1

MC LC Bi 1: Gii thiu linh kin in t 1.in tr 2.T in 3.Diode 4.Transistor 5.Cch ly quang 6.Role 7. IC s 8. Cc loi cm bin thng dng 9. Dng c thc hnh: ng h in t, ng h kim, board trng 10. Thc hnh: c gi tr in tr, o kim tra chn linh kin, kim tra cht lng linh kin. Bi 2:Thc hnh cc mch tng t v s n gin, c dch datasheet ting anh 1. Gii thiu qua nguyn l mt s IC thng dng 2. Phn tch thit k mch tng t v s 2. Thc hnh cm mt s mch in t c bn tng t v s 3. Hng dn s dng Osciloscope o v kim tra mch

Bi 1

GII THIU LINH KIN IN T C BN

Ni dung chnh: in tr T in Diode Transistor

Cch ly quang Role IC s Cc loi cm bin thng dng Dng c thc hnh: ng h in t, ng h kim, board trng Thc hnh: c gi tr in tr, o kim tra chn linh kin, kim tra cht lng linh kin.

1.in tr.

Tc dng: Dng hn ch dng in.Chnh xc hn l to ra dng in c gi tr xc nh nh nh lut m c th tnh c. Phn loi: Trn th trng c nhiu loi in tr khc nhau. Tu nhim v ca bn m dng cc loi tr khc nhau. K hiu in tr trong s mch:

Hnh nh ca 1 s loi tr.

1.2.Cch c gi tr ca in tr: Gi tr ca in tr c v trn thn in tr. i vi in tr 4 vch mu th 3 vch u tin biu th gi tr ca in tr, vch th 4 l sai s ca in tr. Mu biu th gi tr ca in tr v sai s ca in tr th hin trong bng sau:

Mu Bc Vng en Nu

Tr s

Sai s 10% 5%

0 1 2 1% 2%

Cam Vng Xanh Lc Tm Xm Trng

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0.5% 0.25% 0.1 %

* Cch c gi tr in tr :

+ i vi in tr 4 mu: 3 vch gi tr th 2 vch u c l 2 s, vch th 3 l vch m. Gi tr ca in tr bng: 2 vch . 10 m vch 3. Vch th 4 l sai s. + i vi in tr 5 vch v 6 vch: 3 vch u c lin nhau l gi tr in tr, vch th 4 l m, vch th 5 l sai s. Gi tr ca in tr bng: 3 vch . 10 m vch 4. Vch th 5 l sai s. + i vi in tr dn(chip-resistor): Gi tr ca in tr bng: 2 s u. 10 m s th 3.

V d:

+ i vi in tr nh hn 10 m(Ohm): Gi tr ca in tr bng : vch 1+ vch 2 chia cho 10 m vch 3. Vch 3: en =0 ;vng = 1; bc 2; V d:

1.3. Bin tr: Ngoi cc in tr c gi tr khng thay i nh trn cn c mt s loi in tr c gi tr c th thay i c theo mt iu kin no . + Quang tr l in tr c gi tr thay i theo cng sng chiu vo in tr.

+ Bin tr nhit: c gi tr thay i theo nhit . + Loi bin tr chng ta hay gp nht l loi bin tr chng ta c th thay i bng cch xoay vt.

1. 2.T in: T in l linh kin cng c dng ph bin nh in tr. S khc nhau gia t in v in tr l s cn tr ca t in ph thuc vo tn s in p. c trng cho tnh cn tr ca t l dung khng. Tnh theo cng thc sau: f: tn s in p- Hz. C: gi tr ca t in- Fara. K hiu ca t in: T in phn cc T in khng phn cc. S khc nhau gia t phn cc v khng phn cc: T khng phn cc th 2 cc ca t c vai tr nh nhau, gi tr ca t khng phn cc thng nh( picro Fara. T phn cc th c 2 cc tnh dng v m khng th dng ln ln. Gi tr ca t phn cc thng ln 1 n hng ngn uF(Micro Fara).

3.1.Phn loi: T in trong thc t c phn ra lm nhiu loi v theo nhiu cch khc nhau nhng c th k ra l: t thng, t ha, t xoay, vv.. Theo cht liu c t giy, t gm, t s, vv.. Bn cht t in l mt kho in n c kh nng np in v cho ti khi bo ha th n s li phng in S np phng ca t :

Do vy m t in c s dng c bit trong mch to dao ng, to xung, mch lc vv Ch khi s dng t ha do c th n c chn + v chn nn khi u vo mch ta cn ch chiu ca n.

10

3.2.T ha :

3.3.Cch oc gi tr t in: T khng phn cc, ph bin l t gm( t t), c ging c tr dn. n v l pF. T phn cc( t ha) gi tr v cc tnh ghi trn t. T xoay:

Ngoi loi t c gi tr thay i bng cch vn vt nh bin tr.

2. 3. Diode: 3.1. M t: Diode c cu to t 2 lp bn dn tip xc vi nhau. Diode c 2 cc Ant v Katt. N ch cho dng in i theo 1 chiu t Ant sang Katt(Chnh xc l kh nng cn tr dng in theo chiu AK l rt nh, cn KA l rt ln). N c dng nh van 1 chiu trong mch in. K hiu ca diode:

11

3.2.Phn loi: Theo chc nng c mt s loi diode ngoi diode chun. Mt s loi diode thng gp:

+ Diode chun ph bin: 4001,4002,4007 + Led: Diode c kh nng pht sng. C : led n 1 mu , 2 mu , nhiu mu. Led 7 thanh hin th s, led ma trn hin th k t bt k.

12

+ Diode zener: dng n nh in p. Hot ng ch phn cc ngc(KA). + Photo diode: diode thng khi c cng nh sng chiu vo. * Khi diode thng th UAK=1,4V. 5-Transistor K hiu transistor

13

Gm 3 min bn dn khc loi(P-N) xp xen k nhau. V c tran thun npn, tran ngc pnp S dng cc tran ta quan tm ti tn v cc thng s ca transistor Trong thc t tran thun thng l cc tran C vd nh : C828.. V cc tran ngc bt u vi ch ci A nh: A564, A1015, vvv 5.1. Tc dng ca transitor: Trong cc mch in t transistor c s dng rt nhiu vi nhiu chc nng khc nhau c th ngi ta s dng tran nh mt b m vi chc nng khuch i, v c bit trong in t s v cc IC s transistor c s dng trong ch kha.Trong ch kha cc tran lm vic nh nhng cng tc hay thng gi l cc Van in t van ny hot ng ta cn t vo B mt in p > Ube trong ch bo ha. Transistor c hai dng l dng TTL v dng CMOS Cc tran CMOS l cc bng hot ng s dng nguyn l in t , nn cng sut tn hao nh, c s dng nh cc van c tn s ng ct ln iu lu khi s dng cc tran CMOS khi lp cc tran ny vo mch v vn hnh vi ngun y th khng c h cc GATE. V khi bng s so lun . cng l l do m ti sao lm mch v hn mch cn tht tt khng h cc chn linh kin nu khng h G thi tran s chy ngay.

14

6.LED 7 thanh (7_seg.... ) L mt linh kin c s dng rng ri trong cc mch, cc modul, cc thit b Led 7 thanh dng hin th cc thng tin dng s liu, v trn thc t va c th hin thj s liu v cc thng tin khc dng k t th ngi ta s dng mt loi linh kin tng t l led 12 thanh, hay nhiu thanh trn. Phn loi: c nhiu cch phn loi chng nhng ph bin l theo 2 loi l: LED 7 thanh Anot chung v LED 7 thanh katot chung V trong cc loi li phn ra thnh cc loi nh: LED n, LED kp, LED gm 4 led n, Ty theo s tin ch v mc tiu cc thit k m ta c th la chn chng.

Nguyn l chung ca cc loi led trn nh hnh v:

Nh vy led 7 thanh l cc led pht quang cc thanh. Vic phi hp cc led mi thanh sng s to ra cc ch s. Di y l hnh v ca cc loi led 7 thanh v s chn ca chng:

15

Trong 1,2,3,4 l cc chn Anot hoc Katot chung ca 4 led n trong b led. 3. 5.Cch li quang: 5.1. M t: L linh kin tch hp c cu to gm 1 led v 1 photo diode hoc transitor. c s dng tch(v in) gia cc khi chnh lch nhau v cng sut nh khi s( dng nh, in p 0-5V) vi khi cng sut( dng ln vi A,chc A, p hng chc, hng trm V). 5.2.Cch ly quang thng dng: 7.1.ng dng B cch ly l linh kin s dng trong cc ng dng iu khin ng ct cc mch in ( c bit l mch cng sut ) pha sau b iu khin, vic cch ly ny thc hin bng nh sng. 7.2.Nguyn l cu to chung ca cc b cch ly: Bao gm mt bn pht nh sng ( thng l LED ) v mt bn thu ( thng l photodiot, phototransistor, phototiristor,..) 7.3.Phn loi: B cch ly c phn loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau, nh: b cch ly n, kp, C nhiu b cch ly c th ghp cng nhau to thnh cc IC nhiu chn. V cch phn bit tuyt nht l theo dng in ng ct: Cch ly mt chiu, Cch ly xoay chiu.

16

7.4.Hnh v nguyn l:

VD: Cch ly mt chiu nh: 4N35, PS205-1, PS205-2, PS205-3,. Cch ly xoay chiu nh: MOC3020, MOC3021, MOC3022, vv

Cc b cch ly mt chiu thng s dng vi cc ng dng ng m dng in mt chiu, cn cc b cch ly xoay chiu thng s dng ng m dng xoay chiu c phi kt hp s dng cc van cng sut hay rle.

Ta s i xem xt s lc mt vi b cch ly thng c s dng trong th t.

17

- B cch ly :

C th chng ta c th tm hiu v i vo cc ng dng c th vi vic tham kho datasheet ca linh kin.

-- B cch ly :

18

y l b cch ly xoay chiu c dng kh ph bin, trong cc mch iu khin phi kt hp vi cc rle v c bit l vi cc van cng sut nh: Tiristor, Triac, Bn pht ca n vn l mt LED thng v bn thu l mt Phototriac.

8-Relay ( R Le ) Cu to ca rle nh hnh v di

V nguyn l cu to v hot ng ca rle l da trn lc ht in t ca nam chm in kt hp vi h thng cc tip im. 8.1.Phn loi: Rle c phn loi theo rt nhiu cch khc nhau. .. Theo dng in th phn thnh rle 1 chiu, rle xoay chiu Theo s im cc th c rle n cc hoc r le nhiu tip im.

Trong thc t rle c s dng rt nhiu v v cng a dng v hnh thc v ng dng. Role cn c nhiu loi chuyn dng nh nhiu loi r le nh: Rle ng/ p cc i, Rle in t, Rle s vv

19

8.2.iu khin ng m rle: Khi ta cp mt in p vo hai u cun ht th rle s hot ng ng cc tip dim li vi nhau. Ty theo loi rle c k bng in p l bao nhiu nh rle: +5V, +12VDC hay AC

4. 6. R le: 6.1.M t: R le cng l 1 thit b in dng ng ct nh mt cng tc. 6.2.Cu to v k hiu ca rle:

6.3.Phn loi: C 1 s loi r le nh sau: + R le in: ng ct bng in. + R le t : ng ct bng t. + R le nhit: ng ct bng nhit. + R le thi gian: sau 1 thi gian th rle ng ,ct. 6.4.ng m R le: ng r le bng cch cho in vo hai cc ca nam chm in. Ty loi r le 5V , 12V, hay 24V m ta a p vo 2 cc nam chm in.

20

7.Hng dn s dng ng h Digital 7.1. Gii thiu v ng h s DIGITAL ng h s Digital c mt s u im so vi ng h c kh, l chnh xc cao hn, tr khng ca ng h cao hn do khng gy st p khi o vo dng in yu, o c tn s in xoay chiu, tuy nhin ng h ny c mt s nhc im l chy bng mch in t ln hay hng, kh nhn kt qu trong trng hp cn o nhanh, khng o c phng np ca t.

21

ng h vn nng s Digital

Hng dn s dng : 7.2. - o in p mt chiu ( hoc xoay chiu )

22

t ng h vo thang o in p DC hoc AC * que ng h vo l cm V mA que en vo l cm COM * Bm nt DC/AC chn thang o l DC nu o p mt chiu hoc AC nu o p xoay chiu. * Xoay chuyn mch v v tr V hy thang o cao nht nu cha bit r in p, nu gi tr bo dng thp phn th ta gim thang o sau. * t thang o vo in p cn o v c gi tr trn mn hnh LCD ca ng h. * Nu t ngc que o(vi in mt chiu) ng h s bo gi tr m (-) 7.3. - o dng in DC (AC) * Chuyn que ng h v thang mA nu o dng nh, hoc 20A nu o dng ln. * Xoay chuyn mch v v tr A * Bm nt DC/AC chn o dng mt chiu DC hay xoay chiu AC * t que o ni tip vi mch cn o * c gi tr hin th trn mn hnh. 7.4. - o in tr * Tr li v tr dy cm nh khi o in p . * Xoay chuyn mch v v tr o , nu cha bit gi tr in tr th chn thang o cao nht , nu kt qu l s thp phn th ta gim xung. * t que o vo hai u in tr. * c gi tr trn mn hnh.

23

* Chc nng o in tr cn c th o s thng mch, gi s o mt on dy dn bng thang o tr, nu thng mch th ng h pht ra tin ku 7.5. - o tn s * Xoay chuyn mch v v tr FREQ hoc Hz * thang o nh khi o in p . * t que o vo cc im cn o * c tr s trn mn hnh. 7.6. - o Logic * o Logic l o vo cc mch s ( Digital) hoc o cc chn ln ca vi x l, o Logic thc cht l o trng thi c in - K hiu 1 hay khng c in 0, cch o nh sau: * Xoay chuyn mch v v tr LOGIC * t que vo v tr cn o que en vo mass * Mn hnh ch l bo mc logic mc cao, ch l bo logic mc thp 7.7. - o cc chc nng khc * ng h vn nng s Digital cn mt s chc nng o khc nh o i t, o t in, o Transistor nhng nu ta o cc linh kin trn, ta ln dng ng h c kh s cho kt qu tt hn v o nhanh hn

24

8. Gii thiu v ng h vn nng ( VOM) ng h vn nng ( VOM ) l thit b o khng th thiu c vi bt k mt k thut vin in t no, ng h vn nng c 4 chc nng chnh l o in tr, o in p DC, o in p AC v o dng in. u im ca ng h l o nhanh, kim tra c nhiu loi linh kin, thy c s phng np ca t in , tuy nhin ng h ny c hn ch v chnh xc v c tr khng thp khong 20K/Vol do vy khi o vo cc mch cho dng thp chng b st p. 8.1. HNG DN S DNG 1) Hng dn o in p xoay chiu.

S dng ng h vn nng o p AC Khi o in p xoay chiu ta chuyn thang o v cc thang AC, thang AC cao hn in p cn o mt nc, V d nu o in p AC220V ta thang AC 250V, nu ta thang thp hn in p cn o th ng h bo kch kim, nu thanh qu cao th kim bo thiu chnh xc.

25

* Ch - ch : Tuyt i khng thang o in tr hay thang o dng in khi o vo in p xoay chiu => Nu nhm ng h s b hng ngay lp tc !

nhm thang o dng in, o vo ngun AC => s hng ng h

26

 nhm thang o in tr, o vo ngun AC => s hng cc in tr trong ng h * Nu thang o p DC m o vo ngun AC th kim ng h khng bo , nhng ng h khng nh hng .

27

 thang DC o p AC ng h khng ln kim tuy nhin ng h khng hng

5. 8. Dng c : + ng h o: in p, dng in. + Ngun in 5V, 12V. + Board th nghim. + M hn, thic , php ng , khoan mch in, km ct, dy in. + Linh kin. a im mua: 18 A Hn Thuyn, 169 i Cn, Ch tri Thnh Yn-Trn Cao Vn(u Ph Hu).

28

6. 9.Thc hnh :

Bi thc hnh s1

I- Cc cng c s dng cho vic thc hnh lp mch. - Panel - ng h o vn nng - Cc linh kin. - Cc dy ni - .. II- Hng dn s dng panel lp mch test. Trong cng vic hc tp cng nh trong cc thit k th vic to ra mt mch in th ta cn phi cho mch chy test thng thng ngi ta s dng cc tm panel. Chng ta mun c mt tm panel test mch ln th ta c th ghp nhiu panel li vi nhau. Bn di l hnh v mt panel dng cm cc linh kin v chy test mch.

29

Trong panel th c 4 hng ngang c lp v in vi nhau v trong mi hng ngang th li chia thnh 2 na cng c lp v in vi nhau. Panel cn c rt nhiu cc ct v chng cng c lp v in vi nhau. Mi mt ct bao gm nhiu nh theo hng dc c lin h v in vi nhau. V mi hng ngang gm nhiu nh c lin h v in vi nhau v mi Panel th cc hng v cc ct c b tr i xng nhau nh hnh v.

V d 1: Lp mch iu khin bt tt mt LED s dng transistor.

Mc ch th nghim: Thng qua vic thc hnh lp mch trn, thng qua vic quan st hin tng ta thy c ch hot ng ON/ OFF ( kha ) ca transistor, hiu c vic s dng tran thun npn hay tran ngc pnp, thu c thc t lp mch quan st kt qu so vi mch ch ca thit k. T mch trn ta c th pht trin thnh nhiu mch c ng dng c th hn.

30

V d 2: Lp mch iu khin bt tt mt LED s dng B cch ly quang v Rle.

Mc ch th nghim: Thng qua vic thc hnh lp mch trn ta phi kt hp b cch l, tran npn, v Rle.

31

Trong gii hn ca bi thc hnh ch iu khin bt tt mt LED v trong thc t mch ny c th pht trin thnh cc mch iu khin n hay cc thit b dn dng, vv.. s dng dng mt chiu hay c dng xoay chiu.

M t hot ng ca mch: Rle ta s dng l mt rle k bng ngun p +12v V c s dng b cch ly quang, l do s dng b cch l trong hu ht cc ng dng iu khin l h thng k s rt an ton, trnh c nh hng ca nhiu, v cc htng qu p, qu dng. Khi ta cp ngun Vk vo chn ca b cch ly th lm thng phototransistor v cp ngun ng tran thun C828 v khi C828 thng th cp p 12v cho rle lm rle ng v cp ngun cho led, led sng

Lp mch theo s sau:

+ Tnh ton: * Khi tran thng. Dng in i qua tr 100K : IB= (5 - 0.6) / 10 000 = 0.00034 A = 34 mA. Dng in i qua led = qua tr 200 : IC= (3.6 - 0.2) / 200 = 0.017 A = 17 mA. * Khi tran khng thng:

32

IB=0 IC=0 + Lp mch: Cu to board trng:

Cc phn t vng (trong ti liu in en trng th l phn mu xm) thng vi nhau, tng ng dy ni trong mch in. Bc 1: Ni dy in cc phn trn 4 ng dc thng nhau:

33

Bc 2: Lp mch nh sau:

34

Bi 2

THC HNH CC MCH TNG T V S N GIN, C DCH DATASHEET TING ANH

Ni dung chnh:

Gii thiu qua nguyn l mt s IC thng dng Phn tch thit k mch tng t v s Thc hnh cm mt s mch in t c bn tng t v s Hng dn s dng Osciloscope o v kim tra mch 7. 8. 1. IC s 1.1.M t: L mch in tch hp thc hin 1 chc nng no . 1.2.Mt s loi IC: + IC khuych i thut ton: V d: LM324 , LM393, LM386, TL082, TL 084, . K hiu:

35

+ IC logic: thc hin cc php ton logic Khi ni n IC logic iu quan tm l bng s tht(bng biu din quan h gia u vo v u ra) Cng NAND: 7400

Cng NOR : 7402

Cng NOT: 7404

36

Cng AND: 7408

Cng OR:

+ IC ngun: LM 7805, LM7809, LM7812, LM317 Dng to ra 1 in p n nh. + IC c kh nng lp trnh:

37

VK 8051: AT89C2051 ; AT89C51/52 ; P89C51RD PIC: 16F84 ; 16F628 ; 16F87x AVR: AT8515; ATMEGA16 2.1.Mch ngun

Trong chuyn mc ny chng ta s tm hiu v thc hnh to ra cc ngun in p vi cc mc in p nh mun thng qua vic s dng cc ic chuyn dng. Trong thc t to ra cc mch ngun phc tp th cn phi tnh ton rt nhiu yu t khc nh: ch ti , cng sut mch cn cung ng. Trn y ta s thc hnh vi nhng mch ngun n gin v cc k d lm p ng y cc ng dng va v nh. Vi vic s dng cc ic chuyn dng ta c th to ra cc ngun chun nh +/- 5 V, +/- 9 V, +/- 12 V. Hay bt k in p no. Ta s I tm hiu ln lt c th to ra cc ngun cng tr 5,9,12 V th ta s c cc ic sau To ra ngun in p (+) ta s dng cc IC 78XX ( 7805, 7809, 7812 ) To ra ngun in p (-) ta s dng cc IC 79XX (7905, 7909, 7912 )

Di y l hnh nh v s to ra ngun chun +5V t ngun xoay chiu 220V

38

Mch to in p :

Trong s trn c s dng mt bin p ( h p) vo 220VAC v ra l 12VDC pha sau bin p l mt mch chnh lu cu. Tip l mch ca ic chuyn dng 78XX. Cc t in trn ty theo cng sut ngun yu cu m ta s dng. c bit ta s dng t C c in dung ln 1000uf hay ln hn mc song song vi c11 to nn s n nh ca ngun. Thc t mch chnh lu cu c th thit k t 4 con diot. Ngoi ra cn c nhiu ic chnh lu cu tch hp sn c b cu diot v t ha trong n. C nhiu loi b chnh lu cu ny nh:

Loi hnh trn c 4 chn

39

Loi 3 chn phng: Vic to ra cc ngun nu trn s c l tng t . to ra mt ngun in p c th iu chnh c c in p tng ng vi vic s dng ic chuyn dng LM 317

40

Hnh dng ca lm317 ging cc ic trn . thng qua vc iu chnh VR 2 ta s c c in p Vout tng ng. thc hin tt cc bn nn tm hiu k cc datasheet ca cc linh kin. 2.2.Cc vi mch s logic

41

2.3.Cc dng ic c kh nng lp trnh c Trong thc t hin nay cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh c bit l vic tch hp ln cc ic chuyn dng. V c nhiu th h cc ic m c kh nng lp trnh c. Trong v in t tng t th cng cc ic FPAA, V in t s c cc IC s lp trnh c nh FPGA, v cao hn na l cc th h, cc dng vi iu khin nh : 8051, AVR, PIC, PSOC, vv Trong y chng ta s khng cp su v chng m ch c tnh cht gii thiu v hng dn cch ng dng chng. u tin ta s i xem xt cc dng vi iu khin vi cc ng dng ca chng. Cc dng vi iu khin k trn chng ra i v ngy cng pht trin mnh m . L do chng chnh l nhng trung tm m c kh nng thu thp thng tin ri x l thng tin, a ra cc lnh iu khin cc mch iu khin iu khin cc i tng, chng c kh nng v truyn thng , a thng tin cn thit ln my tnh qua cng COM chun RS232 hay tham gia vo mt mng no Kh nng tch hp ca cc dng vi iu khin khng ngng pht trin. Nhiu dng vk tch hp trong n rt nhiu cc vi mch nh cc b chuyn i ADC, DAC, comparator ,vv.. V tc x l thng tin ca chng ngy cng cao, kh nng lu tr thng tin li cng ln vi cc b nh dng EEPROM, FLASH,vngay c cc h thng cc b nh ngai, cc h thng thanh ghi v nhiu vi mch s. -

42

Tt c chng nu bit thit k v tng hp th s l mt sc mnh c kh nng giI quyt c rt nhiu bi ton thc t mang gi tr ng dng cao v thu c kinh t ln. Cc dng vi mch lp trnh c C nhiu dng vi mch c kh nng lp trnh c c v in t tng t ln in t s. Cc Vi mch lp trnh c tng t l FPAA. Cc vi mch ny c kh nng tch hp rt ln , thng qua mt phn mm lp trinh ngn ng ca cc vi mch do nh thit k a ra chng ta c th thit lp FPAA thnh rt nhiu khi tng t lm c cc chc nng nh mt mch in hay mt phn t ic ri lm nhng nhim v ca mt mch in tng t . V d nh cc mch khuch i ( nhiu loi nh o, khng o, vi sai ,,,), cc mch vi phn, tch phn, cc mch lc thng ,. V c cc b bin i tn hiu nh ADC,. Qu l tht tin li, sau khi thit k trn phn mm ta hp dch ra cc file dng hex hay bin v c th np vo cc b nh hay cc dng vi iu khin khi ghp ni chng vi cc vi mch FPAA chng s np chng trnh vo FPAA v FPAA s thc hin chc nng nh sn . Cc Vi mch lp trnh c s l FPGA. Trc y khi thc hin mt mch in t s ta thng s dng cc ic logic v ghp chng li vi nhau nh cc mch AND , NOT, NOR, hay cc mch m vi cc ic m, mch giI m , to m ,v. Ngy nay tt c cc cng vic u c th thc hin mt cch d dng vi cc chip FPGA, cng nh vic tin hnh vi cc chip FP GA chng ta cng s c c mt mch chuyn dng c th thc hin c rt nhiu nhim v v giI quyt nhiu bi tan. Bi thc hnh s 2: 1- Bi thc hnh kt hp kin thc hc t bi trc l cc LED pht v cc photodiot hay phototransistor, in tr, bin tr dy, cng b khuch i LM324 lm mt cm bin m hay c ng dng trong k thut d ng ca robot.

43

S mch th nghim :

Mch chng ta s dng dng mch thu pht nh sng thng, nu chng ta thay cp thu pht nh sng thng bng cp thu pht nh sng hng ngoi chng ta s c mt cm bin m hng ngoi tng i tuyt.

Trong bi trc chng ta thc hin lp mt mch iu khin rle . nu chng ta kt hp hai bi thc hnh ny li vi nhau chng ta s c mt b o v iu khin l th . Pht trin thm ta s c c mt b bt tt n khi tri ti, sng l th. mch cm bin - optoicupler thu pht a/s thng. Phn mch cm bin c thit k l mt mch to tn hiu tch cc mc logic 0 v trung tm iu khin. Khi c vt i qua v tr t sensor th s c mt tn hnh d mt xung vung nh hnh v di:

44

Trong thit k mch sensor c chia ra thnh 3 khi chnh l: khi thu, khi pht, khi khch i v chun ho tn hiu. Mch thu v pht tn hiu ( Optoicupler) .

Khi nim v Optoicupler: L mt b gm c mt mt pht tn hiu v mt mt thu tn hiu to tn hiu u ra c th tch cc mc 0 hay mc 1. Gi s bnh thng tn hiu to ra lun l mc 1 khi c mt vt cn chn gia mt thu v mt pht th tn hiu to ra l mc 0. V nguyn l ny c vn dng to ra rt nhiu sn phm v d nh cc b m ho xung dng o tc ng c, cch ic cch ly quang, v nh trong n em vn dng to ra mt mch dng m vt ( sn phm). Hnh nh ca mt optoicupler dng ch to nn b m ho xung Encoder: -

B encoder t ch dng o tc ng c.

45

Thit k n s dng mch thu pht nh sng thng. Phn pht l mt LED pht quang bnh thng c th pht ra nh sng mu khc nhau. Cn phn thu c th l photodiot, phototransistor hay quang tr. Hinh nh thc t ca n l:

46

Nguyn l ca mch m vt i qua l mt module gm c mt cp thu pht nh sng thng nh hnh v led pht nh sng v mt u thu nh sng phn x. khi cha c vt cn th s khng c nh sng phn x v mt thu, khi c vt cn qua th s c nh sng phn x v mt nhn v do thay i mc logic u ra ca mch cm bin.

Khi khuch i v chun ho tn hiu.

Cm bin thng c a v cc trung tm x l v cc trung tm ny lm vic vi cc tn hiu mt chiu 5v(logic 1) v 0 V ( mc logic 0). Mt khc tn hiu thu c t mt nhn l nh v khng chun i khi cn c s rung nn tn hiu ny cn phi c chun ho. V trong mch s dng mch chun ho dng IC LM324 vi 4 b so snh v ta ch s dng mt b so snh. S bn trong ca IC LM324:

47

Trong n ta ch s dng 1 b so snh nh hnh v di: Nguyn l ca mch cm bin trn: Khi cha c vt cn th cha c nh sng phn x v mt nhn nn tn hiu chn 2( Vin-) l mc 0 theo l thuyt v chn s 3 ( Vin +) c mt in p <>0V ( in p ny do ta hiu chnh). Khi ny Vin+ > Vin- do tn hiu ra chn 1 l +5V lm cho led ch th khng sng. Ngc li th khi c vt cn qua, c nh sng phn x v mt nhn lm thng mch v lm cho chn s 2 ( Vin-) c in p . trong t/h ny Vin(-) > Vin(+) do tn hiu ra chn 1 l mc 0 v v lm cho led ch th sng. Nh vy s dng b so LM324 ta chun ho tn hiu v vi iu khin v n l mt dng xung vung khi c vt qua cm bin th tn hiu v vi iu khin bo mc 0.

9. 1.Gii thiu Nh trong bi trc gii thiu v cc linh kin c bn nht cu thnh mt mch in. Vn t ra cho ngi thit k la phi xut pht t nhng tng ban u kt hp vi ngun kin thc ca bn thn v qua trng na l tham kho nhng module sn c thit k ra mt mch in t theo ca mnh. Trong ti liu ny ti a ra mt s mch n gin nht c th gip cc bn tip cn vi cc linh kin mt cc d dng nht. 10. 2.Mt s mch n gin

2.1.Mch m tng l lp mt mch m 10 s dng IC 7490 v hin th kt qu m ra Led 7 thanh. Quan st mch nguyn l nh hnh v sau:

48

Hnh 2.1.Mch m 10 2.2.Mch a hi(to xung hnh vung) Mch nguyn l nh sau:

49

Hnh 2.2.Mch a hi Gi tr ca linh kin: R1=R4=470 R2=R3=100k C1 = C2 = 10F/16V Q1 = Q2 (C828) Hai n Led Ngun Vcc l 5V DC Gii thch nguyn l hot ng : Khi cp ngun , gi s Q1 dn trc, p Uc Q1 gim => thng qua C1 lm p Ub Q2 gim => Q2 tt => p Uc Q2 tng => thng qua C2 lm p Ub Q1 tng => xc lp trng thi Q1 dn bo ho v Q2 tt , sau khong thi gian t , dng np qua R3 vo t C1 khi in p ny > 0,6V th Q2 dn => p Uc Q2 gim => tip tc nh vy cho n khi Q2 dn bo ho v Q1 tt, trng thi lp i lp li v to thnh dao ng, chu k dao ng ph thuc vo C1, C2 v R2, R3 T = t1 + t2 = ln(2)R2 C1 + ln(2)R3 C2 2.3.Mch to xung dng IC 555 S ngun l:

50

Hnh 2.3.Mch to xung vung dung 555 Trn mch trn cc bn c th thy gia tr ca tn s ra ph thuc vo cc ga tr ca t v in tr. Ta c th tnh c gi tr ca t v ca in tr tng ng nu bit gia tr tn s u ra. 2.4.Mch nhp nhy dng IC 555 v IC 4017 S nguyn l nh sau:

51

Hinh 2.4.Mch nhp nhy dng 555 v 4017

Nguyn l hot ng: ta c th chia lm hai phn l phn to xung v mch m o Phn to xung: ta dng IC 555 c rp nh hnh v mc ch ca chng ta l ly c xung ra c tn s mong mun. Nh bit tn s xung c xc nh theo cng thc: f = 1/(ln2.C1.(R3+2R4)) t thay i cc gi tr ca linh kin cho hp l t tn s mong mun. o Phn m xung dao ng: dng IC CD4017 mnh s gii thiu v n trong phn hng dn c datasheet 2.2 Hng dn c ti liu ting anh 1.Gii thiu Khi cc bn tip cn vi mt loi linh kin no , vic u tin cc bn quan tam l tm ngay nhng ti lin c lin quan ti chng. Khi m ngy nay vic tm chng khng cn l vn g na vi s gip rt hu hiu ca cc cng c tm kim trn mng. Nhng a s trong chng u l nhng ti liu bng ting anh. Trong bi ny ti s gip cc bn tip cn mt cch d dng vi nhng ti liu . 11.

52

2.Cch tm kim v cch c Datasheet Khi i mt vi mt linh kin ma bn cha tng bit thng tn g v cc thng s, cch thc hot ng, nh sn xuttrong tay bn c cc cng c tm kim trn mng nh google.com cacsn bn ch cn g tn linh kin vo mc tm kim n s cho cc bn rt nhiu kt qu. Nhng thc t th c rt nhiu th thut tm kim nhanh v cho kt qu gn vi mnh cn tm v nh cc bn bit nhng thng tin mnh tm thng l nhng file .pdf hoc .doc bn c th dng cch tm kim nng cao bng cch kt hp cc file . 12. Cc ti liu k thut thng dng cc t chuyn ngnh khng phc tp, vn phong d hiu, t t mi, nn nhiu khi cc bn c th m c m khng lo g c. Na l nhng phn mm tra t in hin nay rt nhiu, khng kh kim c bn crack dng cng OK nh lacvietmtd, trong b English study, t in khoa hc k thut, google.com, trang web Vdict.vn 13. 3.V d Trong phn ny mnh v d mt s IC thng dng

a.IC 7447 M t: l mt loi IC BCD m cui cng sau khi c gii c a vo led 7 thanh Anod chung s dng rt rng ri trn thc t. Trong datasheet ta cn qua tm n nhng thng tin sau: o in p cung cp o Dng in cc i ca tng chn o Nhim v ca IC o Tc dng ca tng chn o Bng chn l(quan trng) Hnh nh ca IC:

53

Hnh 4.1. S chn, v hnh nh thc t ca IC Thng tin v dng v p ca IC thng c nu ngn gn ngay u ca datasheet Di y la on m t hot ng ca IC: The DM74LS47 accepts four lines of BCD (8421) input data, generates their complements internally and decodes the data with seven AND/OR gates having open-collector outputs to drive indicator segments directly. Each segment output is guaranteed to sink 24 mA in the ON (LOW) state and withstand 15V in the OFF (HIGH) state with a maximum leakage current of 250 mA. Auxiliary inputs provided blanking, lamp test and cascadable zero-suppression functions Ta c th hiu nh sau: N l mt dng IC BCD vi 4 u vo. Hu ht nhng IC(Intergrate Circuit) s c to thnh t nhng mch c bn nh And, Or, Not y vi nhng nhn t ny th n sinh ra 7 u ra a,,f . V dng cc i ca nhng u ra ny l 24mA, in p l 15V. y l nhng gia tr cc bn cng cn qua tm trnh nhng trng hp chy IC khng mong mun. Di y l phn m t chc nng ca cc chn linh kin:

54

Hnh 4.2.Chc nng ca cc chn i vi nhng dng IC s khi tham kho datasheet th iu quan trng nht l bng s tht hoc l bng chn l cng l n:

Hnh 4.3. Bng s tht ca IC 7447

55