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Trng i Hc Cng Nghip Thnh Ph H Ch Minh

Li M u Mn hc Qu trnh v thit b c hc l mn hc ginh cho sinh vin chuyn ngnh cng ngh ho hc ,thc phm ,sinh hc Trong cc qu trnh vn chuyn, qu trnh khuy trn, lc, lng ly tm u c nhng ng dng rt quan trong trong cuc sng c bit l qu trnh lc v qu trnh khuy trn cc cht. qu trnh lc v khuy trn c ng dng rt nhiu trong cuc sng c bit l nhng sinh vin nghnh ho v nghnh cng ngh thc phm cng ngh sinh hc. 1 L do chn ti Trn thc t, vt cht tn ti di dng hn hp nhiu cht hoc pha, vic phn ring cc hn hp khng ng nht hay vic khuy trn l mt hot ng quan trng trong nhiu giai on khc nhau ca qu trnh x l nc thi.Cc ng dng ca qu trnh khuy trn v lc c ng dng rt nhiu nh lc bi hay khuy trn. Trong cc ng dng ny rt cn thit trong qu trnh sn xut v lm vic ca con ngi. V nhng l do trn m ti chn ti phn ring bng phng php lc v khuy trn cht lng. lc l mt qu trnh c thc hin phn ring hn hp nh vch ngn xp. vch ngn xp c kh nng cho mt pha i qua cn gi pha kia li nn c gi l vch ngn lc. khuy trn to ra nhiu hot ng quan trng, thng qu trnh khuy trn cn to ra c hiu qu l vic cung cp thm oxy ho tan cho qu trnh phn hu sinh hc hiu kh. Khuy trn trong mi trng lng thng c ng dng rng ri trong cc nghnh cng nghip ho cht v thc phm to ra dung dch huyn ph, nh tng, tng cng qu trnh ho tan, truyn nhit chuyn khi v qu trnh ho hc ... V nhng l do trn y m ti quyt nh chn ti : phn ring h cht lng khng ng nht v khuy trn cht lng.
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Trng i Hc Cng Nghip Thnh Ph H Ch Minh

2 Nhim v nghin cu Trong cun tiu lun ny ti xin gii thiu v nh ngha ca bi, cc thit b lc bi v gii thiu v khuy trn bng c kh nh gii thiu v cc loi cch khuy, cng sut, nng lng, hiu sut 3 i tng nghin cu Cc thit b lc, khuy trn cu to nguyn tc hot ng v cc phng trnh c lin quan cng cc ng dng ca chng nh nng sut. hiu sut,phng php tin hnh. 4 B cc Bi tiu lun gm c 40 trang, hnh Li M u Chng I Phn bit h cht lng khng ng nht Chng II Khuy trn cht lng Kt lun Trong qu trnh lm bi tiu lun ti c s hng dn v gip ca NCS THS Trn ng Thch v cc thy c gio chuyn ngnh trong khoa ca Trng i Hc Cng Nghip Thnh Ph H Ch Minh gip ti hon thnh cun tiu lun ny. Trong cun tiu lun ny do thi gian v hiu bit c hn nn khng th trnh khi nhng sai st. Mong c s gp v nh gi ca cc thy c. Sinh Vin Thc Hin Cao Hi Trng

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Mc lc Li m u.trang 1 I.Lc bi trang 5 1.1 Khi nim trang 5 1.2 Thit b lc bi, phn loi v cc thng s c trng .trang 6 1.3 Thit b lc bi kiu ti vi .trang 6 1.4 Thit b lc kiu li ..trang 9 1.5 B lc kiu thng quay .trang 11 1.6 Thit b lc dng thp trang 12 2. Lc huyn ph trang 13 2.1 Phng trnh lc ..trang14 2.1.1 Tc lc v cc yu t nh hng n thi gian lc trang14 2.1.2 Lc vi p sut khng i P = const trang15 2.1.3 Lc vi tc lc khng i trang 15 2.2 Thit b lc huyn ph trang 15 2.2.1 Thit b lc khung bn trang 15 2.2.2 Thit b lc thng quay trang 17 2.2.3 Thit b lc ly tm trang 18 3 Lc nc tinh kit ..trang 19 3.1 Cht hp ph than hot tnh Trang 20 3.1.1 Nguyn tc to than hot tnh . ..Trang 20 3.1.2 Cng dng ca than hot tnh . Trang 20 3.1.3 Cc dng kt cu ca than hot tnh .trang 21 3.2 Cng ngh thm thu ngc trang 22 3.2.1 Phn loi ..trang 23 3.2.2 Qu trnh hot ng ..trang 23
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3.2.3 Hiu sut loi b tp cht ca mng RO.. trang 23 3.3 Cng ngh lc nc Ultrafitration trang 24 3.3.1 Cu to b lc mng Ultrafitration .trang 25 3.3.2 Mt s c im tiu biu ca cng ngh Uf .trang 26 3.3.3 ng dng ca mng Ultrafitration .trang 27 3.4 Thanh trng bng tia cc tm . Trang 28 3.5 Bi tp ng dng ...trang 28 Chng II Khuy Trn Cht Lng .trang 33 I. Gii thiu trang 33 1. Khuy trn bng c kh trang35 1.1 Khi nim Trang 35 1.2 Cng sut khuy trn .. ..trang 37 2. Cu to cnh khuy .. trang 39 2.1 Loi cch mi cho trang 39 2.2 Cnh khuy loi chn vt (chong chng ) trang 41 2.3 Cnh khuy tuycbin ..trang 43 2.4 Cnh khuy c bit thng khuy trang 44 3 Khuy bng kh nn .trang 45 Kt lun ...trang 48 Ti liu tham kho ...trang 49

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Lc bi

1.1 Khi nim: trong sch ca khng kh l mt trong nhng tieey chun quan trng cn c khng ch trong khng gian vng kh quyn, trong cng nghip, iu ha v thng gi. Tiu chun ny cng quan trng i vi cc i tng nh bnh vin, phng ch bin thc phm, cc xng sn xut cc in t, thit b quang hc Bi l nhng thnh phn vt cht c kch thc nh b khuch tn trong mi trng khng kh. Bi l mt trong cc cht c hi. Tc hi ca bi ph thuc vo cc yu t: kch c bi, nng bi v ngun gc bi. Phn loi bi - Theo ngun gc ca bi: + Bi hu c: do cc sn phm nng nghip v thc phm nh thuc l, bong vi, bi g, cc sn phm nng sn, da, long sc vt. + Bi v c: c ngun gc t kim loi, khong cht, cht v c, t, , xi mng, amiang. - Theo kch c ht bi: Bi c kch c cng b tc hi cng ln do kh nng xm nhp su, tn ti trong khng kh lu v kh x l. Theo kch c bi c phn thnh cc dng ch yu sau: + Siu mn: L nhng ht bi c kch c nh hn 0,001. Loi bi ny l tc nhn gy mi trong cc khng gian thng gi v iu ha khng kh. + Rt mn: + Mn: + Th:

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- Theo hnh dng ht bi: Theo hnh dng c th phn thnh cc dng bi sau: + Dng mnh (dng tm mng) + Dng si + Dng khi Tc hi ca bi Bi c nhiu tc hi n sc khe v cht lng cc sn phm. - i vi sc khe ca con ngi bi nh hng n ng h hp, th gic v nh hng n cuc sng sinh hot khacscuar con ngi. c bit i vi cc ng h hp, ht bi cng nh nh hng ca chng cng ln. Nng bi cho php trong khng kh ph thuc vo bn cht ca bi v thng c nh gi theo hm lng xit silic. - Nhiu sn phm i hi phi c sn xut trong mi trng ht sc trong sch. V d nh cng nghip thc phm, cng nghip ch to thit b quang hc, in t - Nng : + Nng bi cho php trong khng kh thng cho php nng oxit silic. 1.2 Thit b lc bi, phn loi v cc thng s c trng ca n. Trong k thut iu ha khng kh v thng gi thng ngi ta c trang b i km theo cc h s lc bi cho khng kh. C nhiu kiu thit b lc bi hot ng da trn nhiu nguyn l khc nhau. 1.2.1 Phn loi: Thit b lc bi c nhiu loi, ty thuc vo nguyn l tch bi, hnh thc bn ngoi, cht liu ht bim ngi ta chia ra cc loi thit b lc bi nh sau: Thit b lc theo kiu ti vi. Thit b lc bi theo kiu li lc.
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Thit b lc bi kiu thng quay. Thit b lc bi kiu su bt. Thit b lc bi bng lp vt liu rng. Thit b lc bi kiu tnh in. Cc thng s c trng ca thit b lc bi

Cc thng s c trng cho mt thit b lc bi bao gm: Hiu qu lc bi, ph ti khng kh v tr lc ca thit b lc bi. Hiu qu lc bi: l t l phn trm lng bi c x l so vi Ph ti khng kh: Lu lng thng khng kh tnh cho 1m2 din Tr lc thy lc: Mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng ca thit b lng bi trong khng kh ban u. tch b mt lc. lc bi l tr lc cc b do b lc gy ra i vi dng khng kh i qua n. Tr lc ca b lc c tnh theo cng thc: Ngoi ra i vi cc b lc bi cn c cc ch tiu nh gi khc na nh: mc tiu th in nng, gi c mc gn 1.3 Thit b lc bi kiu ti vi: Thit b lc bi kiu ti vi c s dng rng ri cho cc loi bi mn, kh kh tch khi khng kh nh lc qun tnh v ly tm.

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lc ngi ta cho lung khng kh c nhim bi i qua cc ti vi mn, ti vi s ngn cc ht bi li v khng kh i thot qua. Qua mt thi gian lc, lng bi bm ln bn trong nhiu, khi hiu qu lc bi cao 90 95 % nhng tr lc khi ln P = 600 800 Pa, nn sau mt thi gian lm vic phi c nh k r bi bng tay hoc kh nn trnh nn dng gi i qua thit b. i vi dng kh m phi si kh trc khi lc bi trnh hin tng bt dnh trn b mt vi lc lm tng tr lc v gim nng sut lc. Thit b lc bi kiu ti vi c nng sut lc khong 150
180 m /h trn 1m din tch b mt vi lc. Khi nng bi khong 30
3 2

80 mg/m3 th hiu qu lc bi kh cao t t 96 99%. Nu nng bi trong khng kh cao trn 5000mg/m3 th caand lc s b bng thit b lc khc trc khi a sang b lc ti vi. B lc kiu ti vi c nhiu kiu dng khc nhau, di y trnh by kiu ti vi thng c s dng. Trn hnh v l thit b lc bi kiu ti n gin.
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Hn hp khng kh v bi i vo ca 1 v chuyn ng xoy i xung cc ti vi 2, khng kh lt qua ti vi v i ra ca thot gi 5. Bi c cc ti vi ngn li v ri xung phu 3 v nh k x nh van 4. r ngi ta thng s dng cc cch gt bi j kh nn chuyn ng ngc chiu khi lc bi, cc lp bi bm trn vi s ri khi b mt bn trong ti vi. 1.4 Thit b lc bi kiu li B lc bi kiu li c ch to t nhiu loi vt liu khc nhau nhm lm cho khng kh i qua chuyn ng dch dc nhm loi b caschatj bi ln trong khng kh. Loi ph bin nht gm c mt khung lm bng thp, hai mt c li thp, gia l lp vt liu ngn bi. Lp vt liu ny c th l cc mu kim loi, s, si thy tinh, si nha Kch thc vt liu m cng nh th khe h gia chng cng nh v kh nng lc bi cng cao. Tuy nhin i vi cc loi lc bi kiu ny khi hiu qu lc bi tng u km theo tng tr lc.

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Trn hnh 2 l tm li lc vi vt liu m l li kim loi hoc s. Kch thc thng thng ca tm lc l 500 x 500 x (75 80)mm, khu kim loi c kch thc 13 x 13 x 1mm. Li lc c tr lc kh b 30 40 Pa. Hiu qu lc bi c th t 99%, nng sut lc t 4000 5000 m3/h cho 1m2 din tch b mt li lc. Loi lc bi kiu li ny rt thch hp cho cc loi bi l si bong, si vi Hm lng bi sau b lc t 6 12 mg/m3 Ty theo lu lng khng kh cn lc cc tm c ghp vi nhau trn khung phng hoc ghp nhiu tng tng hiu qu lc. Trong mt s trng hp vt liu m c tm du nng cao hiu sut lc bi. Tuy nhin du s dng cn lu m bo khng mi, lu kh v kh oxi ha. Sau mt thi gian lm vic hiu qu kh km nn nh k v sinh b lc.

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1.5 B lc kiu hnh quay B lc bi thng quay thng c s dng trong cc nh my dt lc bi bong trong khng kh.

Cu to gm mt khung hnh trng c qun li thp quay quanh

trc vi tc 1 2 vng/pht. Tc quay ca b lc kh thp nh hp gim tc v c th iu chnh ty thuc vo lng bi thc t. Khi quay cng chm, lng bi bm trn b mt tang trng cng nhiu, hiu qu lc bi cao nhng tr lc ca thit b rt ln. Nguyn l lm vic: khng kh c a vo t pha di v x ln b mt ngoi ca trng. Khng kh i vo bn trong tang trng, bi c gi li trn b mt trng v khng kh sch i ra hai u theo cc khe h. tch bi trn b mt trng, ngi ta s dng c cu tch bi, c cu c tc
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dng bc lp bi ra khi b mt v ri xung ng v ti gom bi. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn c th s dng h thng ng ht bi c ming ht t ln b mt tang trng v ht sch bi a ra ngoi. Trong trng hp trong khng kh u ra cn ln nhiu bi mn th c th kt hp vi b lc kiu ti vi t pha sau lc tinh. Khng kh ra thit b c hm lng thp c 0,5 mg/m3, nhng tr lc khc ln, c th ln n 1000Pa, ph ti c th ti 7000 8000 m3/h cho mi b lc. 1.6 Thit b lc dng thp C nhiu kiu thit b lc bi lm bng vt liu rng, nhng hiu qu hn hn l thit b kt hp ti nc. Cu to: c hai lp vt liu rng bng nha. Khng kh i t di ln, nc c phun t trn xung. Cc vi phun nc t ngay pha di lp vt liu rng pha trn. Lp vt liu di c tc dng lc bui, lp trn ngoi tc dng lc bi, ngoi ra cn c nhim v quan trng l ngn cn cc git nc b cun theo khng kh.

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Trng i Hc Cng Nghip Thnh Ph H Ch Minh

Thit b lc bi theo kiu vt liu rng c kh nng kh mi rt tt,

c bit kh mi v cht c hi trong khng kh th cng nghip. Cc thng s k thut ca b lc bi bng vt rng nh sau: - Vn tc khng kh qua thit din ngang thit b: v = 1,8 2 m/s. - Kch thc ht bi c th lc 2 Lc huyn ph Cho huyn ph vo mt bn vch ngn ri to ra trn b mt lp huyn ph p sut P1. Di tc dng ca p sut, pha lin tc xuyn qua cc mao dn trn vch ngn chy qua pha bn kia gi l nc lc, cn pha phn tn b gi li trn goi l b lc.

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Trng i Hc Cng Nghip Thnh Ph H Ch Minh

Chnh lch p sut gia hai bn lc P = P1 P2 Tng P1 bng cch dung chiu cao ct p thy tinh, dng bm hay my nn a huyn ph vo. Dng phng php ny gi l lc p lc. Gim P2 bng cch dng bm chn khng ht khng kh trong thit b. Dng phng ny gi l lc chn khng. 2.1 Phng trnh lc 2.1.1 Tc lc v cc yu t nh hng n thi gian lc. Lng nc thu c trn mt n v din tch b mt vch ngn lc trn mt dn v thi gian gi l tc lc. Qu trnh lc huyn ph ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: Tnh cht huyn ph: nht, kch thc v hnh dng pha phn tn; ng lc qu trnh lc; tr lc b v vch ngn; din tch b mt vch lc. Theo DAKSI, tc lc c th biu din di dng phng trnh sau: Khi nghin cu qu trnh lc, n gin ngi ta ch tin hnh hai ch l lc vi p sut khng i v lc vi tc lc khng i.

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2.1.2 Lc vi p sut khng i, P = const Gi q = V/F lng nc lc ring: l lng nc lc thu c trn 1m2 b mt vch lc, m3/m2 2.1.3 Lc vi tc lc khng i Do tc lc l khng i nn s bin thin th tch nc lc trong mt n v thi gian l hng s. 2.2 Thit b lc huyn ph 2.2.1 Thit b lc khung bn y l loi thit b lc p lc lm vic gin on ngha l nhp liu vo lin tc, nc lc ly ra lin tc nhng b c tho ra theo chu k. Thit b lc khung bn c cu to ch yu l khung v bn. Khung gi vai tr cha b lc v l ni nhp huyn ph vo. Bn to ra b mt lc vi cc rnh dn nc lc. Khung v bn thng c ch to c dng hnh vung v phi c s bt kn tt khi ghp khung v bn.

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Khung v bn c xp lin tip nhau trn gi . Gia khung v bn l vch lc ngn. p cht khung v bn nh c cu ai vt xon nh tay quay. L dn huyn ph nhp liu ca khung v bn c ni lin to thnh ng dn nh ra ghp vi h thng cp liu. Nc lc chy qua t bn qua h thng ng ng v ly ra ngoi. B c gi li trn b mt vch ngn lc v c cha trong khung. Khi b trong khung y th dng qu trnh lc tin hnh ra v tho b.

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Trng i Hc Cng Nghip Thnh Ph H Ch Minh

2.2.2 Thit b lc thng quay

Lc chn khng thng quay l thit b lm vic lin tc vi ng lc qu trnh c to ra bng bm chn khng. Thng quay c t trong b cha huyn ph vi nhng su c nh theo mc cht lng khng i. Thng ngi ta chia ra 6 khu vc theo chu k ca thng. Thng quay dng tr, trn than c l, bn ngoi ph vch ngn lc. Bn trong phn ra 12 ngn ring bit, mi ngn c ng ng ni vi trc rng
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ti tm thng quay. H thng ng ng cng vi trc rng to thnh ng ht chn khng v dn nc lc. Khu vc lm ro b c h tr c cu bng ti p bt nc lc v nc ra. Tho cn bng nhiu cch: bng cch dao co, con ln, bng ti hoc kt hp cc loi trn. 2.2.3 Lc ly tm My lc ly tm dng phn ring huyn ph c kch thc pha rn tng i ln. Trn thnh roto ca my ly tm hc khoan nhiu l hoc bng li. ng knh l trn thnh roto thng trong di hn 3 8 mm. Bn trong thnh roto c li c kch thc nh lc c ht cc huyn ph. Nu ng knh cc ht rn 1 2 mm, th vch ngn lm bng thp tm mng v c khoan cc l nh c ng knh khong 1 1,5 mm. Nu cc ht rn nh hn na th phi dng li kim loi c l hnh vung vi kch thc l di 0,1 0,5 mm. Nu kch thc ht rn nh hn dng lp vi bng si bong, si gai hoc len My ly tm nm ngang thi b bng dao Loi my ly tm nm ngang thi b bng dao cng lm vic gin on nhng tt c cc gian on u c t ng ha nn thi gian ca mt chu k ngn hn loi tho b bng tay. Sau khi m my roto quay th cho huyn ph vo roto theo ng tip liu (trn ng c lp mt van c bit). Sau huyn ph vo lng yu cu th van ng li v xy ra qu trnh ly tm. Lp b trong roto ngy cng dy ln v khi m bo chiu dy quy nh th xy lanh lc h pittong xung ko theo dao co b, co thnh lp mng ri xung mng hng pha di. Nh vy dao ly b ra mt cch gin on v chuyn ng xoay ca dao l nh chuyn ng tnh tin ca pittong.

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3 Lc nc tinh khit ngy nay, cng vi s pht trin ca cc nghnh cng nghip th tnh trng nhim mi trng, c bit l cc ngun nc ngm cng b nhim mt cch ng ngi. Do vy vic s dng nc trong sinh hot, sn xut cng gp kh khn. Do nhu cu nc sch cho sn xut cng nh nhu cu sinh hot ca con ngi nn ngi ta tin hnh thit k cc thit b lc dng tch cc tp cht trong nc. H thng lc nc c bn l: lc nc tinh khit. Qu trnh lc nc tinh khit thng din ra qua 3 gian on c bn: Lc th: Loi b cc tp cht c kch thc ln, kh mi v mu Lc tinh: Loi b cc tp cht c kch thc b hn (khong vi chc micromet), cc vi khun, virut, cc ion kim loi Thng dng mng siu lc UF (Ultrafitration), cc ct lc tinh hoc dng phng php thm thu ngc (y c th xem l phng php hiu qu v hin i nht trn th gii t trc n nay).

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Thanh trng: loi b cc vi khun c hi cho sc khe con ngi, thng thanh trng bng ti cc tm, bng phng php to ozone hoc dng phng php tit trng bng chlorine. 3.1 Cht hp th than hot tnh 3.1.1 Nguyn tc to than hot tnh Than hot tnh l vt liu lm t than c bitum, than non, g, go da c hot tnh ha bng hi nc, nhit trong iu kin thiu kh. Qu trnh ny to nn nhng l nh li ti c tc dng hp th v gi cc tp cht. Than hot tnh rt thng dng trong cng nghip x l nc. Than hot tnh lc nc qua hai qu trnh song song: 1) 2) Lc c hc, gi li cc ht cn bng nhng l nh. Hp th cc tp cht ha tan trong nc bng c ch hp th b mt

hoc trao i ion. 3.1.2 Cng dng ca than hot tnh - Loi b mi, ci thin v t nhin ca nc. - Kh ha cht, chlorine. - Kh mu. - Loi b cc hp cht hu c - Loi b hp cht tng hp nh trihalomethane - ng dng tt cho x l nc ung, nc tm Than hot tnh l mt cht liu xp, c rt nhiu l ln nh. Di knh hin vi in t, mt ht than c cu to bn trong trng ging nh mt t kin. V th, din tch tip xc b mt ca n rt rng hp th tp cht.

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3.1.3 Cc dng kt cu ca than hot tnh a) Dng bt cm: l loi c ch to theo cng ngh c, nay thng c s dng trong sn xut pin, ac quy. C mt s nh sn xut dng loi ny trn vi keo c thnh ng than. b) Dng ht: l nhng ht than nh r tin, thch hp cho vic kh mi. Tuy nhin, nc ton c xu hng chy xuyn qua nhng khong trng gia nhng ht than thay v phi chui qua l nh. c) Dng khi c: l loi hiu qu nht lc cn, khun Coliform, ch, c t, kh mu v kh mi chlorine. Loi ny c lm t nguyn mt thi than, c p nh dng di p sut ti 800 tn nn rt chc chn. Hiu sut lc ca than hot tnh ty thuc ch yu vo nhng yu t: Tnh cht vt l ca than hot tnh: kt cu, kch thc, mt l, din tch tip xc. Tnh cht l ha ca cc loi tp cht cn loi b. Thi gian tip xc ca nc vi than hot tnh cng lu th hp th cng tt.

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3.2 Cng ngh thm thu ngc Thm thu ngc l cng ngh cao cp nht trong nghnh lc nc (n cn c tn gi l Hyberfiltration). Thm thu ngc l g? l mt quy trnh ngc ca thm thu. Thm thu l mt hin tng t nhin. Nc bao gi cng chuyn dch t ni c nng mui/khong n ni c nng cao hn. Qu trnh din cho n khi nng mui khong t hai ni ny bng nhau.

Thm thu ngc: l qu trnh ngc li ngi ta dng mt p lc y ngc nc t ni c hm lng mui/khong cao thm qua mt loi mng c bit n ni khng c hoc c t mui/khong hn.

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3.2.1 Cu to mng thm thu ngc T mt mng mng lm t vt liu cellulozo acetate, polyamide hoc mng TFC c nhng l nh ti 0,001micron. Tt c cc mng ny u chu p sut cao nhng kh nng chu pH v chlorine khng ging nhau. 3.2.2 Qu trnh hot ng Vi tc v p lc cc ln, dng nc chy lin tc trn b mt ca mng RO. Mt trong mt s phn t nc chui qua c nhng l lc. Cc tp cht b dng nc cun tri v thi b ra ngoi. Vi cch thc ny, b mt ca mng RO lin tc c ra sch v c tui th ti 2 5 nm, cc loi tp cht khng qua c l lc b dng nc ra tri trn b mt mng lc v thi ra ngoi. 3.2.3 Hiu sut loi b tp cht ca mng RO Vi cu to c bit, mng RO (thm thu ngc) loi b hiu qu tt c hu nh nhng g khng phi l nc.

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Tn cht Nhm Ammonia Arsenic Vi khun Bicarbonate Bromide Cadmium Canxi Chloride Chromate Chromium ng Cyanide Ferrocyanide Fluoride St Ch Magie Mangan Thy ngn % TDS

Hiu sut 97 98% 85 95% 94 96% 99+% 95 96% 93 96% 96 98% 96 98% 94 95% 90 98% 96 99% 97 99% 90 95% 98 99% 94 96% 98 99% 96 98% 96 98% 96 98% 96 98% 95 99%

Tn cht Nickel Nitrte Phosphate Polyphosphate Potassium Pyrogen Radioactivity Radium Selenium Silica Silicate Bc Natri Sulphate Sulphite Thic Virut Insecticides Detergents Herbicides

Hiu sut 97 99% 93 96% 99% 98 99% 92% 99+% 95 98% 97% 97% 85 90% 95 97% 95 97% 92 98% 99+% 96 98% 98 99% 99+% 97% 97% 97%

3.3 Cng ngh lc nc Ultrafiltration Ultrafiltration l mt cng ngh lc dng mng p sut thp loi b nhng phn t c kch thc ln ra khi ngun nc. Di p sut khng
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qua 2,5 bar, nc, mui khong v cc phn t ion nh hn l lt (0,1 0,005 micron) s chui qua mng d dng. Cc phn t ln hn, cc loi viruts, vi khun s b gi li v thi x ra ngoi.

3.3.1 Cu to b lc mng Ultrafiltration Mng lc Ultrafiltration c lm thnh nhng ng nh, ng knh ngoi bng 1,6 mm. Mt b lc l mt b hang ngn ng nh nn din tch lc rt ln, gip tng lu lng nc ln nhiu ln. Mng lc ny cng c th ra ngc li c v c tui th kh cao t 3 5 nm. Vt liu lm v ng c th l thp khng r, c bn c hc cao hoc cc vt liu chng n mn, bn vi thi gian. Hin nay, ngi ta thng dng ng lm bng vt liu composite v c nhng u im nh: gn nh, d tho lp, khng b n mn.

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3.3.2 Mt s c im tiu biu ca cng ngh Ultrafiltration Qu trnh lc din ra nhit bnh thng v p sut thp nn tiu th t in nng, ct gim chi ph hot ng ng k. Kch thc ca h thng gn nh, cu trc n gin nn khng tn mt bng lp t. Quy trnh vn hnh n gin, khng cn nhiu nhn cng.
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Cu trc v vt liu mng lc ng nht v s dng phng php lc c hc nn khng lm bin i tnh cht ha hc ca ngun nc. Vt liu ca mng lc khng xm nhp vo ngun nc, m bo tinh khit trong sut quy trnh x l. 3.3.3 ng dng ca mng Ultrafiltration - Lc nc bin, nc mui (thy sn, ha cht) lm sch nc bin m vn gi nng mui, mng UF c th thay th cho ton b quy trnh phc tp nhiu cng on: Nc bin Kh trng
Lc th Lc ct Thanh hot tnh Nc bin sch.

Lc nc p tri cy, nc tr xanh loi b nhng thnh phn khng c li trong nc p tri cy ngi ta thng dng men sinh hc hoc ha cht lm kt ta chng ri gn ly phn nc trong nhng vn khng gim c xung 2,0 NTU. ng dng cng ngh mng c th gim ti lng enzyme v ha cht, m bo tnh thin nhin ca tri cy trong ci thin trong r reeij: 0,4 0,6NTU. Thu hi du m v nc thi Rt nhiu nghnh cng ngh s dng du lm mt, trn v thng phi thi b sau mt thi gian. Vi mng UF, ta c th d dng tch c du t ngun nc thi ny. Kch thc ca phn t du nh chui qua l lt nhng sc cng b mt ca n li cn tr iu ny. Sau khi dng mng UF nc thi ch cn cha ti 10 ppm du, ph hp vi quy nh. c bit, c ti 30 60% lng du c thu hi ti s dng. Lm sch nc my: Nu nc my khng b nhim nng, khng c asen, nitric, thuc tr su ta ch cn dng mng UF tinh ch thnh nc ung trc tip.

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3.4Thanh Trng Tia Cc Tm - kh cho nc c th dng nhiu cch : bng phng php vt l hoc theo phng php ho hc - quy trnh ; cho nc chy qua mt ng kn trong c lp n cc tm. Cc tia UV c phng vo dng nc. cu trc DAN/RNA ca vi sinh vt b thay i lm cho chng khng th tn ti v sinh sn c.

3.5 Bi Tp ng Dng
Cu 1 : My lc kh bng vi lc A Nng sut cao v hiu sut thp B C hiu sut cao nhng hay hng vi v d b tc nu lm sch kh m C Nng sut cao, d s dng thao tc D Nng sut cao v hiu sut thp
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Bi gii p n B v qua mt thi gian lc, lng bi bm li bn trong nhiu, khi hiu qu lc bi cao 90 95% nhng tr lc khi ln P = 600 800 Pa , nn sau mt thi gian l vic phi nh k r bi trnh nghn dng gi i qua thit b. Cu 2 My lc khung bn khi hot ng , dung dch A Chy vo khung v ra bn B Chy vo bn v ra khung C Chy vo cc ng rnh D Chy vo bn Bi gii p n A v nc lc chy ra t bn qua h thng ng ng v ly ra ngoi. B c gi li trn b mt vch ngn lc v c cha trong khung. Cu 3 : Huyn Ph L h c : A pha phn tn l rn , pha lin tc l kh B pha phn tn l lng khng ha tan, pha lin tc l lng C pha phn tn l rn pha lin tc l lng D pha phn tn l lng pha lin tc l kh Bi gii p n A v theo nh ngha v huyn ph th ta c nh sau: Huyn ph l h c pha phn tn l rn, pha lin tc l lng. Cu 4 : Nh tng l h c : A pha phn tn l rn, pha lin tc l kh B pha phn tn l lng khng ha tan, pha lin tc l lng C pha phn tn l rn pha lin tc l lng D pha phn tn l lng pha lin tc l kh Bi gii
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p n B v theo nh ngha v nh tng th ta c nh sau: nh tng l h c pha phn tn l lng khng tan ln cn pha lin tc l lng. Cu 5 Thit b lc khung bn l thit b lc A p lc v lm vic gin on B chn khng v lm vic gin on C p lc v lm vic lin tc D chn khng v lm vic lin tc Bi gii p n A v ta c thit b lc khung bn l thit b lc p lc lm vic gin on ngha l thu nhp liu vo lin tc, nc lc ly ra lin tc nhng b c tho ra theo chu k. Cu 6 Thit b lc thng quay l thit b lc A p lc v lm vic gin on B chn khng v lm vic gin on C p lc v lm vic lin tc D chn khng v lm vic lin tc Bi gii p n D v theo nh ngha v thit b lc thng quay l thit b lc chn khng thng quay lm vic lin tc vi ng lc qu trnh c to ra bng bm chn khng. Cu 7 Thit b lc bi Xycln l tch c ht bi ra khi hn hp kh nh : A lc ly tm B Lc trng trng C lc qun tnh D p sut thy tnh Bi gii
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p n A nh lc ly tm Cu 8 Thit b lc chn khng thng quay l thit b lc c ch lm vic: A p lc v lm vic gin on B chn khng v lm vic gin on C p lc v lm vic lin tc D chn khng v lm vic lin tc Bi gii p n D theo nh ngha thit b lc chn khng l thit b lm vic lin tc vi ng lc qu trnh c to ra bng bm chn khng. Cu 9 Thit b lc bi in trng c u im ; A hiu sut lc cao B hiu sut lc thp C nng lng in tiu tn nhiu D nng sut lc cao Bi gii p n D trong qua trnh lc cc ht bi dng ny tn ti di dng ion nn trong qu trnh lc thit b s tao ra c cc ion tri du nn s ht c cc ht bi nh hn li na, ng thi thit b lc ny cng gi c cc cht bi nh hn l lc ca chng do to thnh cc ion tri du nn ht nhau. Cu 10 ng lc qu trnh Lc l: A S chnh lch v m B S chnh lch v nng C S chnh lch v p sut D S chnh lch v khi lng Bi gii
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p n C do s chnh lch p sut do bm chn khng to ra Cu 11 Trong qu trnh lc : A Pha lin tc l nc lng, pha phn tn l b lc B Pha lin tc l b lc, pha phn tn l nc lc C Pha lin tc l nc lc, pha phn tn cng l nc lc D Pha lin tc l b lc, pha phn tn cng l b lc Bi gii p n A Cu 12 Tng ng lc qu trnh lc bng cch : A Tng p sut nc vch ngn lc hoc p sut sau vch ngn lc B Gim p sut trc vch ngn lc hoc gim p sut sau vch ngn lc C Tng p sut trc vch ngn lc hoc gim p sut sau vch ngn lc D Gim p sut trc vch ngn lc hoc tng p sut sau cch ngn lc Bi gii p n C

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Chng II Khuy trn cht lng


I Gii thiu Khuy trn l mt hot ng quan trong nhiu giai on khc nhau ca qu trnh x l nc thi nhm: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Trn ln hon ton cht ny vi cht khc Khuy trn cc git cht lng l lng trng thi l lng Khuy trn cc git cht lng trng thi l lng Trn ln cc cht lng To bng cn Trao i nhit

Thng qu trnh khuy trn cn to ra c hiu qu d l vic cung cp thm oxy ha tan cho qu trnh phn hy sinh hc hiu kh . Trong x l nc thi ,ngi ta s dng hai kiu khuy trn : - Khuy trn nhanh, lin tc ( continuous rapid mixing) : thi gian khuy t 30 giy tr xung nhm trn cc ha cht vo nc. Qu trnh khuy trn ny c th din ra bi (1) vic thay i phi trn: gi cc ht cht rn, p sut thay i t ngt cc rnh; (2) cc ng hay mng khuch tn; (3) trong ng ng; (4)bi cc ng bm; (5) thit b khuy tnh ; (6) thit b khuy c hc ( moteur gn cnh khuy).

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- Khuy lin tc (continuous lng trong b trng thi l lng) : Qu trnh khuy trn ny c th din ra bi (1) cc thit b khuy c hc; (2) khuy kh ng hc ; (3) khuy tnh v (4) bm. Khuy trn trong mi trng lng thng c ng dng rng ri trong cc nghnh cng nghip ha cht v thc phm to dung dch huyn ph, nh tng, tng cng qu trnh ha tan, truyn nhit, chuyn khi v qu trnh ha hc Ngi ta c th khuy trn cht lng bng c kh, bng kh nn, bng tit lu hay tun hon cht lng. Bi tp p dng Khuy trn lm : A Tng phn tn B Cung cp nng lng c hc C A v B u ng D A v B u sai Bi Gii
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p n C a v b u ng 1. Khuy trn bng c kh 1.1 Khi nim Khuy trn cht lng bng c kh ngha l dung cnh khuy Cnh khuy c nhiu loi: - Cnh khuy mi cho: trn cht lng c nht nh. Thng dng ha tan cht rn c khi lng ring khng ln lm - Cnh khuy chn vt (chong chng): dung iu ch dung dch huyn ph nh tng. Khng th dung cnh khuy chn vt khuy cht lng c nht cao hoc khuy cht lng trong c cc ht rn c khi lng ring ln. - Cnh khuy tuyc bin : dng khuy cht lng c nht cao n 5.105 cp, iu ch huyn ph mn , ha tan cc cht rn nhanh hoc khuy ng cc ht rn lng c c nng pha rn n 60%. - Cnh khuy c bit : dng trong trng hp khng th dng cnh khuy mi cho, chong chng, tuc bin. Thng dng khuy bn nho hoc cht lng c nht rt cao. - c trng ca qu trnh khuy trn l cng khuy v nng lng tiu th: - Cng khuy trn l cht lng ca kt qu khuy theo thi gian . Cng khuy trn ph thuc va nhiu yu t v cho n nay cha c phng php tnh ton no c th tin cy xc nh cng khuy trn. Theo pngnpski v nicolaiep cng khuy trn c th xc nh bng nng lng tiu hao ca1 n v cht lng khuy trn trong 1 n v thi gian. - Cng khuy trn c dc trng bi ch chuyn ng ca cht lng l c trng bi chun s Re.
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Nu ng dng khuy trn to huyn ph th hiu sut khuy c c trng bi s phn b ng u ca cc pha. Khi cnh khuy cha lm vic , cc ht cn nm y thit b to thnh 1 lp c b mt dy khng i. Khi my khuy lm vic u hon ton , ngha l bt c im no trong cht lng nng pha rn Xc u nh nhau, v bng:

Xc =

100.V x . x % khi lng Vl l + Vr r

Trong : Vr th tch pha rn , m3 Vl th tch pha lng m2


r - khi lng ring pha rn kg/m3
l - khi lng ring pha lng kg/m
3

Nu qu trnh khuy trn cha t ti s phn b ng u , th nng x im bt k no c th ln hn hoc nh hn Xc . T s ca hiu s x = x- xc v 100 xc c trng cho s phn b ng u ca pha rn im m ta xt. Th d ta ly m mu c tr s dng
' (x1 = x1 xc , x 2 = x 2 x c ,

' ' x3 = x3' x c , ,

' ' x n = x n x c )

phn b u ca qu trnh khuy c th tnh theo cng thc:

x x ' 100 x + x c c I = 1 1 m+n


m

Theo phng trnh th phn b ng u I c gi tr thay i t 0 n 1 , nu khuy trn t ti s phn b u hon ton th I = 1.
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Bi tp p dng i vi cht lng c nht thp ngi ta thng dng cnh khuy loi : A chong chng B Vt C khung D tt c u ng Bi gii p n C cht lng c nht nh ngi ta dng cnh khuy mi cho. Dng ho tan cht rn, c khi lng ring khng ln lm. Cnh khuy dng khung thuc dng cnh khuy mi cho 1.2 Cng sut khuy trn - Cng vic lm vic Khi my khuy lm vic th nng lng tiu hao dng khc phc ma st ca cnh khuy vi mi trng. Theo Newton , mt vt th chuyn ng trong mi trng , th lc ma st c th tnh theo cng thc sau:

w2 S = F 1 , 2
Trong :

[N ]

- h s cn ( ma st) ph thuc vo ch chuyn ng ca mi trng;

F- din tch tit din hnh chiu ca vt chuyn ng ln mt phng thng gc vi phng ca tc chuyn ng , m2 w vn tc chuyn ng ca vt th trong mi trng m/s
1 - khi lng ring ca mi trng kg/m
3

Cng sut lm vic:


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Np = Trong : K = 3.87 a t :

K1 n 3 d 5 ,

[W ]

K = M
np

M =
Trong :

1 n 3 d 5

n- s vng quay ca cnh khuy vg/ph


1 - khi lng ring ca mi trng kg/m
3

Np cng sut lm vic , W

- l hng s tm bng thc nghim , n ph thuc vo hnh dng cnh

khuy, thng khuy v vo chun s ReM

M = f (Re M )
Trong Rem chun s Reynolds ca trng hp khuy:

Re M
Trong

1nd =

n s vng quay ca cnh khuy , vg/s d ng knh cnh khuy , m


- nht ca cht lng , Ns/m
2

Do ta c :

1 nd 2 = f M= 1 n 3 d 5 Np
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Hay : M =

A Re M m

Vi : A v m l hng s xc nh bng thc nghim. - Cng sut m my Khi m my nng lng tiu hao dng khc phc lc ca cht lng t trng thi ng yn sang trng thi chuyn ng v khc phc lc ma st vi khng kh. 2. Cu to cnh khuy 2.1 Loi mi cho Cnh khuy lao mi cho cu to rt n gin , gm c hai tm phng gn cht vo trc thng , trc quay nh b phn truyn ng t ng c . ng knh ca mi cho thng vo khong 0.7 ng knh thit b.

Nu s vng cht lng nh th cht lng s chuyn ng vng trn trn mt phng nm ngang trng vi mt phng ca cch khuy, v khng c s khuy trn cht lng cc lp khc. Khi khuy trn mnh s xut hin dng chuyn ng ph , khi cht lng chuyn ng xoy . Dng chuyn ng ph ny xut hi do lc ly tm gy
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nn lm cho cht lng vng t tm ca thit b ra ngoi thnh , ng thi p sut tm s gim xung v ht cht lng nm bn trn v bn di cnh khuy. Do trong cht lng xut hin dng tun hon theo mi tn ch theo hng ca hnh. Dng chuyn ng ph lm tng cng ca khuy trn , cng khuy trn cng tng khi tng s vng quay, nhng ng thi nng lng tiu hao cng tng. Khi cht lng chuyn ng vng t do tc dng ca lc ly tm nn trn b mt ca cht lng c dng hnh phu. Chiu su ca phu cng tng khi s vng tng. S xut hin phu cht lng s dn ti lm gim th tch s dng ca thit b. Do trong trng hp c th , bng thc nghim ngi ta c th tm s vng quay thch hp cho khuy trn. Nu tng qu s vng quay th nng lng tiu hao s tng ln.

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Hnh cnh khuy mi cho hnh khung tng s khuy trn cht lng thng ngi ta dng cnh khuy mi cho hnh khung, loi mi cho ny c phn y cong tng ng vi bn knh cong ca y thit b. i khi ngi ta gn vo thit b cc tm ngn lm tng s xo trn cht lng. Loi cnh khuy mi cho c u im: cu to n gin d gia cng, thch hp vi cht lng c nht nh. Nhc im : hiu sut khuy thp i vi cht lng nht, khng thch hp vi cc cht lng d phn lp. Bi tp p dng i vi bt nho ngi ta thng dng khuy loi no A tuabin B vt C tm ch D mi cho Bi gii p n D loi mi cho 2.2 Cnh khuy loi chn vt ( chong chng) tng s tun hon cht lng ngi ta thng dng cnh khuy loi chn vt ( chong chng) loi ny thng gm 3 cnh , mi cnh un cong 1 gc , gc ny thay i dn t 00 trc n 900 cui cnh. Cnh khuy gn trn trc , s chong chng trn trc c th nhiu t khc nhau ph thuc iu kin khuy trn v chiu su mc cht lng khuy.

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Hnh cnh khuy chn vt B mt cnh khuy nghing bn phi , trc quay theo chiu kim dng h, cht lng chuyn ng dc theo trc hng t di ln , tun hon nh hnh v .Nu cnh khuy nghing bn tri , th trc quay theo chiu ngc kim ng h. ng knh cnh khuy chong chng vo khong 0.25-0.3 ng knh thit b, s vng quay vo khong 200-1500 vg/ph. tng s khuy trn ngi ta lm thm b phn hng cht lng , b phn ny c th l hnh ng tr hay hnh nn ct, trong t cnh khuy. Ngoi ra nu th tch thit b khuy ln ngi ta c th t cnh khuy lch tm hoc nghing 1 gc 10-200 so vi trc thng ng. Cnh khuy chong chng c u im : cng khuy ln, nng lng tiu hao nh k c khi s vng quay ln, gi thnh h. Nhc im: khi khuy cht lng nht cao th hiu sut thp , th tch cht lng c khuy mnh lit b hn ch.

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2.3 Cnh khuy tuycbin Cnh khuy tuycbin lm vic ging nh bm ly tm , ngha l cng c gung quay , ty hteo cu to ca gung ngi ta phn ra loi cnh khuy tuycbin h hay kn. Cnh khuy tuycbin h gung ng c nhng cnh thng hoc hnh cong lm vic nh cnh khuy mi cho.

Hnh Cnh khuy tuycbin kn

Hnh Cnh khuy tuycbin h

Cnh khuy tuycbin kn gung ng gm 2 hnh vnh khn c ni vi nhau bng nhng cnh nh , gia 2 cnh to thnh rnh. Gung ng thng t trong mt b phn hng cht lng ng yn. Khi cnh khuy tuycbin kn lm vic cht lng i vo theo l tm ca gung, chuyn ng theo rnh trong gung , ri ra ngoi theo hng tip tuyn vi cnh gung. Ta thy cht lng chuyn ng t hng nm ngang theo bn knh v ra khi gung vi tc ln.

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Trong mt n v thi gian lp i lp li nhiu ln nh th lm cho cht lng b khuy mnh lit ton b th tch cht lng trong thng. Loi cnh khuy tuycbin ng knh d ph thuc vo ng knh ca thit b D. Nu ng knh D< 1.6m , i vi thit b c dung tch nh hn 0.75 m3 th d = 0.5-0.33D khi D> 1.6m , i vi thit b c dung tch ln hn 0.75m3 , th d = 0.25-0.33D. Loi cnh khuy tuycbi c u dim : hiu qu cao ,ha tan nhanh , thun tin cho qu trnh lin tc. Loi ny c hc im l cu to phc tp , gi thnh t. Bi tp p dng i vi cht lng c nht tng i cao ngi ta dng cnh khuy loi A tuabin B khung C mi cho D tt c u sai Bi gii p n A dng cnh khuy cht lng cao n 5.105 cp, diu ch huyn ph mn, ho tan cc cht rn nhanh hoc khuy ng cc ht rn lng cn c nng pha rn n 60 % 2.4 Cnh khuy c bit thng khuy Thng khuy gm c mt thng c cnh khuy , trng ging nh lng sc. Loi ny dng to huyn ph nh tng , hoc tng phn ng ha hc gia cht lng v cht kh. Thng thng khuy s dng trong trng hp t l ng knh ca thng v ca thit b t 1/4 - 1/6 v t s chiu cao mc cht lng thng khuy khng nh hn 10.

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Trng i Hc Cng Nghip Thnh Ph H Ch Minh

3. Khuy bng kh nn Khuy bng kh nn dng khuy cht lng c nht thp . Kh nn thng l khng kh c nn qua 1 ng cc l nh. ng ny t tn y thit b. Khng kh chui qua l to thnh nhng bt nh , ri qua lp cht lng lm cho cht lng b khuy. khuy c u ngi ta lm ng ng kh thnh vng, hoc xoc c, i khi lm 1 ng thng t song song nhau. Khi tnh thit b khuy bng kh nn cn phi tnh p sut ca kh , p sut ny dng khc phc tr lc cc b, tr lc do ct cht lng trong thit b v to p sut trong ng. p sut ny c th tnh theo cng thc:

p = H1 g + kk
Trong

w2 (1 + ) + p 0 2

[N/m2]

H chiu cao ct cht lng trong thit b , m

1 , kk - khi lng ring ca cht lng v khng kh , kg/m3


w tc khng kh trong ng , thng 20-40 m/s
- tng h s tr lc ma st v tr cc b.

Trong trng hp chiu di ng ng n kh khng bit trc th c tht coi mt mt p sut trn ng ng bng 20% tr lc ca ct cht lng , v c th tnh theo cng thc:

P = 1.2 H1 g + po

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Trng i Hc Cng Nghip Thnh Ph H Ch Minh

Hnh Khuy bng kh nn Lng khng kh tiu hao xc nh theo cng thc thc nghim:

V = K. f .p
Vi

[m3/h]

f b mt cht lng yn lng trong thit b trc khi khuy , m2 p0 p sut lhng kh , N/m2 k h s thc nghim , K = 2.4 6.0 Bi Tp ng Dng Chn cu pht biu sai: cc qu trnh khuy c hc c to ra nhng u nhm mc ch: A Thc hin cc qu trnh thu c nh to ra cc nh tng, huyn ph, ho tan ng thi B thc hin cc qu trnh trao i nhit nh s kt tinh, trch ky, hp th v in phn

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Trng i Hc Cng Nghip Thnh Ph H Ch Minh

C thc hin qu trnh nhit nh c c dung dch, un nng, lm ngui. thc hin cc phn ng ho hc. D thc hin cc phn ng sinh hc, phn ng ho hc,cung cp nhit lng cho lu cht. Bi gii p n B do qu trnh khuy c hc thc hin cc qu trnh trao i nhit nh s kt tinh trch ky hp ph nhng khng xy ra qu trnh in phn

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Trng i Hc Cng Nghip Thnh Ph H Ch Minh

Tng kt Trong qu trnh tm hiu v i n xy dng cun tiu lun ny, ti c mt s nhn xt sau: - cc phng trnh tnh nng sut v cng sut vn cn thiu - c mt s nh ngha chung chung chua c th nn c th lm sinh vin nhm ln trong qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu - cha a ra nhng gii php gip hn ch nhng sai st

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Trng i Hc Cng Nghip Thnh Ph H Ch Minh

Ti liu tham kho 1. Gio trnh qu trnh v thit b c hc. Trng i hc cng nghip TP H Ch Minh. 2. Phan Vn Bn, Hong Minh Nam, V B Minh. Qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ho hc V d v bi tp. Trng i hc bch khoa TP H Ch Minh. 3. Nguyn Vn La. Cc qu trnh v thit b c hc. Trng a hc bch khoa TP H Ch Minh. 4. Trng i, Nguyn Trng Khung, Trn Quang Tho. V Th Ti, Trn Xoa. C sr qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ho hc. tp 2 NXB i hc v trung hc chuyn nghip, h ni 1974. 5. Trang wes: w.w.w.hut.edu.com.vn ca trng i hc bch khoa h ni 6. Trang wes :w.w.w.ebook.com.vn 7. trang wes: w.w.w.google.com.vn

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