Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Li ni u................................................................................................5
Phn I.Tng quan......................................................................................7
Chng I. nhim khng kh do kh thi trong cng nghip ho cht....7
I.Cc ngun gy nhim kh trong cng nghip sn xut ho cht..........7
1.Cng nghip sn xut axit Sunfuric...........................................7
2.Cng nghip sn xut axit Nitric...............................................8
3.Cng nghip sn xut giy.........................................................8
4.Cng nghip sn nha...........................................................9
5.Cng nghip lc ho du............................................................9
6.Cng nghip sn xut phn bn...............................................10
7.Cng nghip sn xut xi mng................................................10
8.Cng nghip sn xut lu hunh.............................................10
II.Lng hi v kh c hi r r t cc thit b cng ngh.....................11
III.Tc hi ca cc cht gy nhim kh.................................................15
1.Kh CO.....................................................................................15
2.Kh Nit oxit............................................................................16
3.Kh SO2...................................................................................17
4.Kh H2S....................................................................................17
5.Kh Clo.....................................................................................18
6.Kh Amoniac............................................................................18
IV.Mt s phng php x l kh thi trong cng nghip ho cht........19
1. Mt s phng php x l kh thi trong cng nghip ho cht.........19
2. Phng php hp th x l kh thi cha NH3................................22
a.Nguyn l qu trnh..................................................................22
b.Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ........................................23
3
LI NI U
Bo v mi trng l mt vn sng cn ca t nc , ca nhn
loi, l nhim v c tnh x hi su sc , gn lin vi cuc u tranh xa i
gim ngho ca mi nc , vi cuc u tranh v ha bnh v tin b x hi
trn phm vi ton th gii
l li m u ca Bn ch th s 36-CT/TW ngy 25/6/1998 ca B
Chnh tr Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng Cng Sn Vit Nam kho 8
Qun trit tinh thn v ni dung ca ch th nu trn , t cho n
nay cng tc bo v mi trng, chng suy thoi mi trng trong mi lnh
vc i sng, cng nghip v ang c cc ngnh cc cp , mi ngi
dn, mi c s sn xut cng nghip ht sc quan tm .
Mc d vy mi trng ni chung v mi trng khng kh ni ring,
c bit ti cc khu cng nghip vn c nhng du hiu nhim ng lo
ngi . Phn ln cc nh my x nghip cha c trang b hoc trang b thiu
ng b cc h thng x l kh thi, bi, nc thi v hng ngy thi vo bu
kh quyn mt lng khng l cc cht c hi gy nhim nghim trng c
mt vng rng ln quanh nh my.
Do c th ca cng nghip ho cht, kh thi ca cc nh my ho
cht cn cha rt nhiu cc kh c hi v nng ca chng vt nhiu ln
tiu chun cho php. Theo tnh cht ho l ngi ta phn loi kh thi lm hai
nhm : Nhm v c bao gm cc kh SO2 , SO3 , H2S , CO , CO2 , NOX , NH3 ,
HCl , H2SO4 , HFNhm hu c bao gm : Benzen , butan , axeton , cc
axit hu c , cc dung mi hu c.
Tu theo thnh phn v khi lng kh thi tin hnh mt phng
php x l ph hp, m bo k thut x l v tnh kinh t ca phng php
. Khi la chn thit b lm sch kh thi cn phi tnh n hiu qu lm
5
10
Nh my
HNO3
Cc cht kh c hi thi ra
NO, NO2 , NH3
HCl
HCl , Cl2
H2SO4
+ Sn xut theo phng php N2 SO2, SO2, H2S, SO2, NH3.
+ Phng php tip xc t S
NH3
Phn bn tng hp
HCl , Cl 2
CO, CO2, H2S, SO2, NH3
NO, NO2 , NH3 , HF, H2SO4 , P2O5,
6
7
Supe Photphat
Nc NH3
HNO3
H2SO4 , HF, bi Supephotphat
NH3
9
10
11
12
13
Metanol
Axetylen
Cl2
Si nhn to
Cacbamit
4
5
P1T2
1
PT
h = 1 2 1
Vi h: h, h-1
P1, P2: p sut tuyt i ban u v cui cng ca thi gian th nghim
T1, T2 : Nhit tuyt i ban u v cui thi gian th nghim
: Thi gian th nghim , h
Nu nhit v p sut kh quyn khng thay i trong sut thi gian
th nghim th
1 P
h= . P
1
G1 G2 1 P1V P2V
RT1 RT2
Nu T1 = T2 = T
P.V
G = .RT
1
Rt tr s P t trn ta c
G = h.
12
P1
V.
RT
Vi:
, kg/h
13
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
- B tng nha
500
200
- Xi mng
400
100
600
100
400
50
- Cha aming
Antimon
Asen
Cadimi
Ch
ng
Km
Clo
HCl
Fl, axit HF cc ngun
H2S
CO
SO2
khng
40
30
20
30
150
150
250
500
100
6
1500
1500
khng
25
10
1
10
20
30
20
200
10
2
500
500
2500
1000
NOx (C s axit)
H2SO4 (cc ngun)
HNO3
Amoniac
4000
300
2000
300
1000
35
70
100
Bi:
Ghi ch: Phng php ly mu, phn tch, tnh ton xc nh tng
thng s c th c quy nh trong cc tiu chun Vit Nam tng ng
Gi tr gii hn A: p dng cho cc c s ang hot ng.
Gi tr gii hn ct B : p dng cho tc c cc c s k t ngy c
quan qun l mi trng quy nh
14
15
1
2
% COHb
trong mu
Khng c du hiu g
< 1,0
Mt vi biu hin khng bnh thng trong thi 1,0 - 2,0
ng x
nh hng n h thn kinh trung ng, km nhy
TT
Triu chng
l
Chc nng tim phi b nh hng
au u nh, gim mch mu ngoi vi
au u, mp my thi dng
au u nhiu, mt mi , hoa mt, chng mt, bun
8
9
10
11
12
13
c cht
Mch yu, th chm, yu dn v tt th sau vi gi
Cht trong vng 1 ting
Cht trong vng vi pht
5,0 10
10 20
20 30
30 40
70 80
80 90
> 90
ppm
500
300 400
150 200
48 gi
2 10 ngy
3 5 tun
50 100
6 8 tun
Cht ngi
Gy vim phi v cht
Vim x cung phi
Vim cung phi v mng
phi
3. Kh SO2:
Kh SO2 l loi kh d ho tan trong nc v c hp th hon ton rt
nhanh khi ht th on trn ca ng h hp. Khi ht th khng kh c
cha SO2 vi nng thp ( 1- 5 ppm) s thy xut hin s co tht tm thi
cc c mm ca kh qun, nng 5 ppm - c th c biu hin bnh l r
rng kh th , tc lng ngc. Khi nng > 10 ppm th ng h hp b co
tht nghim trng.
4. Kh H2S.
Kh H2S l loi kh khng mu , d chy v c mi c bit ging mi
trng ung. Ti cc khu cng nghip cc nh my ho cht c cng on t S,
nng H2S trong khng kh c th ln n 0,13 pmm. Ngng nhn bit
mi ca H2S dao ng trong khong 0,0005 0,13 ppm. nng 10 20
ppm th H2S lm chy nc mt, vim mt. Khi ht th phi kh H2S s gy
xut tit nc nhy v gy vim ton b tuyn h hp, nng > 150 ppm ,
H2S gy t lit c quan khu gic.
17
5.Kh Clo.
y l loi kh mu vng xanh, c mi hng cay v gy tc hi i vi
mt, da v ng h hp. Ht th khng kh nhim, bi kh Clo ta cm thy
kh th, bng rt da, cay mt v nhn b m.
Bng 5.Tc hi ca kh Clo cc nng khc nhau:
C mi nh, khng gy tc hi
Mi kh chu, gy chy nc mt, mi, vim mt
6
30
40 60
mi
Vim c hng
Ho, au rt, c hng
Tn thng phi nghim trng nu tip xc trc
100
1000
tip 30 60 pht
Gy cht ngi
Cht sau vi nhp th
6. Kh NH3
Amoniac c th c trong khng kh di dng lng v kh
y l loi kh khng mu, c mi hc, khai. Tc hi ch yu ca n l
lm vim da v ng h hp. Mi amniac c th nhn bit c nng
5 10 ppm, nng 150 200 ppm gy kh chu v cay mt , nng
400 700 ppm gy vim mt, mi , tai , hng mt cch nghim trng, nng
2000 ppm da b chy bng ngt th v t vong sau vi pht.
(1)
(2)
(3)
H: Hng s Henry
PNH 3 : p sut ring phn ca NH3 trong pha kh
[ NH 4 OH ] = [ NH 4 OH ]
C NH 3
H .PNH 3
Kc = F (t0 , PNH )
3
[ NH ][OH ]
=
+
[ NH
KH
OH
23
24
Kh H2S
Chuyn ho CO
20atm
Kh CO2
Nn kh
300
Kh CO
atm
Tng hp NH3
t0 si P = 1atm
- 33,350C
t0 ti hn
- 77,750C
P ti hn
111,5 atm
12000C
3000C
khi c xc tc
T nhit 250C
8,523 cal/mol .
NH3 ho tan tt trong H2O , 1 VH2O ho tan 700 VNH3 200C , 1 atm
2. Tnh cht ho hc:
Amniac c th tc dng trc tip vi axit hoc oxit axit to cc loi
mui amon.
2NH3 + H2SO4 = (NH4)2 SO4
NH3 + HNO3 = NH4NO3
NH3 + H2O + CO2 = NH4HCO3
NH4HCO3 + NH3 = (NH4)2 CO3
NH3 tc dng vi CO2 s to thnh dung dch Cacbamat amon, loi b
nc s to thnh Ur.
NH2
2NH3 + CO2 = CO
ONH4
NH2
CO
NH2
= CO
ONH4
+ H2O
NH2
P* N 2 .P*3 H 2
P*2 NH 3
2077,8
Kp =- T
+2,4943 T + T - 1,8564 . 10-7 . T2 + I
100
1,256.10-4
-2,113
300
1,256.10-4
-2,206
600
1,0856.10-3
-3,059
Nu duy tr c t l yH 2 : y N 2 = 3 v
y H 2 + y N 2 + y NH 3 = 100%
Th ta c: y *2 NH 200 y * NH 308
3
Kp
P
y * NH 3 + 10 4 = 0
1000
2,6833-3
-4,473
T0K
598
673
698
723
748
773
10
10,38
3,85
2,80
2,04
1,61
1,20
1000
69,4
63,5
-
2
2
1 + r0
1 + r0
28
1 i0 *
ya
1 + i0
1 io
4
3
4
; yH = (1 io )
2
y * NH 3
r 1,5
=
K
.
P.
p
*
(1 + r ) 2
1 y NH 3 yi
Vi
Kp : Hng s cn bng
y*NH3: % th tch NH3 kh cn bng
yi: % th tch kh tr cn bng
P: p sut ca h thng
r : t l H2/N2.
29
+ H2
+ H2
+ H2
W = d
= K1 .PN 2 .P1,5 H 2 .
PNH
1
K 2 . 1,5 3
PNH 3
P H2
y N 2 . y1,5 H 2 .P1,5
y NH 3
K2
y NH 3 .P 0,5
y1,5 H 2
r
(1 y i );
1+ r
y N2 =
r
(1 y i );
1+ r
34
38
Chng III:
Cn bng vt cht ca qu trnh phng khng.
Mc ch tnh cn bng vt cht cho tng thit b trong dy chuyn t
lm c s cho tnh cn bng vt cht cho thit b phng khng, t tnh
ton lng kh c phng khng cn thit vi mt nng sut NH3 cho trc.
S tnh ton ca h thng.
V5
5
V4
4
VPK
3
III
V2
Vm
II
IV
WaII
B
WaI
I.Thp tng hp
II.Thit b lm lnh
III. Thit b ngng t
P. V tr phng khng
IV. Thit b bc hi
B. V tr b xung kh mi
V. My nn tuabin
39
Cc s liu ban u
Nng sut tng hp
300 Tn NH3/24 gi
p sut trung bnh
300 at
Nhit trung bnh
5000C, T = 7730K
Tc khng gian
24000 Nm3/h.m3xt
Thnh phn kh mi (ly theo s liu nh my)
Tnh theo % th tch
H2
74,1%
N2
24,7%
CH4+Ar
1,2%
65,1%
N2
21,7%
NH3
2,2%
CH4 + Ar
11%
T l
H2/N2 =3/1
m3
y : nng cc cu t
% th tch
m3
kg
Cc ch s km theo
a: amoniac
i: kh tr
hh: hn hp kh H2 + N2
m: khi mi
pk: phng khng
T
1
2
Nhit 0C
Tn thit b
Vo
Ra
Thp tng hp 35
190
Lm lnh bng 190
35
p sut, at
Vo
Ra
310
295
295
292
3
4
5
nc
Ngng t
35
Bc hi NH3
20
My nn tua 25
292
288
284
ST
25
-2
35
288
284
310
Tr lc,at
15
3
4
4
-26
bin
I.Tnh cn bng vt cht cho thp tng hpNH3
V5,y5
V1 ,y1
74,1%
N2
24,7%
CH4+Ar
1,2%
T l H2/N2= 3/1
Thnh phn kh vo thp tng hp amoniac
41
y 5 H2
65,1%
y 5 H2
21,7%
y 5 NH 3
2,2%
y 5i
11%
H2
5
: V 5 H = V5 . y
N2
: V 5 N = V5 . y 5 N
= 100,0,217 = 21,7 m3
NH3 : V 5 NH = V5 . y 5 NH
3
=100.0,651 = 65,1 m3
H2
: V 5 i = V5 . y 5 i
= 100.0,022 = 2,2 m3
= 100.0,11 =11
m3
(1)
308 K p
P
+ 10 4 =0
(3)
Trong :
P - p sut trung bnh thp tng hp 300 at
y* - l nng NH3 lc cn bng ,%V
KP - hng s cn bng ca phn ng
Mt khc ta li c theo [I - 97]
lg K p =
2074,8
+ 2,49431gT + .T - 1,8564 . 10-7 . T2 + J (4)
T
Trong :
T - Nhit trung bnh ca thp tng hp 7730K
, J - cc hng s ph thuc nhit , p sut.
Th
= 1,256.10-4, J = - 2,206
1g K p =
2074,8
+2,4943 .1g 773 + 1,256 . 10-4 . 773
T
308.199,55 *
. y + 104 = 0
300
1 + y 5a
1 + 0,022
.V5 =
.100 = 86,30m3
1
1 + 0,1843
1+ y a
10
43
1
1
(100 y 1 a y 1 i ) = ( 100 - 18,43 - 11,59)
4
4
y 1 N 2 = 17,495% V
V 1 N 2 = V1. y 1 N 2 = 86,30 . 0,17495 = 15,10 m3
Vi hydr
y1H2 =
3
3
(100 y 1 a y 1i ) = (100 - 18,43 - 11,59)
4
4
y 1 H 2 = 52,485%V
y 1 H 2 = V1 . y 1 H 2 = 86,30 . 0,52485 = 42,59 m3
NH 3 = 0,7708 kg/m3
N 2 = 1,2507 kg/m3
CH 4 = 0,7167 kg/m3
Vo
m3
65,1
21,7
2,20
11,00
100
Kg
5,846
27,14
1,696
7,884
42,566
%V
65,1
21,7
2,2
11,00
100
Ra
m3
45,29
15,10
15,91
11
87,3
Kg
4,107
18,886
12,263
7,884
43,14
%V
51,88
17,30
18,22
12,60
100
S tnh ton
V2 y2
V1 y1
WIa + CI GIa
(5)
Trong :
V1, V2 - lng hn hp kh vo ra khi thit b, m3
WI a lng NH3 kh ra khi thit b, m3
GIa CI - tng lng cc cu t ho tan trong NH3 lng
- Vi NH3 : lng NH3 vo thit b lnh bng lng NH3 ngng t cng
vi lng NH3 kh ra khi thit b , m3/m3 NH3 lng.
V1y1a = V2y2a + WIa
(6)
tnh lng cu t ho tan trong NH3 lng ta tnh theo cng thc
Cj = Sj . yj
Cu t
H2
N2
i
yj% V
51,88
17,30
12,60
Thay s:
CI H = S H yH = 20,35 . 0,5188 = 10,558 m3/ m3 NH lng
2
45
Ma
.W I a
aV 0 a
(7)
5,98788 109,544
t + 273
P
1gy2a = 4,1856 +
5,98788
292
109,544
308
(8)
T (7) v (8) ta c:
86,30 = V2 + 1,0303.Wa I
15,905 = 0,0925V2 + Wa I
V1 y i i C I i .G I a
V2
Suy ra y2i =
10 0,0935
= 12,82 %V
77,28
m3
- Vi N2
y 2 N2 =
1
1
(100 y 2 a y 2 i ) = (100 9,25 12,82)
4
4
= 19,48%V
- Vi H2
y 2 H2 =
3
3
(100 y 2 a y 2 i ) = (100 9,25 12,82)
4
4
=58,45%V
V 2 H 2 = V2 y 2 H 2 = 77,28.0,5845 = 45,17 m 3
47
Vo
Cu
t
H2
N2
NH3
i
Cng
Ra
Cng
m3
kg
%V
m3
kg
%V
m3
kg
%V kg
45,29
15,10
15,91
11
87,3
4,107
18,89
12,26
7,884
43,14
51,88
17,30
18,22
12,60
100
45,17
15,06
7,145
9,907
77,282
4,06
18,84
5,51
7,1
35,51
58,45
19,49
9,25
12,82
100
0,121
0,044
8,757
0,093
9,016
0,01
0,055
6,75
0,067
6,882
1,34
0,49
97,13
1,04
100
V4
WaII
CII.GaII
VPK
V3
V2
Vm
B
Thnh phn kh mi
H2 : 74,1%
N2 : 24, 7%
T l H2/ N2 = 3/1
CH4: 1,2%
Cc thng s cn tnh: VPK, Vm .
48
4,07
18,90
12,26
7,167
42,40
(9)
- Vi kh tr
Lng kh tr mi vo bng lng kh tr ho tan trong NH3 lng ln 1
v ln 2 cng vi lng kh tr phng khng.
Vmymi = CIi. GIa + GIIa + Vpk.ypki
(10)
- Vi hn hp kh H2 + N2
Lng hn hp N2 + H2 b xung bng hai ln (lng NH3) ngng t ln
1, ln 2 cng lng NH3 phng khng) cng lng H2, N2 ho tan trong lng
ln 1, ln 2.
Vmymhh = 2 (WIa + WIIa + Vpk . ypka) + CIhh. GIa+
+ CIIhh . GIIa + Vpk.ypkhh
(11)
2. Tnh ton
Nhit kh ra khi thit b bc hi c tnh theo cng thc Larson blek [I - 114]
1gy NH 3 = 4,1856 +
5,98788 1099,544
t x + 273
P
Trong :
P: p sut kh ra khi thit b bc hi 284 at
y NH 3 : nng kh NH3 trong hn hp kh ra khi thit b bc hi
y NH 3 = 3%
Vy 1g3 = 4,1856 +
Suy ra: tx = - 2,430C
5,98788 1099,544
t x + 273
284
Chn tx = -20C
y h2 =
y 2 H 2 + y 4 H 2 58,45 + 65,1
=
= 61,775%
2
2
y N2 =
y 2 N 2 + y 4 N 2 19,48 + 21,7
=
= 20,59 %
2
2
y 2 i + y 4 i 12,82 + 11
=
= 11,91%
2
2
yi =
Cu t
H2
N2
i
y% V
61,775
20,59
11,91
CII N = S
2
II
N2
Ma
17,03
.W II a =
.W II a = 1,185. 10-3 . WIIa
0
641,6.22,4
aV a
(10)
50
m3
Suy ra V3 = 76, 09 m3
Cn bng vt cht cho thit b phng khng
51
Cu t
Vo
m3
H2
45,17 4,06
N2
15,0
kg
18,8
NH3
6
4
7,145 5,51
9,907 7,15
Cng
77,2
35,5
Ra
%V
58,4
5
kg
%V
58,4
0,70 0,062
kg
44,47 3,99
19,48 14,83
18,5
7,04
5
5,43
9,76
6,99
100
1,20 0,55
76,1
9,25
12,8
100
34,9
6
%V
58,4
4
Cng
kg
4,06
19,48 18,84
9,25
5,51
12,83 7,15
100
35,51
IV.Tnh cn bng vt cht ca thit b phng khng theo nng sut phn
xng
Nng sut 300 tn NH3/ngy
Nng sut tnh theo gi
300000
24
=12500 kg/h
12500 .100
9,862
= 126749 m3/h
126749
= 1267,49
100
Ra
Cu Vo
t
H2
N2
NH3
i
Cng
53
m /h
57252
19088
9056
12557
97953
Kg/h
5141
23873
6980
9000
44994
%V
58,45
19,49
9,25
12,82
100
Phng khng
m3/h Kg/h
887
79,65
292
365,2
139
107,1
203
145,5
1520 697,5
%V
58,45
19,48
9,25
12,82
100
1922
T
1750
T
T: nhit ca qu trnh hp th , oK
C: Nng ca NH3 trong dung dch .
C . M NH
C d 35 C H O = 994,06 (Kg/m3)
2
m H O = 994,06 - C. 17 (Kg)
2
+ Nu C < 3M
: lg Mpc = 4,705 -
+ Nu C > 3M
1750
T
Vi T = 35 + 273 = 308 K.
c. Nng cn bng trong pha kh.
Theo nh lut Dalton: Pi = P * y*
Vi Pi : p sut cn bng ca kh i (NH3)
y* : Nng phn mol ca NH3 trong pha kh .
P : p sut chung ca hn hp kh, P = 8 bar.
Mt khc: p sut cn bng v nng cu t b hp th NH3 c xc
nh.
Pi = Mpc . C
Mpc: h s Henry (bar. m3/ Kmol)
C: Nng cu t NH3 trong dung mi (Kmol/m3).
58
Vy Mpc . C = y*. P
y* =
M pc
P
.C
Mt khc : y* =
Y*
1+ Y *
M pc .C
Vy y* = P M .C vi P = 8 bar.
pc
Ta c bng s liu tng hp nh sau:
C
X
Mpc
1
0,0184
0,0292
3
0,0573
0,0292
5
0,0990
0,0326
7
0,1440
0,0337
9
0,1926
0,0346
10
0,218
0,0349
12
0,2734
0,0356
14
0,333
0,0361
16
0,3989
0,0366
17
0,434
0,0368
18
0,471
0,0370
19
0,5096
0,0372
20
0,5504
0,0347
21
0,593
0,0376
T bng s liu trn v c ng cn bng
Y*
3,663.10-3
0,0111
0,0208
0,0304
0,0405
0,0456
0,0564
0,0674
0,0790
0,0848
0,0908
0,0969
0,1032
0,1095
ca qu trnh hp th.
0,0925
d
Yd = 1 y = 1 0,0925 = 0,1019
d
Yd Yc
cbc X d
Gmin=GTR. X
(Kmol/h)
Vi mc hp th 90% Yc=(1-).Yd=(1-0,9).0,1019=0,01019
Nng sut hp th quy v iu kin tiu chun theo tnh ton bit l: V
=1520m3/h. y cng l lu lng th tch iu kin tiu chun.
Vy lu lng
V
1520
d
c
Gmin = GTR . X X = 61,580.
cbc
d
0,1019 0,0102
= 10,419 (Kmol/h)
0,5420
120
120
= 10,419.
= 12,502 (Kmol/h)
100
100
x
x
Y = G x + Yc G . X
TR
TR
12,502
Y = 61,580 X + 0,01019
Y = 0,20302 X + 0,01019.
3. ng knh thit b.
ng knh ca thp hp th loi m.
4.V
D = .3600tb.
y
D: ng knh thit b
(m)
(mt)
(m3/h)
60
1520
Vi
+ s: Vn tc o pha
(m/s).
; P = 8,163at
; P0 = 1 at
y d 1 + y c1
2
ytb1 =
y d 1 + y c1 0,0925 + 0,00925
=
= 0,050875
2
2
ytb =
xtb: Khi lng ring trung bnh ca pha lng c coi l khi lng
ring ca nc 350c
0
35 C
Vy xtb = H O = 994,06 Kg/m3
2
b2. nht.
0
* n 20 C = 10-3 (Ns/m2)
xhh
.Ta c
lg xhh = x1 lg 1 + (1 - x1) lg 2.
1, 2: nht ca cu t thnh phn NH3 v H2O
x1: Nng phn mol ca NH3 trong dung dch:
C x1 = x1tb =
xd + xc
2
Ta c: X = 0 xd = 0
0,40543
0,2884
= 0,1442.
2
0
35 C
T : Vi 1 = NH L = 0,2125 . 10-3 Ns/m2
3
2 = H O
2
35 0 C
63
200,212
= 0,0556 (m3/s)
3600
3 ltb
Vi
Ta c:
x1tb .M NH 3
x ltb= x .M
1tb
NH 3 + (1 x1tb ).M hh
0,1442.17
0,222
1tb
X 1tb = 1 x = 1 0,222 = 0,2853
1tb
T :
+ G H O = Gx thc tKmol/h .
2
= 12,502 .
1
.M H 2O
3600
1
. 18 = 0,06251 (Kg/s)
3600
(Kg/m3)
xtb = 994,06
(Kg/m3)
(Kg/s)
Gxtb = 0,08
(Kg/s)
g = 9,81
(m/s2)
1/ 4
1/ 8
2 s . .3,357 6,056.10 4 0,16
0,08 3,357
d
=
0
,
022
1
,
27
.
lg
3
3
0,187 994,06
9,81.Vd .994,06 10
2 .
s 3 d
Vd
= 305,88
y . d3 = 305,88
0,8 Vd
y 2 . d
= 195,764.
3
Vd
Chn m s : 5 x 5 x 1,0 c;
= 1000 m2/ m3.
V = 0,62 m3/ m3
y = 0,216 m/s
0,216
y . s
G
. d 1, 2 .Vd . y
G
x
y
0 , 405
htd = 302,4 .
. x
y
0, 225
y
x
0 , 045
Gx
m.G y
.
Gy
1 m.
Gx
lg
* Tnh yhh
M hh m1 .M 1 m2 M 2 m3 M 3 m4 M 4 m5 M 5
=
+
+
+
+
hhk
1
2
3
4
5
Vi: M1, M2, M3, M4, M5: Trng lng phn t ca cc kh thnh phn
(kg/kmol)
hhk , 1, 2,3, 4, 5: nht ca hn hp v ca cc kh thnh
phn (Ns/m2)
m1, m2, m3, m4 , m5 : Phn th tch ca cc kh trong hn hp.
C: M1 = 17 (NH3) ; m1 = 9,25% ; NH
M2 = 28 (N2) ; m2 = 19,48% ; N
350 C
2
350 C
3
350 C
2
m 5=11%; CH 4
350 C
=113,5.10-7 Ns/m2
4,571. s
0,254
1, 2
. d .Vd
htd = 302,4 .
5
1,39.10
0,076
4,571
6,056.10 4
0 , 045
0, 405
0,076
0,254
. lg
1 0,0195
0,254.0.0195
0,076
994,06
.
4,571
1
0, 225
Dt .P
+C
2[ ]. P
(m)
Trong :
Dt : ng knh trong
(m)
: H s bn ca thanh hnh tr
C: H s b sung do n mn
N/m2
(m)
(N/m2)
(N/m2)
K
[K] = n .
K
Trong : : H s iu chnh
67
nK: H s an ton.
Vi thp CT3 : = 0,9
k = 380 . 106 N/m2
nk = 2,6
380.10 6
[K] =
.0,9 = 131,54 . 106 N/m2.
2,6
C = C1 + C2 + C3
[ K ] .
P
[ K ] .
P
50. C th b qua P mu s
=
131,54.10 6
.1 = 140,99 > 50
9,33.10 5
S = 2[ ]. + C
k
=
9,33.10 5.0,8
+ 1,8.10 3
2.131,54.10 6
= 0,005 (mt)
Kim tra ng sut ca thnh theo p sut th , ng sut theo p sut th c
xc nh theo cng thc sau.
68
Dt + ( S C ).P0 c
2( S C ).
1,2
N/m2
c 1240.10 6
=
= 200.10 6
C
1,2
1,2
c
Dt .P
D
. t + C ( m)
3,8[ k ].K . h P 2hb
Chn hb = 0,25. Dt
hb = 0,25 . 0,8 = 0,2(m) = 200mm
Chn h = 25mm
* K l h s khng th nguyn
K = 1
d
Dt
69
[ k ]
131,54.10 6
.K . h =
.1.1
p
9,33.10 5
0,8.9,33.10 5
0,8
.
+ 3,8.10 3
6
3,8.131.10 .1.1 2.0,2
S = 0,007 m
Chn S = 0,008 (m)
Kim tra ng sut thnh ca np thit b theo p sut th thu lc bng
cng thc
2
240.10 6
=
= 200.10 6 N / m 2
1,2
1,2
C
vy < 1,2 tho mn iu kin
Dt
0,8m
S
8mm
Chiu cao g
h=25mm
3. Bch ni :
a. Thp c chia lm lm hai tng m mi tng cao 3,5m . Cc
tng c ghp vi nhau thng qua bch ni. Thp lm vic p sut 8 bar, ta
chn bch kiu I
D1
D
h
Db
Dy
Dn
P.10-6 N/m2
70
Dt (mm)
Kch thc ni
Bulong
0,8
800
D
930
Db
880
D1
850
D0
811
db
Z h
M 20 24 22
Dy
Dn
Db
ng ni
P.10-6
N/m2
Dn cht lng
0,8
vo
Dn cht lng
0,8
ra
Dy
Dn
Dt
D1
70
76
160
130 110
100
108 215
180 158
Dn kh vo
0,8
70
76
160
130 110
Dn kh ra
0,8
150
159 280
240 210
Bulong
db Z
M
4
12
M
8
16
M
4
12
M
8
20
h
20
22
20
24
VL
0,785. L
4,6.10 3
=0,063 m.Ly d=70mm
0,785.1,5
VL
0,785. L
4,6.10 3
=0, 076 m.Ly dLng ra=100 mm
0,785.1
b3. ng dn kh vo thp
Vn tc dng kh vo l vn tc cht kh i trong ng y my nn
Chn kvao = 6(m / s)
Vk = 0,0189 m 3 / s
Vy : Dkvao =
0,0189
=0,063 m
0,785.6
Ly Dkvo = 70(mm)
b4. ng knh ng dn kh ra
Vn tc kh ra l vn tc thng gi t nhin v dng kh di chuyn t
ni c p sut cao n ni c p sut thp
Chn k = 3(m / s)
D kra =
0,0495
=0,145 m
0,785.3
Chn Dkra=150 mm
72
73
( Dn2 Dt2 )
4
3,14
(0,812 0,8 2 ) = 0,01264 (m 2 )
4
.Dt2
.hd
4
+ m chn c = 900kg / m 3
Vy tng khi lng 2 tng m l :
mdem = Vd . .2 = 2.
= 2.
Dt2
.hd .
4
3,14.0,8 2
.3,5.900 = 3165( kg )
4
2
mlng = 2.l. Vt do m + l . .Dt .( H H d ) = 2.994,6.2,17 +994,6.
74
3,14
0,82. .(124
5. Li m
Chn li m c dng hnh v :
Gm cc thanh c ghp vi nhau.
- V chn m 5 x 5x 1
-> Chn cc thanh c kch thc nh sau :
+ Chiu rng b = 3mm
+ Mi thanh cch 4 mm
Thanh gia s chu ng sut ln nht.
Tng khi lng mt tng m l :
m = mm + mlng
m = 1582 + 2158 = 3740(kg)
=> Trng lc m phi chu :
P = mg = 3740 x 9,81 = 36689 (N)
b = 3mm
Dt2
0,8 2
= 3,14.
= 0,5024 (m 2 )
Smt ct thp = .
4
4
Thanh thp gia phi chu ng sut un ln nht. Din tch chu lc
thanh l :
S1 = 6.10-3.0,8 = 0,0048
Trng lc tc dng ln thanh
P
36689
J
: momen tit din chng un
y
J=
bh 3
: momen din tch cp 2
12
y=
h
2
p
b
P.ab
P.l
l
= >M =
(a = b = )
l
4
2
l
75
P.l
M
4 h
Suy ra ng sut = = b.h 3 . 2
12
J=
3.P.l
2.b.h 2
J=
3.350.0,8 140.10 3
=
2.3.10 3.h 2
h2
iu kin < []
Vi thp CT3 c k = 380.106(N/m2)
ch = 240.106 (N/m2)
k
380.10 6
. =
.0,9 = 131,54( N / m 2 )
[ k ] =
nk
2,6
Suy ra :
105.10 3
< 131,54.10 6
2
h
=> h = 0,033(m)
Ly h = 35(mm)
6. Tai treo , chn thit b :
Ta c : Khi lng ca ton thp M= 11567 (kg)
Trng lng ton thp l :
P = M.g = 11567 x 9,81 = 113472,27 N
Nh vy : Chn 8 tai treo, b tr thnh hai tng treo.
Trng lng cho php trn mt tai treo l.
G=
P 113472 ,27
=
= 1,8.10 4 ( N )
6
6
B1
a
a
20
76
H
240
B
B1
B2
H
150
180
245
300
Vt liu lm chn thp CT3
S
14
a
25
d
34
m1 tai
21,5kg
h
160
s
14
l
75
d
23
. Vi
P4
P1 l t s nn
Trong T1 = T3 : Nhit vo mi cp nn
T2 = T4 : Nhit ra sau mi cp nn
: S m a bin n = 1,4
P1 : p sut vo (P1= 1 at)
77
T2 = T4 = 308.8,16
1 1, 51
.
2 1, 5
= 437 K
T2 = T4 = 1640C
Cng sut l thuyt ca my nn a bin
N lt =
G.L
1000
L=
nRT1
1
1
1, 4 1
1,4
.2.262,33.308 8,16 1, 4.2 1
L=
1,4 1
L=197792 Nm/kg
Vy : N lt =
697.197792
. = 38 Kw
3600 .1000
N lt = 38 (Kw)
38
Ntt= 0,8 = 48 Kw
78
t2 = 450C
t1 = 350C
t2 = 200C
Vy :
t tb =
t
g
Chn chiu di ng l = 2m
ng knh ng (trong) dt = 26mm ( ng=2 mm)
ng knh gn D = 50mm
ng knh ngoi ng dn= 30mm
Bc gn t = 4mm
Chiu di gn g = 1mm
Suy ra h =
D d n 50 30
=
= 10(mm)
2
2
Chn S1 = S2 = 40mm
Gi s mt ng c n gn c chia dc theo chiu di ng
l = n. g + (n + 1)(t g )
n = 499(gn)
Chn s ng trn mt hng vung gc vi chiu chuyn ng ca dng kh l
: 14 ng
1. Xc nh nhit trung bnh ca dng cht ti nhit
V nc t bin i nhit
t tbH 2O =
79
t 2 + t 2 ' 45 + 20
=
= 32,5 0 C = t tb 2
2
2
2. H s cp nhit ca hn hp kh bn ngoi ng c gn
d
Nu = C
t
0 , 54
h
t
0 ,14
. Re n . Pr 0, 4
V ng xp thng hng :
C = 0,116
n = 0,72
d: ng knh ngoi ca ng (m)
d = dn = 0,03(m)
t : bc gn (m) t = 0,004 (m)
h : b rng gn
h = 0,01 m
a.Tnh chun s Re
Re =
l l
=
suy ra
max
0,056
= 2,24(m / s )
0,025
*Tnh nht ca hn hp kh
* Tnh hh
M hh m1 .M 1 m2 M 2 m3 M 3 m4 M 4 m5 M 5
=
+
+
+
+
hhk
1
2
3
4
5
Vi: M1, M2, M3, M4, M5: trng lng phn t ca cc kh thnh phn.
hhk , 1, 2,3, 4, 5: nht ca hn hp v ca cc kh thnh phn.
m1, m2, m3, m4 , m5 : Phn th tch ca cc kh trong hn hp.
80
82 , 7 C
M3 = 40 (Ar) ; m3 = 1,82% ; Ar
= 253 . 10-7 Ns/m2
M4 = 2 (H2) ; m4 = 58,45% ; H
M5=16(CH4) ;
82 , 7 0 C
2
m 5=11%; CH
82 , 7 0 C
4
127.10-7 Ns/m2
T0 P
T .P0
273.8,16
0
Vy = 0 . T .P = 0 . (273 + 82,7).1 = 6,3 0
0
yi(Phn mol)
0,0925
0,1948
0,0182
0,5845
0,11
1
Vy hhk=3,065.10-3 kg/l
hhk=3,065. kg/m3
81
0.103(kg/l)
0,7708
1,2517
2,134
00898
0,7167
.103(kg/l)
4,86
7,88
13,44
0,57
4,52
.103.yi
0,45
1,54
0,245
0,333
0,497
3,065
*H s dn nhit ca hn hp kh
hhk=1y1+2y2+3y3+4y4+5y5
vi
273 + C T
= 0
,W/m.
T + C 273
Vi
Vi NH3
0=0,0172;C=626;=2,34.10-2
Vi H2
0=0,1370;C=94;=0,166
Vi N2
0=0,0209;C=102;=2,55.10-2
Vi Ar
Vi CH4
=3,88.10-2
=7,02.10-2
yi(phn mol)
0,0925
0,1948
0,0182
0,5845
0,11
hhk=0,11256 W/m.
82
0(W/m.)
0,0172
0,0209
0,1370
(W/m.)
2,34.10-2
2,55.10-2
3,88.10-2
0,166
7,02.10-2
.yi(W/m.)
0,216.10-2
0,497.10-2
0,071.10-2
0,097
0,772.10-2
0,11256
yi(%)
9,25
19,48
1,82
58,45
11
100
Ci(kcal/kg )
0,583
0,2507
0,489
3,452
0,567
yi.Ci
0,054
0,049
0,0088
2,02
0,062
2,194
1,547.10 5
b. Chun s Pr
Pr =
C p .
Vy : Pr =
C P 9,17.10 3.1,547.10 5
=
= 1,26
0,11256
0,03
0,01
0 , 54
0 ,14
0, 72
0, 4
Suy ra : Nu = 0,116( 0,004 ) ( 0,004 ) (17750) .1,14
Nu = 43
Mt khc : Nu =
=> k =
k .l k .t
=
Nu. 43.0,11256
=
= 1210 W/m.
t
0,004
bk = 978 W/m.
c. H s cp nhit ca nc .
Nu = 0,021. 1 . Re 0,8 . Pr 0, 43 (
Ta c : H = 2m
d = 0,03m
83
Pr 0, 25
)
Pr t
H
2
=
> 50 = > 1 = 1
dn 0,03
4
Gi s : Re H O = 10 ( nc ch xoy )
2
PrH 2O (82,7 C ) = 2
0
suy ra : H O = 2 = d
tr
2
H 2O =
44,839.0,6761
= 1165,98 W/m.
26.10 3
0
Trong : H O (82,7 C ) = 0,618 W/m.
2
d. Xc nh b mt truyn nhit
+ Fng = Fcanh + Fkhng cnh
Fng = (l n. g ) .d ng + n. g . .D g + n.2.
2 2
( D g d ng2 )
4
2
(0,05 2 0,03 2 ) = 1,4765(m 2 )
4
Vy : H s truyn nhit
K=
bk +
K=
1
1
Fng
H 2O Ftrong
(w/m )
1
= 114
1
1
1,4765
(w/m )
+
.
978 1165,98 0,1633
B mt truyn nhit
F=
Q
825093
=
= 144(m 2 )
k .t tb 114.50,2
f. Xc nh s ng v s ngn.
a. S ng :
n=
F
144
=
= 98 ng
Fng 1,4765
b. S ng to thnh mt hng.
84
n' =
n 98
=
= 7 ( ng)
14 14
c. S ngn.
- Vn tc thc t
H =
Gn
4.0,0096
=
= 0,1846(m / s)
2
.d t 98.3,14.0,026 2
n.
4
Vn tc gi s (Re = 104)
gs =
Re .
d .
=> gs =
10 4.0,7601.10 3
= 0,294(m / s )
0,026.995
vy : s ngn m =
gs
tt
0,294
= 1,59 = 2 (ngn)
0,1846
85
P2 P1
+ H 0 + hm
g
(m)
p
(m)
g
h thng.
p = p w + p m + p h + p c
chuyn ng trong ng
p h : p sut cn thit khc phc p sut thu tnh
p c : p sut cn thit thng tr lc cc b
2 .
(N / m2 )
2
Trong : l vn tc ca lu th trong ng chn = 3m/s
+ Pw =
= 994,06 (kg/m3)
Vy : Pm =
86
32.994,06
= 4473,27( N / m 2 )
2
+ Pm =
.L . 2 .L
.
=
.Pw
d
2
d
3.0,08.994,06
3
4
Ta c : Re = = 0,7225.10 3 = 330,206.10 > 10
Re
0,1.10 3
=
=
= 1,25.10 3
d td
0,08
: nhm tuyt i = 0,1 (mm) ( ng trng km)
Suy ra :
6,81
1,25.10 3
0,9
= 2 lg (
)
+
3
3,7
330,206.10
= 0,021
L
Vy : Pm = d .Pw =
0,021.15
.4473,27 = 17613,5 N / m 2
0,08
2 .
= .Pw ( N / m 2 )
+ Pc = .
2
+ Pc = .
2 .
= .Pw ( N / m 2 )
2
: H s tr lc cc b
R/td = 2 B = 0,15
Chn t s a/b = 1 C = 1
=> 1 = 1.0,15.1 = 0,15
H s tr lc do t m gy ra.
2 = 0,25 ( do t s f2/f1 = 0,5)
87
H s tr lc do 2 van gy ra .
3 = 4,9
=(2.0,15+0,25+4,9).4473,27
24379,32
(N/m2)
Ph = gH 0 = 994,06.9,81.5 = 48758,64( N / m 2 )
P = Pm + Ph + PC = 17613,5 + 48758,64 + 24379,22 = 90751,36( N / m 2 )
P
90751,36
P1 P2
8,16.0,98.10 5 0,98.10 5
+ H 0 + hm =
+ 5 + 9,3 = 86(m)
g
994,06.9,81
QgH
(kW )
1000
3
Q = 3600.994,06 = 0,6.10 (m3/s)
Trong
0 : Hiu sut th tch tnh n s hao ht ca cht lng t vng p
on bm.
tl = 0,8
ck : Hiu sut c kh tnh n ma st v s to ra dng xoy trong
bm.
ck = 0,94
88
= 0,9.0,8.0,94 = 0,6768
QgH 0,610 3.994,06.9,81.86
=
= 0,75 kW
Vy : N tr =
1000
1000 .0,6768
N tr = 0,75 Kw
N hi = N tr . ck = 0,75.0,94 = 0,705( kW )
Cng sut ng c in
N dc =
N hi
0,705
=
= 1,04(kW )
0,6768
Trong : = 1,1
89
N tt = 1,1.1,04 = 1,15(kW ) .
tG =35 oC
tL=35oC
tG=70oC
tL=700C
w =107,1kg/h
qa=496 kcal/kg
Nc vo thp 350C : iL= 35 kcal/kg
Nc ra thp 700C : iL= 70 kcal/kg
C H 0=0,99859 Kcal/kg
2
90
Hn hp kh vo thp:
STT
NH3
N2
Ar
H2
CH4
Vi(%)
ai(%)
9,25
14,72
19,48
51,05
1,82
6,81
58,45
10,94
11
16,47
100
100
Vy iG =449,0855 kJ/kg
iG=107,26
kcal/kg
Hn hp kh ra thp
ii(kJ/kg)
1374,0
199,4
163,0
455
511
aiii
202,2558
101,7937
11,1063
49,777
84,1617
449,0855
Vi(%)
ai(%)
ii(kJ/kg)
1
1,68
1456,0
21,25
58,87
226
1,98
7,84
180
63,76
12,62
480
12
18,99
610
100
100
Hn hp kh ra thp c:
iG=348,034 kJ/kg
iG=83,1225 cal/kg
Tnh nhit dung ring ca hn hp kh trong thp
aiii
24,4608
133,0462
14,112
60,576
115,839
348,039
STT
NH3
N2
Ar
H2
CH4
STT
NH3
N2
Ar
H2
CH4
xi(%)
CiG(kcal/kg
xi.CiG
9,25
0,517
0,0478
19,48
0,2491
0,0485
1,82
0,452
0,008
58,45
3,41
1,993
11
0,522
0,057
100
2,1543
91
Phn V:
Cn bng vt cht cho qu trnh nh hp th
Cc s liu ban u :
Nng sut thit b tnh theo hn hp u: F = 225kg/h
Nng cu t d bay hi trong
Hn hp u : xF = 14,42% (mol)
Sn phm nh : xP = 98%(mol)
Sn phm y : xW = 2%(mol)
Chuyn i phn mol sang phn khi lng
xF=14,42% (mol)
aF=13,73 %(khi lng)
xP=98%(mol)
aP=97,88 %(khi lng)
xW=2%(mol)
aW=1,89 %(khi lng)
Phng trnh cn bng vt liu chung cho ton h thng
F=P+W
i vi cu t d bay hi : F.aF=P.aP+W.aW
T :
a F aW
13,73 1,89
92
Kt lun
Trong thi gian lm n tt nghip , qua qu trnh tm hiu v
nghin cu nghim tc cng vi s gip tn tnh ca cc thy c gio , em
hon thnh ni dung thit k tt nghip Tnh ton v thit k h thng
x l , thu hi NH3 trong kh phng khng ca nh my sn xut Amoniac .
Vn x l kh thi trong cng nghip ni chung v trong cng
nghip ho cht ni ring ang rt c quan tm trong giai on hin nay.
Kh thi cng nghip l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ln lm cho mi
trng b nhim nghim trng , nh hng trc tip n i sng ca con
ngi. Vn thay i cng ngh mi, s dng nng lng sch nhm
gim lng pht thi cc cht kh gy nhim , cc cht kh gy hiu ng nh
knh, gy ma axit cn c thc hin ngay trc khi mi trng b suy thoi
nghim trng.
Vi ni dung thit k tt nghip ny , em tin hnh tnh ton lng
pht thi kh NH3 trong kh phng khng ca qu trnh tng hp NH3. ng
thi tnh ton thit k mt h thng x l , nhm thu hi li lng NH3 .
Phng php x l NH3 trong kh phng khng c s dng l phng php
hp th bng nc; y l phng php n gin nhng t hiu qu kinh t
cao. Trong thc t qu trnh x l ny c p dng c hiu qu ti Cng
ty Phn m v ho cht H Bc , gp phn lm gim thiu nhim mi
trng ti khu vc nh my v cc khu dn c ph cn.
Vi kh nng v thi gian c hn , cng kinh nghim thc t t i , d
ht sc c gng nhng bn thit k cn nhiu thiu st, em rt mong c
cc thy c gio trong b mn , hi ng bo v thit k tt nghip hng
dn, ch bo bn thit k c hon thin hn.
93
94
95