Professional Documents
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Khng kh O2
nh sng
Nhit
Ln men chua
Ln men thi
Ha chua
Oxi ha
ng vt T nhin t Nc
Khng kh
Qu trnh ch bin
K ch trung gian
Vi khun
Clostridium botulinum Pseudomonas
Nm men
Zygosaccharomyces Hansenula
Nm mc
Aspergillus flavus
Mucor
K sinh trng To
Virus
Vt l
1.Lm kh 2.S dng nhit 3.S dng bc x 4.Ht chn khng 5.Dng in cao tn 6.Siu m 7.Lc thanh trng 8.ng gi bng thay i kh quyn 9.p lc thy tnh cao
Ho hc
1.Cht tc ng n s pht trin ca vi sinh vt (SO2,CO2 nitrat, nitrit, acid sorbic, acid benzoic, ethanol, acid acetic) 2.Cht chng oxy ha (acid ascorbic, acid citric, acid limonic, acid tartric)
Sinh hc
1.Ln men (mui chua) 2.S dng bacteriocin 3.S dng enzyme
PHNG PHP VT L 1. PP LM KH
+ PP sy t nhin (phi nng) + PP sy nhn to 2. PP S DNG NHIT + PP nhit thp + PP nhit cao 3. PP S DNG TIA BC X
4.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
PP HT CHN KHNG
PP DNG DNG iN CAO TN PP SIU M PP LC THANH TRNG PP NG GI BNG THAY I KH QUYN (MAP) BO QUN BNG P LC THY TNH CAO
PHNG PHP LM KH
Nc cn thit cho VSV trao i cht v mi hot ng sng Vi khun cn 18% nc Nm men __ 20% Nm mc __ 13-16% Ty thuc vo loi thc phm Sa bt cha 8% nc VSV pht trin c Bt tht __ 10-11% Bt go __ 13-15% Sa bt loi b __ 15% Tinh bt __ 18% Cc loi qu __ 18-25%
PHNG PHP LM KH
Thc phm c m cao mi trng thun li cho VSV pht trin Lm kh thc phm VSV khng pht trin thc phm c bo qun lu hn
Cc yu t chnh ca ch sy Loi thc phm em sy Nhit sy Vn tc lu thng ca khng kh Thi gian sy m (hm lng nc trong thc phm - m khng kh)
PHNG PHP LM KH
1. PP sy t nhin (phi nng) 2. PP sy nhn to Sy kh Sy phun Sy thng hoa Sy bng bc x Sy bng in cao tn
PHNG PHP LM KH
PHNG PHP LM KH
2. PP sy nhn to
Lm kh lng ln sn phm trong thi gian ngn Tin hnh trong thit b nh c tc nhn sy, iu chnh c ch sy C nhiu phng php sy: sy kh, sy phun, thng hoa, bc x v in cao tn. u im Sn phm ng nht trn th trng Rt ngn thi gian sy Sn phm c cht lng cao hn
PHNG PHP LM KH
2. PP sy nhn to
Sy phun
Dch thc phm
dng bt kh (sa bt,) Sn phm kh & cc VSV b cht
Nhit p sut thp/ Chn khng
C c
PHNG PHP LM KH
2. PP sy nhn to
Th rn
Hi nc
Lnh ng
Nhit m (ty thc phm)
Sy thng hoa
Nc : thng hoa Nc t do: bc hi Nc lin kt: khng bc hi
Sy bng nhit
Nc lin kt: bc hi Nhit : 27-55oC (nh b phn t nng v ht chn khng cao)
u im: Gi nguyn tnh trng sn phm (dinh dng, cm quan), c kh nng phc hi nh ban u Hn ch: Phc tp, cn nhiu thit b, cng sut in ln
PHNG PHP LM KH
2. PP sy nhn to
Sy bng bc x
Chiu tia hng ngoi (0.75-4m) vo sn phm sn phm nng ln (v 80% cng sut n bin thnh nhit bc x) Dng cc n hng ngoi c cng sut 250-500W.
PHNG PHP LM KH
2. PP sy nhn to
Sy bng in cao tn
t sn phm sy vo in trng xoay chiu c tn s dao ng cao (500kHz) cho sn phm kh u v nhanh. Cc sn phm sau khi lm kh lm ngui ngay, bao gi tt, trnh ht m tr li, gi ni kh mt c lu di.
Hn ch
Thit b phc tp, tiu tn nhiu in nng (3.5kWh/kg cht m).
1. PP nhit thp
Tc dng ca nhit thp Nhit thp khng tiu dit c VSV nhng c ch mi hot ng sng ca chng a s chuyn sang dng tim sinh Nhit thp lm gim nng lng hot ng cc cht trong t bo Lm cc phn ng sinh ha tin hnh kh khn hn. Nhit thch nghi nht: 35-37oC Nhit cc tiu: 0-4oC
1. PP nhit thp
nh hng nhit thp n cht lng thc phm Cht m: ng -20oC, sau 6-12 thng b phn gii nh. Cht bo acid bo; thay i tnh ha tan vitamin A Vitamin thay i ty nhit v thi gian bo qun Carbohydrate t thay i 1 t saccharose ng hon nguyn Cht khong gi nguyn gi tr dinh dng Lm lnh t t ng bng t t hnh thi thc phm b bin dng, t bo b ph v gim gi tr dinh dng (sau khi gii lnh).
1. PP nhit thp
a)Lm lnh: ch yu bo qun rau qu ti Nhit h xung gn 0oC tinh th nc cha xut hin, h thng men (trong nguyn liu v trong VSV) hot ng yu i km hm nhng bin i v l, ha, sinh; hot ng VSV . C tc dng lm tng phm cht mt s thc phm
Tht c chn ha hc nn tch t nhiu acid lactic, hng v thm ngon C mui, tht mui c thm mui tt hn v c mu sc ti hn Cc loi ru, bia, nc gii kht hp dn khu v ngi tiu dng hn.
1. PP nhit thp
b)Lm lnh ng (ng lnh): gi thc phm vi thng n vi nm. Nhit ca thc phm c h thp hn nhit ng bng ca cc dung dch nc trong thc phm
phn ln nc trong thc phm b ng bng mng t bo ca vi sinh vt b nn mnh.
cc qu trnh sng ca vi sinh vt v hot ng ca cc h thng men b kim ch r rt Nhit lm lnh ng tt nht khi lng nc cn li trong thc phm b ng bng chim khng qu l5%. v vy, ngi ta ch p ng tht, c n -32.-350C, rau qu 20-270C.
1. PP nhit thp
b)Lm lnh ng (ng lnh) * u im: Nhiu vi sinh vt khng kp thch nghi vi nhit lnh t ngt mc nhim trng t hn. Lm lnh ng nhanh tinh th nc to ra nh khi lm tan gi, nc trong t bo t chy ra khng hao tn nhiu cht dinh dng phm cht t b bin i bo qun lu vi s lng ln nht v kh nng tin li. tng kh nng iu ha, cung cp thc phm ti sng cho cc thnh ph ln, khu ng dn phc v tt cho vic giao lu hng ho thc phm trong nc v ngoi nc,... * Nhc im ln nht ca phng php ny l t tin v chi ph nng lng v u t thit b cao.
1. PP nhit thp
b)Lm lnh ng (ng lnh) PP p nc : gi c thc phm ti trong thi gian ngn
Nc sch ng trong cc thng cha hoc khoang cha Mt s cht thm vo: khng sinh, mui n, mui khong
Gi thc phm nhit cao hn bng im ca dch t bo Tht sau khi m trong l m phi c lm ngui trc khi lm lnh trnh hin tng phn gii ca tht
2. PP nhit cao
Thng thng, s dng nhit 60-70oC/ 30 pht c th tiu dit hu ht cc th sinh dng nhit cao gy bin tnh enzyme, mt nc oxy ho cc thnh phn trong t bo. Tnh chu nhit ca cc loi vi sinh vt khc nhau nm men, nm mc cht kh nhanh nhit 5060oC
vi khun chu nhit b tiu dit 80-90oC Nhit cng cao th thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt cng ngn
2. PP nhit cao
Tc cht ca VSV cn ph thuc vo hm lng nc cha trong t bo. Lng nc cha t sc chu ng toC cao. Hm lng nc trong bo t rt t tnh chu nhit rt cao. Vi sinh vt b tiu dit trong mi trng m nhanh hn trong mi trng kh
- khi protein s to thnh nhiu nhm SH t do hn - cc cu ni peptid b ph hu nhanh hn khi c s hin din ca nc.
2. PP nhit cao
2. PP nhit cao
2. PP nhit cao
Kh trng Pasteur (gin on v lin tc) Phng php kh trng Pasteur ra i sau khi Louis Pasteur khm ph ra sinh vt gy h hng ru c th b bt hot bi nhit thp hn nhit si. Phng php ny thng dng kh trng sa v cc sn phm t sa.
xc nh thi gian v nhit ti thiu trong phng php ny, ngi ta da trn nhng nghin cu v thi gian cht bi nhit ca vi sinh vt gy bnh c kh nng chu nhit nht trong sa.
Phng php ny ch dit c t bo sinh dng
2. PP nhit cao
Nguyn tc: dng nhit 60-80oC tiu dit vi sinh vt gy bnh c trong thc phm v loi b cc vi sinh vt gy hng thc phm ko di thi gian s dng. Hn ch Bo t v mt s vi khun chu nhit nh Enterococcus, Microbacterium, Clostridium botulinum, Cl. sporogenes, Cl. putricium vn tn ti lm hng nhanh chng sn phm nhit thng (hin tng sinh hi, ph hy thc phm v lm bt np hp). ngi ta thng kt hp vic gi lnh thc phm vi vic b sung CO2 ko di thi gian s dng.
2. PP nhit cao
Do , thanh trng hp ngi ta thng s dng phng php hp kh trng trn 100oC trong thi gian di. Sa 63oC/30 giy, hoc 72oC/16 giy.
Thc phm trng ming t sa ng lnh (kem , sa ,...): ti thiu l 69oC/30 giy, hoc ti thiu 80oC/25 giy.
Nhng sn phm t sa (kem, sa chocolate...): 66oC/30 giy, hoc 75oC/16 giy.
2. PP nhit cao
C 2 phng php kh trng Pasteur: gin on v lin tc. Phng php gin on (Batch method)
Phng php ny dng mt l hp Pasteur, bn trong c mt thng cha c bao
Trong thng cha ny, sa c lm nng v c khuy u trong sut thi gian kh trng. Sau sa c th c lm ngui trong thng cha. Ngoi ra, ngi
quanh bi hi nc lu thng.
Phng php ny t dng kh trng sa, thng dng kh trng nhng sn phm t sa hn.
Trong cng nghip sn xut kem (ice cream), thng cha trn thng dng khuy trn sn phm nhm t c cht lng sn phm tt hn l bo qun sn phm.
2. PP nhit cao
Phng php lin tc (Continuous method)
Phng php lin tc c nhiu thun li hn phng php gin on, n tit kim c thi gian v nng lng. Trong phng php ny, ngi ta s dng mt l hp Pasteur tit khun nhanh nhit cao.
Mi trng lm nng sn phm c th cha hi nc hoc nc nng chn khng. Sa th 4oC c cho chy qua cc tht b ca l hp Pasteur ny, n dc lm nng n nhit kh trng khong 72oC/16 giy. Sau khi kh trng, sa c chy vo mt thit b lm ngui n 4oC hoc thp hn. Sau cng, sa c chuyn vo mt h thng ng gi sn phm.
2. PP nhit cao
Phng php UHT (Ultra-high temperature) Phng php UHT kh trng thc phm nhit ln hn 100oC, thc phm c kh trng trc khi ng gi, ri c cho vo cc cha c kh trng trong iu kin v trng. Phng php UHT tiu dit ton b vi sinh vt v bo t, k c vi sinh vt chu nhit c bo t. Thc phm dc x l bng phng php UHT c th c n 6 thng m khng cn lm lnh
Mt s sn phm thc phm kh trng bng phng php UHT: Cc sn phm dng lng: sa, nc p hoa qu, kem sa chua, ru, nc st rau x lch. Thc phm c ht nh ring bit: thc phm cho em b, cc sn phm c chua, sp, nc p rau v tri cy. Thc phm c ht ln: cc mn hm.
2. PP nhit cao
Nhit cao kt hp p sut gia tng nhit bng hi nc bo ho di mt p sut ln hn p sut bnh thng ca kh quyn. Khi p sut hi nc tng ln th nhit cng tng theo. Di p sut cao v nhit cao, t bo dinh dng v bo t ca vi sinh vt u b tiu dit (Clostridium botulinum).
Cn c vo ch s acid ca hp m ngi ta c nhit v thi gian thanh trng thch hp. i vi hp pH>6, cc VSV pht trin c di tc dng ca nhit cao u thuc loi a nng nhit thanh trng ca cc loi hp ny thng l 115-121oC. hp pH 4.5-5, thng c loi vi khun k kh nh Cl. thermosaccharalytium, Bac. stearothermolphilus lm hng thc phm cn c nhit 100-119oC. Cc loi hp c pH<4.5 th vi khun a nng khng nhng khng pht trin c m tnh chu nhit ca n cn gim i, nn b tiu dit d dng khi nng nhit ch cn thanh trng 100oC
Tc dng ca cc tia bc x:
Ngi ta c th s dng cc tia bc x nh: tia t ngoi, tia X, tia gamma, tia beta, tia alpha... trong bo qun thc phm.
tc dng mnh nhng kh nng m xuyn yu nn ch dng dit khun mt ngoi thc phm, mt ngoi dng c cha ng, khng kh ni sn xut thc phm. lm phn hu mt s cht hu c trong t bo lm ng t protein Khi chiu x thi gian kh di, s ph hy protein c th dn n phn gii c chui polipeptide thnh cc gc acid amin, lm enzyme mt hot tnh, dn n ph hu t bo vi sinh vt. sc chu ng ca bo t cao hn 4-5 ln so vi th sinh dng; Mt lng nht nh tia ny c th gy t bin.
Tia ion ho: Cc tia c tn s dao ng cao th c lc m xuyn cao. lm thay i cu trc ca mt s phn t protein ca t bo VSV v lm ion ho dung mi. Hiu qu thanh trng ca tia ion ha tu thuc vo thi gian x l, dy ca thc phm v lng VSV nhim vo thc phm. Cc tia phng x ion c tc dng st trng mnh, khi nh lng m bo y th tit trng hon ton trong vi giy. thc hin mc ch , ngi ta dng cc tia m cc, tia Rnghen v cc tia phng x .. Hin nay, phng php ny ang c nghin cu m bo an ton cho ngi s dng, v ch thanh trng hp l.
nh hng ca cc tia bc x n cht lng thc phm Thc phm chiu x thng mt mu, mt mi. Protein v acid amin trong thc phm rt nhy cm vi chiu x. Sn phm do chiu x protein, acid amin, peptide gm: NH3, H2, CO2, H2S v Carbonyl. Cc acid amin c bit nhy cm vi chiu x l : methionin, cysteine, histidine, arginine, tyrosine. Trong d cysteine nhy cm nht. Lipid trong thc phm cng b thay i rt mnh, c bit l trong trng hp c oxy.
Cc loi vitamin nh: thiamin, niacin, pyridoxin, biotin, B12 b ph hu, nhng riboflavin, pantothenic, folic li tng trong qu trnh chiu x. Cc cht pectin v cellulose cng b bin i khi chiu x, kt qu l cc loi rau, qu s tr nn mm hn. trng thi cm quan ca thc phm chiu x b thay i do cht m b ph hu, mi i do m b oxy ho.
Nu chiu x mi trng khng c oxy nh chn khng hoc kh oxy, thnh phn dinh dng v tnh cht cm quan t b thay i hn. Trc khi chiu x, ngi ta c th thm vo thc phm cc ho cht bo qun nh cht chng oxy ho, cc cht dinh dng trong thc phm s t b nh hng hn.
ng dng chiu x trong bo qun thc phm v nh hng ca n i vi sc kho ngi tiu dng Bo qun cc thc phm nh: khoai ty, hnh, gia v, chui, xoi, ti, ht u, nem chua, tht g, tht vt, tht heo, tht b, tm, i ch... Vi liu thp hn 10 KGy, chiu x thc phm s phng nga v ngn cn s ny mm ca khoai ty, hnh, dit cn trng v ko di thi gian bo qun. Vi liu chiu x 1 n 10 KGy c th gim s nhim vi khun gy bnh nh Salmonella, bo qun tht gia cm, tm, chn ch. Ti mt s nc m qu trnh bo qun thc phm bng chiu x mc lu thng thng mi, nhng cn kh nhiu ngi tiu dng vn gi thi khng chp nhn thc phm chiu x.
Sn phm c t trong in trng ca dng in xoay chiu c tn s cao thanh trng. Cc phn t tch in trong sn phm (ion, in t) s dao ng do tc dng ca in nng, chuyn in nng c hp th thnh nhit nng lm cht vi sinh vt. Kh nng hp th in nng tu thuc kch thc bao b ng thc phm, vo in p v tn s ca dng in. Tn s dng in cng ln hay bc sng cng ngn th qu trnh thanh trng cng nhanh. Phng php ny s dng cha ph bin v cn nguy him cho ngi iu khin v gi thnh t (0,3-0,5 kWh/kg sn phm).
S bt hot vi sinh bng xung in cao p da trn nhiu nhn t, c th c phn loi thnh
Thng s x l
cng xung in v tng thi gian x l hay ngun nng lng u vo l nhng tham s chnh nh hng n s bt hot vi sinh. Nu tng cng xung in hay tng thi gian x l s tng s bt hot vi sinh.
Tuy nhin, t s gim chuyn bit v s lng vi sinh , cng xung in s dng phi vt hn gi tr ti hn.
c im vi sinh T bo sinh dng ca vi khun chu ng xung in cao p tt hn nm men hay nm mc.
Cc bo t vi khun thng chng chu vi nhng iu kin xung in m bt hot c cc t bo sinh dng. Tnh khng
cao vi xung in ca bo t l do kch thc nh v chng trng thi loi nc v khang ha vi lp v v lp ph dy gip bo v nhn bn trong.
Thng s sn phm
dn in ca mu c x l l mt trong nhng tham s sn phm quan trng v n quyt nh trc tip n chng chu ca b phn x l. nh hng ca pH sn phm ln s bt hot vi sinh bi lung xung in thay i v ph thuc vo loi vi sinh cng iu kin x l. pH gim lm tng hiu qu bt hot vi sinh ca xung in. Cc sn phm mang tnh acid thch hp hn vi bo qun bng xung in cao p do pH thp c th trnh c cc t bo tn thng nh phc hi.
u im: bt hot nhanh ca cc vi sinh vt sinh dng gm c chng gy bnh v gy h hng thc phm.
Nhc im Ch nhng thc phm lng ng nht khng c bt kh hay cc phn t ln c th x l hu hiu Bo t vi khun khng b bt hot enzyme ch b bt hot mt phn nn hu ht cc thc phm x l bng xung in cn c tr lnh tng thi gian bo qun. S thay i bt li v ha hc c th xy ra nu cht in mi b thng v hin tng ha in khng c qun l.
Siu m l sng m c tn s dao ng cao m con ngi khng cm th c. Di tc dng ca siu m, mi trng lng (sn phm) truyn m b x i y li, b p v to chn khng lin tip sinh ra nhiu khong trng. Lc , cc cht ha tan v hi ca cht lng lp tc dn vo cc khong trng y, gy ra tc dng c hc lm cht vi sinh vt trong mi trng. Mt khc, trong qu trnh y mt phn cht kh ho tan b ion ha to ra nc oxi gi, nitro oxid l nhng cht c i vi vi sinh vt, nht l vi khun.
Cc loi vi sinh vt khc nhau c sc chu ng khc nhau vi sng siu m. Cc t bo ln hn nhy cm hn, dng hnh cu chu ng sng siu m tt hn dng que v nhng loi hiu
v loi bn vng.
quan trng trn mt lot cc ng dng ca siu m trong cng ngh sinh hc
Hiu qu bt hot ca sng siu m cng c cho l do s pht sinh cc l trng ni bo v ph v cu trc t bo v cc thnh phn chc nng dn n vic phn gii t bo.
Bo t chu ng sng siu m tt hn dng t bo sinh dng
cc enzyme b bt hot bi sng siu m do tc dng kh trng hp.
S to l trng l s hnh thnh, pht trin v thnh thong s n ca cc vi bt to ra trong cht lng khi cc sng siu m truyn qua n. S v ra ca bong bng dn ti s tch t nng lng trong cc im nng.
Mng lc xut hin cch y hn 40 nm v ngy cng tr nn quan trng trong cng nghip thc phm, phc v cho vic c c v phn on sn phm
C 3 loi mng lc chnh:
1. Mng thm ngc: gi li cc ion n tr trn mng
2. Mng siu lc: gi li cc i phn t nh protein, polysaccharides hay cht bo, ng hay amino acid c th qua mng. ng knh l t 2-20nm
3. Mng vi lc: tch cc loi c kch thc khong 0.1 10nm, gi li cc i phn t
K thut mng lc gp phn bo qun thc phm bng cch gi li vi sinh vt trn mng v do dch lng thm qua s v khun. S vi lc l mt k thut phng th nghim c s dng tt nht trong vic loi b vi sinh vt (c t bo sinh dng v bo t), do sn phm s c v khun m khng cn x l nhit. K thut vi lc dng ngang (cross-flow MF) c ng dng rng ri trong vic sn xut cc thc ung c lc nh bia, ru vang, nc tri cy. Vi lc di di hu hiu cc t bo v cc cht rn l lng, trnh vic s dng cc tc nhn lm sch nh diatomite hay cc enzyme, m vn gi li c mu.
Xu hng tng lai K thut mng to ra nhng tin b ng k trong cc ng dng bo qun thc phm. Tuy nhin, k thut ny cha pht huy ht tim nng ca n do cc l do: Mc tinh sch khng cao u li vi cc k thut khc Vn v dng chy hay s gim v dng trong sut qu trnh ch bin khng c kinh t Nhiu khu vc ca cng nghip thc phm rt truyn thng v chm nm bt cc c hi pht trin k thut mng mi Ch bin mng l mt k thut hon ton vt l, thch hp vi khoa hc sn xut cc thc phm ch bin rt nh v c th tip tc thay th cc k thut phc tp khc lin quan n nhit. Mng lc c th s dng sn xut cc protein tinh khit vi c im chc nng chuyn bit, tinh sch cc oligosaccharide vi c tnh prebiotic hay sa c thi gian bo qun lu m khng cn x l nhit.
Tnh nng ca cng ngh bo qun bng cch bao gi sn phm trong kh quyn thay i (MAP) nhm ko di tui th ca thc phm c nhn bit cch y nhiu nm.
Ni khi xng ra phng php ny l Vng Quc Anh, bt u t thp
nin 1920 cc nh khoa hc nhn thy rng tui th ca nhng qu
to c th gia tng bng cch tn tr chng trong mi trng vi nhng nng oxygen thp, kh carbonic li cao, v trong thp nin 30 khi tht b c vn chuyn trong cc mi trng c cha kh carbonic th thi gian bo qun ca chng tng gp hai ln so vi trc. Ngy nay thc phm ng gi trong MA bao gm tht ti v nu chn, tht gia cm v c, rau qu, m si, phomat, cc loi bnh nng t bt m, khoai ty chin, c ph v tr.
Bao gi trong kh quyn iu chnh (CAP) : s bao gi trong mt kh quyn m y thnh phn ca cht kh c lin tc
u im: Tui th c th tng n 400% Tn tht v mt kinh t gim (lu b h hng) Sn phm c th c phn phi n cc ni xa hn v vi t dch v hn, gim chi ph trong phn phi Cung ng sn phm vi cht lng cao Vic phn loi cc sn phm d dng hn Cng tc ng gi c tp trung ho v kim tra tng phn mt Tng tnh thm m trong trng by Sn phm c nhn thy r rng v quan st c ton b t hoc l khng cn cc ho cht bo qun.
Nhc im:
Gi thnh cao Nhit cn phi iu chnh Cc cng thc cht kh khc nhau cho tng sn phm i hi thit b c bit v cng tc hun luyn
Dng c bin i khng kh Dng c ny l sn phm ring bit, thng dng ti nh. Cc ti ny c ng gi cng vi sn phm thc phm v s bin i tch cc khng kh trong vt cha cng nh cc sn phm c ng gi v lu tr. Ageless cha cc oxide st, c kh nng gim 02 trong kh quyn vt cha <0.05% trong 9 gi v do , rt hu hiu khi phng nga s pht trin cc vi sinh k kh nh mc. Ageless c bit hu hiu trong vic nng cao thi gian bo qun ca sn phm bnh m c cu trc l bi v vic di i ton b O2 d by trong cu trc ca sn phm bng thit b chn khng n gin v thay th n vi CO2 v N2 cc k kh.
Da trn nguyn tc thy tnh, p lc thy tnh ti mt im cho trc bng nhau mi hng v p lc c truyn i lp tc v ging nhau qua mi trng truyn p lc.
Do , hiu qu ca k thut ny th khng ph thuc vo kch thc v hnh dng sn phm Thi gian x l, t l p, nhit v s lng xung rt quan trng i vi hiu qu ca qu trnh. Cc thnh phn thc phm v trng thi sinh l ca vi sinh b bt hot phi c tnh ton khi x l p lc ti a cho tnh an ton v cht lng cao ca thc phm
nh hng ca p lc cao ln vi sinh vt T bo sinh dng ca prokaryote nh nm men v nm mc nhy cm vi p lc nht vi khun gram dng chu p lc tt hn gram m . vi khun hnh cu chu p lc tt hn hnh que do s thay i hnh thi t hn. Cc chng pht trin trong pha m nhy cm nhiu hn cc chng trong pha log hay pha tnh. Mt s t bo sinh dng b p lc nhiu ln c th tng tnh khng p lc. S nn bng xung hay dao ng p lc cao v chm cng hu hiu trn s bt hot bo t hn l p lc lin tip. S gim p nhanh gia tng lc tc ng trn v bo t nhiu hn s gim p t t to ra s kh trng thch hp ti p lc thp hn.
SO2 Nitrit (NO2) Nitrat (NO3) Acid benzoic Acid sorbic Acid acetic Ethylpyrocarbonat CO2 O3
Nitrit (NO2)
NaNO3, KNO3
Pat gan
Jambon
Xc xch
thnh
Nitrat (NO3)
NaNO3, KNO3
Mt s loi vi sinh vt c th s dng acid benzoic trong qu trnh trao i cht hay c cc c ch c hiu (cc bm mng) loi b cc cht c ra khi t bo.
Acid benzoic c th tc ng h h hp v h thn kinh trung ng, gy kch ng mt. Tc dng bo qun ca Acid benzoic v Natri benzoat ch xy ra mi trng acid, pH=2,5-3,5.
Acid sorbic
Acid sorbic v kali sorbat khng c i vi c th con ngi, dng trong bo qun thc phm khng gy ra mi v l, khng lm mt mi t nhin. S dng cho bo qun sn phm lm nguyn liu cho ch bin: bo qun rau qu cho mui chua, sa lm sa chua. Dng nhiu trong ch bin rau qu, ru vang, sn xut hp, ch bin sa, bo qun v ch bin c, tht, sn phm bnh m, bo qun nc mm, nc chm, c ngm dm. Phi hp acid sorbic hoc sorbat vi cc cht bo qun khc:
Dng acid sorbic vi natri benzoat trong bo qun nc qu Dng acid sorbic cho sn phm p ng c th gim mt na lng ng p. Trn 0,1-0,2% acid sorbic (so vi lng mui) vo dung dch mui mui c trc khi hun khi.
Ethylpyrocarbonat
Carbonic (CO2)
Kh carbonic tc ng ti qu trnh trao i cht ca vi sinh vt, c ch mt vi qu trnh bin dng ca vi sinh vt. Nm mc nhy cm hn i vi kh carbonic, cn vi khun th t nhy cm hn. Nng kh carbonic cao c ch s pht trin ca nhng vi khun hiu kh v c vi khun ym kh.
Ozon (O3)
Ozon c tnh oxi ha rt mnh, tc ng trc tip ti cc cht sng gy bin i v bt hot cc i phn t sinh hc, gy ri lon cc hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt. Hiu qu tc dng ca ozon s c nng cao khi h thp nhit v tng m tng i ca khng kh. Kt hp bo qun lnh thc phm vi vic ozon ha khng kh s cho kt qu tt hn.
Ethanol
nng cao, ethanol c tc Dng bo qun dng bin tnh protein mng cc dng bn ch t bo, lm cht vi sinh vt. phm. C kh nng oxy ha mnh. ng dng trong bo qun sa, phomat, sn phm t c.
H2O2
Hp cht Bin i protein, gy ri lon St trng cc dng cc hot ng sng ca sinh c ng thc phm. ca halogen vt, c ch v tiu dit vi sinh
vt.
Vi khun sinh acid lactic (LAB) l mt nhm vi khun a dng c sn phm trao i cht cui cng l acid lactic.
Lactococcus
Lactobacillus
Leuconostoc
Pediococcus
Phn loi: Da trn sn phm cui: nhm vi khun ln men lactic ng hnh v nhm vi khun ln men lactic d hnh Da trn kh nng chu nhit: nhm chu nhit cao, nhm chu nhit trung tnh, nhm a lnh
Trong qu trnh ln men cc vi khun ny tit ra acid lactic v acid acetic lm acid ha mi trng gp phn km hm v tiu dit vi khun gy h hng thc phm. Ngoi ra cc vi khun sinh lactic cn tit ra cc bacteriocin khng khun
Enterococcus
Lactobacillus
Streptococcus
S.aureus
L.monocytogenes
Tin trnh thng s dng ng dng bacteriocin trong bo qun thc phm
S dng cc sn B sung bacteriocin phm ln men bi tinh khit hay chng to bacteriocin bn tinh khit vo lm thnh phn thc phm ch bin thc phm
Nisin
Nisin c tc dng vi mt s vi khun (Enterococcus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium botulinum..), nhng khng c tc dng vi nm men, nm mc.
L.monocytogenes Enterococcus
S.aureus
B.cereus
C.botulinum
Nisin b ph hy pH=8,0 nhit 37oC t 15-30 pht N c dng trong cng nghip ch bin pho mt, bo qun hp, nc p qu ng hp, rau qu ti Liu dng trong thc phm l 20 U.I/g thc phm
Ngun gc
C ch
Sa ng vt Xc tc qu trnh ct t ni peptidoglycan trn vch t bo vi khun Xc tc qu trnh oxy ha, gii phng cht c hay cc sn phm lm bt hot vi khun
Glucose oxidase
Penicillium, Xc tc qu trnh oxy ha loi b c cht hay cht A.niger dinh dng Nhiu ngun Xc tc qu trnh thy khc nhau phn polysaccharide ngoi bo
Hydrolase
CM N C V CC BN LNG NGHE!