy Kiu nhit in tr Bn dn

Gii hn pht hin 2,5.10-6

Khang tuyn tnh 1:105

nhy A.s/g p dng cho 2000-9000 Tt c cc cht khng lm

2,5.10 2.10-6 1,2.10

-6

1:10

hng dy nung 2000-9000 i Sc k qu vi benzen 15000 i vi khng kh 15000 i vi heptan trnh Phn tch kh Phn tch kh Khang nhit gii hn Detector vn nng cho tt c cc cht c nhm CH2 i vi cc cht c i lc

1:2,5:104
-7

1:10

Ion ha ngn la (FID)

5.10

-12

1:10

2.10 i vi cacbon

-2

Cng kt in t (ECD)

2.10

-14

1:10

40 i vi lindan

in t cao nh cc thuc tr su, dit c, hp cht cha nit, hp Quang k ngn la (FPD) 10 i vi parathion
-8

1:10 v thp hn

cht d nguyn Pht x ti u cho lu hynh 394mm v photpho 526mm Phn tch lng vt kh v c, nhy ph thuc vo tinh khit ca hem

Detector ion ha heli

5.10

-13

1:10

300

Detectorion ha argon: - Dng thng 4.10-11 - Dng miniot - Dng triot 3.10-12 2.10-14 1:103 1:105 1:106 1,5 1 15 Bao gm tt c cc cht c nng lng ion ha nh hn 11,6eV 1.1. Dectector dn nhit (thermal conductivity dectector): Mu
Ngu n cung cp

Mu

Khuych i

Da trn nguyn tc cu Wheatstone, i khi cn c gi l Katharometer. Cc in tr ca cu bng kim loi tr, c dn nhit tt, nh: vng, bch kim, tungsteng. Cu t mu ra khi ct, i vo mt nhnh ca ct. Khi c s hin din ca mu lm thay i nhit . Nhit ca n ph thuc vo dn nhit ca cht kh bao quanh n. Khi cc phn t hu c thay th cht kh mang th tnh n nhit ca n thay i do nhit trong cc cu t tng ln s dn n s thay i trong in tr. Da trn s thay i in tr ca cu, gy s mt cn bng trong mch, to mt tn hiu di dng mi sc k. Khi mu ra khi ct tn hiu bin mt. Detector TCD c th thit k theo mt s kiu khc nhau. Trong c ba kiu thng gp l: t bo dng chy, t bo bn khuch tn v t bo khuch tn.

A-kiu t bo dng chy B-kiu t bo bn khuch tn C-kiu t bo khuch tn Loi A t nhy hn c, thi gian p ng lu, ch thch hp cho sc k iu ch. Loi B, vi th tch ti thiu 100l c s dng ph bin cho sc k ct nhi. Cn loi C vi gii hn pht hin 10-100l c th s dng cho sc k mao qun ct h. nhy ca detector TCD ph thuc vo hai yu t sau:

Kh nng dn nhit ca kh mang (cc kh mang c dn nhit tt nh hydro, heli thng c u tin s dng). nhy t l vi dng nui cu. Cn lu rng dng in ny iu chnh ty thuc vo loi v lu lng kh mang, nhit detector v nhit ct tch.

Vi detector ny, din tch ca cc pic khng ch ph thuc vo hm lng th tch m cn ph thuc vo s chnh lch gia dn nhit ca cu t v ca kh mang. iu ny l gii ti sao phi dng h s hiu chnh trong phn tch nh lng. c im: n gin, dng c cc mu hu c v v c, khng phn hy mu. Thi gian cho tn hiu ln v km nhy 1.2 Detector ion ha ngn la (flame-ionization detector):

Cch in

Detector FID l mt trong nhng detector c nhy cao. Nguyn tc lm vic ca n da trn s bin i dn in ca ngn la ca hydro t trong mt in trng khi c cht hu c cn tch chuyn qua. Nh nhit cao ca ngn la hydro, cc cht hu c t ct tch i vo detector b b gy mch, b ion ha nh c oxy ca khng kh to thnh cc ion tri du tng ng. C ch to thnh ion trong trng hp benzen nh sau:

C6H6

6CH 6CHO+ + 6e

6CH + 3O2

Cc ion to thnh c chuyn v cc bn in cc tri du nm hai pha ca ngn la (th hiu gia hai bn in cc ny khang 250-300V). Dng ion c gim p trn mt in tr c ch s rt cao (108-1012) v gim hiu in th ny c khuch i v ghi li trn my t ghi. S lng ca ion to thnh (chnh l nhy ca detector) ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: - Cu trc hnh hc ca detector - T l thnh phn ca hydro/khng kh - Nhit ca ngn la. - Cu trc ca cc phn t mu cn xc nh S nguyn l hot ng ca detector ion ha ngn la (FID)

Cc hp cht hu c c t chy bng ngn la hydro/khng kh to thnh cc ion. Kh mang t ct s c c trn trc vi hydro v t chy bng ngn la bung t. Mt in cc hnh tr c t cch vi mm pha trn ngn la thu thp cc ion sinh ra. Dng ion ny s c o bng cch t mt in th gia u phun ca ngn ka v in hnh tr hn ch n mc ti a s ti kt hp ca cc ion, phi t in th chn lc vo vng bo ha (vng m khi tng in th s khng lm tng dng ion) cc tnh hiu to thnh s c khuch i bng b khch i in t ri qua b s l v ghi tnh hiu.

c im: Khng b nh hng bi vn tc kh mang. Thi gian chi tn hiu nh hn 0,1giy v c nhy gp 1000 detector TCD Gii hn pht hin di 10-12g/s Tuy nhin cng c nhng im bt li l phi dng thm h thng kh t, ngoi kh mang khng c dng khi mu c cc kh nh: SO2, CO2, H2O,NOx. Ngoi ra cu t mu b phn hy trong ngn la nn khng th dng trong trng hp mun cho cu t qua tip mt thit b phn tch khc (th d my hng ngoi) Ch p ng vi cc hp cht hu c, khng c p ng i vi cc kh bn v nc. n nh cao t b nh hng ti s thay i nhit v tc dng. Khang ng hc t 106-107. Nhit lm vic ti 4000C. Phn hy cht i hi 3 kh: kh mang, hydro, oxi

1.3 Detector cng kt in t (electron capture dtector):

ECD s dng hot phng x phng ra ion ha cc kh mang v pht sinh ra dng in gia cp in cc. khi nhng phn t hu c c cha nhm electron mang in tch nh: halogen, photpho v nhm nitro i qua detector, detector gia li mt vi electron v lm bin i s o ca dng in gia cc in cc. Detector gm c in trng, bn trong c ngun pht tia (do Ni63, c ph bn ngoi tm bch kim hay titan), kh mang c dng l Ar. in t s cp ca tia s ion ha phn t kh mang lm bn ra in t th cp, to dng in trong in trng, phn ng dy chuyn xy ra. Khi c s hin din ca mu, thng l cht c m in cao, s nhn in t th cp, lm gim cng dng in, tng ng vi s xut hin mi sc k Detector hot ng da trn t tnh ca cc cht c kh nng ct kt cc in t t do trong pha kh (tr trng ngoi l ca cc kh tr) kh nng cng kt in t ln hay nh l ph thuc vo cc hp cht cn c pht hin. Kh nng tng i nh i vi cc hp cht hdrocacbon no. Ngc li, khi cc hp cht c cha cc nhm chc hoc a lin kt (i hoc ba) th kh nng cc in t s tng hn ln. c bit l nu trong phn t ca hp cht ny c cha cc nguyn t halogen (Cl, Br.) Bi vy, nhy pht hin ca detector ECD rt c th cho cc nhm chc v c th dao ng trong phm vi kh rng (1-106) B phn chnh ca detector ECD l mt bung ion. Ti y din ra qu trnh ion ha, bt gia in t v ti kt hp.

M: l phn t kh mang, EC: v phn t ca cht c kh nng bt gi in t. Cng chnh v kh nng bt gi in t (electron-capture) m detector cn c gi l detector bt gi in t. * Qu trnh ion ha: mt ngun tia phng x c lp sn trong detector, pht ra mt chm tia - vi tc 108-109 ht/s. Cc ht - ny s ion ha phn t kh mang (M) to ra cc ion dng ca phn t kh mang v in t t do s cp (e-). So vi cc in t ca chm tia - cc in t t do ny chm hn hn. Chng c gia tc nh mt in trng v c chuyn dch v pha ant. Ti y chng b lymt in tch v qua cho dng in nn ca detector. * Qu trinh cng kt in t cc nguyn t hoc l phn t ca cc cht (EC), sau khi ri b ct tch, c a thng vo bung ion cng vi kh mang. Ty theo i lc in t ca cc phn t ny, cc in t t do s cp ni trn s b cc phn t bt gi v do vy to ra cc ion m. * Qu trnh ti kt hp: cc ion m c to ra nh vy s kt hp vi cc ion dng ca phn t kh mang to thnh cc phn t trung ha. Nh vy do kh nng ct kt in t ca cht cn phn tch, in t b lymt khi h v dng in nn b gim i so vi lc ch c kh mang tinh khit i qua detector. Mc suygim ca dng in nn trong thi im c cht i qua c th hin bng pic sc k ca cht .

Lp cch in

V detector Tay n u nhn xung t bung detector

ng hnh tr

Kp ln

nhy ca detector ECD ph thuc vo : ln ca dng in nn Mc nng lng i in t ca cht cn pht hin Bn cht ca kh mang in th c t vo detector

R rng nhng cht c i lc in t cao s cho cc tnh hiu mnh, to ra cc in th cn thit cho qu trnh vn chuyn ion, c th t vo detector th mt chiu khng i hoc l th mt chiu di dng xung. Trong trng hp s dng th mt chiu khng i, vng lm vic ti u ca in th t vo detector ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht nghin cu v nhit ca detector cc gi tr ny thng dao ng gi 1-30V. ngc li, nu s dng in th dng xung khang lm vic ti u ca detector s khng ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht nghin cu, m ch ph thuc khang cch gi cc xung trong mt iu kin nht nh. Thng thng s dng th hiu mt chiu gin an khang 50V, vi di xung t 0,75-3s v khang cch gi hai xung 5-200 s. c im: nhy cao, nht l khi mu thuc cc nhm chc: halogenua, peroxid, quinon, nitroc bit dng phn tch thuc st trng.

Nhng nhy cao, phi dng kh Ar (gi tr cao), v N2 c lin kt kh bn nn kh to in t th cp.

1.4

Detector pht x nguyn t (atomic-emission detector):

Mt trong nhng b sung mi nht cho my sc k kh l detector pht x nguyn t (AED). Detector ny kh t tin so vi detector GC nhng n c th mnh khng th thay th c. Tht vy, thay v o n gin pha kh cung cp ( cha cacbon) to ra cc ion trong ngn la bng detector ion ha ngn la. AED c th thay i nn hin ti v s bt phn t khng phi in t ca

nhng in t nhit vi electron bt in t. AED c nhiu tnh kh dng hn bi v n da vo s d tm ca nhng pht x nguyn t. y l loi hin i. Cu t ra khi ct c a qua trng plasma (to bi heli) c nng lng ca bc x vng vi sng. Cu t mu nhn nng lng, b nguyn t ha v nguyn t b kch thch, do chng c kh nng pht x. Cng pht x c ghi nhn v chuyn thnh mi sc k. c im: nhy rt cao, thi gian pht x tnh hiu nh. c bit my c th ghi nhn ng thi nhiu cc t. Tuy nhin chi ph phn tch rt cao v phi dng kh heli. Th mnh ca detector AED l n c kh nng xc nh nhng pht x nguyn t ca nhiu phn t trong mt php phn tch Elute t ct mao qun GC. Khi Elute ra khi ct mao qun, chng c a vo trong mt trng plasma (hoc s phng in) ni m cu t mu nhn nng lng v b kch thch bi nng lng t plasma, do chng c kh nng pht x. My tnh c ghi li cng pht x v chuyn thnh mi sc k. 1.5 Detector quang k ngn la (flame photometric GC detector) Lnh vc X kh my lc nhit Cung cp in th cao

my lc giao thoa
Kim loi chu nhit

Nguyn nhn ta s dng detector GC nhiu hn nhng loi detector khc trong biu kh cromate l do n c nhy cao v hiu qu trong vic d

cc hp cht ring bit. Trong qu trnh phn tch biu cromate c trng. Cht nh phn ca sulfur hay phosphorus cha hp cht l nhn t chnh ca detect trc quang ngn la (FPD). Thit b ny s dng nhng phn ng quang ha ca nhng hn hp ny trong ngn la hydrogen/khng kh nh l mt ngun ca qu trnh phn tch m n c quang h c bit vi nhng hp cht cha hai loi nguyn t. Khi thch S2 th ta ra hn hp sunfur bc sng cc i ca nng lng ta ra c kch thch t S2 c gi tr gn ng 394nm. Nng lng ta ra ca hn hp photphorus trong ngn la c kch thch t HPO (max=510-526nm) nhy my ca mt hay nhiu hn hp khc ging nh n gii hp t ct GC, mt phu lc giao thoa c dng gia gn la v ng ph trc quang (PMT) phn tch vng ta nng lng. Vic cn xem li y l phu lc phi c chuyn i gia vng chy ca biu cromate nu hn hp khc ca chng c th c . Kh mang that t ct c trn vi hydro v i ti cui ng. dng khng kh theo mt ng khc v c trn vi hn hp Hydro kh mang ti ng to ra ngn la hydro. Khi mu cun theo kh mang, c t chy bng ngn la hydro trong ng pht ra nh sng bc sng no . nh sng pht ra bi ngn la hydro i qua ng thch anh trnh cho b lc quang v b nhn quang khi b nhim bn bi hi v sn phm t chy v i n b lc quang. B lc cn ch cho nh sng c di sng c th i qua. B lc kiu S 394nm c dng pht hin cc hp cht cha lu hynh v loi P 526nm dng cho hp cht cha photpho.

Nu nhng hp chc cha lu hynh hoc photpho c trong kh mu, chng c t chy trong ng, pht ra nh sng 394nm hoc 526nm tng ng. Ch c nh sng c di sng ny mi qua c b lc cn v b nhn quang. Cng ca nh sng c chuyn thnh tnh hiu thng qua b nhn quang. Tn hiu ny c khuch i trong in k v chuyn qua b x l s liu. 1.6 Detector quang ha ion (photoionization detector):

Cung cp in

V bc cch ly chn tia UV

Bung gia nhit s ion ha

Ca trong sut cho UV i qua Kh hoc my d kt ni c th tch nh

Phn ng s dng hn mt loi detector cho sc ph kh, n t c nhy cao nh hiu qu ca cc hp cht c bit vi k thut phn tch sc ph ring bit. S xc nhc chn lc ca hydrocacbon thm hoc nhm organoheteroatom l cng vic ca u d quang ph PID. Thit b s dng nng lng nh sng cc tm nh phng tin ca k thut phn tch r ct GC. Cc ion to ra t qu trnh ny bi tin trnh hot ng ca electron. Dng in pht ra c tp trung cho k thut phn tch. Chemiluminescence Spectroscopy:
Tn hiu

Ct mao qun t sc k kh

my bm chn khng S pht quang bng phn ng ha hc, ging nh nguyn t pht ra quang ph, dng nh lng s pht quang t nhng nguyn t b kch thch trong php phn tch c c, tuy nhin khng ging AES. S pht quang bng phn ng ha hc thng pht ra nhng phn t mnh thay th khi chng b kch thch, dy nh sng c xc nh bi k thut bt ngun t vic to ra phn t, t n gin n phc tp. Hn na s trc quang bng phn ng ha hc c th xy ra bn trong pha lng hay pha kh. Trong khi AES gn nh chnh xc so vi pha kh. Tuy nhin s pht quang bng phn ng ha hc trong pha lng ng vai tr quan trng trong k thut phn tch phng th nghim. Phng php ny thng s dng vi sc k lng. Chng ta s tp trung vo nhng phn ng ca s pht quang bng phn ng ha hc pha kh vi nhng cht cu thnh nn n c phn n gin hn. Nhng my d tm ny cng c s dng nh nhng my d tm cho k thut phn tch thnh phn cc cht.

Th mnh ca phng php trc quang bng phn ng ha hc trong u d ca bc x in t c tiu chun thp. Vn u tin ca loi hnh phn ng ny l to ra nng lng cn thit, kch thch cc electron ln mc nng lng cao hn, nh nhng chn ng v tnh trng xoay vng (t chng b ph hy trng thi ny bng s pht x ch khng n gin nh nh sng pht t ngn n hay tia laze. 1.7 Detector Nit-photpho NPD: Detector NPD cn gi l detector ion ha ngn la s dng mui kim hay detector nhit ion (AFID-Alkali flame ionization detector ), detector ion ha nhit ngn la (FTD- flame thermionic detector) detector ny cho nhy cao khi phn tch cc hp cht c cha nit-photpho, ph thuc vo iu kin phn tch n t ra rt hu hiu trong vic phn tch cc dc phm, d lng ca cc hp cht cacbamat v photphat s dng trong nng nghip v phn tch lng vt cc hp cht cha nit v photpho nh nitrosamin, trimetylamin, acrylomitricl trong cc cht tng hp nhn to. Mt d c ch phn ng chnh xc ca detector ny vn cha c hiu mt cch y nhng c th a ra mt c ch phn ng chp nhn c nh sau: Cc hp cht cha nit i ra t ct sc k tr thnh gc CN*. Sau khi phn hy nhit trn b mt kim loi kim nung gc CN* kt hp vi cc electron that ra t b mt kim lai kim nung (Rb) v tr thnh ion CN-. Cc ion ny kt hp vi cc nguyn t hyro. Trong khi ngun kim lai kim (Rb) tr thnh cation sau khi gii that cc electron, to ra mt dng tp hp v chuyn thnhtn hiu. Trong Detector ( NPD-17) ngun ion l mt kim lai kim c ph ln mt dy palatin dng xon c. ngun ny c ni vi dng Ac nung nng si palatin. Mu cht ra t ct c tch ra khi ming ng sau khi trn vi mt lng nh hydro, tip xc vi ngun kim lai kim nung trn. Nhiu phn ng din ra ti b mt v mi trng xung quanh. Phn mu c that ra ngai qua trung tm ca b phn thu mu.

2. Nguyn l hot ng ca mt s detector trong sc k lng: Trong sc k lng ngi ta thng dng cc quang ph k o quang c nhy cao, nh c th nhn dng cc hp cht n nng cc nh 10-10 M trong min nh sng t ngoi nhn thy (min quang ph 190 800 nm). d tm cc cht khng mu ( khng c hiu ng ph hp th ) ngi ta thng dng cc my o chit sut vi sai. Khi phn tch cc cht c kh nng oxyha kh ngi ta dng cc b d tm in ha (o in th, cc ph). Ngi ta cng dng cc b d tm hunh quang, o dn in. B d tm kiu o dn in thng c dng trong sc k trao i ion. Sau y chng ta s cng tm hiu v mt vi loi detector trong sc k lng 2.1 Electrolytic conductivity detector: u d dn in: CD (Conductivity detector) c dng trong sc k trao i ion u d ca ct sc k pht ra in mt cch lin tc, kt qu phn tch nhn c l do s thay i dn in. u d dn in thng cho php mt lng th tch rt nh. u d dn in c s dng rng ri ch yu trong sc k trao i ion (cation v anion). Nhng ni chung n ch oc dng trong nhng trng hp c bit. Nguyn tc: Cc cu t sau khi ra khi ct c cho chy xuyn qua thit b mao dn c cu to gm hai in cc (cc m v cc dng) bng kim loi t hai u mao dn, mao dn lm bng vt liu khng dn in nh: SILICA, PEEK, TEFLON. Sau khi tc ng mt hiu in th xoay chiu vo hai in cc, s phn chia in tch trong pha ng xy ra, s bin i tnh dn in ca pha ng xy ra, tch ri cc cu t trong mu (cc cu t mang in tch dng s b ko v cc m v ngc lai). Cc kt qu trn s c khuych i, lin tc c ghi nhn li.

u d dn in c s dng rng ri ch yu trong sc k trao i ion (cation v anion). Nhng ni chung n ch oc dng trong nhng trng hp c bit.

Cu to: CONDUCTIVITY DETECTOR

2.2 The refractive index detector : u d chit sut RI Nguyn tc hot ng: Principles u d chit sut RI l mt u d c s dng trong sc k lng cao p. Nguyn tc lm vic,ca u d chit sut lin quan n s thay i ch s chit sut khi cc cu t mu sau khi i qua ct sc k S khc bit ln v ch s chit sut gia mu v pha ng cng ln cng to ra mt s mt cn bng ln. Do , tnh nhy ca u d s cao hn nu c s cch bit v ch s chit sut gia mu v pha ng. Mt khc, trong mt hn hp phc

tp, cc thnh phn trong mu c th c bao ph bi mt di rng ca gi tr ch s khc x v trong mt vi trng hp c th gn vi tnh cht pha ng, kt qu c c t detector khng r rng, u d chit sut RI l mt dng c i hi c chnh xc cao, bt c s thay i no trong thnh phn ca cc cu t cn tch cng i hi s ti lp cn bng ca u d. y l mt trong nhng hn ch ca u d chit sut RI. Trong vic ng dng u d vo vic phn tch i hi gradient ca s gii hp, ni m cc thnh phn ca pha ng thay i trong sut qu trnh phn tch nh hng n qu trnh tch. Biu th hin cch hot ng ca u d chit sut RI c th hin theo hnh sau: Cho kt qu nhay, chnh xc. t nhy cm vi bi v cc bt kh trong cu t mu. C kh nng bao ph ton b ch s khc x trong khong t 1000 n 1750, dng thit lp cn bng cc cu t

2.3 My d hunh quang My d hunh quang l mt trong nhng my d LC c nhy cao nht, v l do ny n thng c s dng phn tch. Biu my d hunh quang c biu din nh hnh v.

Khi mt hp cht c mt nhm cht c bit c kch thch bi bc sng c nng lng thp, bc x cao c gi l Hunh Quang. Thng thng s pht x ny u n mt gc 900 khi c s kch thch. Hnh biu din quang hc ca my d Hunh Quang c trng

2.4 My d UV: My d ny o s tp trung ca mu di mt dy bc sng trong gii hn nht nh khi chng ri khi ct v i xuyn qua detector ca dng pin. Khi khng c bc sng i xuyn qua detector tn hiu l mt gi tr khng i. Khi mu c bc sng i qua detector, detector s phn ng li tin hiu c hin th trn mn hnh

Di hnh thc n gin nht u d UV bao gm: Ngun sng, dng Pin, dng cm bin

Biu n gin ca u d UV Nguyn tc hot ng: Khi khng c mu qua detector nh sng i qua dng pin v pht ra tn hiu ln nht ti dng cm bin nu mt mu c bc sng i qua detector, mu ny lm gim lng nh sng dng cm bin v l nguyn nhn lm thay i tn hiu detector. Tn hiu ny chuyn mt dng electron v xut hin sc ph trn giy. Tn hiu hin th tng ln tp trung ti mu ca dng pin. Detector cng phn ng li thay i theo ni dung ca dng pin. Ngy nay c 2 loi u d UV c s dng ph bin. u d c bc sng thay i c. Photodiode Array.

u d UV c bc sng thay i s dng nh sng n sc ( cho nh sng i qua khe v tm cch ) chn 1 bc sng nh sng i qua mu

u d UV c bc sng thay i s dng nh sng n sc ( cho nh sng i qua khe v tm cch ) chn 1 bc sng nh sng i qua mu 3. Cc thng s quan trng ca detector: Phn tch nh tnh trong sc k kh ch cn pic khng b bin dng nhiu nhm xc nh chnh xc nh pic, cn trong phn tch nh lng th yu cu t cao hn nh lp li, so snh, chnh xc. p ng c cc yu cu , cn phi m bo s n nh ln cc thng s detector: dng in nui mch cu, nhit trong detector, t l gi kh t v kh mang cng nh th phn cc khi dng detector FID. S p ng ( nhy thch ng ph thuc vo cht) ca mt detector khng c ph thuc qua v mt k thut. V iu quan trng hn c i vi phn tch nh lng l tuyn tnh ca detector. nhn bit v xc nh lng vt th s nhy cm ca detector l quyt nh. Th tch cht ca detector: th tch ca loi detector nhy cm vi nng (TCD) trc ht phi c cha y bi hn hp kh mang v mu, tc l trc khi xut hin cc i ca pic, c gi l th tch cht ca detector. Ni cch khc, l ra sau khi cc cu t ra khi ct phi c chuyn ngay thnh tnh hiu nhng chng phi c lp y th tch ca chnh bn thn detector ri mi c pht hin. Th tch cht ca detector cn phi c hn ch n cc tiu nn ln ca detector c la chn thch hp vi dng kh mang thng thng. Chnh v vy, detector TCD thng thng khng c d dng cho sc k mao qun v tc dng qu nh. Gn y d ch to c detector TCD cc nh thch hp cho ct mao qun. Ngc li, th tch cht ca loi detector ph thuc vo tc khi (mass flow) thng rt nh nn chng rt thch hp p dng cho ct mao qun, v d nh FID v ECD.

Thi gian p ng l thi gian cn thit cho tn hiu in tng ng vi nng nht nh trong pha kh c thit lp. Thi gian ny i vi detector FID l 0,001s v vi detector TCD l 0,1s. Khang tuyn tnh: y l thng s quan trng nht nh gi cht lng ca bt k mt loi detector no. N bao gm phm vi k t nng ln nht (m vn cn c ghi nhn trung thnh vi t l chuyn ha i lng khng in thnh i lng in) cho ti nng nh nht vn cn phn bit r rng so vi can nhiu ca ng nn. Khang tuyn tnh ca mt detector c coi l ln, nu nh: Can nhiu ng nn nh v do vy kh nng pht hin ca detector ny ln. Cc lng cht nh nht cng nh cc lng cht ln nht c pht hin vi kh nng p ng (t l chuyn ha i lng khng in thnh i lng in) nh nhau. Thng thng, khang tuyn tnh ca detector TCD l 104, cn khang tuyn tnh ca detector FID m rng ti 107. Do vy, detector FID c bit thch hgp vi phn tch lng vt. Ngoi ba loi detector thng dng k trn, ty theo nhu cu cn thit, cn c th s dng cc loi detector nh: detector quang k ngn la (FPD) dng pht hin chn lc cc hp cht cha lu hynh v photpho, detector ion ha ngn la mui kim (AFID) chn lc cc cht cha nit v photpho, detector in ha theo hiu ng Hall (HECD).