T NG QU N V H T HO T T NH SINH H TRONG TH V T Cc hp cht c hot tnh sinh hc l nhng hp cht c tc dng sinh l c s dng vo mt mc ch no phc v cho cuc sng

ng ca con ngi nh l thuc cha bnh cho con ngi, gia sc, cho bo v thc vt hoc vo mc ch kch thch sinh trng cho cy trng 1. Ancaloid ncaloid l hp cht hu c c cu to ph c tp m m i ph n t ca n u ch a t nht ngu n t nito d i dng d v ng o n l hp cht kh ng thu n khi t v mt ha hc Hin na ngi ta t m c g n ncaloid v ch u l c c cht t tan trong n c nhng d tan trong dung m i hu c Trong khi nhi u ancaloit l cc cht c th mt s li c s dng trong y hc v i vai tr nh l c c cht gim au hay gy t, c th nh morphin hay codein, cng nh trong mt s ng dng khc. Cc ancaloit t da cn (chi Vinca) v cc h hng ca n: vinblastin, vincristin. Chng l cc cht chng ung th v lin k t cc nh trng (dime) tubulin t do, v th ph v cn bng gia trng hp (polyme ha) v phn trng hp vi qun, to ra s km hm cc t bo trong pha gia ca qu trnh phn bo. Cht alcaloid ton ph n c chi t xut t l cy trinh n hong cung c th dng lm nguyn liu sn xut thuc cha bnh u x tu n ti n lit v u x t cung l k t qu mt nghin c u m i ca ti n s Ngu n Th Ngc Trm, va c B Y t cng nhn Ancaloid c t c dng sinh l i v i c th sng ca con ngi v ng vt theo chi u h ng tch cc ln tiu cc nghin c u nh tnh ancaloid, ngi ta thng dng c c ph ng ph p sau: Phn ng Wagner, phn ng nhn bi t v i thuc th dragendooc, phn ng v i dung d ch acid p ric c ph ng ph p chi t sut ancaloid bng dung m i thng dng hin na : hi t bng dung m i hu c , chi t bng dung d ch n c acid, cn 2. Flavonoid Flavonoid l dn xut ca phenol c h u h t ngi, ng thc vt v vi sinhvt do a trc ti p vo t ngun th c n Bn thn con ngi kh ng c kh nng t tng hp c phenol Flavonoid tham gia vo tt c c c qu tr nh trao i cht,

sinh tng hp v qu tr nh enz m V mt cu to, flavonoid l c c pol phenol c tnh acid, nh nhm h drox t do c c v ng Trong thc vt, flavonoid tn ti ch u hai dng: dng t do (agl col) v dng lin k t v i glucid (gl cosid) Trong , dng agl col th ng tan trong c c dung m i hu c nh ete, aceton, cn nhng h u nh kh ng tan trong n c, c n dng gl cosid th tan trong n c nhng kh ng tan trong c c dung m i kh ng phn cc nh aceton, benzen, cloroform Hot tnh sinh hc ca flavonoid: t c dng v i khi u v mt s dng ung th nh enpatin (3,5,3'-trihydroxy-6,7,4'-trimetoxyflavon), enpatoretin (3,3'dihydroxy -5,6,7,4'-tetrametox flavon); Nng cao tnh b n ca thnh mch m u nh rutin; t c dng estrogen nh gl cosid quecxetin v kaempferol- 3-3ramnogalacto-7-ramnorid Ngoi c c t c dng trn, flavonoid c n c c c t c dng kh c nh: chng d ng, chng co git, gi n ph qun, gi n mch, li mt, gim au v c t c dng dit nm Mt s dn cht ca flavonoid c t c dng th ng tiu nh quercetin (c trong l di p c ), kh ng khun nh acvicularin c bit, flavonoid c n c hot tnh vitamin P, lm b n nhng mao mch v gim tnh gi n ca thnh mch c k t qu nghin c u khoa hc k t lun rng: t c dng sinh hc ca flavonoid l do kh nng chng ox ho ca chng qu nh o kh nng c ch qu tr nh ox ho nnchng c hiu ng chng u lnh tnh v u c tnh c flavonoid c n c ng dng rng r i i u tr c c bnh nhi m trng nh chng vim lot d d , vim mt cp tnh v m n tnh, vim gan, thn, th ng hn, l 3. Glycosid tr tim Gl cosid tr tim l mt nhm gl cosid c cu trc steroid, c t c dng c hiu i v i bnh tim nhng v i li u cao chng l c c cht g c Trong cy, chng tn ti dng gl cosid ho tan trong c c d ch t bo i t c dng ca enz m ha acid lo ng, c c gl cosid b thu phn to thnh c c genin v c c ose L glycosid nn chng tan nhi u trong n c v cn lo ng, t tan trong c c dung m i kh ng phn cc nh ete, d u, benzen T c dng ca gl cosid tim lm tng s c co bp ca c tim c ngi lnh ln ngi bnh; lm tng tr ng lc c tim: lm ngn chi u di ca c c si c tim b cng, gi n do v lm tng tr ng lc c tim, gim th tch v kch th c tim; lm chm nh p tim: do va c t c dng trn d th n kinh ph v , va lm gim tnh t ng ca nt xoang; lm gim dn tru n trong nh, c bit nt nh

tht; lm gim tnh kch thch ca c tm nh, nhng tr i li, lm tng tnh kch thch ca c tm tht; g li tiu nh do gim t i hp thu natri ng ln g n 4. Coumarin oumarin l nhm hp cht t nhin, c xem l dn xut lacton cab axit octo-h drox xinamic n na x c nh c khong cht v coumarin tn ti trong c ch u d i dng t do V d nh: oumarin c dng lm thuc chng ng m u Ngoi ra mt s coumarin c t c dng lm gi n ng mch vnh v mch ngoi vi ng thi c t c dng chng co tht Mt s cht c t c dng c ch sinh trng thc vt, t c dng kh ng khun, dit nm, chng vim 5. Terpenoid Terpenoid l nhm cht hu c thin nhin kh ng no c c ng th c chung l (izo-C5H8)n (n>=2). Ngoi c c h drocacbon kh ng no, c c dn xut ca chng nh ancol, andeh d, ceton, cacbox lic acid cng c gi l tecpen Tu theo s ngu n t cacbon trong mch h drocacbon, ngi ta phn chng thnh c c nhm: monoterpen, secpuiterpen, diterpen, triterpen, tetraterpen, pol terpen Trong monoterpen l quan trng nht trong terpenoid N c cu trc mch h, mch vng. c terpenoid c ch a nhi u trong thc vt nh secpuiterpen, diterpen v triterpen c ch a trong tinh d u, nha ca thc vt bc cao, polyterpen l thnh ph n chnh ca c c cao su t nhin hnh v do dc im cu to ca chng nn c c terpenoid c t c dng lm th ng mch v lm tng n hi ca c tim v thnh mch 6. Steroid Steroid l cc hp cht cht bo hu c h a tan c ngun gc t nhin hoc tng hp , c cng th c t 17 nguyn t cacbon sp x p thnh 4 vng v bao gm c cc sterol v axit mt , thng thn , v kch thch t gi i tnh . mt s steroid c ngun gc thin nhin nh : hp cht digitalis , v cc ti n cht ca mt s loi vitamine nht nh . Steroid rt a dng v phong ph , bao gm cc hnh th c ca mt s loi vitamine D , digitalis , sterol (v d : cholesterol) v cc axit mt . Cc nhm khc ca steroid bao gm : corticosteroid , steroid ng ha , steroid androgenic , oestrogenic steroid , progestogenic v steroid chng vim . Cc loi steroid khc nhau s dng cc chu i v cc vng khc nhau ca cc gc cacbon .

Steroid ph bi n c 2 loi thc vt v ng vt . ngi , steroid c ti t ra t bung tr ng v tinh hon , v no , tuy n thng thn , v nhau thai . Steroid l cc phn t lipid ph c tp c hnh thnh da trn cc phn t cholesterol v c nh hng n qu trnh ha hc trong c th , tng trng , tinh dc , v c cc ch c nng sinh l khc . Trong ngnh sinh l hc v y hc , cc steroid quan trng nht l cholesterol , v cc hormone , v cc ti n cht ca chng steroid i u khin mt s cc qu trnh trao i cht ca c th . tt c cc hocmone gi i tnh t nhin u l steroid . cc hocmone steroid ca v thng thn bao gm Glucocorticoids nh c c nh nh cortisone , cortisol , mineralocorticoids v aldosterone . steroid phn t c bn c cu trc bao gm 4 vng carbon ni li n v i nhau . cc l p khc nhau ca steroid c ch c nng kh c nhau nabolic steroid tng khi lng c bp . Steroid chng vim (hoc corticosteroid) c th lm gim sng , au , v lm d u cc biu hin khc ca vim . C c loi steroid:
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Anabolic steroid l mt cht ha hc tng hp t nhin ca hormone steroid , gip thc tng trng c bp v phn chia t bo , dn n tng trng ca m c v x ng , i khi lm tng kch th c x ng v c s c mnh . tt c c c steroid ng ha u c dn xut t cc hocmone sinh dc nam , testosterone anabolic steroid lm vic bng cch t mnh rng buc v i cc t bo (cc t bo cht t do trong t bo) . Androgen receptor . testosterone l loi anabolic steroid t nhin tt nht hin na , cng nh c c androgen t nhin c bi t n . anabolic steroid c th lm tng cn cc nhanh , tng trng lng c , tng cht bo t do , v c kch th c ca nhng si c trong qu tr nh lu n tp s c mnh . Corticosteroid l mt nhm cc loi thuc chng vim t ng t nh kch thch t orticosteroid c tuy n thng thn ca c th t sn xut . trong sinh l hc , orticosteroid c bao bc bi mt l p cc hocmone steroid c sn xut trong v thng thn . Corticosteroid rt quan trng trong mt lot cc h thng phn ng sinh l ca c th nh stress , phn ng mi n d ch , v cc hnh th c vim , carbonhydrat chuyn ha , d ha m , in mu phn cp , v cc hnh vi ca con ngi . Corticosteroid c hot ng trong cc t bo lympho v leukemias lymphoid . Corticosteroid c th s dng cho vic thay th hocmone s l cc bi n ch ng ca bnh ung th v i u tr ung th thng c s dng trong c c trng hp vim kh p

nghim trng , v chng c th ung c hoc tim , i khi l tim v trc ti p n i c n i u tr Hormone gii tnh l mt nhm steroid hocmone c sn xut bi v thng thn Estrogen v progesterone c gi l hocmone gi i tnh n , adrogens l hocmone sinh dc nam hormone c sn xut trong gonads v c dng pht trin v du tr c c c im gi i tnh th cp v s cp , nh chun b cho vic mang thai , hay s pht trin ca giao t . phi nam c hocmone testosterone , trong khi n gi i c estrogen v progesterone hocmone gi i tnh n c trch nhim i u ha kinh nguyt v pht trin cc c tnh n gi i . Prohocmones ha c n c gi l cc cht ti n hocmone , cht ny khng phi l hocmone , nhng s tr thnh hocmone nam hoc n ti gan da trn hot ng ca c c enz m t ngi c l nam hay n m n s to thnh hocmone nam hay n . cc dng thng gp ca hocmone ny l 4androstenedione , 4-androstenediol (4-AD), 19-norandrostenedione, 19norandrostenediol, and 1-androstenediol (1-AD). h c nng ca Steroid:

Steroid thng thng c s dng tng mt s lng l n c bp v s c mnh cho php ko di hoc luyn tp nng h n trong c c bui luyn tp th thao . Mt s ngi dng steroid ci thin c th () l do . Steroid tng tng hp protein , thc tng trng ca c bp v x ng Gim thi gian phc hi gia cc hip tp v cho php cc VDV c th c luyn tp lu h n v nng h n nabolic steroid tng khi lng c bp . Steroid khng vim hoc corticosteroid c th lm gim sng , au , v biu hin khc ca vim . Steroid tng hp c s dng trong mt lot cc liu php kim sot vn v h hp , vim da , gim vim kh p , v i u tr ri lon mu . Testosterone l mt loi steroid c sn xut bi tinh hon v tuy n thng thn . Testosterone l mt hocmone sinh dc nam v cng quan trng . c trch nhim kch thch tng trng c bp , x ng ,v c kh nng tinh dc . Testosterone kch thch sn xut tinh trng v nh hng n s pht trin ca c c c im ca phi mnh trong thi k dy th . Testosterone c n thi t cho sn xut tinh trng , v s pht trin ca c quan sinh dc nam gi i , v c c c im ca phi mnh Testosterone cng c n thi t cho s tch t ca cc khi c nc trong ngi . Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) l mt ti n cht steroid c sn xut bi tuy n thng thn v chuyn i sang testosterone hoc estrogen bi cc m ca c th . c nhi u DHEA s tng cng n m c cc i h mi n

d ch , tim mch , v nng lng trn tr . ci thin tr nh v gip hng phn . DHEA l mt cht chuyn ha cholesterol , n gim gim cng thng . DHEA cn l thuc phng chng ung th cng t HE cng d dng tng t l ung th v ph n Androstenedione l mt ti n kch thch t estrogen c sn xut bi tuy n thng thn v m stromal trong bung tr ng v sau chu n ha thnh estrone trong cc m m da . n nh m c testosterone ca c th , gip cc t bo mu khe mnh , i u khin ham mun , sn xut protein nhanh chng , v cn bng mi n d ch n cng c th lm gia tng nng lng , kch thch tnh dc , v mang rt nhi u ngha to l n . Hydrocortisone (cortisol) l glucocorticoid c tuy n thng thn v v no ti t ra . Hydrocortisone (cortisol) c trch nhim duy tr kh nng kim so t lng ng mu , n nh huy t p , v trnh cc bnh tt nh . H drocortisone (cortisol) gip c th b t cng thng , kch thch cc gluconeogenesis m bo mt ngun nguyn liu di do n cng gip a c c axit bo c sn trong c th vo qu tr nh trao i cht gip gim m . n cn gip gim lng glucose trong mu v l ngun nguyn liu rt tt cho no . Estrogen kch thch s pht trin th cp ca tnh dc v i u ha kinh nguyt ph n . Estrogen rt quan trng trong vic duy tr ch c nng n o b nh thng v pht trin cc t bo th n kinh khe mnh . Estrogen l nhn t rt c n thi t cho s pht trin lnh mnh ca h thng sinh sn ca phi n v gip cho vic gi x ng lu ng chc khe , cc t bo no khe mnh . Therapeuticall Estrogen c s dng i u tr ung th v v tu n ti n lit , lo ng x ng v c n dng gim discomforts ca thi k mn kinh . Nandrolone c s dng i u tr ch ng thi u testosterone , ung th v , v ch ng lo ng x ng n rt ging v i cu trc ca testorterone v c nhi u tc dng t ng t v vic tng khil lng c nc trong ngi . Nandrolone c nhi u ngi s dng v h hi vng rng n c th gip h tng v s c mnh cng nh c bp , c ng cng nh gim m trn c th . Cholesterol l ti n thn ca este cholesterol , acid mt , v kch thch t steroid v l mt thnh ph n v cng quan trng ca huy t t ng l mt ph n c n thi t ca tt c cc mng t bo trn c th con ngi . l ti n thn ca tt c mi loi ni ti t t steroid gi i thiu trn . n l phn t hu c hng u xut hin nhi u nht trong no v l ngun nguyn liu khng th thi u cho ch c nng n o tu nhin , n u qu nhi u cholesterol trong mu n s k t hp v i cc gc gluco v to thnh cc mng tch t trong c c thnh ng mch , v c th dn n cc du hiu v triu ch ng ca bnh tim mch vnh .

T c hi ca vic lm dng Steroid: Steroid ch y u c s dng bi cc bodybuildingers , VDV , v nhng ngi a cnh tranh trong vic tha i h nh d ng c th mt cch nhanh chng nng cao hiu xut ca h . ngoi ra , mt s c nhn trong ngnh ngh i hi phi tng cng th lc nh v s , cng nhn xy dng , v c ng an u c th s dng loi thuc ny . Tu nhin , khi steroid c s dng sai hoc lm dng qu m c s mang li nhng vn v s c khe khng mong mun . phn ng ph ca vic s dng steroid c th l b rng tc , c vn v gan , mt ng , mn tr ng c , nh c u ,vng da , tng hu t p , v cao cholesterol . n ng s dng steroid c th b thu hp tinh hon , v n nh n b , v tuy n ti n lit v cc vn sinh sn khc . n gi i s c ging ni , hung hng h n , kh ch u , hay lo lng , kinh nguyt bt thng , m vt m rng . phi nam c th co rt tinh hon , v sinh , v pht trin v . ngoi ra cn c mt s tc dng tm l nh hoang tng , tr m cm , thch t st . Tc dng ph tm l c th l khng th pht trin ti p c tui thi u nin , dng steroid lm dng c th t c ng su sc n tm tr , gy nhng bi n i tnh cch tm thi ti mt s trng hp . Ko di vic s dng steroid c th lm h gan , ung th ,vng da , chy mu , v vim gan.

7. Saponin Saponin c dng ch nhm gl cosid c c tnh chung l khi ho tan vo n c s c t c dng lm gim s c cng b mt ca dung d ch v to bt i t c dng ca c c enz m thc vt, vi khun, hoc acid lo ng, saponin b thu phn thnh genin (gi l sapogenin) v ph n glucid Ph n glusid gm c c ose ph bi n l -glucose, D-galactose, L-mannose v L-arabinose Ph n sapogenin gm hai nhm l n l saponin triterpen v saponin steroid Trong , saponin steroid phn b tp trung c mt l m m cn saponin triterpen phn b rng nhng tp trung ch u c hai l m m V mt hot tnh sinh hc, saponin cung cp nhi u loi thuc quan trng v i mt s t c dng chnh nh sau: T c dng b, tng cng sinh lc (saponin c trong h nhn sm); T c dng long m, d u ho (c trong cam tho, vi n ch); Gim au nh c kh p x ng (c trong ngu tt, c x c), h cholesterol trong m u