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Mc lc

Li ni u................................................................................................5
Phn I.Tng quan......................................................................................7
Chng I. nhim khng kh do kh thi trong cng nghip ho cht....7
I.Cc ngun gy nhim kh trong cng nghip sn xut ho cht..........7
1.Cng nghip sn xut axit Sunfuric...........................................7
2.Cng nghip sn xut axit Nitric...............................................8
3.Cng nghip sn xut giy.........................................................8
4.Cng nghip sn nha...........................................................9
5.Cng nghip lc ho du............................................................9
6.Cng nghip sn xut phn bn...............................................10
7.Cng nghip sn xut xi mng................................................10
8.Cng nghip sn xut lu hunh.............................................10
II.Lng hi v kh c hi r r t cc thit b cng ngh.....................11
III.Tc hi ca cc cht gy nhim kh.................................................15
1.Kh CO.....................................................................................15
2.Kh Nit oxit............................................................................16
3.Kh SO2...................................................................................17
4.Kh H2S....................................................................................17
5.Kh Clo.....................................................................................18
6.Kh Amoniac............................................................................18
IV.Mt s phng php x l kh thi trong cng nghip ho cht........19
1. Mt s phng php x l kh thi trong cng nghip ho cht.........19
2. Phng php hp th x l kh thi cha NH3................................22
a.Nguyn l qu trnh..................................................................22
b.Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ........................................23
3

Chng II.Cng ngh sn xut NH3....................................................24


I.Lch s pht trin ca cng ngh tng hp NH3.......................24
II.Gii thiu chung v qu trnh tng hp Amoniac....24
III.Tnh cht ca Amoniac..........................................................25
IV.C s l lun qu trnh tng hp NH3..................27
V.Dy chuyn sn xut NH3..................................................33
VI.Thuyt minh lu trnh cng ngh...........................................36
Chng III.Tnh cn bng vt cht ca qu trnh phng khng..............38
I.Cn bng vt cht cho thp tng hp NH3...........................40
II.Cn bng vt cht cho thit b lm lnh bng H2O.................43
III.Cn bng vt cht cho qu trnh phng khng.......................47
IV.Tnh cn bng vt cht cho qu trnh phng khng theo
nng sut phn xng.................................................................51
Phn II. Qu trnh x l v thu hi NH3 trong kh phng khng............53
Chng I. Lp lun tnh kinh t ca qu trnh x l v
thu hi NH3 trong kh phng khng..........................................53
Chng II. Dy chuyn cng ngh qu trnh hp th NH3
trong kh phng khng................................................................54
Chng III.Tnh ton qu trnh hp th NH3 trong kh
phng khng............................................................................56
I.Tnh ton thit b chnh.............................................................56
II.Tnh ton c kh......................................................................66
III.Tnh ton thit b ph.............................................................75
IV.Tnh cn bng nhit lng cho qu trnh hp th..................88
V.Tnh cn bng vt cht cho qu trnh nh hp th..................90
Kt lun ..................................................................................................91
4

Ti liu tham kho...................................................................................92

LI NI U
Bo v mi trng l mt vn sng cn ca t nc , ca nhn
loi, l nhim v c tnh x hi su sc , gn lin vi cuc u tranh xa i
gim ngho ca mi nc , vi cuc u tranh v ha bnh v tin b x hi
trn phm vi ton th gii
l li m u ca Bn ch th s 36-CT/TW ngy 25/6/1998 ca B
Chnh tr Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng Cng Sn Vit Nam kho 8
Qun trit tinh thn v ni dung ca ch th nu trn , t cho n
nay cng tc bo v mi trng, chng suy thoi mi trng trong mi lnh
vc i sng, cng nghip v ang c cc ngnh cc cp , mi ngi
dn, mi c s sn xut cng nghip ht sc quan tm .
Mc d vy mi trng ni chung v mi trng khng kh ni ring,
c bit ti cc khu cng nghip vn c nhng du hiu nhim ng lo
ngi . Phn ln cc nh my x nghip cha c trang b hoc trang b thiu
ng b cc h thng x l kh thi, bi, nc thi v hng ngy thi vo bu
kh quyn mt lng khng l cc cht c hi gy nhim nghim trng c
mt vng rng ln quanh nh my.
Do c th ca cng nghip ho cht, kh thi ca cc nh my ho
cht cn cha rt nhiu cc kh c hi v nng ca chng vt nhiu ln
tiu chun cho php. Theo tnh cht ho l ngi ta phn loi kh thi lm hai
nhm : Nhm v c bao gm cc kh SO2 , SO3 , H2S , CO , CO2 , NOX , NH3 ,
HCl , H2SO4 , HFNhm hu c bao gm : Benzen , butan , axeton , cc
axit hu c , cc dung mi hu c.
Tu theo thnh phn v khi lng kh thi tin hnh mt phng
php x l ph hp, m bo k thut x l v tnh kinh t ca phng php
. Khi la chn thit b lm sch kh thi cn phi tnh n hiu qu lm
5

sch, nhng chi ph u t ban u , nhng chi ph trong qu trnh vn hnh ,


tui th ca h thng x l, n gin trong vn hnh , d dng kim tra sa
cha , chi ph in nng hp l
Trong ni dung thit k tt nghip ny, em tin hnh tnh ton, thit
k h thng x l , thu hi kh NH3 trong kh phng khng ca nh my sn
xut NH3. D ht sc c gng nhng bn tnh ton v thit k cn nhiu
hn ch , em rt mong c cc thy c hng dn ch bo thm.

Phn i.Tng quan


Chng I. nhim khng kh do kh thi trong cng nghip ho cht.
I.Cc ngun gy nhim trong cng nghip ho cht
Cng ngh ho cht bao gm rt nhiu loi nh my, sn xut ra rt
nhiu loi sn phm khc nhau, phc v cho i sng, cng nghip, quc
phng, v do v kha cnh nhim kh cng c rt nhiu vn chuyn
mn ring bit v a dng.
Mt s ngun nhim kh in hnh trong cng ngh ho cht nh sau:
1.Cng nghip sn xut Axit sunfuric
Axit sunfuric H2SO4 c th c sn xut t lu hunh n cht ( S c
th c thu t kh t thin nhin), t Sunfua St, qung FeS2 , phn ng
xy ra nh sau:
T lu hunh S + O2 SO2
T qung Pirit 4 FeS2 + 1102 2 Fe2O3 + 8SO2
Sunfua ioxit thu c t qu trnh nung t trn y thng c hm
lng t 8 44% c cho tip xc vi cht xc tc nhit 4500C oxi
ho SO2.
2 SO2 + O2 2 SO3
Tip theo SO3 c hp th bi H2SO4 long t c m c
theo yu cu:
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
Trong thit b oxi ho xc tc nhiu lp (4 5 lp) t l SO2 c
chuyn ho l 96 98%, phn cn li c pht thi vo kh quyn. i vi
nh my cng sut 1500 tn H2SO4/ ngy, lng pht thi ( nh nng cao hiu
7

qu chuyn i ) c th h xung t 44 xung 4 tn / ngy, t lm tng


thm 54 tn H2SO4/ ngy
Nng SO2 trong khi thi ca dy chuyn sn xut H2SO4 hin i c
th t 1,33g/ m3.
2.Cng ngh sn xut axit nitric: HNO3
Phng php ph bin iu ch axit nitric l t c xc tc Amniac
trong khng kh. Cc phn ng xy ra nh sau:
4NH3 + 5 O2 4 NO + 6 H2O + Q
2NO + O2 2 NO2 + Q
3NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO + Q
Cht nhim pht thi vo kh quyn ch yu l NO 2 (nng pht
thi ng khi dao ng khong 1500 3000ppm), ngoi ra cn c NO,
NH3 . Cng ngh tin tin cho php h nng kh NOx pht thi xung
cn 300 ppm
3.Cng nghip sn xut giy
Cht gy nhim ch yu thot ra t cng nghip sn xut giy l kh
SO2 , H2S, mi hi thi , bun nn . Giy l sn phm thu c bng cch p
cc lp si Xenluloz. Nguyn liu lm giy l g. Dm g c ngm v
nu di p sut cao trong xt (NaOH) v natri sunfua (NaS)
Kt qu l thu c dung dch bt giy mu en c cha mt lng
nh cc cht H2S v cc hp cht Sunfua hu c to ra mi hi thi kh chu.
Ngoi ra khi hon nguyn dung dch nu bt giy ti s dng bng
cch cho bc hi, cn b c t trong cc l c bit to thnh tro
natrisunfit Na2SO3 v natri cacbonnat Na2CO3. Trong qu trnh ny thot ra
nhiu kh H2S v cc cht CH3HS , (CH3)2S , (CH3)2S2 c mi hi thi kh
chu c trng cho cng nghip giy.

4.Cng nghip sn xut nha:


Cng nghip sn xut gia cng nha tuy khng phi l cc ngun
nhim ln, tuy nhin li rt a dng do s khc nhau trong dy chuyn sn
xut, nguyn liu, my mc thit b.
Ti cng on ch bin: Polime ho cc nguyn liu ban u (mnme)
c tin hnh trong cc thng kn, nguy c gy nhim hu nh b trit tiu.
Khi sa cha cc loi thng cha, nha polime, khi dn dp cc
thit b phn ng c th lm bc ra mt s hi, kh c mi gy kh chu, d
ng, nht l cho cng nhn vn hnh giai on ny.
Ti cng on p khun: to ra sn phm c cht lng cao, ngi
ta trn vo polyme nhiu loi ph gia c tnh c hi cao nh cc khong
cht c gc Ch, Cadimi rt c hi cho sc kho.
5.Cng ngh lc ho du
Cng ngh ch bin du m c nhng bc pht trin mnh m t
nhiu thp k trc. Giai on u ca qu trnh lc du l qu trnh chng p
- phn ly du th ra thnh nhiu cp c t trng khc nhau - l qu trnh
Cracking. Mt s sn phm thu c sau qu trnh cracking c th s dng
ngay, phn cn li i hi phi ch bin tip.
Kh thi ca nh my lc du gm c:
a. Hi Hidrocacbon r r t cc khe h , np y khng kn ca thit b,
thng cha.
b. Kh thi ca cc l nung, bp un, vi t s dng cho qa trnh
chng ct, trong c SO2 do t cc tp cht c S..
c. Kh c cha cc hp cht ca S nh H2SO4 thot ra t cc tng ca
thp chng ct , kh thi ca cc hp cht ca S t phn ct c.
d. Bi vi thnh phn c ht rt mn thot ra t cc qu trnh hon
nguyn cc cht xc tc. y l cht gy nhim ch yu ca nh my lc
du.
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6.Cng nghip sn xut phn bn ( phn m, phn Supephotphat)


Cng nghip sn xut phn bn gc nit gy nhim khng kh bi cc
kh CO, H2S, SO2 , NH3.
Sn xut phn Supephotphat c tin hnh theo phng php cho axit
Sunfuric tc dng vi Pht pht thin nhin (qung apatit,phtphat canxi )
.Trong qung lun c thnh phn flo ( 1 %) . Cc hp cht cha flo phn
ng vi H2SO4 v thi ra HF v SiF4. Lng pht thi cc kh c hi nhiu
nht cng on lm ng c bng cch thi khng kh v axit photphoric.
Khng kh thot ra t cc qu trnh ny c cha khong 10 g/m3 flo. Sau khi
lc sch kh thi nng kh flo c th gim xung cn 0,2 g/m3.
7. nhim khng kh trong cng nghip sn xut xi mng
Cht gy nhim ch yu l bi. Bi thot ra mi trng xung quanh
t cc cng on sau y:
Vn chuyn v cha kho cc loi vt liu nh vi, t st , ph gia.
Nu thao tc qu trnh vi nguyn liu m th bi to ra s c gim thiu
ng k.
Sy v nung: To nhiu bi v kh SO2 c ngun gc t nhin liu
Nghin v tr Klinker gy to bi
8. nhim khng kh trong cng nghip sn xut S
Lu hunh (S) c sn xut trn c s in phn cc mui alcalin
(kim loi kim: liti, natri, kali) trong dung dch nc hoc trng thi nung
chy. Nguy c gy nhim khng kh thng do Cl 2, HCl b thi ra ng
khi.

10

Bng1. Cc cht kh, bi c hi thi ra t cc nh my ho cht.


TT
1

Nh my
HNO3

Cc cht kh c hi thi ra
NO, NO2 , NH3

HCl

HCl , Cl2

H2SO4
+ Sn xut theo phng php N2 SO2, SO2, H2S, SO2, NH3.
+ Phng php tip xc t S

NO, NO2 , NH3, SO2 , Fe2O3 (bi)

NH3
Phn bn tng hp

HCl , Cl 2
CO, CO2, H2S, SO2, NH3
NO, NO2 , NH3 , HF, H2SO4 , P2O5,

6
7

Supe Photphat
Nc NH3

HNO3
H2SO4 , HF, bi Supephotphat
NH3

Photpho v axit Photphoric

9
10
11
12
13

Metanol
Axetylen
Cl2
Si nhn to
Cacbamit

4
5

P2O5, H2SO4 , HF, Ca3F( PO4) (bi)


CH3OH , CO
CH2=CH2, m hng
HCl, Cl2
H2S, CS2
NH3, CO , (NH3)2CO (bi)

II.Lng hi v kh thi c hi r r t cc thit b cng ngh.


Trong cng nghip ho cht lun lun c mt h thng bnh cha, thit
b c dung tch, ng ng p lc cao T cc thit b trn lun lun c mt
lng kh ca cht cha bn trong thit b thot ra ngoi qua khe h, bch ni
lm nhim bu khng kh bn trong phn xng nu cc thit b t trong
nh hoc lm nhim bu kh quyn nu thit b, ng ng t ngoi tri.
11

c th bo v mi trng, an ton lao ng cc thit b p lc cn


phi c th nghim v kn v cho php c mt khng kn nht nh
c tiu chun ho tu thuc vo mc c hi hoc nguy him chy n
ca mi cht cha bn trong thit b.
kim sot c nhim do cc ngun pht thi dng trn, cn xc
nh lng hi, kh thot ra qua khe h ca thit b cao p.
h ca thit b ng ng xc nh nh sau:

P1T2

1
PT
h = 1 2 1

Vi h: h, h-1
P1, P2: p sut tuyt i ban u v cui cng ca thi gian th nghim
T1, T2 : Nhit tuyt i ban u v cui thi gian th nghim
: Thi gian th nghim , h
Nu nhit v p sut kh quyn khng thay i trong sut thi gian
th nghim th
1 P

h= . P
1

P : st p sut trong thi gian th nghim


h: h ,h-1
h c tiu chun ho cho cc thit b cng ngh khc nhau.
Lng hi, kh r r t cc thit b cng ngh
G=

G1 G2 1 P1V P2V

RT1 RT2

Nu T1 = T2 = T
P.V

G = .RT
1
Rt tr s P t trn ta c
G = h.
12

P1
V.
RT

Vi:

G: Lng hi, kh r r t thit b , Kg/ h

V: Dung tch thit b , m3


R: Hng s cht kh trong thit b , J/ Kg. K
Trong cng thc trn P1/RT chnh l khi lng n v 1 (kg/m3 ) ca
kh cha trong thit b ng vi p sut v nhit lm vic , do ta c th
vit cng thc trn di dng:
G=h.1.V

, kg/h

Cng thc trn cho php xc nh lng kh r r nu thit b c th


kn bng chnh loi kh lm vic ca n.
Tiu chun Vit Nam 3959 - 1995. Cht lng kh - Tiu chun kh
thi cng nghip i vi bi v cc cht v c
1. Phm vi p dng
a. Tiu chun ny quy nh gi tr nng ca cc cht v c v bi
trong kh thi cng nghip (tnh bng mg/m3 kh thi) vo khng kh xung
quanh.
Kh thi cng nghip ni trong tiu chun ny l kh v kh c cha bi
do cc qu trnh sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v, v do cc hot ng khc to
ra.
b.Tiu chun ny p dng kim sot nng cc cht v c v bi
c trong kh thi cng nghip trc khi thi vo mi trng

13

2. Bng 2.Gi tr gii hn cho php ca bi trong kh thi cng


nghip (mg/m3)
TT Thng s
1
Khi bi: - Nu kim loi

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

Gi tr gii hn (A) Gi tr gii hn (B)


400
200

- B tng nha

500

200

- Xi mng

400

100

-Cc ngun khc


- Cha Silic

600
100

400
50

- Cha aming
Antimon
Asen
Cadimi
Ch
ng
Km
Clo
HCl
Fl, axit HF cc ngun
H2S
CO
SO2

khng
40
30
20
30
150
150
250
500
100
6
1500
1500

khng
25
10
1
10
20
30
20
200
10
2
500
500

NOX (cc ngun)

2500

1000

NOx (C s axit)
H2SO4 (cc ngun)
HNO3
Amoniac

4000
300
2000
300

1000
35
70
100

Bi:

Ghi ch: Phng php ly mu, phn tch, tnh ton xc nh tng
thng s c th c quy nh trong cc tiu chun Vit Nam tng ng
Gi tr gii hn A: p dng cho cc c s ang hot ng.
Gi tr gii hn ct B : p dng cho tc c cc c s k t ngy c
quan qun l mi trng quy nh

14

i vi kh thi ca mt s hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh dch v c


th, kh thi vo kh quyn theo cc quy nh ring.
III.Tc hi ca cc cht gy nhim kh
Lng khng kh m c th cn cho s h hp hng ngy ca mt con
ngi vo khong 10 m3, do nu trong khng kh c ln nhiu cht c hi
s to iu kin cho chng xm nhp su vo c th, gy ra nhng hu qu
rt nghim trng cho tnh mng v sc kho con ngi.
1.Kh CO:
Ccbonoxit CO l mt loi kh c do n c phn ng rt mnh (c i
lc) vi hng cu trong mu v to ra cacboxy hemoglobin (COHb) lm hn
ch s trao i v vn chuyn oxy trong mu i nui c th.
Tuy nhin kh CO khng li hu qu bnh l lu di hoc gy ra
khuyt tt nng n i vi c th.
Ngi b nhim CO khi ri khi ni nhim, nng CO-Hb trong
mu gim dn do CO a thi ra ngoi qua ng h hp.

15

Bng 3 . Triu chng ca c th ng vi nng COHb trong mu

1
2

% COHb
trong mu
Khng c du hiu g
< 1,0
Mt vi biu hin khng bnh thng trong thi 1,0 - 2,0

ng x
nh hng n h thn kinh trung ng, km nhy

TT

Triu chng

cm, gic quan, km phn bit sng, ri lon tm 2,0 5,0


4
5
6
7

l
Chc nng tim phi b nh hng
au u nh, gim mch mu ngoi vi
au u, mp my thi dng
au u nhiu, mt mi , hoa mt, chng mt, bun

8
9
10

nn, nn ma, suy sp


Suy sp, ngt, mch v nhp th chm dn
40 50
Ngt, gim mch p v nhp th, co git tng cn
50 60
Hn m, co git tng cn, tim mch suy gim, nguy 60 70

11
12
13

c cht
Mch yu, th chm, yu dn v tt th sau vi gi
Cht trong vng 1 ting
Cht trong vng vi pht

5,0 10
10 20
20 30
30 40

70 80
80 90
> 90

2. Kh Nit oxit NOx


C tt c 6 loi Nit oxit: N2O, NO , NO2, N2O3, N2O4, N2O5. Trong s
NO2 l ng ch nht v mc c hi .
Nit oxit c bit n nh l mt cht gy kch thch vim ty v c
tc hi i vi h thng h hp. Ti ni lm vic ca cng nhn c nhim
kh NOx c nng < 3 ppm th tc hi ca NO x c th thy r sau 3 5 nm.
Hin nay kh NOx c coi l cht c hi tim tng gy ln bnh vim x
phi mn tnh.
Bng 4: Tc hi ca NO2 ph thuc vo nng v thi gian tip xc
Nng NO2
16

ppm

Thi gian tip xc

500
300 400
150 200

48 gi
2 10 ngy
3 5 tun

50 100

6 8 tun

Cht ngi
Gy vim phi v cht
Vim x cung phi
Vim cung phi v mng
phi

3. Kh SO2:
Kh SO2 l loi kh d ho tan trong nc v c hp th hon ton rt
nhanh khi ht th on trn ca ng h hp. Khi ht th khng kh c
cha SO2 vi nng thp ( 1- 5 ppm) s thy xut hin s co tht tm thi
cc c mm ca kh qun, nng 5 ppm - c th c biu hin bnh l r
rng kh th , tc lng ngc. Khi nng > 10 ppm th ng h hp b co
tht nghim trng.
4. Kh H2S.
Kh H2S l loi kh khng mu , d chy v c mi c bit ging mi
trng ung. Ti cc khu cng nghip cc nh my ho cht c cng on t S,
nng H2S trong khng kh c th ln n 0,13 pmm. Ngng nhn bit
mi ca H2S dao ng trong khong 0,0005 0,13 ppm. nng 10 20
ppm th H2S lm chy nc mt, vim mt. Khi ht th phi kh H2S s gy
xut tit nc nhy v gy vim ton b tuyn h hp, nng > 150 ppm ,
H2S gy t lit c quan khu gic.

17

5.Kh Clo.
y l loi kh mu vng xanh, c mi hng cay v gy tc hi i vi
mt, da v ng h hp. Ht th khng kh nhim, bi kh Clo ta cm thy
kh th, bng rt da, cay mt v nhn b m.
Bng 5.Tc hi ca kh Clo cc nng khc nhau:

Nng kh Clo trong Tc hi i vi c th


0,5
1 3

C mi nh, khng gy tc hi
Mi kh chu, gy chy nc mt, mi, vim mt

6
30
40 60

mi
Vim c hng
Ho, au rt, c hng
Tn thng phi nghim trng nu tip xc trc

100
1000

tip 30 60 pht
Gy cht ngi
Cht sau vi nhp th

6. Kh NH3
Amoniac c th c trong khng kh di dng lng v kh
y l loi kh khng mu, c mi hc, khai. Tc hi ch yu ca n l
lm vim da v ng h hp. Mi amniac c th nhn bit c nng
5 10 ppm, nng 150 200 ppm gy kh chu v cay mt , nng
400 700 ppm gy vim mt, mi , tai , hng mt cch nghim trng, nng
2000 ppm da b chy bng ngt th v t vong sau vi pht.

IV.Mt s phng php x l kh thi trong cng nghip ho cht.


18

1.Mt s phng php x l kh thi trong cng nghip ho cht.


Kh thi ca cc nh my, x nghip cng nghip cn cha rt nhiu
cht c hi vt nhiu ln tiu chun cho php. Ty theo thnh phn v khi
lng kh thi m ta chn phng php x l ph hp m bo k thut x l
v tnh kinh t ca phng php. Khi la chn thit b lm sch kh thi cn
phi tnh n hiu qu lm sch, nhng chi ph u t ban u, nhng chi ph
trong qu trnh vn hnh, tui th ca h thng x l, n gin trong vn
hnh, d kim tra, sa cha, din tch chim ch hp l, chi ph in nng
mc ti u.
a.Phng php hp th
X l cc cht c hi c trong kh thi bng phng php hp th (ht
thu v ho tan) c s dng nhiu khi lu lng dng kh thi ln v nng
cc kh c hi cao. Ngoi ra khi p dng phng php ny c th t hiu
qu kinh t cao v c th thu hi cc cht s dng tun hon hoc chuyn
sang cng on sn xut sn phm khc.
S hp th l qu trnh ht thu chn lc mt hay mt s thnh phn ca
hn hp kh bng cht ht thu th dch , cht ht thu th dch ny gi l cht
hp th.
Qu trnh hp th c th chia thnh hp th vt l v hp th ho hc.
Khi xy ra hp th vt l nhng phn t b hp th khng i vo nhng phn
t hp th, ngha l qu trnh hp th thnh phn ring bng cht hp th
khng ko theo phn ng ho hc. Khi p sut ring phn ca kh thnh phn
c trong hn hp kh cao hn p sut cn bng trn b mt dch th qu trnh
hp th tip tc. Khi hp th ho hc nhng thnh phn b hp th s tc ng
tng h ho hc vi cc phn t hot tnh ca cht hp th v to thnh hn
hp ho hc mi . Khi ny p lc cn bng ca kh thnh phn trn b mt
dung dch t hn mt cht so vi s hp th vt l v n c kh nng tch ra
hon ton khi dng kh thi.
19

S phi hp hp th v kh hp th cho php s dng thi gian di m


khng b tiu hao dch hp th trong mt vng kn hp th-kh hp th-hp
th v nhn c thnh phn b hp th dng sch.
b.Phng php hp ph
Phng php hp ph (ht bm) c ngha quan trng khi cho php li
cun cc tp cht kh c hi ra khi kh thi.
Nhng cht hp ph c p dng x l kh thi phi c b mt
ring rt ln v phi p ng mt s cc yu cu sau:
C kh nng hp ph ln
Khng tc dng ho hc vi cc thnh phn kh ring bit c trong kh
thi
C tnh chn lc cao
C bn ln
C kh nng hon nguyn
C gi thnh h
Mt s cht hp ph c s dng ph bin l : Than hot tnh,
Silicagen, Aliumogen, Zeolit
S kh hp ph l mt giai on quan trng ca chu trnh hp ph
kh hp ph. y l qu trnh nhm khi phc li hot tnh vn c ca cht
hp ph v y chnh l qu trnh hp ph ngc.
c.Phng php thiu hu
Phng php thiu hu c p dng khi khng c yu cu hoc khng
c kh nng thu hi cc kh sinh ra, phng php ny c s dng rng ri
vi cc kh khng sinh ra c hi th cp. Ngoi ra cn c th tn dng c
nhit ca cc phn ng.
Thiu hu khi khng c cht xc tc c thc hin khi t trc tip
kh thi nhit cao :800-1100 OC. Phng php ny p dng vi cc kh
thi c nng cao vt qu gii hn cho php v nng Oxy ln. C
th thiu chy kh thi trong cc l t khi cn tn dng nhit to ra.
20

Thiu hu c cht xc tc cn din tch b mt ln v nhit thiu t


khong 200-300oC. Trong phng php ny s dng cc b mt kim loi nh
cc di bng bch kim , ng, crom, nikenlm cht xc tc. Lm sch kh
thi theo phng php ny c gi thnh r hn so vi thiu t khng c xc
tc. Phng php ny thch hp vi cc cht kh c hi c nng thp gn
gii hn bt la.
d.Phng php trao i ion.
S hp th kh bng trao i ion l s hp th phn t. Khi ny phn
ng ho hc ca phn t kh vi cht trao i ion c thc hin, ng thi
cn xy ra s ho tan mt s cht kh trong nc (nu nc c trong cht trao
i ion). Nhng cht trao i ion c ng thi tnh cht ca cht hp ph th
rn v tnh cht ca cht hp ph th lng.
Thit b trao i ion p dng lm sch khng kh khi nhng cht
c hi khc nhau. Trong b lc s dng nhng di bng xuyn thng lm t
nhng si trao i ion v c t trong khung. Nhng khung c bng lc
c t trong v thit b , c cc ng ni ng ra, ng vo ca dng
khng kh.
Kh nng lu thng ca dng kh qua b lc 7000 10 000 m2/ h cho
1m2 b mt phin lc, sc khng kh ng ca dng kh 200 300 Pa
Mc lm sch khng kh ca loi thit b ny rt cao 97 99%. Vt
liu si trao i ion cho php hon nguyn v s dng nhiu ln. Vt liu ny
c th cho php ly ra mt s kh c hi c trong dng kh thi trong cng
mt thi gian lm vic.
e.Phng php ngng t:
Trong phng php ny s dng mt cht lnh trung gian h thp
nhit dng kh thi ti nhit nht nh m khi cc kh thnh phn
ngng ng li v tch dng kh thi. Phng php ny thng p dng vi
cc dung mi hu c nh xng, du, axeton, toluen.
21

f.Phng php sinh ho-vi sinh


Phng php sinh ho-vi sinh x l kh thi c ngha quan trng
trong vic bo v mi trng sng quanh chng ta. Phng php ny li dng
cc vi sinh vt trong mi trng xung quanh (t , nc, khng kh) hp
ph , phn hu cc kh thnh phn c hi trong dng kh thi. Ngoi ra cc
vi sinh vt cn tiu th mt phn ng k cc tp cht c trong hn hp kh,
nht l kh thi ca cc nghnh cng nghip ch bin thc phm , nh my
tng hp hu cy l phng php n gin tuy nhin li mang li hiu
qu kinh t nht nh.
2.Phng php hp th x l kh thi c cha NH3
a. Nguyn l qu trnh
- Phn ng xy ra trong thp hp th.
NH3K NH3L

(1)

NH3l + H2O NH4OH + Q (8430 KCal)


+

NH4OH NH4 +OH

(2)

(3)

+ Phn ng (1) c trng cho qu trnh ho tan NH3 trong nc, l


qu trnh ho tan vt l tun theo nh lut Henry
C NH 3 = H .PNH 3
C NH 3 : Nng ca NH3 trong dung dch

H: Hng s Henry
PNH 3 : p sut ring phn ca NH3 trong pha kh

+ Phn ng (2) l phn ng ho hc thun nghch to nhit, c trng


cho phn ng l hng s cn bng Kc.
Kc =

[ NH 4 OH ] = [ NH 4 OH ]
C NH 3

H .PNH 3

Kc = F (t0 , PNH )
3

+ Phn ng (3) l phn ng in ly c c trng bng hng s in


ly.
22

[ NH ][OH ]
=
+

[ NH

KH

OH

Cc gi tr Kc, KH c tra trong cc s tay ho l t , c th tm


c C NH nhit bt k.
3

hon tan ca NH3 trong nc l tng s NH3 cc dng.


ho tan = [NH3l] + [NH4OH] + [NH4+]
Kt lun: ho tan ca NH3 ph thuc vo nhit v p sut ring
phn ca NH3 trong pha kh.
b. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh hp th.
- Dung dch NH3 khng n nh, khi tng nhit th phn ng xy ra
theo chiu ngc li ca phn ng (2) v vy nu p sut nht nh khi nhit
gim th ho tan tng. p dng tnh cht ny khng ch nhit , p
sut trong qu trnh hp th v pht sinh NH3.
- Phn ng hp th ca nc v NH3 l phn ng thun nghch to nhit
v gim th tch v vy iu kin nhit thp, p sut cao s c li cho
phn ng. gim nhit ca phn ng trong thit b hp th cn lm lnh
gin tip bng nc.
P cao th lm hiu sut hp th cao nhng P cao qu li khng tt cho
qu trnh.

23

Chng II. cng ngh sn xut NH3


I. Lch s pht trin ca cng ngh tng hp NH3
Amniac l sn phm ch yu ca cng nghip ho hc ni chung v
cng ngh sn xut cc hp cht ca Nit ni ring. N l sn phm u t
tin hnh sn xut cc hp cht khc ca Nit nh cc loi phn m cha
Nit, HNO3.
n u th k 20, phng php tng hp Amnic mi c pht
trin theo quy trnh cng ngh c th . Nm 1913 , mt nh my tng hp
Amniac u tin ra i ti c.
Sau i chin th gii ln th nht k thut tng hp Amnic c
ph bin n mt lot cc quc gia khc, nhng ci tin quan trng trong qu
trnh tng hp c p dng, c bit, k thut sn xut Amniac tin
ti bc t ng ho mt phn. Quy m sn xut c m rng, nhng nh
my sn xut NH3 v cc ch phm NH3 ln lt ra i.
n giai on hin nay, cng ngh tng hp NH3 t c bc tin
vt bc vi vic ng dng tin hc, t ng ho vo qu trnh sn xut. Vi
nhiu loi dy chuyn tng hp khc nhau, trong nhit nng ca qu trnh
c tn dng ti a , gi thnh sn xut gim ng k. Nm 1950 sn
lng NH3 trn ton th gii l 4 triu 430 nghn tn, n nm 1960 l 17
triu tn, 1981 l 78 triu 500 nghn tn.
II. Gii thiu chung qu trnh tng hp NH3
Tng hp NH3 tc l thc hin phn ng tng hp N2 +3H2 2NH3,
phn ng thc hin iu kin nhit cao trong s c mt ca xc tc rn.
Qu trnh tng hp i theo 3 bc nh sau:

24

Bc 1: Sn xut kh nguyn liu N2 , H2, c th ly N2 , H2 t cc


nguyn liu rn (than hoc cc) , nhin liu lng (du), nhin liu kh (kh
thin nhin CH4). Hoc bng phng php lnh su phn ly khng kh , in
phn H2O
Bc 2. Tinh ch kh nguyn liu :
Trong kh nguyn liu thng c cha cc tp cht c hc nh bi, vy
st . Cc tp cht lm ng c xc tc nh H2S, CO, CO2 O2, H2O. Do phi
lm sch khi n mn lm tc thit b, ng ng hay ng c xc tc.
Bc 3. Tng hp NH3
Sau qu trnh tinh ch kh ta thu c hn hp kh N2 + H2 c t l N2
:H2=3:1, cha [CO + CO2 ] 20 ppm c nn n p sut cn thit ri a
sang phn xng tng hp Amniac .
S qu trnh tng hp nh sau:
Hn hp kh
nguyn liu N2,
H2,CO, CO2 , H2S

Kh H2S

Chuyn ho CO

20atm

Kh CO2

Nn kh
300

Kh CO

atm

Tng hp NH3

III. Tnh cht ca Amniac.


1.Tnh cht vt l:
nhit v p sut thng Amniac l mt cht kh khng mu, mi
khai, c tnh kim.
Mt s tnh cht ca Amniac.
T trng P = 1atm , t0 thng 0,771Kg/m3
25

t0 si P = 1atm

- 33,350C

t0 ti hn

- 77,750C

P ti hn

111,5 atm

t0 phn hu khi khng c xc tc

12000C
3000C

khi c xc tc
T nhit 250C

8,523 cal/mol .

NH3 ho tan tt trong H2O , 1 VH2O ho tan 700 VNH3 200C , 1 atm
2. Tnh cht ho hc:
Amniac c th tc dng trc tip vi axit hoc oxit axit to cc loi
mui amon.
2NH3 + H2SO4 = (NH4)2 SO4
NH3 + HNO3 = NH4NO3
NH3 + H2O + CO2 = NH4HCO3
NH4HCO3 + NH3 = (NH4)2 CO3
NH3 tc dng vi CO2 s to thnh dung dch Cacbamat amon, loi b
nc s to thnh Ur.
NH2
2NH3 + CO2 = CO
ONH4
NH2
CO

NH2
= CO

ONH4

+ H2O
NH2

Khi c mt xc tc Pt , NH3 tc dng vi O2 to NO


4NH3 + 502 = 4NO + 6H2O
Khi c mt xc tc Cu hoc Pd
4NH3 + 302 = 2N2 + 6H2O.
Phn ln cc cht khng b NH3 lng v kh NH3 n mn , nhng trong
iu kin c nc th xy ra n mn kim loi nh Cu, Ag, Zn . NH3 t t
chy 6300C khi chy s to ra khi mu xanh. NH3 trn ln vi khng kh
26

hoc O2, n mt t l nht nh s bng n nu gp tia la, nhit v p


sut thng, phm vi (gii hn) n ca NH3 trong khng kh l 15,5 18%
v trong kh O2 l 13,5 82%.
IV. C s l lun ca qu trnh tng hp NH3
1. Cn bng ca phn ng
a. c im ca phn ng:
y l phn ng 2 chiu, to nhit, gim th tch, do nu nhit
gim, p sut tng th cn bng chuyn dch v bn phi, hiu sut phn ng
tng hp tng.
Hng s cn bng phn ng
Kp =

P* N 2 .P*3 H 2
P*2 NH 3

P* l p sut ring phn ca cu t i iu kin cn bng


Mt s cng thc thc nghim tnh Kp.
lg

2077,8
Kp =- T
+2,4943 T + T - 1,8564 . 10-7 . T2 + I

I: hng s tch phn


: h s hiu chnh i vi p sut.Cho theo bng sau:
P(atm)

100
1,256.10-4
-2,113

300
1,256.10-4
-2,206

600
1,0856.10-3
-3,059

Nu duy tr c t l yH 2 : y N 2 = 3 v
y H 2 + y N 2 + y NH 3 = 100%

Th ta c: y *2 NH 200 y * NH 308
3

Kp
P

y * NH 3 + 10 4 = 0

Gi tr y*NH3 c biu hin theo s liu bng sau


27

1000
2,6833-3
-4,473

T0K
598
673
698
723
748
773

10
10,38
3,85
2,80
2,04
1,61
1,20

Nng NH3cb cc p sut, atm


100
300
600
24,91
20,23
13,35
35,5
53,6
12,98
31,0
47,5
10,40
26,2
42,1

1000
69,4
63,5
-

b. nh hng ca nhit v p sut n cn bng


T bng s liu thc nghim, ta c mt s nhn xt nh sau:
Khi P = Const , nhit cng thp th nng NH3cb cng cao
Khi T = Const, p sut cng cao th nng NH3cb cng ln.
Khi p sut P tng cao qu th khng c li v nng NH3 tng khng
ng k v li tn nhiu nng lng nn kh nguyn liu.
c. nh hng ca t l N2/H2
Gii thit rng : - Hn hp kh ban u c s phn t l no.
T l N2/H2 = r0
Na l s phn t NH3 to thnh
y*i l nng ca cc cu t tng ng ti thi im cn bng.
Khi ta c :
1
y *2 a
2
Kp = P 1 + y * a 1 y * a 0 (1 + y * a 3 y * a

2
2
1 + r0
1 + r0

T phng trnh trn ng vi mi r0 s tm c mt y*a cc p sut


khc nhau.
Nhn xt rt ra:

28

cng mt nhit v cc p sut khc nhau, nng ya* ln nht khi


r0 = 3 ph hp vi t l tiu hao theo phn ng, nh vy t l thch hp cho
cn bng m bo sut qu trnh l 3.
d. nh hng ca kh tr (CH4+Ar)
Nu trong hn hp kh ban u c kh tr Ar v CH 4 (nng i0) th
nng NH3 khi cn bng y *ai s nh hn y *a (khng c kh tr), ngi ta
tm c khi i0 < 0,2 c th dng cng thc:
y *ai =

1 i0 *
ya
1 + i0

Nguyn nhn l do: Kh tr lm gim p sut ring phn ca cu t


phn ng. Lm cn bng chuyn dch sang tri:
0,9

Chng hn: io = 0,1 yai* = 1,1 y*a = 0,82 ya*


Khi c kh tr (nng i0) v H2/N2 = 3/1 th
yN 2 =

1 io
4

3
4

; yH = (1 io )
2

e. Hm lng NH3 ti cn bng:


Mc ch ca qu trnh tnh ton hng s cn bng l tm hm lng
NH3 cn bng, ta c:

y * NH 3
r 1,5

=
K
.
P.
p
*

(1 + r ) 2
1 y NH 3 yi

Vi

Kp : Hng s cn bng
y*NH3: % th tch NH3 kh cn bng
yi: % th tch kh tr cn bng
P: p sut ca h thng
r : t l H2/N2.

29

2.ng hc qu trnh tng hp NH3


a.C ch phn ng gia H2 v N2
Di tc dng ca xc tc rn to thnh NH3 ph thuc vo s tip
xc ca hai pha kh v rn. Thng thng c ch xc tc h kh rn c tin
hnh theo bc nh sau:
1.Th kh tham gia phn ng khuych tn ln b mt xc tc.
2.Cht tham gia phn ng t b mt ngoi ca xc tc khuych tn vo
mch bn trong xc tc
3. Hp th ln b mt hot ng ca xc tc
4.Th tch trng thi hp th phn ng ho hc ln b mt xc tc v
to ra sn phm.
5. Sn phm nh ra khi b mt hot tnh ca xc tc.
6. Sn phm khuych tn ri cc mao mch bn trong xc tc ra ngoi
b mt.
7. Sn phm t b mt xc tc khuych tn ra ngoi.
Trong cc bc trn, bc 1 v 7 l qu trnh khuych tn ngoi 2, 6
l qu trnh khuych tn trong, cc bc 3, 4 , 5 l qu trnh ng hc ho
hc. Bc chm nht quyt nh tc ton b qu trnh.
C ch ca qa trnh tng hp NH3 v c bn thuc v c ch kh - rn
v c ch qu trnh c gi thit nh sau:
H2 v N2 t khng gian pha kh khuych tn n b mt xc tc, phn
ln th kh ny khuych tn vo mao mch bn trong xc tn ng thi tin
hnh hp ph hot tnh ho hc trn b mt y. N2 hp ph (N2hp) phn ng
vi H2 hp ph (H2hp) v H2 pha kh (H2k) ln lt to thnh NH, NH2, NH3.
Sn phm cui cng tch ra khi b mt xc tc v i vo pha kh. Qu trnh
biu din theo s nh sau:
+ Fe

+ H2

+ H2

+ H2

N2(k) N2hp FeN Fe2NH FexNH2 FexNH3


xFe NH3hp NH3 kh
30

Trong qu trnh phn ng trn, khi tc dng kh tng i ln v


c ht xc tc nh v va th nh hng ca cc nhn t khuch tn ngoi v
khuch tn tng i trong i vi phn ng l rt nh, m tc ca N 2 hp
ph ln b mt xc tc st th rt gn vi tc tng hp NH3, tc l bc
hp ph hot tnh ca N2 tin hnh chm nht v l mu cht quyt nh tc
phn ng.
Phng trnh ng hc ca phn ng c dng.
dPNH 3

W = d

= K1 .PN 2 .P1,5 H 2 .

PNH
1
K 2 . 1,5 3
PNH 3
P H2

Vi W: Tc tc thi ca phn ng. Bng hiu s tc phn ng


thun v nghch.
K1, K2 : Hng s tc phn ng thun v nghch PN 2 , PNH 3 , PN 2 : p
sut ring phn ca cc cu t ti thi im xt.
b. Cc yu t nh hng n tc ca phn ng
b1.p sut:
Nu ly yN 2 , yH 2 SO 4 , yNH 3 ln lt l nng tc thi ca N2, H2, NH3
, P l p sut chung th: PH 2 = yH2 .P, PN 2 = yN 2 . P, PNH 3 = YNH 3 . P
Thay vo phng trnh ng hc ta c:
W = K1

y N 2 . y1,5 H 2 .P1,5
y NH 3

K2

y NH 3 .P 0,5
y1,5 H 2

Vy tc phn ng t l thun vi lu tha 1,5 ca p sut, tc


phn ng t l nghch vi lu tha bc 0,5 ca p sut. Nng cao p sut c
th tng nhanh tc to thnh NH3.
b2.Nhit :
Tng nhit , tc phn ng ho hc s tng ln, nhng tng nhit
khng c li cho cn bng ca phn ng. Do vy nhit ca qu trnh
phi ph hp vi hot tnh ca xc tc v t s c nhit thch hp m
tc phn ng v cn bng phn ng l ln nht.
31

b3.nh hng ca nng kh tr:


Kh tr lm gim p sut ring phn ca H2 v N2.
yH2 =

r
(1 y i );
1+ r

y N2 =

r
(1 y i );
1+ r

p sut ca qu trnh tng hp phi l p sut thc ca hn hp N 2 +


H2. Gi tr ca p sut hiu qu khi c kh tr c tnh theo
Php = P ( 1-i)2
i: Nng kh tr trong hn hp kh (phn th tch)
S ph thuc ca nng kh tr n nng NH3 ra thp theo t l
nghch. Do phi tm cch gim lng kh tr n < 1%
2.nh hng ca tc khng gian:
Tng tc khng gian s lm tng nng sut ca thit b (tc l tng
c sn lng), mc d tng tc khng gian th nng NH3 ra thp s
gim. Nhng tc khng gian khng th tng ln qu v s gy ln mt cn
bng nhit ca thp tng hp v gy tr lc ca h thng ln, thng trong
sn xut bnh thng p sut trung p, ta khng ch tc khng gian vo
khong 25000 - 30000 Nm3/m3xt. h
3.Xc tc cho qu trnh tng hp NH3
C rt nhiu cht c th lm xc tc cho qu trnh tng hp NH 3 nh
cc nguyn t Fe, Pt, Mn, W, nhng loi xc tc ly Fe lm thnh phn chnh
c s dng rng ri do c ngun nguyn liu chnh l Fe di do, gi thnh
r, d kim, nhit thp cng c hot tnh tt, kh nng chng c mnh,
tui th cao.
Thnh phn ca xc tc:
Cu t hot tnh l Fe c iu ch di dng Fe3O4 (oxit st t) c
xp ln v hot tnh cao Fe3O4 = FeO . Fe2O3 theo t l = 0,47 0,57 trong
FeO chim 24 28%
Cht ph gia l Al2O3 , K2O, CaO
32

Tc dng ca cht ph gia: Lm tng hot tnh ca xc tc , c th khi


c cht ph gia lm cho nng cc electron t do ln vi lin kt yu, lm
gim cng chuyn in t, d to hp cht trung gian, kt qu l hot tnh ca
xc tc tng.
Th t cho ph gia Al2O3 - K2O - CaO.
V. Dy chuyn sn xut, la chn iu kin cng ngh

Trong qu trnh pht trin ca cng ngh tng hp NH 3 xut hin


nhiu loi dy chuyn khc nhau, sn xut vi cc phng php khc nhau.
Song tt c cc dy chuyn u bao gm mt s bc nh sau:
Bc 1: Nn kh nguyn liu
Sau khi hn hp kh N2, H2 vi t l H2: N2= 3:1 c kh sch cc tp
cht c hi , tin hnh nn hn hp qua my nn nng p sut n p sut
tng hp NH3. . Nh ta bit p sut cng cao cng c li cho cn bng v tc
phn ng ng thi cng sn xut ca thit b ln, d phn ly NH 3 .
Song nng cao p sut th yu cu thit b phc tp, thao tc kh khn, tiu
hao nng lng, tui th xc tc gim. ph hp vi iu kin sn xut
Vit Nam ta chn p sut 320 at.
Bc 2 : Tinh ch ln cui .
Hn hp kh qua cng on tinh ch ni chung c kh sch ton
b cc hp cht ca lu hunh v pht pho. Song vn cn cc hp cht cha
CO, CO2 , O2 . Nu hm lng CO + CO2 + O2 < 20 ppm th kh sau khi qua
my nn v kh du c th a sang tng hp ngay. Nhng nu hm lng
CO + CO2 + CO2 tng i ln cn phi tinh ch li ln cui bng cch a
hn hp kh i qua thit b kh CO, CO2 CO2 thc hin cc phn ng
hyro ho nhm chuyn ho thnh CH4 khng c vi xc tc.
Cc phn ng:
2H2 + O2 = 2H2O + Q
CO + 3H2 = CH4 + H2O + Q
33

CO2 + 4H2 = CH4 + 2H2O + Q

34

Bc 3: Hm nng kh v tin hnh tng hp .


Cn nng cao nhit kh n nhit hot tnh ca xc tc.
Nhit kh cng cao th tc phn ng ln nhng hiu sut cn bng
gim. V vy ta phi duy tr nhit thch hp . Qu trnh phn ng to
nhit khc nhau . Rt nhit b ng lng ng li phc tp cng knh . Rt
nhit trung gian ( cho nc lm lnh sn xut hi nc ) dng trong
thit b c nng sut ln . Truyn nhit thit b loi hng knh , ng i
ca tc nhn ngn lm gim tn tht p sut, tng hp vi xc tc ca qu
trnh l Fe3O4 th nhit thch hp l 450-5000C . Khi bt u chy my
vic hm nng hn hp kh phn ng c tin hnh trong thit b truyn
nhit nh ni trn .
Bc 4: Phn ly NH3 .
Do c im ca phn ng tng hp cho nn sau khi hn hp kh i
qua thp tng hp ch c mt phn NH 3 c sinh ra ( vi h vic lm vic
trung p [NH3] = 15 -20% , h lm vic p sut cao [NH3] khng vt qu
25% ).
tch NH3 to thnh sau khi tng hp ngi ta dng phng php
lnh ngng t . Nguyn tc ch yu ca phng php ny l h thp nhit
nhm h thp p sut bo ho NH3 ngng t . Mun vy ngi ta lm sch
hn hp kh n nhit thng hoc thp hn , p sut cao NH 3 lng s
tch ra mt phn. Sau khi kh i qua thit b lm lnh, NH3 c tch ra
thit b phn ly . Trong NH3 lng cn ho tan 1 lng nh N2, H2, CH4 , Ar ,
hm lng ca n ph thuc vo p sut thao tc v nhit . V vy NH3
lng c a n thng cha qua van gim p , phn ln kh c tch ra
y .
Bc 5: X l kh cha phn ng
tn dng mt lng kh ln hn hp kh N2, H2 cha phn ng sau
khi tch NH3. Mt khc bi tr vic gim p sut h thng (tr lc h
thng , gim th tch do phn ng, do ngng t NH3 tn tht p sut do phng
khng ). Ngi ta dng my nn tun hon nng p sut kh ln 320 at a
35

kh tr v thp tng hp . Vi p sut tng hp NH3 l 320 at tc kh vo


thp khong 20000 - 30000 Nm3/m3.h. Vic nng cao tc khng gian ny
c nh hng ln n qu trnh.
Bc 6: Thi kh tr
Trong nguyn liu mi a vo thp ni chung c cha mt lng kh
tr ( CH4 , Ar) khong 0,5-1,5 %. Trong h thng tun hon mt phn kh tr
ny ho tan trong NH3 lng, mt phn tch lu li trong h thng ngy cng
nhiu theo vi chu trnh tun hon. Lng kh tr tch lu qu nhiu trong h
thng tun hon th bt li cho qu trnh tng hp. V vy ta phi nh k
gim hm lng kh tr trong h thng . Qu trnh thi kh tr ny li cho qa
trnh nhng n cng gy tn tht nguyn liu tng i ln v vy ta phi
tnh ton lng phng khng c th, iu ny ph thuc vo hot tnh ca xc
tc v gi c nguyn liu .
Tm li : Qu trnh tng hp NH3 t hiu sut thp cho d lm vic
p sut no, chnh v vy lng kh nguyn liu cha tham ra phn ng ln.
Tun hon li hn hp kh cha phn ng quay li thp l vn ln c t
ra v n mang li tnh hiu qu trong ton h thng . Tu thuc vo tng dy
chuyn sn xut m cc ch tiu cng ngh cng nh phng php tin hnh
m tng bc trn c c th ho .
1. Dy chuyn lm vic p sut cao 450 1000 at
u im: C li cho cn bng v tc phn ng, cng sn xut
ca thit b ln .
Phn ly NH3 d dng ra khi hn hp kh phn ng , cng tiu hao cho
my nn tun hon gim.
Nhc im: Ch to thit b kh khn , thao tc phc tp , thi gian
lm vic ca xc tc gim.
2. Dy chuyn lm vic p sut thp 100 200 at
Thit b d ch to , an ton cho ngi v cc thit b nhng n li
nhiu nhc im.
36

Hiu sut tng hp thp 8 20% , xc tc d ng c kh khng


ch nhit , p sut thp khng c li cho cn bng , nng NH 3 cn bng
nh , kh phn ly, lng kh tun hon tng , tc khng gian hn ch.
3. Dy chuyn lm vic p sut trung bnh 280 350 at
Thao tc n gin , k thut v an ton i hi khng ngt ngho nh
dy chuyn p sut cao, xc tc t b ng c. Nhc im : Phi phn ly
NH3 theo hai giai on bng nc , bng NH3.
Cc cng ngh a ra trn u l cng ngh hin i , my mc
thit b hot ng hiu qu hiu qu, kinh t, tit kim nguyn liu v nng
lng. Hin nay cc s cng ngh ny c nhiu quc gia xy dng v
a vo s dng. Nhng vi kh nng kinh t ca Vit Nam th cha thc s
ph hp v mt l do sau:
Vn u t cho lp t dy chuyn cng ngh ln,
Trnh kinh t ca Vit Nam cha nm bt kp thi.
Kh nng t ng ho ca nh my cao, khng gii quyt c ngun
lao ng d tha ti a phng.
Do vy m ta ln chn cng ngh n gin, vn u t khng qu ln,
ph hp vi trnh kinh t v nn kinh t Vit Nam.
T nhng thc t nn cng ngh nc ta v nhng khuyt im ca 3
loi dy chuyn trn ta trn dy chuyn lm vic p sut trung bnh l ph
hp.
vi.Thuyt minh lu trnh cng ngh
Hn hp kh Hyro v Nit sau lm sch c nhit 35 400C dn
vo on VI my nn kh nguyn liu nng p sut ln ti 300 320 at, qua
thit b phn ly du nc v cc loi tp cht khc, ri cng kh tun hon t
b phn ly du sau Tuabin ra, i vo phn trn thp 3 kt hp , cng i vo
bn trong ng trao i nhit ca b lm lnh.
37

Hn hp kh ny c lm lnh bng kh i ln t b phn ly NH 3


phn di thp 3 kt hp, ri i vo trong ng trao i nhit ca b phn bc
hi NH3. Ti thit b bc hi , NH3 lng i ngoi ng, nhn nhit, bc hi, cn
hn hp kh tip tc i xung, c lm lnh xung -20C, NH3 ngng t v
NH3 lng c tch ra thit b phn ly ln II.
Hn hp kh cn li i vo ng trung tm ca b bc hi ngng t i
ln vo khng gian gia cc ng trao i nhit ca b lm lnh trao i
nhit vi kh trong ng, nhit tng ln khong 300C v i ra khi thp 3 kt
hp i vo my nn tun hon.
Kh ra khi my nn tun hon p sut tng ln 300 320 at, t0 = 400C
c chia vo hai ng i vo thp tng hp. Trong thp iu kin nhit
cao, p sut ln v s c mt ca cht xc tc, Hyro v Nit s tng hp
thnh Amoniac.
Hn hp kh ra khi thp tng hp c a vo thit b lm lnh bng
nc gim nhit hn hp kh xung 350C c a qua thit b phn ly ln
1 tch mt phn NH3 lng to thnh. Kh ra khi thp phn ly c nng NH3
< 10% c a vo nh thp 3 kt hp. Amoniac lng c tch ra t phn
ly I , II , qua gim p cn 24 at c a v thng cha trung gian. Ti y
phn ln kh ho tan trong NH3 lng c nh ra, sau NH3 lng c a
vo thng cha.
Phn kh tr c tch lu trong h thng ngy cng tng cao cho nn
ta phi thi bt bng cch phng khng. Kh tr c thi sau phn ly I c
hm lng NH3 10% c a qua thp hp th thu hi, NH3 kh ra khi
thp hp th c hm lng NH3 3%.

38

Chng III:
Cn bng vt cht ca qu trnh phng khng.
Mc ch tnh cn bng vt cht cho tng thit b trong dy chuyn t
lm c s cho tnh cn bng vt cht cho thit b phng khng, t tnh
ton lng kh c phng khng cn thit vi mt nng sut NH3 cho trc.
S tnh ton ca h thng.

V5
5

V4

4
VPK
3

III

V2

Vm

II

IV
WaII

B
WaI

I.Thp tng hp
II.Thit b lm lnh
III. Thit b ngng t

P. V tr phng khng

IV. Thit b bc hi

B. V tr b xung kh mi

V. My nn tuabin

39

Cc s liu ban u
Nng sut tng hp
300 Tn NH3/24 gi
p sut trung bnh
300 at
Nhit trung bnh
5000C, T = 7730K
Tc khng gian
24000 Nm3/h.m3xt
Thnh phn kh mi (ly theo s liu nh my)
Tnh theo % th tch
H2

74,1%

N2

24,7%

CH4+Ar

1,2%

T l thnh phn H2/N2=3/1


Thnh phn kh vo thp tng hp (%V):
H2

65,1%

N2

21,7%

NH3

2,2%

CH4 + Ar

11%

T l

H2/N2 =3/1

Ta quy c cc qu hiu nh sau:


V : th tch cc cu t

m3

y : nng cc cu t

% th tch

Wa: lng NH3 ngng t

m3

Ga : lng NH3 lng

kg

Cc ch s km theo
a: amoniac
i: kh tr
hh: hn hp kh H2 + N2
m: khi mi
pk: phng khng

Bng phn b nhit , p sut tr lc trong cc thit b


40

T
1
2

Nhit 0C
Tn thit b
Vo
Ra
Thp tng hp 35
190
Lm lnh bng 190
35

p sut, at
Vo
Ra
310
295
295
292

3
4
5

nc
Ngng t
35
Bc hi NH3
20
My nn tua 25

292
288
284

ST

25
-2
35

288
284
310

Tr lc,at
15
3
4
4
-26

bin
I.Tnh cn bng vt cht cho thp tng hpNH3
V5,y5

V1 ,y1

(Tnh cho 100 m3 kh vo thp)


Thnh phn kh mi hay thnh phn hn hp kh ban u (%th tch )
H2

74,1%

N2

24,7%

CH4+Ar

1,2%

T l H2/N2= 3/1
Thnh phn kh vo thp tng hp amoniac

41

y 5 H2

65,1%

y 5 H2

21,7%

y 5 NH 3

2,2%

y 5i

11%

T l thnh phn H2/ N2= 3/1


1.Lng kh vo thp:
Vi

H2

5
: V 5 H = V5 . y

N2

: V 5 N = V5 . y 5 N

= 100,0,217 = 21,7 m3

NH3 : V 5 NH = V5 . y 5 NH
3

=100.0,651 = 65,1 m3

H2

: V 5 i = V5 . y 5 i

= 100.0,022 = 2,2 m3
= 100.0,11 =11

m3

2. Lng kh ra khi thp


- Vi NH3
Lng hn hp kh vo thp tng hp (V5) bng lng hn hp kh ra
khi thp cng vi lng NH3 to thnh
V5 = V1 +( V1y1a - V5y5a )

(1)

- Vi kh tr: lng kh tr khng i trong qu trnh V5y5i =V1yli (2)


- Nng NH3cb c tnh theo cng thc [I - 98]
y* 2 - 200y* -

308 K p
P

+ 10 4 =0

(3)

Trong :
P - p sut trung bnh thp tng hp 300 at
y* - l nng NH3 lc cn bng ,%V
KP - hng s cn bng ca phn ng
Mt khc ta li c theo [I - 97]
lg K p =

2074,8
+ 2,49431gT + .T - 1,8564 . 10-7 . T2 + J (4)
T

Trong :
T - Nhit trung bnh ca thp tng hp 7730K
, J - cc hng s ph thuc nhit , p sut.

T = 7730K, P =300 at theo bng [ I-97]

Th

= 1,256.10-4, J = - 2,206

Thay vo phng trnh (4), ta c :


42

1g K p =

2074,8
+2,4943 .1g 773 + 1,256 . 10-4 . 773
T

- 1,8564 . 10 -7 .773 2 - 2,206.


Gii ra ta c: K p = 199,55
Thay vo phng trnh (3)
y* 2 - 200 y* -

308.199,55 *
. y + 104 = 0
300

Gii phng trnh ny ta c nghim y* = 26, 42% l thch hp.


Theo ti liu S tay cng ngh hu c tp I trang (60, 64) th 300 at,
T = 5000C nng cn bng ca NH3 = 26,44% l ph hp
V Phq = P (1-i)2 = 310 (1 - 0,1)2 = 252 at th y * NH = 22, 64%.
3

Vy nng NH3 ra khi thp c tnh h s hiu chnh i vi vic


gim p sut hiu qu.
22,64
= 0,857
26,42

Mt khc 5000 C v 300 at theo th ta tm c hm lng NH3


trong kh l 21,5%. Vy nng NH3 ra khi thp c h s hiu chnh.
y1a = 21,5 . 0,857 = 18,43 % V
18,43

Nh vy nng NH3 to thnh bng 26,42 = 0,698 nng cn bng


T phng trnh (1)
V1 =

1 + y 5a
1 + 0,022
.V5 =
.100 = 86,30m3
1
1 + 0,1843
1+ y a

Vi NH3: V1a = V1 . y1a = 86,30. 0,1843 = 15,91 m3


Vi kh tr: V1y1i=V5i y1i = 100 . 0,11 = 11 m3
10

10

Suy ra: y1a = V = 86,30 = 11,59% V


1
Vi Nit (tnh theo t l H2/N2 = 3/1)
y1 N2 =

43

1
1
(100 y 1 a y 1 i ) = ( 100 - 18,43 - 11,59)
4
4

y 1 N 2 = 17,495% V
V 1 N 2 = V1. y 1 N 2 = 86,30 . 0,17495 = 15,10 m3

Vi hydr
y1H2 =

3
3
(100 y 1 a y 1i ) = (100 - 18,43 - 11,59)
4
4

y 1 H 2 = 52,485%V
y 1 H 2 = V1 . y 1 H 2 = 86,30 . 0,52485 = 42,59 m3

Khi lng ring ca cc cu t iu kin tiu chun tra [II - 13]


H 2 = 0,0898 kg/m3

NH 3 = 0,7708 kg/m3

N 2 = 1,2507 kg/m3

CH 4 = 0,7167 kg/m3

T ta tnh c khi lng cc cu t theo cng thc


m = . V , kg
Cu t
H2
N2
NH3
i
Cng

Vo
m3
65,1
21,7
2,20
11,00
100

Kg
5,846
27,14
1,696
7,884
42,566

%V
65,1
21,7
2,2
11,00
100

Ra
m3
45,29
15,10
15,91
11
87,3

Kg
4,107
18,886
12,263
7,884
43,14

%V
51,88
17,30
18,22
12,60
100

II. Tnh cn bng vt cht cho thit b lm lnh bng nc

S tnh ton
V2 y2
V1 y1

WIa + CI GIa

1.Lng v thnh phn kh vo thit b lm lnh bng nc chnh bng


lng v thnh phn kh ra khi thp tng hp.
44

2. Lng kh vo thit b lm lnh bng nc bng tng lng kh ra


khi thit b cng vi lng NH3 ngng t v lng cu t ho tan trong NH 3
lng.
V1 = V2 + WIa + CIGIa

(5)

Trong :
V1, V2 - lng hn hp kh vo ra khi thit b, m3
WI a lng NH3 kh ra khi thit b, m3
GIa CI - tng lng cc cu t ho tan trong NH3 lng
- Vi NH3 : lng NH3 vo thit b lnh bng lng NH3 ngng t cng
vi lng NH3 kh ra khi thit b , m3/m3 NH3 lng.
V1y1a = V2y2a + WIa

(6)

tnh lng cu t ho tan trong NH3 lng ta tnh theo cng thc
Cj = Sj . yj

m3/ m3 NH3 lng

Cj - lng cu t ho tan trong 1 m3 NH3 lng iu kin tiu chun ,


m3/Nm3 NH3 lng.
Sj - l ho tan cu t j khi yj = 1 n v m3/m3 NH3 lng
Mt cch gn ng vi sai s trong phm vi cho php, tnh lng ho
tan cc cu t ng vi nhit kh ra thit b 350C v 292 at.
Ta c bng
Sj(m3/ m3 NH3 lng)
20,35
22,12
71,80

Cu t
H2
N2
i

yj% V
51,88
17,30
12,60

Thay s:
CI H = S H yH = 20,35 . 0,5188 = 10,558 m3/ m3 NH lng
2

CI N = S N yN = 22,12 . 0,1730 = 3,827 m3/ m3 NH lng


2

CI i = Si yi = 71,80 + 0,1260 = 9,047m3/ m3 NH lng


3

45

CI = 23,432 m3/ m3 NH lng.


3

Th tch NH3 kh chuyn sang dng lng theo cng thc


GIa =

Ma
.W I a
aV 0 a

Ma - Khi lng phn t ca NH3 bng 17,03 kg/ Kmol


Va0 - th tch phn t NH3 iu kin tiu chun bng 22,4 Kmol/m3
a - khi lng ring NH3 lng 350C bng 587,5 kg/m3
WIa - lng NH3 ngng t th kh, m3
17,03

GIa = 587,5.22,4 . WIa = 1,294 . 10-3 WIa


Thay CI v GIa vo phng trnh (5)
86,30= V2 + WIa + 1,294 . 10-3 . WIa . 23,432

(7)

Nng NH3 kh ra khi thit b t0 = 350C v P = 292 at tnh theo


cng thc Larson - blek [I - 114]
1gy = 4,1856 +

5,98788 109,544

t + 273
P

1gy2a = 4,1856 +

5,98788
292

109,544
308

Suy ra ya2 = 9,25%


Thay vo phng trnh (6)
86,30. 0,1843 = 0,0925 V2 + WIa

(8)

T (7) v (8) ta c:
86,30 = V2 + 1,0303.Wa I

15,905 = 0,0925V2 + Wa I

Gii h phng trnh, ta c


WIa = 8,757 m3
V2 = 77, 28 m3
Lng cc cu t ho tan NH3 lng
H2 : CIH 2 . GIa = 10,7 . 1,294 . 10-3 . 8,757 = 0,121 m3
46

N2 : C I N . GIa = 3,88. 1,294 . 10-3 . 8,757 = 0,044 m3


2

i: CIi . GIa = 8,25 . 1,294 . 10-3 . 8,757 = 0,0935 m3


Lng kh NH3 kh ra khi thit b ngng t
V2a = V2 . y2a = 77,28 . 0,0925 = 7,1484 m3
Lng kh tr vo lm lnh bng nc bng lng kh tr ho tan trong NH 3
lng cng lng kh tr ra theo kh
V1y1i = V2y2i + CIi . GIa
T y2i =

V1 y i i C I i .G I a
V2

Suy ra y2i =

10 0,0935
= 12,82 %V
77,28

V2i = V2y2i = 77,28. 0,1282 = 9,907

m3

- Vi N2
y 2 N2 =

1
1
(100 y 2 a y 2 i ) = (100 9,25 12,82)
4
4

= 19,48%V
- Vi H2
y 2 H2 =

3
3
(100 y 2 a y 2 i ) = (100 9,25 12,82)
4
4

=58,45%V
V 2 H 2 = V2 y 2 H 2 = 77,28.0,5845 = 45,17 m 3

Bng cn bng vt cht cho bng thit b lm lnh bng nc

47

Vo

Cu
t
H2
N2
NH3
i
Cng

Ra

Cng

m3

kg

%V

m3

kg

%V

m3

kg

%V kg

45,29
15,10
15,91
11
87,3

4,107
18,89
12,26
7,884
43,14

51,88
17,30
18,22
12,60
100

45,17
15,06
7,145
9,907
77,282

4,06
18,84
5,51
7,1
35,51

58,45
19,49
9,25
12,82
100

0,121
0,044
8,757
0,093
9,016

0,01
0,055
6,75
0,067
6,882

1,34
0,49
97,13
1,04
100

III. cn bng vt cht cho qu trnh phng khng


S tnh ton

V4

WaII
CII.GaII

VPK
V3
V2

Vm

B
Thnh phn kh mi
H2 : 74,1%
N2 : 24, 7%

T l H2/ N2 = 3/1

CH4: 1,2%
Cc thng s cn tnh: VPK, Vm .

48

4,07
18,90
12,26
7,167
42,40

1. Lp phng trnh cn bng


- Vi NH3:
Lng NH3 sau thit b lm lnh bng nc bng tng lng NH3
phng khng, lng NH3 ngng t v lng NH3 quay v thp tng hp.
V2y2a = VPKyPKa + WIIa. V4y4a

(9)

- Vi kh tr
Lng kh tr mi vo bng lng kh tr ho tan trong NH3 lng ln 1
v ln 2 cng vi lng kh tr phng khng.
Vmymi = CIi. GIa + GIIa + Vpk.ypki

(10)

- Vi hn hp kh H2 + N2
Lng hn hp N2 + H2 b xung bng hai ln (lng NH3) ngng t ln
1, ln 2 cng lng NH3 phng khng) cng lng H2, N2 ho tan trong lng
ln 1, ln 2.
Vmymhh = 2 (WIa + WIIa + Vpk . ypka) + CIhh. GIa+
+ CIIhh . GIIa + Vpk.ypkhh

(11)

2. Tnh ton
Nhit kh ra khi thit b bc hi c tnh theo cng thc Larson blek [I - 114]
1gy NH 3 = 4,1856 +

5,98788 1099,544

t x + 273
P

Trong :
P: p sut kh ra khi thit b bc hi 284 at
y NH 3 : nng kh NH3 trong hn hp kh ra khi thit b bc hi
y NH 3 = 3%

Vy 1g3 = 4,1856 +
Suy ra: tx = - 2,430C

5,98788 1099,544

t x + 273
284

Chn tx = -20C

Tnh gn ng ta ly thnh phn cu t bng thnh phn trung bnh


cng ca hn hp kh vo ra thit b
49

y h2 =

y 2 H 2 + y 4 H 2 58,45 + 65,1
=
= 61,775%
2
2

y N2 =

y 2 N 2 + y 4 N 2 19,48 + 21,7
=
= 20,59 %
2
2

y 2 i + y 4 i 12,82 + 11
=
= 11,91%
2
2

yi =

T t = - 20C v p sut p = 284 at tra bng


Ta c
Sj(m3/ m3 NH3 lng)
11,94
10,96
46,7

Cu t
H2
N2
i

y% V
61,775
20,59
11,91

Lng cc cu t ho tan trong NH3 lng l:


II
CII H = S H y H = 11,94 . 0,61775=7,376 m3/ m3 NH lng
2

CII N = S
2

II

N2

y N 2 = 10,96 . 0,2059=2,257 m3/ m3 NH 3 lng

CII i = SiII yi = 46,7 . 0,1191=5,562 m3/ m3 NH lng


3

Th tch NH3 kh chuyn sang dng lng:


GIIa =

Ma
17,03
.W II a =
.W II a = 1,185. 10-3 . WIIa
0
641,6.22,4
aV a

Thay cc gi tr bit vo phng trnh (9, 10 , 11)


T phng trnh (9)
V2y2a = VPKyPKa + WIIa + V4y4a
7,1484 = VPK . 0,0925 + WIIa + 3
Suy ra: WIIa = 4,1484 - 0,0925. VPK
T phng trnh

(10)

Vmym = CIi . GIa + CIIaCIIa + VPK. yPKi


0,012Vm = 0,0935 + 5,562 . 1,185 . 10-3 WIIa + 0,1282 VPK

50

T phng trnh (11)


Vmyhh m = 2 (WIa + WIIa + Vpk . yka) + C Ihh. GIa+
+ CIIhh . GIIa + Vpk.ypkhh
0,988 Vm = 2(8,757+ WIIa + 0,0925Vpk) + 0,164 + 0,965. 1,185.
10-3 WIIa + 0,7804Vpk
Suy ra 2,0114 WIIa = 0,988Vm - 0,9564Vpk - 17,678
Ta c h phng trnh:
WIIa =4,1484 - 0,0925 . Vpk
6,591 . 10-3 WIIa = 0,01Vm - 0,1282Vpk - 0,0935
2,0114 WIIa = 0,988Vm - 0,9654Vpk - 17,678
Gii h ta c:
WIIa = 4,04m3
VPK = 1,20 m3
Vm = 27,28 m3
a. Lng v thnh phn hn hp kh phng khng
V pk H 2 = V pk . y PK H 2 = 1,2. 0,5845 = 0,70 m3
V pk N 2 = V pk . y PK N 2 = 1,2. 0,1948 = 0,23 m3
V pk NH 3 = V pk . y PK NH 3 = 1,2. 0,0925 = 0,11 m3
V pk i = V pk . y PK i = 1,2. 0,1282 = 0,16 m3

b. Hn hp kh sau phng khng


V3 = V2 - VPK
V 3 H 2 = 45,17-0,7=44,47 m3
V 3 N 2 = 15,06-0,23=14,83 m3
V 3 NH 3 =7,15-0,11=7,04

m3

V 3 i = 9,91 - 0,16 = 9,75 m3

Suy ra V3 = 76, 09 m3
Cn bng vt cht cho thit b phng khng
51

Cu t

Vo
m3

H2

45,17 4,06

N2

15,0

kg

18,8

NH3

6
4
7,145 5,51

9,907 7,15

Cng

77,2

35,5

Ra
%V
58,4
5

kg

%V
58,4

0,70 0,062

19,49 0,23 0,29

kg

44,47 3,99

19,48 14,83

18,5

7,04

0,11 0,085 9,25


12,8
0,16 0,11
2

5
5,43

9,76

6,99

100

1,20 0,55

76,1

9,25
12,8

100

34,9
6

%V
58,4
4

Cng
kg
4,06

19,48 18,84
9,25

5,51

12,83 7,15
100

35,51

IV.Tnh cn bng vt cht ca thit b phng khng theo nng sut phn
xng
Nng sut 300 tn NH3/ngy
Nng sut tnh theo gi

300000
24

=12500 kg/h

Khi tnh ton cho 100 m3 hn hp kh vo thp tng hp ta thu c


Wa=WIa+WIIa=8,757+4,038=12,795 m3
Chuyn sang kg: 12,795.0,77=9,862 (kg)
T xc nh c lng kh vo thp theo nng sut thit k
Nu 100 m3 th thu c 9,862 kg
Vy G m3 vo thp thu c 12500 kg/h
G=

12500 .100
9,862

= 126749 m3/h

Lp cn bng vt cht cho thit b phng khng ta nhn cc kt qu


thu c vi h s qui i m =

126749
= 1267,49
100

T ta c bng cn bng vt cht cho thit b phng khng


52

Ra

Cu Vo
t
H2
N2
NH3
i
Cng

53

m /h
57252
19088
9056
12557
97953

Kg/h
5141
23873
6980
9000
44994

%V
58,45
19,49
9,25
12,82
100

Phng khng
m3/h Kg/h
887
79,65
292
365,2
139
107,1
203
145,5
1520 697,5

%V
58,45
19,48
9,25
12,82
100

Sau phng khng


m3/h
Kg/h
%V
56365 5062
58,44
18797 23509 19,48
8917
6873
9,25
12354 8854
12,83
96433 44298 100

Phn II. Qu trnh x l v thu hi NH3 trong kh phng khng


Chng I. Lp lun tnh kinh t ca qu trnh x l v thu hi NH3
trong kh phng khng
Nh trnh by cc ni dung trn to lp mt dy chuyn cng
ngh tng hp NH3 kinh t , hiu qu v t hiu sut cao nht s ph thuc
vo rt nhiu yu t, v mt thu ng, v ho l, nhit , p sut lm vic,
t l H2/N2, nng kh tr Ar, CH4
Hon thin cng ngh tng hp NH3 cn ch mt s vn sau
tun hon li kh H2, N2 cha phn ng phi gii quyt
-Tch NH3 ra khi kh cha phn ng bng lm lnh ngng t
-X b mt phn kh tr gi nng kh tr trong kh tun hon
khng i, cn bng gia lng kh tr vo theo kh mi theo kh mi (tng
ng vi lng NH3 to thnh ) v lng kh tr ra khi h thng
-B tr tn hao p sut bng my nn tun hon do:
+Tr lc h thng
+Phn ng gim th tch
+NH3 ngng t
+X kh tr
Dng xc tc c 3-4 cht ph gia cho php tng thi gian lm vic vi
hot tnh cao
Dng xc tc c nhit hot tnh thp 225-380oC p sut 100atm
lm tng hiu sut , gim lng nn kh
Hon thin cu to thp tng hp c nng sut ln , thp loi hng
knh (c ht nh,tr lc nh)
54

Tn dng nhit sn xut hi nc . C 1 tn NH3 thu c 0,90,95 tn H2O hi P=17-18at


Dng my nn v bm kiu tuc bin cho nng sut ln
T ng ha iu chnh qu trnh, tng nng sut lao ng
Nh vy trong qu trnh tng hp NH3 kh tr khng tham gia phn
ng tun hon lm nng ca n tng dn , thng ta duy tr nng kh
tr trong kh tun hon t 8-12%, do phi thi b mt phn theo cn bng
vt cht.
Tuy nhin vic thi b kh tr li lm ny sinh mt s vn sau:
+Lm mt kh nguyn liu
+Mt NH3 (khong 9%) c trong kh phng khng
+Mt nng lng
+Gy nhim mi trng .
Do vic thit k mt h thng thu hi li NH3, kh nguyn liu
trong kh phng khng l c c s khoa hc ng v c tnh thc tin cao.
Nu thit k c mt h thng x l , thu hi li NH3 trong kh phng
khng s thu c rt nhiu li ch thit thc , c bit trong giai on hin
nay, khi m vn bo v mi trng trong sn xut cng nghip ang rt
oc quan tm .
Chng Ii.dy chuyn cng ngh qu trnh hp th NH3 trong kh thi
phng khng.
Hn hp kh sau phng khng p sut kh quyn p=1at, t=35oC
c a vo my nn nn n p sut p2, t2 , ri qua b phn tch du
tch cc tp cht trong hn hp kh . Hn hp kh sau c dn qua thit b
trao i nhit dng ng chm lm ngui hn hp kh. Sau c np vo
kt kh n nh lu lng trc khi c a sang thp hp th.
Ti thp hp th kh c phun t di ln . Nc mm qua bm tng
p c di t nh thp xung . Hai pha lng v kh s tip xc vi nhau ti
55

cc tng m v y s xy ra qu trnh hp th ca dung mi nc i vi


NH3 trong hn hp kh . Hiu sut hp th t 90%.
Kh khng b hp th c nng NH3 1% c i qua b gia nhit
nguyn liu . Kh ra khi b gia nhit nguyn liu c nhit 45oC i vo 4
b phn ly mng rng , trong lng b phn ly mng rng ny chn y cc b
si xenluloz rng kh nguyn liu i vo khng gian ca b ng ny, do c
s chnh lch p sut gia khng gian ng v v pha trong cc ng xenluloz
rng ln H2 c khuch tn vo bn trong si xenluloz, lm cho pha trong
lng rng ca ng xenluloz to ra hn hp kh giu H 2. Th kh giu H2 ny
i ra t b phn ly mng rng i vo mt ng ng chung ri c a sang
h thng tng hp NH3 . Kh khng thm thu c a ra khi h thng phn
ly mng rng ri a v h thng kh t chung.
Nc NH3 i ra y thp hp th c nng NH 3 13% c gim p
xung 1at ri a v thng cha NH3 a sang cng on nh hp th ,
hoc a thng sang cng v kh vi lng.
Trong cng on nh hp th, dung dch NH3OH t thng cha c
nhit 40oC c bm nng p ln 10 bar ri i qua b trao i nhit
nng nhit ca dung dch ln 165oC ri i vo thp chng a tip liu.
Dung dch trong thp chng c un nng n 200 0C , khi NH3 bc hi
c ln hi nc qua cc tng m i ln, gp dung dch ngui i t trn xung
va lm bc hi mt phn NH3 trong dung dch i xung, va ngng t mt
phn hi nc trong hn hp hi quay tr li pha di . Lp li nhiu ln bc
hi v ngng t nh vy cui cng trn nh thp ta thu c kh NH 3 nng
cao i vo b ngng t hi lu nh thp . y kh NH3 c nc tun
hon lm lnh gin tip bn ngoi ng chm h nhit xung cn 50-52oC ,
lm cho hi nc c ln trong kh NH3 ngng t thnh dch tr li thp
(lng dch hi lu) , cn kh NH3 nng 98% i qua b lm lnh ngng
t bng nc tun hon thnh NH3 lng ri i vo thng cha sau c
a i cng v tng hp Ure
56

Chng IIi.tnh ton qu trnh hp th NH3 trong kh phng khng.


I.tnh ton thit b chnh.
1. Xy dng ng cn bng.
- p sut cn bng v nng ca cu t b hp th NH 3 c tnh theo
cng thc:
Pcb = Mpc . C
Trong : C: Nng cu t hp th NH3 trong dung mi
( Kmol/m3)
Mpc: H s ph thuc vo nhit ( bar. m3/ kmol)
S ph thuc ca h s Mpc vo nhit c lin h bi cng thc
sau:
+ Khi nng ca dung dch < 3M.
lg Mpc = 4,705 -

1922
T

+ Khi nng dung dch > 3M th


lg Mpc = 4,125 + 0,1 lgC Trong :

1750
T

T: nhit ca qu trnh hp th , oK
C: Nng ca NH3 trong dung dch .

xy dng ng cn bng ta phi thit lp mi quan h gia nng C


(M) v nng phn mol; phn mol tng i ca cu t trong pha lng v
pha kh.
a. Lin h gia nng C(M) v nng phn mol tng i X
( Kmol/Kmol dung mi).
Gi s 1m3 dung dch c C Kmol NH3
57

Ngha l nng cu t b hp th (NH3) trong dung dch l C (M).


Suy ra khi lng ca H2O trong dung dch cht hp th l m H O = d 2

C . M NH

Vi d: Khi lng ring ca H2O 350C (Kg/m3)


M NH 3 : khi lng phn t NH3.

T phn mol tng i c xc nh theo cng thc


C
18C
=
X = mH 2O d C.M NH 3 ( Kmol NH3/ Kmol H2O)
18
0

C d 35 C H O = 994,06 (Kg/m3)
2

m H O = 994,06 - C. 17 (Kg)
2

Khi lng H2O gn nh khng i trong sut qu trnh do


18.C

X = 994,06 17C ( Kmol NH3/ Kmol H2O)


b. H s Mpc.
1922
T

+ Nu C < 3M

: lg Mpc = 4,705 -

+ Nu C > 3M

: lg Mpc = 4, 125 + 0,1 lg C -

1750
T

Vi T = 35 + 273 = 308 K.
c. Nng cn bng trong pha kh.
Theo nh lut Dalton: Pi = P * y*
Vi Pi : p sut cn bng ca kh i (NH3)
y* : Nng phn mol ca NH3 trong pha kh .
P : p sut chung ca hn hp kh, P = 8 bar.
Mt khc: p sut cn bng v nng cu t b hp th NH3 c xc
nh.
Pi = Mpc . C
Mpc: h s Henry (bar. m3/ Kmol)
C: Nng cu t NH3 trong dung mi (Kmol/m3).
58

Vy Mpc . C = y*. P
y* =

M pc
P

.C

Mt khc : y* =

Y*
1+ Y *

M pc .C

Vy y* = P M .C vi P = 8 bar.
pc
Ta c bng s liu tng hp nh sau:
C
X
Mpc
1
0,0184
0,0292
3
0,0573
0,0292
5
0,0990
0,0326
7
0,1440
0,0337
9
0,1926
0,0346
10
0,218
0,0349
12
0,2734
0,0356
14
0,333
0,0361
16
0,3989
0,0366
17
0,434
0,0368
18
0,471
0,0370
19
0,5096
0,0372
20
0,5504
0,0347
21
0,593
0,0376
T bng s liu trn v c ng cn bng

Y*
3,663.10-3
0,0111
0,0208
0,0304
0,0405
0,0456
0,0564
0,0674
0,0790
0,0848
0,0908
0,0969
0,1032
0,1095
ca qu trnh hp th.

NH3 trong hn hp kh bi H2O.


2. Cn bng vt cht qu trnh hp th, xc nh ng nng lm
vic.
T s liu ban u y = 0,0925
y

0,0925

d
Yd = 1 y = 1 0,0925 = 0,1019
d

Y = 0,1019 (Kmol NH3/ Kmol hn hp kh)


T th vi Y = 0,0925 Xcbc = 0,5420
Lng dung mi ti thiu cn thit cho qu trnh hp th l
59

Yd Yc
cbc X d

Gmin=GTR. X

(Kmol/h)

Vi mc hp th 90% Yc=(1-).Yd=(1-0,9).0,1019=0,01019
Nng sut hp th quy v iu kin tiu chun theo tnh ton bit l: V
=1520m3/h. y cng l lu lng th tch iu kin tiu chun.
Vy lu lng
V

1520

Gy = 22,4 = 22,4 = 67,857 (Kmol/h)


T y = 0,0925 lng kh tr trong hn hp kh
GTR = (1 - y). Gy = (1 - 0,0925) . 67,857 = 61,580 (Kmol/h).
Y Y

d
c
Gmin = GTR . X X = 61,580.
cbc
d

0,1019 0,0102
= 10,419 (Kmol/h)
0,5420

Gmin = 10,419 (Kmol/h)


Lng dung mi thc t c ly d 20% so vi lng dung mi ti
thiu.
Gx = Gmin .

120
120
= 10,419.
= 12,502 (Kmol/h)
100
100

ng lm vic trong thp:


G

x
x
Y = G x + Yc G . X
TR
TR

12,502

Y = 61,580 X + 0,01019
Y = 0,20302 X + 0,01019.
3. ng knh thit b.
ng knh ca thp hp th loi m.
4.V

D = .3600tb.
y
D: ng knh thit b

(m)
(mt)

Vtb: Lu lng th tch trung bnh

(m3/h)

y: Vn tc ca dng kh i trong thp (m/s)

60

a. Lu lng th tch trung bnh.


C V = 1520 (m3/h) 00C v 1 at
T lu lng th tch iu kin lm vic c tnh theo cng thc
sau:
- Theo phng trnh trng thi ca kh l tng;
P.V = G. R.T
Vi

R: Hng s kh l tng [at. m3/ Kmol. K]


R= 0,082
P: p sut lm vic ca thit b (at)
8

P = 8 bar = 0,98 at = 8,163 at


T: Nhit lm vic ca thp.
T = 273 + 35 = 308 K
G: Lu lng mol ca pha kh
V

1520

G = 220,4 = 22,4 = 67,857 (Kmol/h)


V: Lu lng th tch ca pha kh V = V.
( V : Th tch pha kh u qu trnh hp th).
Vy ta c phng trnh.
8,163 . V = 67,857 . 0,082 . 308
V = 209,947 (m3/h)
Suy ra: Lu lng th tch kh tr iu kin lm vic:
VTR = (1 - Y). V = (1- 0,1019) 209, 947
= 188,553 (m3/h)
V lng kh tr khng b hp th, tc l coi nh khng i trong sut
qa trnh nn ta suy ra:
Lu lng hn hp kh cui qu trnh hp th:
VC = VTR(1 + YC) = 188,553 ( 1+ 0,0102)
= 190,476 (m3/h)
61

Vy lu lng th tch trong bnh ca dng kh.


Vytb =

(Vd + Vc ) 209,947 + 190,476


=
= 200,212 (m3/h)
2
2

b. Vn tc lm vic ca dng kh.


Ta c:
G 1 / 4 1 / 8
s 2 . d . ytb 0,16
x
= 0,022 1,75 x . ytb
lg
3
G y xtb
g.Vd . xtb n

Vi

+ s: Vn tc o pha

(m/s).

+ x, y: Khi lng ring trung bnh ca pha lng v pha hi.


(Kg/m3)
+ g: Gia tc trng lng g = 9,81 m/s2
+ d : B mt ring ca m m2/m3
+Vd: Th tch t do ca m m3/m3
b1. Khi lng ring trung bnh ytb, xtb.
* ytb:
ytb =

[ ytb1 .M 1 + (1 ytb1 ).M 2 ].P.273


22,4.T .P0

Vi M1, M2 : khi lng mol ca cu t 1 v 2


T = 308K

; P = 8,163at

; P0 = 1 at

ytb1 : Nng phn mol ca cu t 1


ytb1 =

y d 1 + y c1
2

y1 , yc1: Nng phn mt ca cu t lc u v cui qu trnh hp


th.
y: Cu t 1 (cu t phn b) : NH3.
MNH 3 = 17
Cu t 2: Hn hp kh vo M =10,04
Ta c y1 =0,0925
yc1 = ( 1- 0,9) . 0,0925 = 0,00925
62

ytb1 =

y d 1 + y c1 0,0925 + 0,00925
=
= 0,050875
2
2

ytb =

[0,050875 .17 + (1 0,050875).10,04].273.8,163


= 3,357(Kg/m3)
22,4.308.1

xtb: Khi lng ring trung bnh ca pha lng c coi l khi lng
ring ca nc 350c
0

35 C
Vy xtb = H O = 994,06 Kg/m3
2

b2. nht.
0

* n 20 C = 10-3 (Ns/m2)
xhh

.Ta c

lg xhh = x1 lg 1 + (1 - x1) lg 2.
1, 2: nht ca cu t thnh phn NH3 v H2O
x1: Nng phn mol ca NH3 trong dung dch:
C x1 = x1tb =

xd + xc
2

Ta c: X = 0 xd = 0
0,40543

Xc = 0,40543 xc = 1 + 0,40543 = 0,2884


xtb1 =

0,2884
= 0,1442.
2
0

35 C
T : Vi 1 = NH L = 0,2125 . 10-3 Ns/m2
3

2 = H O
2

35 0 C

= 0,7225 . 10-3 Ns/m2

lg xhh = [ 0,1442 [lg 0,2125. 10-3] + (1- 0,1442) lg 0,7225 . 10-3].


xhh = 6,056 . 10-4 Ns/m2
b3. Lu lng trung bnh Gx , Gy (Kg/s)
C:

ytb = 3,357 (Kg/m3)


Vytb = 200,212 (m3/ h)
Vytb =

63

200,212
= 0,0556 (m3/s)
3600

T : Ta c lu lng (Kg/s) trung bnh


Gkg/sytb=ytb.Vytb=3,357.0,0556=0,187 kg/s
*Lu lng lng trung bnh Gx( kg/s)
Gxtb = G H O + G NH
2

3 ltb

Gxtb = (G H O + X 1tb ) Kg/s


2

G H 2 O : Lu lng nc thc t (Kg/s)

Vi

G NH 3 tb : Lng NH3 hp th vo pha lng (Kg/s)


X 1tb : Nng phn khi lng tng i trung bnh

Ta c:
x1tb .M NH 3
x ltb= x .M
1tb
NH 3 + (1 x1tb ).M hh
0,1442.17

= 0,1442.17 + (1 0,1442)10,04 = 0,222


x

0,222

1tb
X 1tb = 1 x = 1 0,222 = 0,2853
1tb

T :
+ G H O = Gx thc tKmol/h .
2

= 12,502 .

1
.M H 2O
3600

1
. 18 = 0,06251 (Kg/s)
3600

+ Gxtb = 0,06251 (1 + 0,2853) = 0,08 (Kg/s)


Vy ta c:
ytb = 3,357

(Kg/m3)

xtb = 994,06

(Kg/m3)

xtb = 6,056. 10-3 (Ns/m2)


Gytb = 0,187

(Kg/s)

Gxtb = 0,08

(Kg/s)

g = 9,81

(m/s2)

T : thay vo cng thc:


64

1/ 4
1/ 8
2 s . .3,357 6,056.10 4 0,16
0,08 3,357
d

=
0
,
022

1
,
27
.
lg
3
3
0,187 994,06

9,81.Vd .994,06 10

2 .
s 3 d
Vd

= 305,88


y . d3 = 305,88
0,8 Vd

y 2 . d

= 195,764.
3
Vd

Chn m s : 5 x 5 x 1,0 c;
= 1000 m2/ m3.
V = 0,62 m3/ m3

y = 0,216 m/s

s = 0,8 = 0,270 m/s

0,216

4.Chiu cao ca thp hp th:


Hlv = Nlt . htd.
Vi

Nlt : S a l thuyt ca thp


htd : Chiu cao tng ng ca 1 bc thay i nng :

a. Tnh Nlt : Nlt = 9 a:


b. Tnh ht.
0, 2

y . s
G
. d 1, 2 .Vd . y
G

x
y

0 , 405

htd = 302,4 .


. x
y

0, 225

y
x

0 , 045

Gx
m.G y
.
Gy
1 m.
Gx
lg

Ngoi cc i lng bit th:


y: nht ca ca pha kh Ns/m2
m: Gi tr trung bnh ca tg gc nghing ng cn bng v mt phng
nm ngang.
65

* Tnh yhh
M hh m1 .M 1 m2 M 2 m3 M 3 m4 M 4 m5 M 5
=
+
+
+
+
hhk
1
2
3
4
5

Vi: M1, M2, M3, M4, M5: Trng lng phn t ca cc kh thnh phn
(kg/kmol)
hhk , 1, 2,3, 4, 5: nht ca hn hp v ca cc kh thnh
phn (Ns/m2)
m1, m2, m3, m4 , m5 : Phn th tch ca cc kh trong hn hp.
C: M1 = 17 (NH3) ; m1 = 9,25% ; NH
M2 = 28 (N2) ; m2 = 19,48% ; N

350 C
2

350 C
3

= 105,5 . 10-7 Ns/m2

= 1811 . 10-8 Ns/m2

M3 = 40 (Ar) ; m3 = 1,82% ; Ar 35 C = 228,9 . 10-7 Ns/m2


M4 = 2 (H2) ; m4 = 58,45% ; H
M5=16(CH4) ;

350 C
2

m 5=11%; CH 4

= 893,4 . 10-8 Ns/m2

350 C

=113,5.10-7 Ns/m2

10,68 9,25%.17 19,48%.28 1,82%.40


58,45%.2
11%.16
=
+
+
+
+
7
8
7
8
M hh 105,5.10
1811.10
228,9.10
893,4.10
113,5.10 7

Myhh = 1,39.10-5 Ns/m2


* Xc nh m : m = 0,0195.
Vy
0, 2

4,571. s
0,254
1, 2
. d .Vd
htd = 302,4 .
5

1,39.10
0,076
4,571
6,056.10 4

0 , 045

0, 405

0,076
0,254

. lg
1 0,0195

0,254.0.0195
0,076

= 11121,56. s0,2 . d-1,2 . V d


= 11121,56. 0,27-0,2.1000-1,2 . 0,62 = 1,333
Kt qu tnh ton cho :
D=0,8 m
H=12m
66

994,06
.

4,571
1

0, 225

II.Tnh ton c kh.


I. Chiu dy thn thp, np thp
Chn vt liu lm thp : Thp CT3
Thp chu p sut bn trong : Plv = 8 bar
1. B dy thn thp
S=

Dt .P
+C
2[ ]. P

(m)

Trong :
Dt : ng knh trong

(m)

: H s bn ca thanh hnh tr
C: H s b sung do n mn

N/m2

P: p sut trong thit b


a. P = PL + PK
Vi PL=f. g. HL

(m)

(N/m2)
(N/m2)

HL: Chiu cao ct cht lng (m)


: Khi lng ring ca cht lng (Kg/m3): = 994,06 Kg/m3.
HL = 12 (mt)
P = PL + PK = . g . HL + PK
8

P = 994, 06 . 9,81. 12 + 0,89 . 105


= 9,33. 105 N/m2.
b. ng sut cho php.

K
[K] = n .
K

Trong : : H s iu chnh
67

nK: H s an ton.
Vi thp CT3 : = 0,9
k = 380 . 106 N/m2
nk = 2,6
380.10 6
[K] =
.0,9 = 131,54 . 106 N/m2.
2,6

c. Chn kiu hn: Gip mi hai bn


Cch hn: Hn t ng bng my; h =1
d. H s

C = C1 + C2 + C3

Trong : C1: H s b sung do n mn .


Ly C1 = 1 mm/nm i vi vt liu bn, thi gian lm vic t 15 20
nm.
C2: H s b sung do hao mn
Ly C2 = O : Do khng c dng cht rn i trong thp
C3 : H s b sung do dung sai
C3 = 0,8, chiu dy tm thp t 8 25 mm
Vy C = 1 + 0 + 0,8 = 1,8 mm
e. Xt t s

[ K ] .
P

[ K ] .
P

50. C th b qua P mu s
=

131,54.10 6
.1 = 140,99 > 50
9,33.10 5

Vy chiu dy thn thit b l


P.Dt

S = 2[ ]. + C
k
=

9,33.10 5.0,8
+ 1,8.10 3
2.131,54.10 6

= 0,005 (mt)
Kim tra ng sut ca thnh theo p sut th , ng sut theo p sut th c
xc nh theo cng thc sau.
68

Dt + ( S C ).P0 c

2( S C ).
1,2

N/m2

p sut th thu lc xc nh theo cng thc


P0 = Pth + P1
Vi Pth = 1,25P
P0= 1,25.9,33.105 + 994,06 . 9,81.12 = 1,28.106 (N/m2)
=

[0,8 + (5 1,8).10 3 ].1,28.10 5


= 160,6.10 6 ( N / m 2 )
3
2(5 1,8).10 .1

c 1240.10 6
=
= 200.10 6
C
1,2
1,2
c

Vy 1,2 chiu dy thn thp tho mn iu kin bn .


2.Tnh chiu dy ca y v np thp. y v np thp c ch to
cng mt loi vt liu vi thn thp l CT3. Ni vi thn thit b bng cch
ghp bch .
Bch c dng Elip c g .
Tnh chiu dy ca y v np thp:
S=

Dt .P
D
. t + C ( m)
3,8[ k ].K . h P 2hb

Chn hb = 0,25. Dt
hb = 0,25 . 0,8 = 0,2(m) = 200mm
Chn h = 25mm
* K l h s khng th nguyn
K = 1

d
Dt

Coi cc l y c tng cng hon ton , K = 1


* C = C1 + C2 + C3
C = 1,8.10-3 (m) = 1,8mm
Do S - C 2 mm. Ta tng C ln 2mm
Vy C = 3,8mm
Xt t s

69

[ k ]
131,54.10 6
.K . h =
.1.1
p
9,33.10 5

= 140,99 >30 . Do c th b qua i lng P mu s , t chiu


dy ca np thit b
S=

0,8.9,33.10 5
0,8
.
+ 3,8.10 3
6
3,8.131.10 .1.1 2.0,2

S = 0,007 m
Chn S = 0,008 (m)
Kim tra ng sut thnh ca np thit b theo p sut th thu lc bng
cng thc
2

[ D + 2hb ( S C ).10 3 ].1,28.10 6


= t
= 128,16.10 6 ( N / m 2 )
7,6.1.1.0,2(8 3,8).10 3

240.10 6
=
= 200.10 6 N / m 2
1,2
1,2

C
vy < 1,2 tho mn iu kin

Dt
0,8m

S
8mm

Chiu cao g
h=25mm

Khi lng ca y v np thp


49(kg)

3. Bch ni :
a. Thp c chia lm lm hai tng m mi tng cao 3,5m . Cc
tng c ghp vi nhau thng qua bch ni. Thp lm vic p sut 8 bar, ta
chn bch kiu I
D1

D
h
Db
Dy
Dn

P.10-6 N/m2
70

Dt (mm)

Kch thc ni

Bulong

0,8

800

D
930

Db
880

D1
850

D0
811

db
Z h
M 20 24 22

b. ni cc b phn ca thit b v ng dn dng bch lin bng kim loi


D1
en kiu I

Dy
Dn
Db

T bng ng knh v p sut lm vic trong cc ng ta tra c bng sau

ng ni

P.10-6
N/m2

Dn cht lng
0,8
vo
Dn cht lng
0,8
ra

Dy

Dn

Dt

D1

70

76

160

130 110

100

108 215

180 158

Dn kh vo

0,8

70

76

160

130 110

Dn kh ra

0,8

150

159 280

240 210

Trong ng knh ca cc ng c tnh nh sau


71

Bulong
db Z
M
4
12
M
8
16
M
4
12
M
8
20

h
20
22
20
24

b1.ng dn cht lng vo


Ta c : d L =

VL
0,785. L

L : Vn tc cht lng vo thp

Chn L = 1,5m/s ( L = 1,5 2,5 m/s)


VL=4,6 .10-3 m3/s
Vy d Lvao =

4,6.10 3
=0,063 m.Ly d=70mm
0,785.1,5

b2. ng dn cht lng ra khi thp


d Lra =

VL
0,785. L

Trong L : vn tc trung bnh cht lng qua ng dn.


Dng chy ra khi thit b t ni c p sut cao ti ni c p sut thp,
l qu trnh chy t nhin.
Chn L = 1m / s
d Lra =

4,6.10 3
=0, 076 m.Ly dLng ra=100 mm
0,785.1

b3. ng dn kh vo thp
Vn tc dng kh vo l vn tc cht kh i trong ng y my nn
Chn kvao = 6(m / s)
Vk = 0,0189 m 3 / s

Vy : Dkvao =

0,0189
=0,063 m
0,785.6

Ly Dkvo = 70(mm)
b4. ng knh ng dn kh ra
Vn tc kh ra l vn tc thng gi t nhin v dng kh di chuyn t
ni c p sut cao n ni c p sut thp
Chn k = 3(m / s)
D kra =

0,0495
=0,145 m
0,785.3

Chn Dkra=150 mm

72

4. Khi lng thp


* V thp
Chiu cao ton thp H = 12 m

73

Din tch v thp l :


F = ( Rn2 Rt2 ) =
F=

( Dn2 Dt2 )
4

3,14
(0,812 0,8 2 ) = 0,01264 (m 2 )
4

V thp lm bng thp CT3 c = 7,85.103 kg/m3


Suy ra : Khi lng v thp.
mv = .V = .F.H = 7,85.103.0,01264.12 = 1190 (kg)
* Khi lng ca y v np.
mnp = 49x 2 = 98 ( kg)
*Khi lng m
+ Th tch mt tng m =

.Dt2
.hd
4

+ m chn c = 900kg / m 3
Vy tng khi lng 2 tng m l :
mdem = Vd . .2 = 2.
= 2.

Dt2
.hd .
4

3,14.0,8 2
.3,5.900 = 3165( kg )
4

* Khi lng lng (coi cht lng chon y thp)


Gi s dung mi ngp va m
Ta c Vt do m = a = 0,62 (m2/m3 )
=> Th tch t do m Vt do m = a .hd =0,62 .3,5= 2,17 m3
Vy khi lng pha lng l :

2
mlng = 2.l. Vt do m + l . .Dt .( H H d ) = 2.994,6.2,17 +994,6.

3,5.2)= 6815 (kg)


( ta c l = xtb = 994,6(kg/m3)
Khi lng ca bch ni mb=300 kg
Vy M ton thp = mv + m y + np + m + mL+mb
M ton thp=1190+98+3165+6815+300=11568 kg

74

3,14
0,82. .(124

5. Li m
Chn li m c dng hnh v :
Gm cc thanh c ghp vi nhau.
- V chn m 5 x 5x 1
-> Chn cc thanh c kch thc nh sau :
+ Chiu rng b = 3mm
+ Mi thanh cch 4 mm
Thanh gia s chu ng sut ln nht.
Tng khi lng mt tng m l :
m = mm + mlng
m = 1582 + 2158 = 3740(kg)
=> Trng lc m phi chu :
P = mg = 3740 x 9,81 = 36689 (N)

b = 3mm

Dt2
0,8 2
= 3,14.
= 0,5024 (m 2 )
Smt ct thp = .
4
4

Thanh thp gia phi chu ng sut un ln nht. Din tch chu lc
thanh l :
S1 = 6.10-3.0,8 = 0,0048
Trng lc tc dng ln thanh
P

36689

l : P1 = S .S1 = 0,5024 .0,0048 = > P1 = 350( N )


Ta c : =

: ng sut m thanh phI chu (N/m3)


=

J
: momen tit din chng un
y

J=

bh 3
: momen din tch cp 2
12

y=

h
2

M : Momen chng un (N.m)


M =

p
b

P.ab
P.l
l
= >M =
(a = b = )
l
4
2
l

75

P.l
M
4 h
Suy ra ng sut = = b.h 3 . 2
12
J=

3.P.l
2.b.h 2

J=

3.350.0,8 140.10 3
=
2.3.10 3.h 2
h2

iu kin < []
Vi thp CT3 c k = 380.106(N/m2)
ch = 240.106 (N/m2)
k
380.10 6
. =
.0,9 = 131,54( N / m 2 )
[ k ] =
nk
2,6

Suy ra :

105.10 3
< 131,54.10 6
2
h

=> h = 0,033(m)
Ly h = 35(mm)
6. Tai treo , chn thit b :
Ta c : Khi lng ca ton thp M= 11567 (kg)
Trng lng ton thp l :
P = M.g = 11567 x 9,81 = 113472,27 N
Nh vy : Chn 8 tai treo, b tr thnh hai tng treo.
Trng lng cho php trn mt tai treo l.
G=

P 113472 ,27
=
= 1,8.10 4 ( N )
6
6

B1
a

a
20

76

Tra bng XIII.36 STHC II ta c bng SL sau :


G
l
B
B1
4
1,8.10 (N) 270
240 240
Vt liu lm tai thp CT3
Chn chn
L
210

H
240

B
B1
B2
H
150
180
245
300
Vt liu lm chn thp CT3

S
14

a
25

d
34

m1 tai
21,5kg

h
160

s
14

l
75

d
23

iii.TNH TON THIT B PH


I. My nn kh
Hn hp kh ban u nhit thng c nn n iu kin lm
vic.
P = 1at
t = 350C
P = 8 bar
3
V = 1520 m /h
t = 35 0C.
Chn my nn Pittong tc dng n gm hai cp nn c lm lnh
trung gian.

Nhit ca hn hp kh ra khi my nn.


T4 = T1

. Vi

P4
P1 l t s nn

Trong T1 = T3 : Nhit vo mi cp nn
T2 = T4 : Nhit ra sau mi cp nn
: S m a bin n = 1,4
P1 : p sut vo (P1= 1 at)
77

P4 : p sut sau khi qua my nn P4 = 8,16at


Vy

T2 = T4 = 308.8,16

1 1, 51
.
2 1, 5

= 437 K

T2 = T4 = 1640C
Cng sut l thuyt ca my nn a bin
N lt =

G.L
1000

Trong G : cng sut my nn ; G=697 kg/h


L : cng a bin
1

L=
nRT1
1
1

1, 4 1

1,4
.2.262,33.308 8,16 1, 4.2 1
L=
1,4 1

L=197792 Nm/kg
Vy : N lt =

697.197792
. = 38 Kw
3600 .1000

N lt = 38 (Kw)
38
Ntt= 0,8 = 48 Kw

II. Thit b lm lnh :


- Chn thit b lm lnh ng chm, t thng ng ng truyn nhit c
gn.
- Dng H2O l cht lm lnh. Nc i trong ng v kh i ngoi ng.
- Chiu chuyn ng ca 2 lu th : Ngc chiu
t0C
Nhit kh vo thit b
t1 = 1640C
t0C
ra t1 = 350C
t1 = 1500C
Nhit H20 lm lnh
t2 = 200C
ra t2 = 450C
t max = t1 t 2' = 164 45 = 119 0 C
t min = t1' t 2 = 35 20 = 15 0 C

78

t2 = 450C

t1 = 350C
t2 = 200C

Vy :

t tb =

t max t min 119 5


=
= 50,2 0 C
t max
119
ln
ln
5
t min

- ng truyn nhit t thng ng, b tr song song.

t
g

Chn chiu di ng l = 2m
ng knh ng (trong) dt = 26mm ( ng=2 mm)
ng knh gn D = 50mm
ng knh ngoi ng dn= 30mm
Bc gn t = 4mm
Chiu di gn g = 1mm
Suy ra h =

D d n 50 30
=
= 10(mm)
2
2

Chn S1 = S2 = 40mm
Gi s mt ng c n gn c chia dc theo chiu di ng
l = n. g + (n + 1)(t g )

n = 499(gn)
Chn s ng trn mt hng vung gc vi chiu chuyn ng ca dng kh l
: 14 ng
1. Xc nh nhit trung bnh ca dng cht ti nhit
V nc t bin i nhit
t tbH 2O =

79

t 2 + t 2 ' 45 + 20
=
= 32,5 0 C = t tb 2
2
2

t tbKhi = t tbH 2O + t tb = 32,5 + 50,2 = 82,7 0 C = t tb1

2. H s cp nhit ca hn hp kh bn ngoi ng c gn
d
Nu = C
t

0 , 54

h

t

0 ,14

. Re n . Pr 0, 4

V ng xp thng hng :

C = 0,116
n = 0,72
d: ng knh ngoi ca ng (m)
d = dn = 0,03(m)
t : bc gn (m) t = 0,004 (m)
h : b rng gn
h = 0,01 m
a.Tnh chun s Re
Re =

l l
=

: Tc dng kh mt ct hp nht (m/s)


l : Kch thc hnh hc ch yu (m)
l = t = 0,004 (m)
0
: nht ng hc ca hn hp kh t tb1 = 82,7 C

: KLR trung bnh ttb1=82,70C


+ Khi i qua khe hp nht th = max
Gy = 0,056 (m3/s) = fmin. max .
fmin: tit din mt ct qua khe hp nht vung gc vi chiu chuyn ng ca
dng kh :
f min = (5 + 10).10 3.2 499.10.10 3.1.10 3 = 0,025(m 2 ).

suy ra

max

0,056
= 2,24(m / s )
0,025

*Tnh nht ca hn hp kh
* Tnh hh
M hh m1 .M 1 m2 M 2 m3 M 3 m4 M 4 m5 M 5
=
+
+
+
+
hhk
1
2
3
4
5

Vi: M1, M2, M3, M4, M5: trng lng phn t ca cc kh thnh phn.
hhk , 1, 2,3, 4, 5: nht ca hn hp v ca cc kh thnh phn.
m1, m2, m3, m4 , m5 : Phn th tch ca cc kh trong hn hp.
80

C: M1 = 17 (NH3) ; m1 = 9,25% ; NH 82, 7 C = 117. 10-7 Ns/m2


3

M2 = 28 (N2) ; m2 = 19,48% ; N 82, 7 C = 2017 . 10-8 Ns/m2


2

82 , 7 C
M3 = 40 (Ar) ; m3 = 1,82% ; Ar
= 253 . 10-7 Ns/m2

M4 = 2 (H2) ; m4 = 58,45% ; H
M5=16(CH4) ;

82 , 7 0 C
2

m 5=11%; CH

= 990 . 10-8 Ns/m2

82 , 7 0 C
4

127.10-7 Ns/m2

10,68 9,25%.17 19,48%.28 1,82%.40 58,45%.2 11%.16


=
+
+
+
+
hh
117.10 7 2017.10 8 253.10 7 990.10 8 127.10 7

yhh = 1,547.10-5 Ns/m2


*Khi lng ring ca hn hp kh:
hhk=NH 3 .yNH 3 + N 2 .yN 2 + Ar.yAr + H 2 .yH 2 + CH 4 .yCH 4
Khi lng ring ca mt kh bt k ti 82,70C cn c xc nh theo
= 0 .

T0 P
T .P0

Vi T- Nhit tuyt i ca kh, 0K


T0=2730K
P, P0: p sut ca kh iu kin lm vic v iu kin tiu chun (atm)
TP

273.8,16

0
Vy = 0 . T .P = 0 . (273 + 82,7).1 = 6,3 0
0

Kt qu tnh ton c tng hp trong bng sau


Kh
NH3
N2
Ar
H2
CH4

yi(Phn mol)
0,0925
0,1948
0,0182
0,5845
0,11
1

Vy hhk=3,065.10-3 kg/l
hhk=3,065. kg/m3
81

0.103(kg/l)
0,7708
1,2517
2,134
00898
0,7167

.103(kg/l)
4,86
7,88
13,44
0,57
4,52

.103.yi
0,45
1,54
0,245
0,333
0,497
3,065

*H s dn nhit ca hn hp kh
hhk=1y1+2y2+3y3+4y4+5y5
vi

1, 2, 3, 4, 5: h s dn nhit ca cc kh thnh phn

y1, y2, y3, y4, y5: Nng phn mol ca cc cu t c trong hn hp


Mt khc
1, 5

273 + C T
= 0

,W/m.
T + C 273

Vi

0:H s dn nhit ca kh O0C


T=273+82,7=355,70K

Vi NH3

0=0,0172;C=626;=2,34.10-2

Vi H2

0=0,1370;C=94;=0,166

Vi N2

0=0,0209;C=102;=2,55.10-2

Vi Ar
Vi CH4

=3,88.10-2
=7,02.10-2

Kt qu tng hp trong bng sau


Kh
NH3
N2
Ar
H2
CH4

yi(phn mol)
0,0925
0,1948
0,0182
0,5845
0,11

hhk=0,11256 W/m.

82

0(W/m.)
0,0172
0,0209
0,1370

(W/m.)
2,34.10-2
2,55.10-2
3,88.10-2
0,166
7,02.10-2

.yi(W/m.)
0,216.10-2
0,497.10-2
0,071.10-2
0,097
0,772.10-2
0,11256

*Tnh nhit dung ring ca hn hp kh ti T=82,70C


STT
NH3
N2
Ar
H2
CH4

yi(%)
9,25
19,48
1,82
58,45
11
100

Ci(kcal/kg )
0,583
0,2507
0,489
3,452
0,567

yi.Ci
0,054
0,049
0,0088
2,02
0,062
2,194

Nhit dung ring ca hn hp kh


Chhk=2,194 kcal/kg
Chhk=9,17 kJ/kg .
Vy : Re =

max .t. 2,24.0,004.3,065


=
= 17750

1,547.10 5

b. Chun s Pr
Pr =

C p .

Trong : : nht hn kh Ns/m3


: H s dn nhit kh W/m

Vy : Pr =

C P 9,17.10 3.1,547.10 5
=
= 1,26

0,11256
0,03

0,01

0 , 54
0 ,14
0, 72
0, 4
Suy ra : Nu = 0,116( 0,004 ) ( 0,004 ) (17750) .1,14

Nu = 43
Mt khc : Nu =
=> k =

k .l k .t
=

Nu. 43.0,11256
=
= 1210 W/m.
t
0,004

bk = 978 W/m.

c. H s cp nhit ca nc .
Nu = 0,021. 1 . Re 0,8 . Pr 0, 43 (

Ta c : H = 2m
d = 0,03m
83

Pr 0, 25
)
Pr t
H
2
=
> 50 = > 1 = 1
dn 0,03

4
Gi s : Re H O = 10 ( nc ch xoy )
2

PrH 2O (82,7 C ) = 2
0

Thay cng thc trn


Nu = 0,021.1.104.0,8. 20,43.10,25 = 44,839
Nu.

suy ra : H O = 2 = d
tr
2

H 2O =

44,839.0,6761
= 1165,98 W/m.
26.10 3

0
Trong : H O (82,7 C ) = 0,618 W/m.
2

d. Xc nh b mt truyn nhit
+ Fng = Fcanh + Fkhng cnh
Fng = (l n. g ) .d ng + n. g . .D g + n.2.

2 2
( D g d ng2 )
4

Fng = ( 2 499.1.10 3 ).3,14.30.10 3 + 499.1.10 3.3,14.50.10 3


+ 499.2.

2
(0,05 2 0,03 2 ) = 1,4765(m 2 )
4

Ftrong = .d trong .l = 3,14.26.10 3.2 = 0,1633

Vy : H s truyn nhit
K=

bk +
K=

1
1

Fng

H 2O Ftrong

(w/m )

1
= 114
1
1
1,4765
(w/m )
+
.
978 1165,98 0,1633

B mt truyn nhit
F=

Q
825093
=
= 144(m 2 )
k .t tb 114.50,2

f. Xc nh s ng v s ngn.
a. S ng :
n=

F
144
=
= 98 ng
Fng 1,4765

b. S ng to thnh mt hng.
84

n' =

n 98
=
= 7 ( ng)
14 14

c. S ngn.
- Vn tc thc t
H =

Gn
4.0,0096
=
= 0,1846(m / s)
2
.d t 98.3,14.0,026 2
n.
4

Vn tc gi s (Re = 104)
gs =

Re .
d .

H 2O (32,5 0 C ) = 0,7601 .10 3 ( Ns / m 2 )


H 2O (32,5 0 ) = 995(kg / m 3 )

=> gs =

10 4.0,7601.10 3
= 0,294(m / s )
0,026.995

vy : s ngn m =

gs
tt

0,294
= 1,59 = 2 (ngn)
0,1846

Vy thit b c chia thnh hai ngn.


3. Bm vn chuyn cht lng .
vn chuyn cht lng ln thp vi lu lng yu cu ta dng
bm pit tng.

85

S bm Pit tng vn chuyn cht lng


1. Thng cha ; 2- R chn rc; 3- Bm pittong; 4- Van tit lu; 5-Thp hp
th.
p sut ton phn do bm to ra.
H=

P2 P1
+ H 0 + hm
g

(m)

H : p sut ton phn do bm to ra


P1: p sut trn b mt cht lng trong khng gian ht P1 = Pkq =1at
P2 : p sut vo P2 = Plv = 8,16 at
: KLR dung mi = 994,06 kg/m3)
g = 9,81 (m/s2)
H0: Chiu cao y ca bm (m)
hm : Chiu cao (p sut ) tiu tn thng ton b tr lc trn ng y
(m)
a) Chn chiu cao hnh hc mt thong ca b cha dung mi n
ca vo cht lng trn thp. H0 = 5(m)
b) p sut tiu tn thng tr lc ng ng
hm =

p
(m)
g

p : p sut ton phn khc phc tt c cc sc cn thu lc trong

h thng.
p = p w + p m + p h + p c

Trong : p w : p sut tiu tn to vn tc dng.


p m : p sut to ra thng tr lc ma st khi dng chy

chuyn ng trong ng
p h : p sut cn thit khc phc p sut thu tnh
p c : p sut cn thit thng tr lc cc b

2 .
(N / m2 )
2
Trong : l vn tc ca lu th trong ng chn = 3m/s

+ Pw =

= 994,06 (kg/m3)
Vy : Pm =
86

32.994,06
= 4473,27( N / m 2 )
2

+ Pm =

.L . 2 .L
.
=
.Pw
d
2
d

Trong : L : Chiu di ng ng dn ( chn L = 15 m)


d : ng knh tng ng ca ng d = 80 mm
d

3.0,08.994,06

3
4
Ta c : Re = = 0,7225.10 3 = 330,206.10 > 10

: nht ca H2O 250C : = 0,7225.10-3 (Ns/m2)

=> H s ma st c tnh theo cng thc sau :


6,81 0,9
= 2 lg (
) +
3,7

Re

Trong : nhm tng i, c xc nh.

0,1.10 3
=
=
= 1,25.10 3
d td
0,08
: nhm tuyt i = 0,1 (mm) ( ng trng km)

Suy ra :

6,81
1,25.10 3
0,9
= 2 lg (
)
+

3
3,7

330,206.10

= 0,021
L

Vy : Pm = d .Pw =

0,021.15
.4473,27 = 17613,5 N / m 2
0,08

2 .
= .Pw ( N / m 2 )
+ Pc = .
2

+ Pc = .

2 .
= .Pw ( N / m 2 )
2

: H s tr lc cc b

Trn ng ng ta thit k hai on ng cong 90 0, 2 van tiu chun


(b tr trc v sau bm ) v t m ca ra cht lng.
H s tr lc do on ng cong gy ra l
1 = A.B.C
= 90 0 A = 1

R/td = 2 B = 0,15
Chn t s a/b = 1 C = 1
=> 1 = 1.0,15.1 = 0,15
H s tr lc do t m gy ra.
2 = 0,25 ( do t s f2/f1 = 0,5)

87

H s tr lc do 2 van gy ra .
3 = 4,9

vy Pc = .Pw = (21 + 2 + 3 ).Pw


Pc

=(2.0,15+0,25+4,9).4473,27

24379,32

(N/m2)

Ph = gH 0 = 994,06.9,81.5 = 48758,64( N / m 2 )
P = Pm + Ph + PC = 17613,5 + 48758,64 + 24379,22 = 90751,36( N / m 2 )
P

90751,36

=> hm = g = 9,81.994,06 = 9,3(m)


p sut ton phn do bm to ra
H=

P1 P2
8,16.0,98.10 5 0,98.10 5
+ H 0 + hm =
+ 5 + 9,3 = 86(m)
g
994,06.9,81

- Cng sut trn trc ca bm.


N tr =

QgH
(kW )
1000

Trong : Q : Nng sut bm


12,502.18

3
Q = 3600.994,06 = 0,6.10 (m3/s)

: Khi lng ring ca cht lng (kg/m3)


: Hiu sut bm.
= 0 . lt . ck

Trong
0 : Hiu sut th tch tnh n s hao ht ca cht lng t vng p

sut cao n vng p sut thp v do cht lng r ra ch h ca bm.


0 = 0,9

tl :Hiu sut thu lc, tnh n ma st v s to ra dng xoy trong

on bm.
tl = 0,8
ck : Hiu sut c kh tnh n ma st v s to ra dng xoy trong

bm.
ck = 0,94

88

= 0,9.0,8.0,94 = 0,6768
QgH 0,610 3.994,06.9,81.86
=
= 0,75 kW
Vy : N tr =
1000
1000 .0,6768
N tr = 0,75 Kw

Cng sut ng c hu ch.

N hi = N tr . ck = 0,75.0,94 = 0,705( kW )

Cng sut ng c in
N dc =

N hi
0,705
=
= 1,04(kW )

0,6768

lm vic an ton ngi ta thng ch to ng c c cng


sut tnh ton.
N tt = .N dc

Trong : = 1,1

89

N tt = 1,1.1,04 = 1,15(kW ) .

Phn IV.Tnh cn bng nhit lng


cho qu trnh hp th
Lng nhit Q (Kcal/h) cp cho hp th c tnh theo phng
trnh cn bng nhit
G.iG+ L.iL+ qa=G.iG + L.iL + Q
Rt ra Q = G.iG + L.iL + qa- G.iG - L.iL
Trong :i, i :hm nhit ca kh v lng ra v vo thp , kcal/kg
G, L :Lng kh v lng trong thp , kg/h
CG, CL:Nhit dung tng ng , kcal/kg
tG, tL:Nhit ca kh v lng vo thp ,oC
tG , tL:Nhit ca kh v lng ra thp ,oC
w: Lng cht c hp th ,kg/h
qa: Nhit ho tan kcal/kg
Ta c
G=697 kg/h
L= Gx.M H O=12,502.18=225 kg/h
2

tG =35 oC
tL=35oC
tG=70oC
tL=700C
w =107,1kg/h
qa=496 kcal/kg
Nc vo thp 350C : iL= 35 kcal/kg
Nc ra thp 700C : iL= 70 kcal/kg
C H 0=0,99859 Kcal/kg
2

90

Hn hp kh vo thp:
STT
NH3
N2
Ar
H2
CH4

Vi(%)
ai(%)
9,25
14,72
19,48
51,05
1,82
6,81
58,45
10,94
11
16,47
100
100

Vy iG =449,0855 kJ/kg
iG=107,26
kcal/kg
Hn hp kh ra thp

ii(kJ/kg)
1374,0
199,4
163,0
455
511

aiii
202,2558
101,7937
11,1063
49,777
84,1617
449,0855

Vi(%)
ai(%)
ii(kJ/kg)
1
1,68
1456,0
21,25
58,87
226
1,98
7,84
180
63,76
12,62
480
12
18,99
610
100
100

Hn hp kh ra thp c:
iG=348,034 kJ/kg
iG=83,1225 cal/kg
Tnh nhit dung ring ca hn hp kh trong thp

aiii
24,4608
133,0462
14,112
60,576
115,839
348,039

STT
NH3
N2
Ar
H2
CH4

STT
NH3
N2
Ar
H2
CH4

xi(%)
CiG(kcal/kg
xi.CiG
9,25
0,517
0,0478
19,48
0,2491
0,0485
1,82
0,452
0,008
58,45
3,41
1,993
11
0,522
0,057
100
2,1543

Nhit dung ring ca hn hp kh trong thp


CG=2,1543 kcal/kg
Nh vy
Q = 697.107,26+225.35+496-697.83,1225-225.70=9444,84 kcal/h

91

Phn V:
Cn bng vt cht cho qu trnh nh hp th
Cc s liu ban u :
Nng sut thit b tnh theo hn hp u: F = 225kg/h
Nng cu t d bay hi trong
Hn hp u : xF = 14,42% (mol)
Sn phm nh : xP = 98%(mol)
Sn phm y : xW = 2%(mol)
Chuyn i phn mol sang phn khi lng
xF=14,42% (mol)
aF=13,73 %(khi lng)
xP=98%(mol)
aP=97,88 %(khi lng)
xW=2%(mol)
aW=1,89 %(khi lng)
Phng trnh cn bng vt liu chung cho ton h thng
F=P+W
i vi cu t d bay hi : F.aF=P.aP+W.aW
T :
a F aW

13,73 1,89

Lng sn phm nh : P=F. a a = 225. 97,88 1,89 =27,75 kg/h


P
W
Lng sn phm y : W= F- P = 225-27,75= 197,2 kg/h

92

Kt lun
Trong thi gian lm n tt nghip , qua qu trnh tm hiu v
nghin cu nghim tc cng vi s gip tn tnh ca cc thy c gio , em
hon thnh ni dung thit k tt nghip Tnh ton v thit k h thng
x l , thu hi NH3 trong kh phng khng ca nh my sn xut Amoniac .
Vn x l kh thi trong cng nghip ni chung v trong cng
nghip ho cht ni ring ang rt c quan tm trong giai on hin nay.
Kh thi cng nghip l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ln lm cho mi
trng b nhim nghim trng , nh hng trc tip n i sng ca con
ngi. Vn thay i cng ngh mi, s dng nng lng sch nhm
gim lng pht thi cc cht kh gy nhim , cc cht kh gy hiu ng nh
knh, gy ma axit cn c thc hin ngay trc khi mi trng b suy thoi
nghim trng.
Vi ni dung thit k tt nghip ny , em tin hnh tnh ton lng
pht thi kh NH3 trong kh phng khng ca qu trnh tng hp NH3. ng
thi tnh ton thit k mt h thng x l , nhm thu hi li lng NH3 .
Phng php x l NH3 trong kh phng khng c s dng l phng php
hp th bng nc; y l phng php n gin nhng t hiu qu kinh t
cao. Trong thc t qu trnh x l ny c p dng c hiu qu ti Cng
ty Phn m v ho cht H Bc , gp phn lm gim thiu nhim mi
trng ti khu vc nh my v cc khu dn c ph cn.
Vi kh nng v thi gian c hn , cng kinh nghim thc t t i , d
ht sc c gng nhng bn thit k cn nhiu thiu st, em rt mong c
cc thy c gio trong b mn , hi ng bo v thit k tt nghip hng
dn, ch bo bn thit k c hon thin hn.

93

Ti liu tham kho


I. L Th Tuyt. Cng ngh sn xut cc hp cht Nit. Trng i hc
Bch Khoa H Ni . 2000
II. Tp th tc gi. S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ho cht . Tp 1.
Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut. H Ni . 1992
III. Tp th tc gi. S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ho cht . Tp 2.
Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut. H Ni . 2005
IV. GS.TS Nguyn Bin .Tnh ton qu trnh v thit b trong cng ngh
ho cht v thc phm. Tp 1. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut. H
Ni. 1999.
V. GS.TS . Nguyn Bin .Tnh ton qu trnh v thit b trong cng ngh
ho cht v thc phm. Tp 2 . Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut. H
Ni.2000
VI. .GS.TS. Nguyn Bin . Cc qu trnh v thit b trong cng ngh ho
cht v thc phm. Tp 4. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut. H Ni .
2004
VII. .GS.TS Nguyn Bin . Cc qu trnh v thit b trong cng ngh ho
cht v thc phm. Tp 5. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut. H Ni.
2005
VIII. PGS.TS Phm Xun Ton . Cc qu trnh v thit b trong cng
ngh ho cht v thc phm. Tp 3. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut.
H Ni. 2003
IX. Nguyn Th Minh Hin. Ch bin kh t nhin v kh ng hnh.
Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni. 2000
X. Bi Hu Cng , Trnh Vn Cng . Cng ngh tng hp Amoniac .
Cng ty Phn m v ho cht H Bc. Trung tm ng dng cng ngh
ho hc. Tp I. H Bc. 1994
XI. Bi Hu Cng ,Trnh Vn Cng . Cng ngh tng hp Amoniac.
Cng ty Phn m v ho cht H Bc. Trung tm ng dng cng ngh
ho hc. Tp II. H Bc. 1994

94

XII. Bi Hu Cng ,Trnh Vn Cng . Cng ngh tng hp Amoniac.


Cng ty Phn m v ho cht H Bc. Trung tm ng dng cng ngh
ho hc. Tp III. H Bc. 1994
XIII.PTS Nguyn Duy ng. Thng gi v k thut x l kh thi. Nh
xut bn Gio Dc .1999.
XIV. GS.TS Trn Ngc Chn . nhim khng kh v x l kh thi. Nh
xut bn Khoa hc v K thut .Tp 1. 2000
XV. GS.TS Trn Ngc Chn . nhim khng kh v x l kh thi. Nh
xut bn Khoa hc v K thut .Tp 2 ,Tp 3. 2003
XVI.Hong Kim C. K thut lc bi v lm sch kh. Nh xut bn Gio
Dc H Ni. 1999.
XVII. Tng Vn on, Trn c H. Gio trnh k thut mi trng. Nh
xut bn Gio Dc H Ni . 1997

95

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