Do An OCL Don

n k thut mch
SVTH: M.Tun V. Quyn T.Vin Trang - 1 -

LI M U
Ngnh in t Vin thng l mt trong nhng ngnh quan trng v mang
tnh quyt nh cho s pht trin ca mt quc gia. S pht trin nhanh chng
ca Khoa hc Cng ngh lm cho ngnh in t Vin thng ngy cng pht
trin v t c nhiu thnh tu mi. Nhu cu con ngi ngy cng cao l iu
kin thun li cho ngnh in t Vin thng phi khng ngng pht minh ra cc
sn phm mi c tnh ng dng cao, sn phm a tnh nngNhng mt iu
cn bn l cc sn phm u bt ngun t nhng linh kin: R, L, C, Diode,
BJTm nn tng l mn Cu kin in t.
Hin nay, nc ta c rt nhiu loi my khuyt i m thanh trn th
trng. m tng khuyt i cng sut c thit k t cc mch nh: mch
khuyt i OTL, mch khuyt i OCLNhng ph bin nht l loi mch
khuyt i OCL. Bi v dng mch ny c u im v: hiu sut, h s s dng
BJT cng sut, li bng thng, bin tn hiu raChnh v th m chng
em chn mch khuyt i cng sut dng OCL lm n mn hc.
Qua n lc nghin cu, tm hiu ca bn thn cng vi s hng dn tn
tnh ca thy gio m em hon thnh n ny.
Vi khong thi gian c hn cng nh trnh kin thc ca em cn hn
ch nn em tin chc rng h thng hot ng cha c ti u v khng trnh
khi nhng thiu st. Em knh mong thy thng cm gip v ch bo thm
cho em nhng kinh nghim. Em xin chn thnh cm n.

Nng, ngy 1 thng 5 nm 2010

n k thut mch


MC LC

Phn A: L Thuyt
Chng I i cng v BJT................................................ 3
Chng II Cc tng khuych i tn hiu nh ..................... 11
Chng III Diode bn dn.................................................... 16
Chng IV Hi tip...............................................................20
Chng V Khuych i cng sut ........................................25
Phn B: Tnh ton
Phn I Tnh ton ngun..................................................38
Phn II Tnh ton tng cng sut .................................. ...39
Phn III Tnh tng li........................................................41
Phn IV Tnh ton v chn t C
2
, C
3
, C
4
, C
5
.....................44
Phn V Tnh h s khuyt i ton mch.........................45
Phn VI Tnh mch bo v .............................................. 46
Phn VII Kim tra mo phi tuyn..................................48

n k thut mch


B
E
C
E
E
B
C
E
Phn A: L THUYT

Chng I: TRANSISTOR LNG CC
1. Cu to v cch mc
1.1 Cu to.
Transistor l dng c bn dn c hai tip gip p-n v 3 in cc c a ra t
3 min.
Min Emiter, min ny c nng tp cht ln nht, in cc a ra t min
ny gi l cc Emitter (cc pht), k hiu l E.
Min Base, min ny c nng tp cht nh nht, in cc a ra t min ny
gi l cc Base (cc gc), k hiu l B.
Min Collecter, min ny c nng tp cht trung bnh, in cc a ra t
min ny gi l cc Colectter(cc thu), k hiu l C.
Tu theo trnh t sp xp cc min p v n m ta c transistor loi npn hay loi
pnp.

K hiu:

1.2 Cc cch mc Transistor:
C ba cch mc Transistor l:
- Emiter chung, k hiu l EC.
- Base chung, k hiu l BC.
- Collecter chung, k hiu l CC.
n p n
p n p
B
B
C E C E
n k thut mch


C

2. Cc ch lm vic:
Tu theo yu cu k thut m ta chn ch lm vic thch hp cho Transistor
2.1. Ch khuch i.
BJT lm vic ch khuch i th J
E
phi c phn cc thun cn J
c

c phn cc nghch cho c hai loi BJT npn v pnp.
H thc lin h gia cc dng in:
C B E
I I I + = (1)
H s truyn t dng base-chung thun:
E
C
I
I
= o
(2)
H s khuch i dng Emitter-chung thun:

B
C
I
I
= |
(3)
T (1),(2) v (3) ta c:
o
o
|
=
1
hay
1 +
=
|
|
o
Ch ny c s dng nhiu nht trong k thut mch tng t.
2.2 Ch bo ho.
Cc tip xc cc pht (J
E
) v tip xc cc thu (J
C
) u c phn cc thun.
Dng ng ra ca BJT ch bo ho gim hn so vi ch khuch i v dng
ra bo ho tho mn I
CBbh
< I
E
v I
CEbh
< |I
B
cho cch mc EC v BC.
2.3 Ch ngng dn.
Cc tip xc J
E
v J
C
u phn cc nghch, dng qua ch c dng ngc qua
tip xc cc thu. Do phn cc nghch c hai tip gip nn in tr ca BJT ch
ngng dn tng ng k v in p hot ng ln.

Ur
B
C
Ur Uv
B
E C
Ur
Uv
B
E
E
B
V
B
V
CC
I
E
I
C
I
n
p
n
CC
EC
BC
Uv
n k thut mch


3. Cc c tuyn Volt - Ampe.
3.1. Cch mc EC.
a. c tuyn ng vo :

3.2. Cch mc BC.
a. c tuyn ng vo :

3.3. Cch mc CC.
S BJT mch EC
U
BE
(V)
U
CE
=0 U
CE
<0
I
B
(A
)

I
B
=100A
I
B
=80A
I
B
=60A
I
B
=40A
I
B
=20A
I
B
=0A
U
v
U
r

I
E
(mA
)
c tuyn vo ca BJT-BC
I
E
(mA)
U
CB
(V)
U
BE
(V)

c tuyn vo ca BJT mc EC

I
E
=1A
I
E
=2A
I
E
=4A
I
E
=3A

n k thut mch


t
2
=50
0
C t
1
=25
0
C
I
C0
I
C

U
BE

I
C

U
BE
U
BE0 0
a. c tuyn ng vo:

4. Dng bo ho ngc v n nh nhit im cng tc ca Transistor.
4.1. Dng bo ho ngc.
Do tip gip Jc phn cc ngc nn tn ti dng bo
ho ngc I
CB0
, dng I
CB0
ph thuc nhiu vo
nhit .
I
c
= oI
E
+ I
CB0
= o( I
B
+ I
C
) + I
CB0

(1 - o ) I
C
= o I
B
+ I
CB0

I
C
= |I
B
+ ( 1 + | ) I
CB0

4.2. n nh nhit im cng tc ca
Transistor.
S bin thin nhit nh hng n cc
tham s ca Transistor. Chu nh hng nhiu nht l
in p Emitter Base v dng ngc I
CB0
.
Khi I
CB0
tng th I
C
tng, mt cc ht dn qua chuyn tip Colectter tng, dn
n s v chm gia cc ht vi mng tinh th tng lm cho nhit tng v I
CB0
tng.
Nh vy, chu k c lp li lm cho dng I
C
v nhit Transistor tng mi. Hin
tng ny gi l hin tng hiu ng qu nhit. Hin tng ny lm thay i im
cng tc tinh, nukhng c bin php khc phc c th lm hng Transistor.
Khi nhit thay i, U
BE
cng thay i dn n dng I
C
thay i lm thay i
im cng tc tnh.Tuy nhin, iu kin thng, I
CB0
nh hng nhiu hn so vi
UBE. Nh vy, khi ni n nh hng ca nhit , ta thng quan tm n dng I
CB0
.
U
BC
(V)
I
B
(A
)
S BJT mc CC

U
BC
(V)<0
c tuyn vo mc CC

nh hng ca nhit

n k thut mch


+
Ub
Rc
Vcc
Rb Ib Ib
i vi Transistor Silc, dng I
CB0
tng nhanh hn theo nhit nhng gi tr
tuyt i li nh hn so vi Transistor Gecmani cng nhit . Do vi Transistor
Si c th b qua I
CB0
.V th m bo cho mch in n nh, c bit nhit
cao, hay dng Transistor Si, lc ny cn quan tm n nh
hng ca (V
BE
).
in p tri (V
BE
)c th do s bin i ca nhit
gy ra, cng c th do tp tn ca tham s Transistor
gy ra.
Nu I
E
= const v nhit mt ghp thay i lng
t th c tuyn I
C
= f(V
BE
) ca Transistor Si v Ge s tnh
tin song song vi trc tung mt lng l 2,5(t (mV/0C).
H s n nh nhit ca Transistor:
S cng nh mch cng n nh
Ta c: IC = IB + ( 1 + )I
CB0
AI
C
= | AI
B
+ (1 + | ) AI
CB0

( )
C
CB
C
B
I
I
I
I
A
A
+ =
A
A
0
1 1 | |

C
B
C
CB
I
I
I
I
S
A
A
+
=
A
A
=
|
|
1
1
0

5. Phn cc cho Transistor.
5.1. Phn cc Transistor bng dng c nh.
Ta c:
B
BE B
B C
R
U U
I I

= = | |
U
CE
= U
CC
- I
C
R
C
|
|
|
+ =
A
A
+
= = =
A
A
1
1
1
0
C
B
C
B
C
B
I
I
S
dI
dI
I
I

Nh vy, h s n nh nhit ph thuc vo h s khuch i in p ca
Transistor thng ln nn h s S ca mch ny kh ln do n nh nhit km.
5.2. Phn cc cho Transistor bng in p phn hi.
Ta c: U
CC
= (I
C
+ I
B
) R
C
+ I
B
R
B
+ U
BE

U
CC
= I
B
[(1 + | ) R
C
+ R
B
] + U
BE
I
C
n k thut mch


Rc
Vcc
Rb
Ib Ib
Vcc
R2
R1
Rc
Re
Ib
Re
+
Ub
Rc
Vcc
Rb
Ie
Ib
=>
( )
B C
BE CC
B
R R
U U
I
+ +

=
| 1

I
C
= |I
B
=|
( )
B C
BE CC
R R
U U
+ +

| 1

U
CE
= U
CC
- (I
B
+ I
C
) R
C

H s n nh nhit :
Ta c: U
CC
= (I
B
+I
B
)R
C
+ I
B
R
B
+ U
BE

U
CC
= (R
C
+ R
B
)I
B
+ I
C
R
C
+ U
BE

=> I
B
=
BE C
BE CC
C
B C
C
R R
U U
I
R R
R
+
+
+

=>
`
B C
C
C
B
C
B
R R
R
dI
dI
I
I
+
= =
A
A

Nu R
C
>> R
B
th S 1
Vy : in p phn hi qua in tr RB trong mch phn cc lm tng n
nh nhit, ng thi lm gim h s khuch i tn hiu xoay chiu. Ta thy rng,
khng th nng n nh nhit ln cao v im cng tc tnh v n nh nhit
ca mch ph thuc ln nhau.
5.3. Phn cc Transistor bng dng Emiter.

p dng nh l Thevenin v Norton ta bin i mch in Hnh a thnh mch
in Hnh b.Trong , R
B
v U
B
c xc nh nh sau:

2 1
2
.
R R
R V
U
CC
B
+
=
2 1
2 1
.
R R
R R
R
B
+
=
Ta c: U
B
= I
b
R
C
+ I
E
R
E
+ U
BE

=>
( )
B E
BE B
B
R R
U U
I
+ +

=
| 1

Hnh a
I
C
Hnh b
Ic

+I
B
n k thut mch


I
C
= |I
B
=
( )
B E
BE B
R R
U U
+ +

|
|
1

U
CC
= I
C
R
C
+ I
E
R
E
+ U
CE

Coi I
C
~ I
E
:
=> U
CC
= I
C
(

R
C
+ R
E
)

+ U
CE
=> U
CE
= U
cc
- I
C
(R
C
+ R
E
)
H s n nh nhit:
Ta c: U
B
= I
B
R
B
+ I
E
R
E
+ U
BE

U
B
= I
B
(R
B
+R
E
) + U
BE
+ I
C
R
E

=> I
B
=
E C
BE CC
C
B E
E
R R
U U
I
R R
R
+
+
+

=>
B E
E
C
B
C
B
R R
R
dI
dI
I
I
+
= =
A
A

=>
B E
E
R R
R
S
+
+
+
=
|
|
1
1

Nu R
E
>> R
B
th S 1
Nh vy, mch n nh phi thit k sao cho R
E
cng ln cng tt. Nhng
nu R
E
qu ln s lm tng phn hi m, do lm gim tn hiu xoay chiu ca
mch. khc phc, ta mc song song R
E
vi mt t in C
E
c tr s ln d sao
cho i vi tn hiu xoay chiu th tr khng ca n gn nh bng 0, cn i vi tn
hiu xoay chiu th xem nh h mch.
u im ca mch phn cc bng dng Emiter l h s n nh nhit khng
ph thuc vo in tr R
C
, ngha l khng ph thuc im cng tc.
n k thut mch


Vcc
Ur
+
-
Un
Rn
C1
R2
R1
Rt
C2
Ce Re
Rc
B
Rc
rc rb
Ur
Rt
re
E
+
-
En
Rn

Chng II: CC TNG KHUYCH I TN HIU NH

1. Mch khuch i EC.
R
1
,R
2
: in tr phn cc cho BJT.
R
C
: in tr ti cc C ca BJT.
R
e
: in tr n nh nhit.
R
t
: in tr ti.
R
n
: Ni tr ngun tn hiu.
U
n
: Ngun tn hiu.
C
e
: T thot xoay chiu.
C
1
: T lin lc ng vo.
C
2
: T lin lc ng ra.

1.1. Tr khng vo ca Transistor (rv) v mch EC (Rv).
R
V
= R
1
// R
2
// r
V
.

Ta c: U
1
= i
b
r
b
+ i
e
r
e
= i
b
[ r
b
+ (1 + ) r
e
]
=> r
v
= r
b
+ (1+ |) r
e
1.2. H s khuch i dng in ca mch (K
i
).

c
i
t
i
b
i
c
i
v
i
b
i
v
i
t
i
i
K . . = =
Ta c: i
V
.R
V
= i
V
.r
V

i
c
=|.i
b

=> | =
b
i
c
i

i
e

S mch EC
S tng ng
U
1
|i
b
R
v
r
v
i
v
i
t
i
c
R
1
//R
2

n k thut mch


C2
Ucc
Rc
R1
Ur
R3
1k
Cb
R2
+
-
Un
Rn
C1
Re
Re
Rc
rc re Ur
Rt
rb
B
+
-
En
Rn
B
S mch BC
i
T
.R
T
=i
C
(R
C
//R
T
) =>
t
R
t
R
c
R
c
i
t
i //
=

1.3. H s khuch i in p (K
u
).

( )
v n
t
i
v n v
t t
n
r
u
R R
R
K
R R i
R i
U
U
K
+
=
+
= =
.

1.4. H s khuch i cng sut (K
p
).
K
P
= K
u
.K
I
1.5. Tr khng ra ca mch khuch i (Z
r
).
Khi h mch R
t
, , Z
r
= r
ce
// R
c
do r
ce
>> R
c
=> Z
r
= R
C
.
1.6. Quan h gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra.
bn k dng (+) ca tn hiu vo lm i
b
tng -> i
c
tng -> U
C
gim -> tn
hiu ra gim.
bn k m (-) ca tn hiu vo lm i
b
gim -> i
c
gim
->
U
C
tng -> tn hiu ra
tng.
Vy, vi mch EC th tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra nghch pha nhau.
2. Mch khuch i BC.

2.1. Tr khng vo ca Transistor (r
V
) v mch khuch i (R
V
)

n k thut mch


Vcc
Ur
+
-
Un
Rn
C1
R2
R1
Rt
C2
Re
R
v
= R
e
// r
v.
Ta c: U
1
= i
e
r
e
+ i
b
r
b
=i
e
(r
e
+
| + 1
b
r
)
r
v
=r
e
+
| + 1
b
r

2.2. H s khuch i dng in (K
i
).

t
t c
v
v
i
R
R R
r
R
K
//
. .o = , K
i
< 1.
2.3. H s khuch i in p (K
u
).

v n
t c
v
v
u
R R
R R
r
R
K
+
=
//
. .o

2.4. H s khuch i cng sut.
K
p
= K
i
.K
u
.
2.5. Tr khng ra ca mch khuch i (Z
r
).
Khi khng c ti R
t
th Z
r
= r
r
// R
c
( R
c
vi >> R
c
.
2.6. Quan h gia tnh hiu vo v tn hiu ra.
bn k dng ca tn hiu vo lm i
e
gim -> i
c
gim -> U
c
tng -> tn hiu ra
tng.
bn k m ca tn hiu vo lm i
e
tng -> i
c
tng -> U
c
gim -> tn hiu ra
gim .
Vy, vi mch BC th tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra ng pha nhau.
3. Mch khuch i CC.

i
v

v
S mch CC

n k thut mch


Re
rc
rb
Ur
Rt
re
+
-
En
Rn
rb

3.1. Tr khng vo ca Transistor (r
V
) v mch khuch i (R
V
)
R
v
= R
1
//R
2
//r
v

Ta c:
( )
( )( ) | |
t e e b b
t e t e e b b
R R r r i U
R R i r i r i U
// 1
//
1
1
+ + + =
+ + =
|

r
v
= r
b
+ (1+|)(r
e
+R
e
//R
t
)
3.2. H s khuch i dng in ca mch (K
i
).
( )
t
t c
v
v
i
R
R R
r
R
K
//
. 1 . | + =
3.2. H s khuch i in p ca mch (K
u
).

( )
v n
t e
v
v
u
R R
R R
r
R
K
+
+ =
//
. 1 . |
, K
u
< 1.
3.4. H s khuch i cng sut ca mch (K
p
).
K
P
= K
i
.K
u

3.5. Quan h gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra.
bn k dng (+) ca tn hiu v lm dng i
b
tng -> i
e
tng -> U
e
tng -> tn
hiu ra tng.
bn k m (-) ca tn hiu v lm dng i
b
gim -> i
e
gim -> U
e
gim -> tn
hiu ra gim.
Vy, tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra ng pha nhau.
4. Nhn xt.
Tham s BC EC CC
K
i
Nh(0.98) Ln(-47.2) Ln(48.2)
|i
b

i
b

U
1

r
v
R
v

R
1
//R
2

S tng ng
n k thut mch


K
u
Ln(72) Ln(-72) Nh(0.99)
Z
in
Nh(20.4) Trung bnh (986) Ln(73K)
Z
out
Ln(1.03M) Trung bnh(52.6K) Nh(32)
Z
L
//Z
out
1.5K 1.46K 31

Mch EC c Ku, Ki ln nn Kp ln, do c dng trong cc mch khuch
i cng sut .Tr khng vo v tr khng ra trung bnh nn tin li cho vic ghp vi
ti v ngun tn hiu .
Mch CC c tr khng vo ln nn thng dng lm mch phi hp tr
khng.
Mch BC v EC c hi tip m qua in tr Re nn thng c dng lm
ngun dng, cn mch CC thng c dng lm ngun p.
tn s cao th mch BC c nhiu u im hn so vi mch EC v CC.

n k thut mch


K A

Chng III DIODE BN DN.
1. Cu to.
Diode bn dn l dng c bn dn c mt tip gip p-n v hai in cc a ra t
hai min.
in cc a ra t min bn dn p l in cc Anod.
in cc a ra t min bn dn n l in cc Katod.
K hiu:

2. Phn cc v c tuyn tnh ca Diode.
Quan h gia dng in i qua diode v in p t trn Anod v Katod c
tnh bng biu thc sau :
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= 1 1
kT
qV
S
V
V
S
e I e I I
T

Trong : I : dng qua diode
I
S
: dng bo ho ngc.
V
AK
: in p t gia hai cc diode.
V
T=
26 mV : p nhit. K=1,381.1023J/K, q=1,6.10
-19
C
Phn dng thun: khi in p thun tng i nh,in trng trong vn ng
k so vi in trng ngoi, m in trng trong ngn tr dng khuch tn nn dng
in thun rt nh.Khi in p thun vt qu gi tr V c gi l in p m, ph
thuc vo nhit v vt liu bn dn.
Bn dn Si : V( =0.7 V)
p n
I
U

U
AK
K
A
V
dt
Dng
nghch

Dng thun
n k thut mch


R
D
R
D
Hnh b
b
V
i
t
Bn dn Ge : V(=0.3 V)
Th in trng trong b kh bi in trng ngoi, in tr ca diode rt nh,
dng in thun tng nhanh theo in p.
Phn dng nghch: Khi t in p nghch ln diode, dng in nghch rt b.
Dng ny tng theo nhit , trong mt gii hn nht nh ca in p th khng ph
thuc vo in p.
Hin tng nh thng: nh thng diode c hai dng c bn
- nh thng in l s tng t ngt lng ht dn qua tip gip p-n do
tc dng ca in trng mnh ln cc nguyn t ca tinh th.
- nh thng nhit xy ra khi tip gip b t nng qu gii hn cho php.
3. c tnh ng m ca diode bn dn.

Khi in p vo V
i
bin i t +V
1
n -V
1
, nu diode l kho ng m l
tng, th dng sng dng in qua ti RL c dng Hnh b. Dng thun bng, dng
nghch gn bng 0.
Hnh c biu th dng in thc t. Dng thun bng, dng nghch c t bin ,
ch sau thi gian phc hi nghch tre th diode mi tin n trng thi ngt mch, dng
in xp x 0. V vy, nu tn s in p vo V
i
rt cao sao cho na chu k m ca V
i

b hn thi gian r
e
thi diode khng cn tc dng dn in mt chiu na.
4. Cc tham s c bn ca diode bn dn.
-V
2
V
i

i
V
D
Hnh a
C2
C1
C
5
t
r
t
S
t
re
Hnh c
c
I
RL
V
2
/R
L
V
1
/R
L
n k thut mch


4.1. Dng chnh lu trung bnh cc i IF.
l dng din thun trung bnh cc i cho php chy qua diode trong thi
gian s dng lu di, c xc nh bi in tch chuyn tip p-n v iu kin to
nhit. Ta cn ch iu kin to nhit v bo m dng in trung bnh nh hn IF
diode khi hng.
4.2. in p nghch cc i V
T
.
Nu in p nghch t vo diode t n V
T
th dng in nghch tng nhanh,
tnh dn in mt chiu ca diode b ph hng, lm hng diode.
4.3. Dng in nghch I
R
.
l tr s dng in nghch cc i khi diode cn cha bi nh thng, IR cng
nh th tnh dn din mt chiu cng tt.I
R
ph thuc nhiu vo nhit .
4.4. Tn s cng tc.
in dung chuyn tip p-n v in dung khuch tn ca diode l yu t ch yu
gii hn tn s cng tc, khi tn s vt qua gii hn ny th diode khng th hin tnh
nng dn in mt chiu na.
4.5. Thi gian phc hi nghch t
rr
.
Thi gian t
rr
c o trong cc iu kin qui nh v ph ti, dng in thun,
dng in nghch tc thi cc i.
t
rr
= t
S
+t
r
Vi: t
S
: thi gian lu gi
t
r
: thi gian chuyn tip
4.6. in dung tip gip p-n.
Gi tr in dung ny bao gm in dung khuch tn v in dung chuyn tip.
in dung khuch tn (in dung tip gip khi diode phn cc thun):

T
T D
T
T S D
D
D
D
V
v i
V
I i
dv
dQ
C ~
+
= =
t ) (

Trong :
T :
gi l thi gian chuyn tip.
V
T
: in p nhit
I
S
: dng bo ho ngc

in dung chuyn tip (in dung tip gip khi diode phn cc ngc):
n k thut mch


j
R
j
R
n
j
v
C
dv
dQ
C
|
+
= =
1
0

Vi : in dung tip gip khi phn cc 0 ca diode.
Trong : A : tit din ca tip gip p - n.

Chng IV HI TIP
Hi tip l ly mt phn tn hiu ra (in p hoc dng in) ca mng 4 cc
tch cc a tr v u vo thng qua mt mng 4 cc gi l mng hi tip. Ngi ta
chia hi tip thnh hai loi l hi tip m v hi tip dng. Hi tip ng vai tr rt
quan trng trong k thut mch tng t. Cho php thay i tnh cht ca b khuch
i, nng cao cht lng ca b khuch i .
Hi tip c hai loi:
+ Hi tip m c tn hiu hi tip ngc pha tn hiu vo nn lm gim tn
hiu vo.Hi tip m mt chiu c dng n nh ch cng tc, hi tip m
xoay chiu dng n nh cc tham s ca b khuch i.
+ Hi tip dng c tn hiu hi tip ng pha tn hiu vo nn lm mnh tn
hiu vo. Hi tip dng thng lm cho khuch i mt n nh nn thng c s
dng to dao ng.
Phn loi mch hi tip:
- Hi tip ni tip in p: tn hiu hi tip a v u vo ni tip vi
ngun tn hiu v t l in p u ra.
- Hi tip song song in p: tn hiu hi tip a vo u vo song song
vi ngun tn hiu ban u v t l in p ra.
- Hi tip ni tip dng in: tn hiu hi tip a v u vo ni tip
ngun tn hiu v t l dng in ra.
- Hi tip song song dng in: tn hiu hi tip a v u vo song song
ngun tn hiu v t l dng in ra.
n k thut mch


(-)
X
h

1. Hi tip m.
1.1. Cc phng trnh c bn ca mang 4 cc c hi tip m.

Ta c cc quan h sau:
X
r
= K.X
h
(1)
X
v
= K
n
.X
n
(2)
X
h
= X
v
- X
ht
(3)
X
ht
= K
ht
.X
r
(4)
T (1),(2),(3) v (4) =>
Hm truyn t ton phn:

n
n
r
tp
K K
X
X
K '. = =

su hi tip: g = 1 + K.
Nu |g| > 1 th |K| < |K| => hi tip m.
Nu |g| < 1 th |K| > |K| => hi tip dng
1.2. nh hng ca hi tip m n cc tnh cht ca b khuch i.
1.2.1. nh hng n h s khuch i .
Ta c: K < K
X
v
X
r
X
ht
X
n

K
K
ht
K
n

S khi ton phn ca b khuch i c hi tip.
n k thut mch


h
U

Iv1
Iv
+
-
K
ht
h
U

Vy, h s khuch i khi c hi tip m nh hn khi khng c hi tip m.
1.2.2. nh hng n tr khng vo.
Hi tip m lm thay i tr khng vo ca phn mch nm trong vng hi tip.
S thay i ny ch ph thuc vo phng php mc mch hi tip v u vo (ni
tip hay song song), khng ph thuc phng php ly tn hiu u ra a vo
mch hi tip.
a. Tr khng vo ca b khuch i c hi tip m ni tip.
Khi khng c hi tip (K
ht
.X
r
=0):
=>
rht h
v
h
v
v
v
r r
I
U U
I
U
Z + =
+
= =

'

Khi c hi tip:
=>
( )
rht h
v
ht h
v
v
v
r r g
I
U K K U
I
U
Z + =
+ +
= =

.
' . 1
'
Nu r
rht
<< r
h
=> Z
v
= g.Z
v

b. Tr khng vo ca b khuch i c hi tip m song song
Khi khng c hi tip:

rht h v
v
r r Z
Y
1 1 1
' + = =
Khi c hi tip:

rht h
v
h r ht
v
v
v
r r
g
U
I I X K
U
I
Z
Y
1 '
'
1
' + =
+ +
= = =

Nu r
eht
>> r
h
th Z
v
= Z
v
/g
hi tip song song
hi tip ni tip
r
h
r
rht
r
h

r
rht
U
K
ht
X
r
n k thut mch


+
-
Vy: hi tip m ni tip lm tng tr khng vo phn mch nm trong vng
hi tip ln g ln v hi tip m song song lm gim tr khng vo g ln.
1.2.3. nh hng n tr khng ra.

S thay i tr khng ra khi c hi tip khng ph thuc vo phng php ly tn
hiu v m ph thuc vo phng php ni u ra b khuch i vo mch hi tip.
a. Tr khng ra ca b khuch i c hi tip m in p.
Khi khng c hi tip: Zra = rr // rvht ( rr (v rr<< rvht)
Khi c hi tip:
r
v h
r
h h
rng
r
X K
r
X K
I = =

=>
g
r
g
r
K K
r
I
U
Z
r r
ht h
r
rng
rh
r
~ =
+
= =

1
1
' , r
r
<< r
vht
.
=>
g
Z
Z
r
r
= '
b. Tr khng ra ca b khuch i c hi tip m dng in.
Khi khng c hi tip: Z
ra
= r
r
+ r
vht
( r
r
, r
r
>> r
vht
)

Khi c hi tip:

r v ng r h ng
rh
ht ng
v ng
v ng
rng
r X K r X K U
K K
X K
X K I
= =
+
= =
1
.

=> r ng ht ng r
ng
ra
ra
r g K K r
I
U
Z = + = =

) 1 ( '

=> Z
ra
= g.Z
ra

K
h
X
h
ra
U
U
ra
r
ht
r

R
t
R

r
r
vh
t

hi tip m in p hi tip m dng in
K
ng
X
h

I
ra
n k thut mch


Vy, hi tip m in p lm gim tr khng ra g ln, cn hi tip m dng in
lm tng tr khng ra g ln.
1.2.4. nh hng n nhiu v tp m.
Khi c tn hiu t u vo b khuch i th u ra ngoi tn hiu c
khuch i cn c tn hiu nhiu v tp m (do mch sinh ra).

[(X
v
- X
ht
)K
1
+ X
ta
].K
2
= X
r

K
1
K
2
X
v
-K
1
K
2
X
ht
-K
2
X
ta
= X
r

Thay X
ht
=K
ht
.X
r
: K
1
K
2
X
v
+ K
2
X
ta
= X
r
(1+K
1
K
2
K
ht
)
=>
r
ht
ta
ht
v
X
K K K
K
X
K K K
K K
X =
+
+
+
2 1
2
2 1
2 1
1 1

=>
r
ht
ta
ht
v
X
K K
X
K
X
= +
1

Nhn xt:
Hi tip m lm gim tn hiu Kht ln nhng lm gim tp m hn i K
1
K
ht
ln.
1.2.5. nh hng n mo phi tuyn v di ng.
X
h
= X
v
- K
ht
X
r
= X
v
- K.K
ht
X
h

=> X
h
=
g
X
K K
X
v
ht
v
=
+ . 1

Nhn xt:
- i lng in gim g ln nn mo phi tuyn sinh ra do on cong vnh
u c tuyn vo cng gim g ln.
- Khi i lng t trc tip vo b khuch i gim g ln th di ng
tng g ln.
2. Hi tip dng
Gi s khi khuch i v khi hi tip c
e
Kht
j
ht
ht K K

. =

X
r

X
ta
X
ht

X
V

K
1
K
2

K
ht

X
h

n k thut mch


mch to ra dao ng th: 1 . .
) (
=
+
e
Kht K
j
ht
K K

=>
,... 2 , 1 , 0 , 2
1 .
= = +
=
n n
K K
Kht K
ht
t

) 2 (
) 1 (

(1) l iu kin cn bng v bin cho bit mch ch dao ng khi h s
khuch i ca b khuch i b dc tn hao do mch hi tip gy ra.
(2) l iu kin cn bng v pha cho bit dao ng ch c th pht sinh khi tn
hiu hi tip ng pha tn hiu vo.
K : moun h s khuch i .

n k thut mch


Chng V KHUYCH I CNG SUT.

1. Ch cng tc v nh im lm vic cho tng khuch i cng
sut.
Tu thuc vo ch cng tc ca Transistor ngi ta phn bit thnh cc
ch A, AB, B v C.

1.1. Ch A.
Ch khuch i gn nh tuyn tnh, gc ct ( = T/2 =180
0
. Khi tn hiu vo
hnh sin th dng tnh lun lun ln hn bin dng in ra. V vy, hiu sut ca b
khuch i ch A rt thp (<50%).
1.2. Ch AB.
Gc ct 90
0
< ( < 180
0
. ch ny c th t hiu sut cao hn ch A v
dng tnh I
C0
lc ny nh hn dng tnh ch A. im lm vic nm trn c tuyn
ti gn khu vc tt ca Transistor .
Ch
B
t
1
t
2
t
2
t
1
ch B
ch A
t
2
t
1
ch C

ch AB

n k thut mch


+
-
Un
Vcc
Cv
Rn
RL
T1
t
tn hiu ra

1.3. Ch B.
C gc = 90
0
. im lm vic tnh c xc nh ti U
BE
= 0. Ch mt na chu
k m (hoc dng) ca in p c Transistor khuch i.
1.4. Ch C.
Gc ct <90
0
. Hiu sut ch C kh ln h >78%) nhng mo rt ln, n
thng c dng trong cc b khuch i tn s cao v dng vi ti cng hng
c th lc ra c hi bc nht nh mong mun.
2. Khuch i cng sut hng A (Khuch i n).
Ta c U
cc
=I
C
R
L
+U
CE
.

im lm vic tnh l trung im t Ucc n Ucc/R
L
:

=
=
2
2
CC
CEQ
L
CC
CQ
U
U
R
U
I

Tn hiu xoay chiu v mt chiu u chy qua cng mt mch nn ta c ng ti
ng trng vi ng ti tnh.
-Dng ra c bin : gi tr hiu dng
L
CC
R
U
I
2 2
0
=
tn hiu vo
tn hiu ra
t
P
DM

I
CQ
U
CC
t
n k thut mch


Cng sut tn hiu trao cho ti RL:
L
CC
L
CC CC
L
R
U
R
U U
I U P
8 2 2
.
2 2
2
0 0
= = =
+ Cng sut tiu tn ca in tr :
L
CC
L
L
CC
L CQ R
R
U
R
R
U
R I P
4 2
2
2
2
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
+ Cng sut ca ngun cung cp:
L
CC
L
CC
L
CC
R D CC
R
U
R
U
R
U
P P P
2 4 4
2 2 2
= + = + =
=> % 25 % 100 .
2
.
8
2
2
= =
CC
L
L
CC
U
R
R
U
q
3. Tng khuch i y ko.
tng cng sut hiu sut v gim mo phi tuyn, ngi ta dng tng khuch
i y ko. Tng khuch i y ko l tng gm c hai phn t tch cc mc chung
ti.
Mt s c im:
im t ca mch song song l u m ca ngun mt chiu. im t ca
mch ni tip l im gia ca ngun mt chiu.
Cc mch y ko dng hai Transistor cng loi c kch thch bi cc tn
hiu ngc pha. to tn hiu ny c th dng tng khuch i o pha hoc dng
bin p m cun th cp ca n c im gia ni t v mt xoay chiu.
Cc mch y ko dng hai Transistor khc loi c kch thch bi cc tn
hiu ng pha.V vy, c th dng mt tn hiu kch thch cho c hai Transistor
Cc tng khuch i y ko c th lm vic ch A, AB, hoc B nhng
thng thng ngi ta thng dng ch B hoc AB.
3.1. Khuch i cng sut y ko hng B (y ko song song).
R
L
: in tr phn nh t R
L
vo cun s cp

2
2
1
'
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
N
N
R
R
L
L

Dng ra c bin l I
CM
, gi tr hiu dng l:
n k thut mch


RL
T2
Uv
Ucc
T1
Trong I
TB
l dng trung bnh chy qua cc C ca BJT, tnh bi cng thc:

L
CC CM
CM TB
R
U I
tdt I I
'
'
sin
2
1
0 t t
e
t
t
= = =
}

Vy:
Khuch i y ko hng B c hiu sut cao nhng tn hiu ra b mo xuyn
tm. Ngy nay, b khuch i y ko song song ch cn c dng trong nhng
trng hp yu cu phi cch li in mt chiu i vi ti hoc yu cu yu cu hiu
sut cao trong khi ngun cung cp nh. Nhc im ca mch l kch thc ln, gi
thnh cao, di tn lm vic hp, khng th thc hin di dng mch tch hp.
3.2. Khuch i hng A-B.
khc phc hin tng mo xuyn tm khuch i cng sut hng B, ngi
ta ch to ra mch khuch i cng sut hng AB bng cch thm hai in
tr R1, R2 phn cc trc cho BJT, sao cho khi c tn hiu vo th BJT dn ngay.
Do , hiu sut ca khuch i cng sut hng AB l: A < AB < B.
T2
Uv
R1
Ucc R2
RL
T1

Hai mch thng dng sau ny l OTL v OCL.

3.3. Mch khuch i cng sut kiu OTL.
n k thut mch


RL
C2
Re
Re2
Vcc
To
Rc
T1
T2
Re1
R1
R2
Uv
C1
R2
1k
C2
Ce
To
D2
D1
RL
Re
Vcc
Rc
T1
T2
R1
Uv
C1
3.3.1. Dng hai BJT mc theo
kiu y ko.
T0 : BJT khuch i o pha
T1 cng loi T2, mc theo kiu
y ko.
ch tnh T0 c phn cc
sao cho:
I
B1
= I
B2
=> I
C1
= I
C2

=>
2
CC
S
V
U =
ch ng:
bn k m(-) ca tn hiu vo T1 dn to ra dng IC1 np in cho t C2,i
t VCC -> T1 -> C2 -> RL -> mass.
bn k dng (+) ca tn hiu vo T2 dn to ra dng IC2 np in cho t
C2, i t C2(+) -> T2 -> mass -> RL -> C2(-).
Do tn hiu c trao y cho ti.
3.3.2. Dng hai BJT mc theo kiu b
ph.
T0 : BJT khuch i m.
D1: diode cng loi bn dn vi T1(npn)
D2: diode cng loi bn dn vi
T2(pnp).
T1,T2 :hai BJT mc theo kiu b ph.
ch tnh T0 c phn cc sao cho:
2 2
2 1 2 1
CC
S C C B B
CC
P
U
U I I I I
U
U = = = =

ch ng:
bn k m(-) ca tn hiu vo T1 dn to ra dng IC1 np in cho t C2,i
t VCC -> T
1
-> C
2
-> R
L
-> mass.
bn k dng (+) ca tn hiu vo T2 dn to ra dng IC2 np in cho t
C2,i t C
2(+)
-> T
2
-> mass -> R
L
-> C
2(-)
.
3.4. Mch khuch i cng sut kiu OCL.
I
C2
I
C1
n k thut mch


R3
1k
R2
1k Ce
To
D2
D1
RL
Rc
T1
T2
R1
Uv
C1
Q
Q2
C
B
E
B2
E1
C1
Q1
S dng hai ngun i xng (UCC.)
ch tnh ta c:
U
P
=0 => U
S
=0
ch ng:
Bn k m (-) ca tn hiu vo
lm T1 dn,to dng
IC1 chy t +UCC -> T1 -> RL ->
mass.
bn k dng (+) ca tn
hiu vo lm T2 dn,to dng IC2 chy
t mass -> R
L
-> T
2
->-U
CC.
4. Nhn xt.
Mch OTL ch dng mt ngun cung cp , di thng rng hn loi ghp bin
p, hiu sut cao, kch thc nh, ch n nh nhng li b hn ch tn s thp do
c t ng ra.
Mch OCL dng hai ngun i xng, khng gy mo tn s thp nhng nhc im
l gy qu dng chy qua RL d dn n chy loa. Do d trong mch OCL thng c
mch bo v qu .
C hai mch u khng phi hp tr khng vi loa,mun cng sut ln th phi
dng ngun cung cp ln.
5. Transistor ghp Darlington (dng thng).
Dng hai BJT ghp li vi nhau xem nh l mt BJT.
5.1. S Darlington.

Q1 c h s khuch i 1, Q2 c h s khuch i 2.
I
21
=I
B
1
I
C2
+U
cc
I
E1
I
C1
I
C2
I
B2
n k thut mch


E
B
C
B2
E1
E2
Q2
Q1
Ta c:
I
C
= I
C1
= |
1
I
B1
~ |
1
I
E2
~ |
1
I
C2
= |
1
|
2
I
B2

Vy: Q c h s khuch i : =1.2
H s khuch i dng chung:

2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2 1
1 1
2
2 1
1
.
.
fe
fe
E
B
fe
B
C
B B
B C
B
C C
B
C
fe
h
h
I
I
h
I
I
I I
I I
I
I I
I
I
h +
+
= + =
+
= =
h
fe
= h
fe1
(1 + h
fe2
) + h
fe2
= h
fe1
.h
fe2

Tr khng vo:
( )
2 1 2
2
2
1 2
1
1
fe ie ie
fe
E
B
ie ie ie
h h h
h
I
I
h h h + + =
+
+ =

5.2. S gi Darlington (Dng b).
H s khuch i dng:
2
1
1
1 /
2
2
1 /
2
2 /
2
1 / 2 /
.
B
B
B
Q BE
ie
B
Q BE
B
Q BE
B
Q BE Q BE
v
v
ie
I
I
I
U
h
I
U
I
U
I
U U
I
U
h + = + =
+
= =
2
1
E
B
B
C
fe
I
I
I
I
h = =
( ) ( )
2
2 2 1
2
1 1
1 1
B
B fe fe
B
B fe
I
I h h
I
I h +
=
+
=
h
fe
= (1+ h
fe1
) h
fe2
~ h
fe1
.h
fe2

Tr khng vo:
2
2
2 /
ie
B
Q BE
ie
h
I
V
h = =

I
C1
I
B2
I
C2
=I
B1
I
E1
Q
n k thut mch


C1
R
ZL
Zb1b2
Q2
Q1
Q3
Q2
6. Hin tng mo xuyn tm (Crossover) v phng php khc phc.
6.1. Hin tng mo xuyn tm.

Khi tng khuch i lm vic ch B th im tnh Q nm gc to
O(0,0) trn c tuyn vo ca Transistor (1).
Nhng ng vi Transistor (2) th c tuyn ny c vng cht cng ng vi khi
V
BE
<V( . Ngha l khi in p tn hiu vo ln hn 0 nhng cha vt qu V( th dng
IB vn bng khng => I
C
= 0. Khi in p vo vt qu ngng V
th mi xut hin
tn hiu u ra. Kt qu l tn hiu ra b mo vng tn hiu b. khc phc tnh
trng ny, ngi ta thng phn cc cho cc tip gip B-E di im tnh Q n gc
to . Lc d tng khuch ai cng sut lm vic ch AB.
6.2. Cc phng php trnh mo Crossover.
Hnh sau minh ho bin php trnh mo Crossover bng cch phn cc trc
cho Q1 v Q2 lm vic ch AB.
Trong Z
B1B2
c th l:
- Diode v bin tr mc ni tip.
- Diode v bin tr mc song song.
- Mch Transistor.
6.2.1. Dng Diode vi bin tr mc ni
tip.
dng phn cc th din p trn diode hu nh khng i.Nu diode lm cng
vt liu vi cp BJT cng sut Q1, Q2 th khi dn V( ca diode xp x bng V ca
Transistor ).
VR dng chnh p phn cc cho ng yu cu.
(2
)
I
B1
0
I
B
V
BE V

(1
)
n k thut mch


B2
Vr
B1
D2
D1
B1
D1
D2
B1
B2
Vr
R1
B1
B2
Vr
ZL
Zb1b2
Rc4
Rc3
C1
C2
Q1
Q2
Q3
Phng php ny iu chnh im lm vic tnh Q nhng li b mt mt tn
hiu trn VR.

6.2.2. Dng diode vi bin tr mc song song.(Hnh b)
Khi tn hiu vo ln th dng s qua diode cn khi tn hiu b th dng
hu ht qua VR. Do , st p trn ZB1B2 hu nh khng i lm cho im lm vic
Q khng b x dch. Tuy nhin vi cch mc ny th s kh iu chnh VR hn.
6.2.3. Dng mch Transistor .(Hnh c)
Gi s dng vo Transistor nh. Ta c:
Khi lm vic V
BE
hu nh khng i, do V
C1
=V
B1B2
khng i. Ngoi ra BJT
c nhim v gi cho im lm vic tnh Q khng b x dich khi nhit thay i.
7. Cc bin php nng cao h s khuch i.
7.1. Dng nguyn tc Bootstrap.
Mun tng h s khuch i th phi tng h s khuch i ca tng tng
khuch i nhng ch yu vn tng h s khuch i cho tng o pha (driver).
C hai bin php, mt l phi cung cp cho Q3 mt in p ln hn hoc phi
dng nguyn tc Bootstrap.Thng th ngi ta dng phng php th hai hoc dng
ngun dng.
Hinh a hinh b

hnh c
n k thut mch


Zb
R1
Re
ZL
Bootstrap l bin php dng tng in tr ti cho tng o pha.V mt xoay
chiu R
C4
mc song song vi ti Z
L
, con R
C3
mc song song vi tr khang vao h
ie1
cu
Transistor Q
1
.
Ti ca tng o pha Q3 l:
Z
t3
= R
C3
//h
ie1
+ (1+ h
fe1
)(Z
L
//R
C4
)
Chn:
R
C3
>> h
ie

R
C4
>> Z
L

=> Z
t3
= (1+ h
fe1
)Z
L

Trong thc t tng Zt3 ngi ta mc Darlington tng cui cng c hfe
ln v c R
C3
>> h
ie1
th ngi ta thay in tr RC3 bng in tr ng ca ngun
dng. Ni cch khc l ta thit k cho ti ca Q3 l ti tch cc do ngun dng to ra.
7.2. Dng ngun dng.
T s tng ng ta c h phng trnh:
B ie BE
dI h dV = (1)
E E B B BE
dI R dI R Z dV = ) // (
1
(2)
C B E
dI dI dI + = (3)
ie CE B fe C
h dV dI h dI + = (4)
Gii ra ta c ni tr ngun dng:

( )
(
+ +
+ = =
E ie B
E fc
ie C
CE
i
R h R Z
R h
h dI
dV
R
1
//
.
1
1

Ngun dng c ni tr Ri cng ln th cng n nh v cng gn vi ngun l
tng.Ta c:
nu Ri >>ZL th IL = I
Ngun dng c tr khng xoay chiu ln nn dng tng h s khuch i .V
cc tng khuch i mc ni tip nhau nn:
A
V
= A
V1
.A
V2

I
B
I
C
I
L
-
I
C
ZL
Re
hie
ZL
Re
hie
Z
b
//R
1
h
fe
I
B
ie
h
1

n k thut mch


Trong : AV2 =
Lxc
ie
fe
Z
h
h
,Z
Lxc
: tr khng ti xoay chiu ca BJT.
ZLxc = Rc //ZinQ3, ZinQ3: tr khng vo tng khuch i cng sut.
Z
inQ31
= h
ie1
+ (1+ h
fe13
)R
L
Do h s khuch i dng tng khuch i cng sut hfe13 rt ln nn ZinQ31
rt ln, dn n Z
L
X
C
b nn AV2 khng ln -> AV khng ln -> RC khng th qu
ln.
khc phc thay RC bng ngun dng.
8. Khuch i vi sai.
Khi ng vo c tn hiu Vi do tnh phn p ca R-R nn s tc ng vo mi
Transistor lm cho Transistor Q1 dn v Transistor Q
2
tt. ng ra in p trn cc C
ca Q1 gim i mt lng v in p trn cc C ca Q2 tng ln mt lng.
Ta c: V0 = V01 - V02 .

iu kin R
B2
>>r
BE
.
li ca mi tng c xc nh nh sau:
) 1 ( 1 01
1 ) 1 (
01
1
.
i
BE B
C
i
V K V
r R
R
V
V
K A = A
+
=
A
A
= |

) 2 ( 2 02
1 ) 2 (
02
2
.
i
BE B
C
i
V K V
r R
R
V
V
K A = A
+
=
A
A
= |
Q2
Q1
R8
R
R
Rb1
Rb2
Rc
Rc
Rb2
Vcc

S tng vi sai yu cu cc Transistor Q1 v Q2 phi c cc tham s ging
nhau => K1 =K2.
AV0 = AV01 - AV02
= K1(AVi(1) - AVi(2))
AV
01

AV
02
AV
0
n k thut mch


= K1.AVi

1
0
1
B BE
C
i
R r
R
V
V
K K
+
=
A
A
= = | (*)
H thc (*) cho thy khi mch khuch i vi sai dng hai Transistor nhng
li in p bng mt tng khuch i thng thng ca mt Transistor.
H s khuch i hiu:
Vi gi thit trng hp cn ly tn hiu trn mt u ra so vi t, ta c h s
khuch i i vi mt u ra:

2
2
1
2 1
ud
d
rd
d
r
ud ud
K
U
U
U
U
K K = = = =

Vy h s khuch i i vi mt u ra bng mt na h s khuch i hiu
khi ly in p ra i xng.
H s nn tn hiu ng pha:

CM
ud
K
K
CMRR G
1
) ( = [dB]
vi K
CM
l h s khuch i tn hiu ng pha.
Trong ch khuch i tn hiu ng pha R
E
c tc dng hi tip m ln lm
gim h s khuch i tn hiu ng pha K
CM
. Do gim h s K
CM
ng thi
tng h s CMRR th ta phi chn R
E
ln. Tuy nhin , khng th chn R
E
qua ln sao
cho I
E
.R
E
nh hn (10-15)V m bo iu kin v cng sut
Tn hao trn hai in tr v iu kin v ngun cung cp. V vy, trong thc t
thay R
E
bng ngun dng c ni tr ln v h p trn n nh.
Hin tng tri:
Trong thc t mch khng hon ton i xng, do s thay i nhit gy
ra mt in p hiu (tri in p lch khng).
AU
0
=AU
BE1
- AU
BE2

Ta c:
) 1 ln(
) 1 ln(
2
2
1
1
+ ~
+ ~
Enh
C
T EB
Ebh
C
T BE
I
I
U U
I
I
U U

n k thut mch


Mt s s c bn ca mch khuch i vi sai:

* * *

+V
+V
+V
+V
+V

9. Bin php nhm ci thin c tnh ca mch.
Khuych i vi sai Darlington Khuych i vi sai Darlington b
Khuych i vi sai c hi
tip m dng
Khuych i vi sai
Khuych i vi sai Kaskode
n k thut mch


Trong tng cng sut s taie Emitter chung d xut hin nguy c qu ti nu
tr khng ti qu nh. khc phc hin tng c th mc thm mch hn dng
vo s nh sau:
Bnh thng Q5, Q6 ngt, VBE ca chng ph thuc vo p trn R1, R
2
(R1 = R2). Khi dng in ra qu ln,VBE tng lm Q5,Q6 dn, lm VBE ca Q1,Q2
gim v dng ra gim.R1 c chn sao cho dng ra b hn ch trong trng hp n
vt qu tr s thng thng tnh ton(trong vng lm vic).

Ur
R6
1k
Uv
R5
1k
Q7
R4
1k
D2
D1
R3
1k
R2
R1
Q6
Q2
Q5
Q1
+V
cc
-V
cc
n k thut mch


THIT K
CC THNG S YU CU THIT K MCH KHUYCH I
CNG SUT OCL NG VO N DNG BJT

Cng sut loa : 75W - 100W
in tr loa : 8
Tr khng vo : 100K - 120K
in p vo : 0,775V
Bng thng : 20Hz 15Khz
mo : 2%

TC DNG CC LINH KIN
Q
6
, Q
7
, Q
8
, Q
9
: L cc cp BJT ghp Dalington khuyt i cng sut
Q
2
,V
R1
,D
4
, R
5
: L cc phn t ca ngun dng
Q
4
, Q
5
: L cc BJT bo v qu ti v ngn mch
R
1
, R
2
: n nh nhit v cn bng dng ra
R
3
, R
4
: in tr r dng nhit
D
1
,D
2
,D
3
,V
R2
: nh thin p cc BJT cng sut hot ng ch
AB
R
6 ,
R
18
, C
6
: n nh nhit cho Q
3

R
10
, V
R3
,C
2
: B lc thng cao
R
9
, R
10
: in tr phn cc cho Q
1

R
8
, R
17
: Cu phn p cho Q
3

R
13
, R
14
: Cu phn p cho Q
5

R
15
, R
16
: in tr phn cc cho Q
4
C
1
, C
2
: T lin lc ng vo v ng ra
C
4
, C
5
: T thot cao tng, chng dao ng k sinh
R
0
, C
1
: Mch lc zobel thnh phn cn bng tr khng

TNH TON

I. Tnh ton ngun:
a. Bin tn hiu ra
Khi tn hiu vo c dng hnh sin: V
l
=V
lp
th tn hiu ra c dng:
V
l
= V
lp
sin + V
ECQ
I
l
= I
lp
Sin + I
CQ

I
Lhd
=

2
L
I
;
V
Lhd
=
2
L
V

Cng sut trn loa:

2 2*80*8 35,7( )
LP L L
U PR V = = =

Chn P
L
= 80 W
n k thut mch


Khi
36
4, 5( )
8
LP
LP
L
U
I A
R
= = =
Chn h s ngun l c = 0,9

35, 7
2 2* 80( )
0, 9
LP
CC
U
V V
c
= = =
Vy chn V
CC
= 80(V)

2 2
36
81
2 16
LP
LP
L
U
P
R
= = = (W)

4, 5
2 2 80 229
LP
CC CC
I
P V
t t
= = = (W)
n% =
80
*100
229
LP
CC
P
P
= % = 35,37(%)
II. Tnh ton tng cng sut :
Tng cng sut c nhim v khuch i tn hiu a ra loa.
trnh mo phi tuyn ta chn cc BJT Q
8
, Q
9
lm vic ch AB.
a. Chn R
1
, R
2
:
y l hai in tr c nhim v cn bng dng v n nh nhit cho
Q
8
, Q
9
. trnh tn hao cng sut trn R
1
, R
2
th ta chn in p ri trn R
1
, R
2

nh hn nhiu so vi in p nh :
V
R 1
= V
R2
=
36
1,8( )
20 20
LP
V
V = =

1
1 2
1,8
0, 4( )
4, 5
R
LP
V
R R
I
= = = = O
Vy chn R
1
= R
2
= 0,5(O)

2
1 2 1 1
4, 5
* * *0, 5 0, 7
LP
R R tb
I
P P I R R
t t
= = = = = (w)
Chn
1 2
0, 5( )
1(W)
R R
P
= = O |
=
\

b. Tnh v chn Q
8
,Q
9
:
Cng sut tiu tn trn 2 BJT Q
8
v Q
9
:
2P
Q8
= P
cc
P
L
2 P
R1

2 2
1*
8 2
2 * * 2
2
2
cc LP L LP LP
Q
V I R I R I
P =
H H

M I
LP =
1
2
2 2*80
6, 2( )
4 4*0, 5
8
10
CC
L
V
A
R
R t t
t
= =
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .

8
2 158
Q
P = (W) 8
79
Q
P = (W)
P
Q8dc
= V
CEQ
* I
CQ
= V
cc
* I
CQ
= 80 * 50*
3
10
= 4(W)
P
Q8
= 4 + 79 = 83 (W)
Vy chn Q
8
, Q
9
: - P
0
> 2P
Q8
= 283(W) = 166(W)
- V
CE
> 2V
CC
= 160(V)
- I
c
> I
LP
= 4,5(A)

Vy chn cp b ph l : 2SC5200 v 2SA1943 c cc thng s sau :

n k thut mch


BJT P
C
(W) h
fe
I
C
(A)
T
f (MHz) V
CEQ
(V)
2SA1943 150(W) 55 - 160 15(A) 30 230(V)
2SC5200 150(W) 55 - 160 15(A) 30 230(V)

c. Chn R
3
,R
4
:
Chn I
CQ8
= 50 (mA) , chn h
fe8
= 100
I
BQ8
= ( )
3
50*10
0, 5
100
mA
=

8 ac
R < R
3 ,
R
4
< R
dc8

R
ac8
= h
ie8
+ R
1*
h
fe8
=
3
3
8
1 8 3
*26*10
100*26*10
* 102( )
0, 5*10
fe
fe
CQ
h
R h
I
+ = = O
R
dc8
=
8
1 8 3
8
0, 7
* 0, 5*100 1450( )
0, 5*10
be
fe
bQ
V
R h
I

+ = + = O
102 < R
3,
R
4
< 1450
Vy chn R
3,
R
4
= 390 ( O)
d. Tnh v chn Q
6
, Q
7

V
R3
= V
beQ8
+R
1
* I
cq8
= 0,70+ 0,5 * 50mA = 0,725(V)
I
R3
=
3
3
0, 725
2( )
390
R
V
mA
R
= =
I
cQ6
= I
bQ8
+ I
R3
= 0,5 + 2 = 2,5(mA)
Xt AC:

8
8
8
4, 5
45( )
100
cac
bac
fe
I
I mA
h
= = =
V
acR3
= h
ie8
* I
bac8
+R
1
* I
cac8
=
8
8 1 8
8
*26
* * *
fe
bac cac
CQ
h mV
I R I
I
=
=
3
3
3
100*26*10
*45*10 0, 5*4, 5 5( )
50*10
V
+ =

3
3
3
5
13( )
390
acR
acR
V
I mA
R
= = =

8max 3
13 45 58( )
cQ acR bcRa
I I I A = + = + =

6 3 Q
R R = //
( )
8 8 1 8
* *
ie fe L fe
h h R R h + + = R
3
//
8
*26
100*0, 5 8*100
50
fe
h mV
mA
| |
+ +
|
\ .

= 272( ) O

Cng sut tiu tn trn
6
Q

2 2
6max 2
6
80
2, 4(
* 10*272
cc
cQ
Q
V
P
P t
= = = W)
n k thut mch


Chn
6 7
, Q Q
max 6max
ax 6
2 160( )
2 160( )
58(
2 4,8(W)
CE CC
CB CC
C CQ
m CQ
V V V
V V V
I I mA
P P
> = |
> =
> =
> =
\

Vy BJT
6 7
, Q Q l : 2SC3244 v 2SA1011 c cc thng s sau :
BJT P
C
(W) h
fe
I
C
(A)
T
f (MHz) V
CEQ
(V)
2SC3244

25 60 - 200 1,5 100 180
2SA1011

25 60 - 200 1,5 120 160

III. Tnh phn li:
gim mo phi tuyn ta phi phn cc tnh mc ngng cho cc
BJT cng sut bng cch dung D
1
, D
2
, D
3
, R
V2
.
Chn
6
100
fe
h =

6
6
6
2.5
0, 0025( )
100
cQ
bQ
fe
I
mA
I mA
h
= = =

6, 7 6 3
2*( ) 2*(0, 7 0, 725) 2,85( )
b b beQ R
V V V V = + = + =
a. Tnh
0 1
, R C
Ta c ( )
L L
R j L R e = + //
( )
0
0
0
1
1
( )
1
L
L
L
j L R R
j C
R R
j C
j L R R
j C
e
e
e
e
e
| |
+ +
|
\ .
+ =
+ + =

2 2
0 0
1 1
L
L L L L L
R L
R j L R R R R j L R j LR
j C C
e e e
e
+ + + + = +

2
1 0
, 8( )
L
L
L
L
R
C R R
j LR j L e e
|
=
= O
=
\

T
1
C ngt mch tng s cao:

ax
15
m
f kHz = do
1 0 c
X R >>

1 3
ax 1
1 1
8 1( )
2 * 2 *15*10 *8
m
C F
f C

t t

>> << =
Vy chn
0
1
8( )
1( )
R
C F
= O |
=
\

b. Chn
1 2 3
, , D D D
Ta c
6, 7
2, 85( )
b b
V V =
n k thut mch


6
6
6
12 12* 12*0, 5 6( )
1
E P
D b P
I
I I mA
|
= = = =
+

Vy chn
1 2 3
, , D D D : 1N4007.
Chn
2 R
V .

2
2,85 0, 7*3 0, 75( )
VR
V V = =

2
0, 75
125( )
6
R
V
mA
= = O
Vy chn
2 R
V = 500( O)
c. Chn
1 R
V :

1 R
V =
1 2
2* 2*0, 7 2 0, 7( )
R D beQ
V V V V = = =

1
0, 7
117( )
6
VR
V
mA
= = O
Vy chn
1 R
V =500( O)

2 2 2
* 6 *80 0, 48(W)
Q CEQ CQ
P V I mA = = =
Chn
2
Q :
2
6
0, 96(W)
2 160( )
C
Q
CE CC
I mA
P
V V V
| >
>
> =
\

Vy chn BJT
2
Q l 2SB546 gm cc thng s sau :
BJT P
C
(W) h
fe
I
C
(A)
T
f (MHz) V
CEQ
(V)
2SB546
25

60 - 120 2 5 200

2
2
2
6
0.06( )
100
cQ
BQ
I
mA
I mA
|
= = =

4 5
20*0, 06 1.2( )
D D
I I mA = = =

Vy chn
4 5
, D D l 1N4007

2
5
4 4
2 80 2*0, 7
65( )
1, 2
beQ
CC D
D D
V
V V
R k
I I mA

= = = = O
Chn
5
R = 65(KO)
Cng sut tiu tn trn
3
Q :

3 3
* 80*6 480( )
Q CE CQ
P V I mA mV = = =
Vy chn
3
Q :
3
6( )
160( )
960( W)
C
CE
Q
I mA
V V
P m
| >
>
>
\

n k thut mch


Vy chn Q
3
l BJT 2SC2383 gm cc thng s sau

BJT
P
C
(W)

h
fe

I
C
(A)

T
f (MHz)

V
CEQ
(V)

2SC2383 0,9 60 - 320 1 100 160

d. Tnh
7 8 17
, , R R R

1
40( )
2
CEQ
Vcc
V V = =
Chn
8 3
10*
R bQ
I I =

1 6 17 8 3
6
11* 0, 7( )
100
EbQ cQ R R bQ
mA
I I I I R mA = = = + = =
Vy chn
7
4, 7( ) R k = O
Chn
6 18
3( )
R R
V V V + =

6 18 3
8
1
3 0, 7
1( )
0, 7
R R beQ
CQ
V V V
R k
I mA
+ +
+
= = = O
Vy chn
8
R = 1(kO)

( )
17 1 3 6 18 17
33, 3( )
R CC ceQ beQ R R R
V V V V V V V V = + + =

17
17 3
33, 3
47( )
0, 7 0, 7*10
R
V
R K
mA

= = = O
Vy chn
17
47( ) R k = O
Mt khc

,
35, 7
32, 6
2 2 *0, 775
1
32, 6
Lhp
LP
ht
V
V
k
Vi Vi
K
= = = =
=

3 7
3
3 7 3
4, 7
32, 6 1 32, 6 148( )
32, 6 1
R
R
R R
V R
V
V R V
= + = = = O
+

Vy chn
3 R
V =500( O)
e. Tnh v chn
18
R

6 18
3( )
R R
V V V + =

6 18
3
3 3
0, 5( )
6
CQ
R R k
I mA
+ = = = O
Mt khc phi hp tr khng:
3 1 VQ RQ
Z Z =

3 17 VQ
Z R = //
18
R
3 6 17
( 1)
be
R R R | + + = //
18
R

17 8
3 6
17 8
* 26
* 100* 2( )
6
Q
R R mA
R
mA R R
| e + = =
+

M
6 18 18
0, 5( ) 500 10 490( ) R R k R + = O = = O
Vy chn
18
6
680( )
10( )
R
R
= O |
= O
\

n k thut mch


Tnh chn Q
1
:

1 1 1 1
* * 80*0, 7 50( W)
Q ceQ cQ CC cQ
P V I V I m = = = =
Chn Q
1

0 1
2 0,122(W)
160( )
0, 7( )
Q
ce
C
P P
V V
I mA
> = |
>
>
\

Vy chn Q
1
l BJT 2SA1013 gm cc thng s sau :
BJT
P
C
(W)

h
fe

I
C
(A)

T
f (MHz)

V
CEQ
(V)

2SA1013 0,9 60 - 200 1 50 160

f. Tnh v chn R
9
, R
10
, R
11
, R
12
:
Chn
1
1
0, 7
10* 10* 0, 07( )
100
cQ
PCQq
I
mA
I mA
|
= = =

10 12 7 1
80 3 0, 7 76, 3( )
R R CC R beQ
V V V V V V + = = =

10 12
10 12
1
76, 3
1, 09( )
0, 07
R R
PCQ
V V
R R M
I
+
+ = = = O

11 9 10 12
2* ( ) 160 76, 3 83, 7( )
R R CC R R
V V V V V V + = + = =

11 9
83, 7
1,19( )
0, 07
R R M
mA
+ = = O

Chn R
11
= R
12

9 10
1,19 1, 09 0,1( ) R R M = = O

9 10
0,1 R R = +
Tr khng vo ton mch:

9 10 10 10
9 10 10
* (0,1 )
100( )
0,1 2*
in
R R R R
Z k
R R R
+
= = O
+ +

2
10 10 10
2 9
10 10
10
10
0,1 100(0,1 2* )
100 10 0
161803, 4( )
61803, 4( )
R R R
R R
R
R
+ = +
=
= O |

= O
\

Chn R
10
= 220(KO)
M
9 10 9
0,1 0,1( ) 220( ) 261( ) R R R M k k = + = O + O = O

11
1,19( ) 261( ) 929( ) R M K k = O O = O

Vy chn
10
11 12
9
220( )
1( )
330( )
R k
R R M
R k
= O |
= = O
= O
\

IV. Tnh ton v ch t C
2
, C
3
, C
4
, C
5
.
Ta c
2
min
10 10
0,8( )
2 * * 2 *10*100
in
C F
f Z

t t
= = =

Chn C
2
= 1 F
n k thut mch


a. Tnh v chn C
3
:
Phi chn C
3
sao cho h s hi tip khng ph thuc vo in p
ri trn t m ch ph thuc vo R
7
v V
R3
do ta chn:
3 3
3 3
min 3 min 3
1 10 10
10 2 * * 10 2 * * 2 *20*500
R R
C
R
V V
X C
f C f V t t t
= = = =

3
159( ) C F =
Vy chn C
3
= 470( F )
M C
4
, C
5,
C
6
v R
11
, R
12
to thnh mch lc thng thp
Chn tng s ct 15( )
C
f hz =

4
11
1 1
0.006( )
2 * * 2 *25*1
C
C F
f R M

t t
= = =
O

T C
4
ngn dng 1 chiu thot xoay chiu nn:

4 9
9 4
1 1
C
X R
R C u
s s

4
9
1 1
0, 019( )
2 * * 2 *25*330
C
C F
f R

t t
= = =
Chn C
4
= C
5
= 1( ) F

6 18 C
X R s ng vi
min
20( ) f hz =

18 18
6 6
min 18 min 18
10 10
20 10 2 * * * *
C
R R
X R
f R f R t t
s s s s

6 6
10 10
117 234
2 *20*680 *20*680
C F C F
t t
s s s s
Vy chn C
6
= 220( F )
V. Tnh h s khuch i ton mch:
a. H s khuch i in p t tng li n tng ra:
S tng ng :

3 TQ i
Z R = //
6, 8 Q Q
R nt
6 8
(1 * )
L fe fe
R h h +

8, 6 3 Q Q ie
R h R = + //
8ac
R
M
6
26 26
* 100* 5200( ) 5, 2( )
0, 5
ie
e
mV mV
h k
I mA
| = = = O = O

6, 8
320*102
5200 5( )
320 102
Q Q
R k = + = O
+

Ni tr ngun dng :

1
8
2 1 6 5
1 *
1
2
fe R
ve R ie D
h V
R
h V h Z ssR
+ (
=
(
+ +

2
26
4( )
6
T
D
CQ
V mV
R
I mA
= = = O

2 2 4
2
1 1 26 26
40( ) * 100* 433( )
10 6 6
ie fe
ve
k h h k
h

= = O = = = O
n k thut mch


26 26
4( )
6
D
D
mV
Z
I
= = = O

100*500
40 1 390( )
2*4*100
500 5, 2
2*4 100
i
R
(
(
= + = O
(
( + +
+

3 TQ i
Z R = //
6, 8 8 6
(1 * )
Q Q L fe fe
R R h h ( + +

390 = //
| | 5 8(1 100*100) 70( ) k + + = O
b. H s khuch i t Q
3
n loa :

3 3
3
3 3 6
*
26
100* 433( )
* 6
fe TQ
VQ
ie fe
h Z
A
h h R
= = = O
+

3
100*70
5000
433 100*10
VQ
k
A
O
= =
+

c. H s khuch i t Q
1
n tng li Q
3

Khi khng c hi tip th xem cc E
1
xem nh ni t, nn cc
E
1
th R
12
ni // V
R3.
. Nn h s khuch i c tnh theo s tng :

17 18 3
0 1 1
1 1 3 17
/ /
*
( / / )
VQ
Q
beQ R
R R R
V
R V R
|
|
+
=
+

Vi
3 3 3 6 3 3 6
3
26
(1 ) * (1 )
VQ beQ
CQ
mA
R R R R
I
| | | = + + = + +

26
100* (1 100) *10 10, 5( )
6
k = + + = O

1 1
26
* 4( )
0, 7
beQ
R k | = = O

| |
0 1
100 47 1/ /10, 5
97
4 100*(500 / /4, 7)
Q
V
+
= =
+

Vy h s khuch i ton mch khi cha hi tip :

3
0 1 3 1
* 97*5000 485*10
Q VQ VQ
A A A = = =
VI. Tnh mch bo v :
a. Kim tra kh nng chi ng ca tng cng sut.
Khi cha qu ti tc l mch lm vic ch thng V
in

<0,775(V) th tn hiu ra khng b mo.
V
LPmax
<80(V)
I
LPmax
<4,5(A)
Khi qu ti V
in
>0,755(V) , I
LP
> 80(V)
Xt trng hp qu ti ln nht khi Q
8
,Q
9
, dn bo ha
ngha l :
V
LPmax
= V
CC
= 80(V)
I
LPmax
=
80
10( )
8
A =
Cng sut tiu tn trn Q
8
,Q
9
.
n k thut mch


2 2
max max 1* max
8 1 2
2* * * 2*
2 2
2
CC LP L LP LP
Q CC L R
V I P I R I
P P P P
t t
= =

2 2
8
8
2*80*10 80*10 2*0, 5*10
2 99, 2(W)
2 0, 5* 2
50(W)
Q
Q
P
P
t
= =
=

Vy khi mch dn bo ha th tn hiu ra loa s b mo dng
nhng cc thng s dng in, cng sut tiu tn u tha mn cc iu kin
cho ca Q
8
, Q
9
v R
1
, R
2
. Mch vn hot ng bnh thng.
Khi ngt mch ti (R
L
= 0) th lc ny R
1
, R
2
cng chnh l
ti ca mch.

1max 2max
1
35, 7
50, 5( )
* 2 0, 5* 2
LP
R R
V
I I A
R
= = = =
Cng sut tiu tn trn R
1
, R
2
:

2 2 3
1 2 1 1max
*( ) 0, 5*(50, 5) 1275*10 (W)
R R R
P P R I = = = =
b. Tnh mch bo v .
Tng khuch i cng sut Q
89
, Q
67
b kha v c bo v
Dng nh qua Q
8
, Q
9
l :

8 9
5( )
LP E p E p
I I I A = = =

1 2 1
* 5*0, 5 2, 5( )
R R LP
V V I R A = = = =
Khi mch hot ng bnh thng Q
4
, Q
9
ca mch bo v
khng hot ng. Lc dng nh qua Q
1
, Q
9
,R
!
, R
2
l 5(A)
Khi dng ti tng them 10% thi dng I
bQ6
th cng tng thm
khong 10%

6
6 6
6
0, 5
10%* 0,1* 0.1* 0, 05( )
100
cQ
bQ bQ
I
I I mA
|
= = = = V
Mch bo v ta chn dng qua Q
4
, Q
5
bng dng ti ln
6 bQ
I V

4 5
0, 05( )
cQ cQ
I I mA = =
Ta c :
4 6 8 1
0, 7 0, 7 2, 5 3, 9( )
ceQ bQ beQ R
V V V V V = + + = + + =
Cng sut tiu tn trn Q
4
:

4
* 0, 05 *3, 9 0,195( W)
TTQ C CE
P I V mA m = = =
Vy chn Q
4
, Q
5

0
4
4
0, 39( W)
2* 0,1( )
7,8( )
TT
C CQ
ce ceQ
P P m
I I mA
V V V
|
> =
> =
> =
\

Vy ch cp BJT Q
4
, Q
5
l 2SC828 v 2SA564 :

BJT
P
C
(W)

h
fe

I
C
(A)

T
f (MHz)

V
CEQ
(V)

2SA564 0,8 60 - 120 0,2 30
2SC828 0,5 60 - 320 1 UNI 60

n k thut mch


c. Tnh v chn R
13
, R
14
, R
15
, R
16
.

1 13 15 8 1
* * 5*0, 5 2, 5( )
R R eQ
V V R I R V = = = =

4 3
4
4
0, 05
0, 5*10 ( )
100
cQ
bQ
Q
I
mA
I mA
|

= = =
Chn dng phn p qua R
14
, R
15
gp 30 ln I
bQ6

3
6
30*0, 5*10 0, 015( )
bQ
I mA
= =

13 15
13 15 3
4 6
2, 5
167( )
0, 015*10
R R
Q Q
V
R R k
I

+ = = = O (1)
Mt khc :
1
4 4
13 15
R
bQ beQ
V
V V
R R
= =
+

Chn V
beQ4
= 0.7(V)

4
15
13 15 1
0, 7
0, 28( )
2, 5
beQ
R
V
R
R R V
= = = O
+
(2)
T (1), (2)

13 15
13 15
15
13 13 15
13 15
167( )
167( )
0, 28( ) 0, 28( ) 167( )
R R K
R R K
R
R R R k
R R
+ = O |
+ = O |
= O + + = O
\
+
\

13 15
13 15
1, 28 0, 28 167
167( )
R R
R R K
+ = |

+ = O
\
13
15
120( )
47( )
R k
R k
= O |
= O
\

Vy chn
13 14
15 16
120( )
47( )
R R k
R R k
= = O |
= = O
\

VII. Tnh v kim tra mo phi tuyn

0 BE BE BEM
U U U = + sin t e
Vi
8 0
1, 2 0, 7 0, 5( )
BEM BEPQ BE
U U U V = = =
V thnh phn hi bc hai ln hn cc thnh phn hi bc
cao khc nn ta c th tnh gn ng :

0, 5
*100% 480%
4*26mV
o = =
Khi c hi tip t u vo th mo phi tuyn s gim i g =
1+A
0
A
ht
ln :
Ta c : A
V0
= 485*10
3

3
3 7
0,1
0, 213
0,1 0, 7
R
ht
R
V
A
V R
= = =
+ +

3 3
0
1 * 1 482*10 *0, 213 103306*10
V ht
g A A = + = + =

Mo phi tuyn khi c hi tip l :

,
3
480%
0, 005%
103306*10 g
= = =

,
= 0,005 % < 2% . Tha mn yu cu bi.

n k thut mch


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SVTH: M.Tun V. Quyn T.Vin Trang - 1 -

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