Cng ngh mi : GIA TI CHN KHNG RT NGN THI GIAN C KT T YU DI CNG TRNH PGs L Kiu Trng i hc Kin trc

Vn : Bi ny gii thiu v c ch, pht trin mi v k thut v ng dng ca phng php gia ti chn khng tng nhanh tc c kt nn t yu di cng trnh. S pht trin mi bao gm c s dng thit b mi, s m rng phng php, phn tch s mi. Khi nim : T nm 1952, Kjellman xut tng dng phng php gia ti chn khng x l nn t yu khi lm cng trnh bn trn. c mt s tc gi cng b v phng php ny nh Holtz ( 1975); Chen v Bao ( 1983); Bergado v cng s ( 1998) ; Chu v cng s ( 2000); Indraratna v cng s (2005). Bng phng php kt hp thit b mi vi cng ngh mi, phng php ny c nhng ci thin r rt. Theo nhng nt chung th s thot nc trong ct s dng phng php bc thm phn b p lc chn khng v lm thot ra nc l rng. p lc chn khng danh nh l 80 kPa dng khi thit k nhng thc t i khi p lc ny t n 90 kPa. Khi ti ln trn 80 kPa thng dng hn hp phng php ht chn khng v gia ti. Khi phi x l t rt yu, phng php ht chn khng c hiu qu nhanh hn phng php gia ti n thun. nh l khi p lc chn khng 80 kPa thng c gi khng i tr khi c ti tnh tc ng thm. Phng php ht chn khng tng ti cng r hn khi so snh vi ch gia ti vi sc ti tng ng ( Chu v cng s ). Phng php gia ti ht chn khng l b phn ca qu trnh ci to t khi bn st vt t y khi dng vt liu lp ci to t. Bn st lp lm vt liu lp th phng php gia ti ht chn khng rt tt gia c lp bn st. Hng ngn hecta t Tianjin , Trung quc, c ci to theo phng php ny ( Chen v Bao , 1983 ; Yan v Chu , 2005). Nhng nm gn y, k thut chn khng tng t s dng ci thin a im xy dng ( Lindhult v cng s , 1995). Cc phng n da vo k thut chn khng gia cng cho n nh ca kt cu tng chn ( Miyazaki v cng s , 2005). C ch gia ti kiu chn khng hoc theo cch gia ti truyn thng , nhng pht minh mi thng lin quan n thit b, my mc mi, n phng php tng t s ha c cp n c gii thiu nh di y. Mt th d ti Hn Quc x l nn t yu di on ng cao tc rt thi gian c kt nn t n ba nm. X l ht chn khng c thc hin do cng ty Vacuum Menard nh minh ha khu vc v s :
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B tr s thc hin theo phng php kt hp bc thm v ht chn khng:

Khu nh my x l nc thi cng ti Hn Quc ( 1995) cng c Cng ty Vacuum Menard thc hin rt ngn thi gian c kt lp t yu bn di rt ng k : hng nm tri. Nhiu cng trnh cn s dng sm, khng kin nhn i ch thi gian c kt lp nn t yu bn di nn khi a vo s dng, cng trnh tip tc ln, sa cha lp mt bit bao cho va m cng trnh cn tip tc ln. ng Php Vn - Cu Gi a vo s dng cn ghi ng cn ch ln tip. ng Vn Thnh vo thnh ph H Ch Minh c lm, c cha, cha bao gi ht ln v lp t bn di c kt chu lc u?
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 nc ta gn y, ti hai nh my in kh C Mau dng phng php gia ti ht chn khng. Kt qu cho thy c th rt ngn c thi gian c kt ca lp st yu bo ha nc di cng trnh ng k. Mt trong nhng bn khon l p lc l rng c cho php thot c nc nhng ch cho ht st lp y lm tng c kt hay khng ? nh hng do ht chn khng s ra sao khi tin hnh ht chn khng? Bng nhiu thc nghim, kt hp gia phng php ht chn khng vi cht ti tnh cng vi bin php bc thm ( thot nc thng ng ) ngy nay phng php ny c nhng kt qu ng k. Bi di s l gii v bin php ny. Ln u tin Vit Nam s dng phng php c kt chn khng ti khu vc kh in m C Mau . Phng php c kt chn khng c p dng thnh cng mt s nc, trn vng xa kia l cnh ng. nc ta, mt din tch 90ha c dnh cho nh my lin hp kh, in, m. Giai on I xy dng nh my in 720MW. Giai on II l xy dng nh my in th 2 c cng cng sut v giai on III l xy dng nh my c cng sut 800.000tn/nm. Cc yu cu v thit k cho c kt nh sau: + Ln d khng c vt qu 10cm/10 nm cho ton b din tch xy dng, i vi mi cp ti c xt. + Sc chu ti nh nht l 2t/m2 cho ton b din tch xy dng, ngoi tr: + Hng mc nh my, yu cu c sc chu ti l 5t/m2 + Pha di thp lm mt c sc chu ti yu cu l 8t/m2 + Di mt s bn cha c sc chu ti yu cu l 10t/m2. B phn quan trng nht ca nh my l phn chia nc ca nh my, i hi phi c hon thnh trong vng 8 thng t khi bt u t thit b tiu nc thng ng (bc thm), u tin. y l thch thc v thi gian nn phng php gia ti chn khng c p dng. Chng ti gii thiu di y nguyn l ca phng php gia ti chn khng rt ngn thi gian c kt ca t yu di lp nn cng trnh. C ch : Nguyn tc v c ch ca s gia ti chn khng c phn tch trong cc ti liu nh ca Kjellman ( 1952), Chen v Bao (1983), Chu v cng s (2000) , Indraratna v cng s (2004). So snh vi phng php gia ti bng cch cht ti n thun, p lc l rng ca nc v ng sut thay i trong qu trnh to chn khng c phn tch nh sau y. Qu trnh c kt ca t di tc ng gia ti c minh ha nh hnh 1a.

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Hnh 1 . M hnh tng t ha kiu l xo cho qu trnh c kt : (a) di tc ng ca phng php cht ti n thun ; (b) di s gia ti chn khng. p lc ghi trong hnh 1 l cc gi tr tuyt i v pa l p sut kh quyn. Ti hnh 1a, thi im khi tc ng cht ti n thun, D p l p lc nc l rng khi chu ti. Khi t bo ha nc, p lc nc l rng ln tri ban u D uo tng t nh D p khi cht ti n thun. Dn dn p lc nc l rng ln tri v ti trng chuyn t nc sang dng l xo ( ct liu t) nh c m t trong hnh 1a. Lng tng ng sut c hiu qu bng lng p lc nc l rng b mt gim, D p - D u ( hnh 1a). Ti thi im kt thc giai on c kt , D u = 0 v tng ng sut hu hiu t c ging nh trng hp cht ti n thun, D p ( hnh 1a). iu ny ni ln rng qu trnh trn khng phi do tc ng ca p sut kh quyn, pa . C ch gia ti chn khng cng c minh ha bng cch tng t s dng m hnh l xo trong hnh 1(b).Khi ti trng chn khng c s dng nh hnh 1(b), p lc nc l rng trong t gim. ng sut tng s dng khng i nhng ng sut hu hiu trong t li tng. Thi im khi c ti chn khng, - D u , tc ng th p lc nc l rng trong t l pa. Dn dn p lc l rng gim v bt u l xo b nn , iu ny c ngha l ct liu t to ra ng sut hu hiu. Lng ng sut hu hiu tng ln bng lng p lc nc l rng gim i, D u s khng vt qu p sut kh quyn, pa , hay trong thc t thng l 80 kPa . K thut : H thng gia ti chn khng in hnh gii thiu ti hnh 2 ( Chu v cng s, 2000) . ng bc thm v cc ng ngang c dng phn b p lc chn khng v lm mt nc l rng. OOnga ngang v u trn ca ng bc thm nm trong lp ct gia ti, truyn chn khng vo cc ng bc thm. Nhng ng cha bc thm ng knh t 50 ~ 100 mm c gn g dng lm ng ngang. Nhng ng ny c c l thn ng v c qun quanh bng vi thm nc dng lm lp lc nh hnh 3(a). ng ngang ni vi ng ch phn b lc chn khng. Ba lp nylon (PVC) mng ph trn mt khu vc nh ht chn khng. Cc lp nylon ny c mp ngoi t trong rnh theo 4 cnh bao quanh khu vc
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ht chn khng. Do vy khu t cn ht chn khng c chia thnh cc phn khu nh d t cc lp nylon.

Hnh 2A : Minh ha h thng ht chn khng

1, ng bc thm ; 2, ng ngang ; 3, Lp ph ; 4, ng thot nc; 5, Van mt chiu ; 7, Bm pht ; 8, Bm ly tm ; 9, Rnh ; 10, ng ch ht chn khng ; 11, Mng che chn

Nhng pht trin mi : S dng nhng tm thot nc Hnh 2 trn va gii thiu s k thut to chn khng my nm gn y. ng ht chn khng c lm lin vi ng bc thm qua cc hnh tin trin thun li hn.

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Hnh 3 : ng t nm ngang dng gia ti chn khng. (a) ng c g mm (b) Cc ng khc kiu cht tng hp t di t K thut mng t do: Khi trn khu t chia thnh nhng khu nh thun li cho vic t cc tm mng, t cc thit b gia ti chn khng theo trnh t cc khu t nh.Hnh minh ha di y.

To Vacuum : dn n thit b to chn khng Tube : ng Connector : Khp ni To next PVD : dn n ng bc thm PVD : ng cha bc thm

Hnh 4 : ng cha bc thm v lp ng gia ti chn khng ( theo Seah, 2006)

Cch t ng ny s dng trong vic xy dng sn bay quc t Bangkok ( Seah, 2006). Phng php ny rt tic l khng s dng cho ton b khu t xy dng nn hiu qu khng cao. p lc chn khng mi thc hin mc 50 kPa hoc thp hn ( Seah,2006). Phng php ny thng dng cho khi c cc lp t l st thm nc rt km. Sau ny ngi ta s dng phng php khc gi l phng php gia ti chn khng yu ( Yan v Cao , 2006). Phng php ny gii thiu ti hnh 5.

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Hnh 5 : Phng php gia ti chn khng khng dng mng ngn
Vacuum pump : Bm to chn khng PVC tube : ng nha PVC , PVD : ng bc thm Dike : Dredge clay slurry : Lp bn st Sand blanket : Lp m gi bng ct

Khi lp bn st dng ph khu t ci to, ng chn khng , ng bc thm t lp gia ti hoc cao trnh vi mt di mt t.Theo phng php ny, lp bn st nm pha trn ca ng ht chn khng. t st rt chm thm nc, vt liu lp to nn lp chn nc tt nn khng cn c lp mng na. Nh vy y ny sinh mt s vn . Vt nt do ko s pht trin lp mt di tc ng ca nng. p lc chn khng xut lin ni t cc thanh bc thm trong khu vc b tr cc thanh bc thm hoc ti cc ng thm ni vi ng chn khng. iu ny gy kh khn cho vic b tr cc ng bc thm hay l cc thit b thm di nc.Tuy nhin phng php ny khng i hi vic lm cc chn bn ngoi khu t cn ht nc nn lm gim chi ph. Gii php dng lp thm bn trong chiu dy lp t cht ti Phng php gia ti chn khng s lm vic khng tt nu lp t gia ti l cc thu knh ct hoc lp thm nc v cc lp ny to s khuych tn ra bin khu t nh l y lp st yu bn di lp ct ra khi khu t cn ci to. Trng hp ny cn lm tng ngn quanh bin khu t . Mt th d m Tang v Shang ( 2000) x l l lm lp tng ngn dy 120 cm, su 4,50 mt bng bn st dng lm lp tng ngn lp bn st bn di lp ct mn. Lm tng ngn kiu ny lm cho chi ph tng khi khu t cn x l rng. Mt phng php khc l s dng ng bc thm c v bc bng cht do khng thm nc m lp v ny xuyn qua lp thm. iu ny cn bit rt r chiu dy lp thm ca khu t cn ci to. Phng php nn ng thm tng cng Phng php gia ti chn khng hay phng php cht ti trc l rt ngn thi gian c kt lp t yu bn di cng trnh. Mt trong nhng phng php c dng l kt hp cht ti chn khng v nn ng. tng c bn ca phng php nn ng vi nng lng tc ng yu to ra p lc l rng vt tri b
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tiu tn trong qu trnh to chn khng. ( Chu v cng s , 2005). S tiu tn p lc l rng c to ra do s nn ng. Phng php ny c s dng trong mt s d n Trung Quc ( Xu v cng s, 2003). Kim tra ti hin trng v din gii d liu Kim tra hin trng nhm theo di d n khi s dng gia ti chn khng, nhm bit c kt qu gia ti chn khng. Thng thng cn thu thp cc d liu v ln ca tng lp t, p lc l rng v dch chuyn ngang cc su khc nhau. Mc c kt ( Degree of consolidation , DOC ) c tnh ton da trn ln hoc d liu p lc l rng.Mc c kt , DOC, c d bo bng ln do phng php s dng ln cc i . S dng d liu p lc nc l rng thy c, p lc nc l rng phn b theo chiu su c th v th t khi bt u xut hin, giai on cui v ti cc thi im tc thi. Mc c kt da trn phng php ng biu din p lc nc l rng theo nghin cu ca Chu v Yan ( 2005 ), dng d liu v ln nh trong hnh 6. Dng phng php ny t c mc c kt b ln hn dng d liu p lc nc l rng.

Hnh 6 Biu p lc nc l rng dng trong tnh ton mc c kt .

Elevation : su Initial : Lc bt u Pore water pressure : p lc nc l rng.

iu ny c th phn tch tng on theo thc t khi ch b nhng hn ch do thit b o lp t ti v tr xut hin ln ti a v p lc nc l rng. Thit lp m hnh s ha
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Trng hp t hp ti do chn khng v cht ti qua ct bc thm ( PVD) ti khu bi cha hng cng Tianjin, Trung Quc, s dng phng php phn tch phn t hu hn ( Rujikiatkamjorn v cng s , 2007 ). Ti khu vc ny, s dng p lc chn khng l 80 kPa v cht ti t 40 kPa trn nn t yu v thiu n nh. Hnh 6 trn y minh ha cc d liu v cc tnh cht ca t o c theo thi gian. Tit din ngang ca mt ct phng thng ng v v tr lp t thit b o nh hnh 7a. Nhng thit b c lp l dng c o ln, dng c chuyn p lc l rng, dng c thay i su o c, dng c o nghing v thit b o p lc nc l rng trong t ( piezometer ). ng bc thm di 20 mt ( tit din 100 mm x 3 mm ) c cm theo mu vung @ cch nhau 1 mt mt ng. Nhm phn t hu hn cc cc bc thm c 8 ht gm 2 hnh vung o dch chuyn v 2 tuyn th hin hm bin thin p lc l rng ( hnh 7b ).

Depth : su Atterberg limits (%) : Gii hn Atterberg (%) Vane shear strength : Cng lc ct cnh (kPa) Void ratio : T s rng Description : M t Silty clay ( dredged from sea bed ) : Bn st ( lng ng y lp) Plastic limit : Gii hn do Water content : Lng ngm nc Liquit limit : Gii hn lng

Hnh 6 . Mt ct tng th cc lp t v tnh cht ca t ti cng Tianjin ( Theo Rujikiatkamjorn v cng s , 2007 ).
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Perforated pipe : ng c c l Membrane : Lp mng ph Piezometer : Thit b o p lc l rng trong t Vacuum pump : Bm chn khng Multi- level gauge : Dng c o ti nhiu su Pore water transducer : My chuyn o p lc l rng trong nc Inclinometer : Thit b o nghing Prefabricated Vertical drain S=1,00 m in square pattern : ng bc thm ch sn c S=1,0 m trong dng mu vung.

Hnh pha di :
Drain : thot nc Smear zone : Vng b bn Intergration point : im t hp Displacement Node : im dch chuyn PVD, S=1,0 m : ng bc thm, on thm 1,0 mt.

Hnh 7 (a) Tit din ngang A-A ca bc thm v v tr ca thit b theo di kim tra v (b) Li phn t hu hn phn tch ng sut theo mt phng ( theo kt qu ca Rujikiatkamjorn v cng s 2007 )
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Hnh 8 v 9 so snh v ln d bo v ln ghi c v p lc l rng vt tri. ln c kt d bo v p lc l rng vt tri ph hp vi kt qu ghi c. p lc l rng vt tri thc l m ( lc ht ) , trnh c nhng s h hng do p khng thot ( theo Indraratna v cng s, 2005) Hnh 10 minh ha so snh gia dch chuyn ngang d bo v o c chn lp y sau 180 ngy. S dch chuyn ngang m th hin s dch chuyn ca t hng vo trong ra pha ng tm ca lp y. D bo ti chiu su nh ( nh l 0,5 mt) qua phng n o ging quan st nhng kh thu c kt qu o khi chiu su t 5 - 10 mt ( gia lp st yu ). C th coi l phng php c kt chn khng lm gim s dch chuyn lp st ra pha ngoi theo phng ngang v lm tng n nh cho lp st y.

Preload pressure : p lc gia ti trc Settlement : ln Vacuum plus preloading : Gia ti chn khng thm Vacuum pressure under membrane : p lc chn khng di lp mng ph Surface ( field ) : Lp mt ( ti hin trng )

Hnh 8 Mt ct II: (a) Cht ti truyn thng v (b) ln c kt ( theo Rujikiatkamjorn v cng s 2007 )
Pore pressure reduction : S gim p lc l rng
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Lateral displacement : Dch chuyn ngang Inward : Vo trong Outward : Ra ngoi Depth : Chiu su

Hnh 10 . Chuyn dch ngang sau 180 ngy ti lp y ( theo Rujikiatkamjorn v cng s , 2007 ) Li kt : Trn y l tm lc phng php gia ti chn khng. Phng php ny s dng khi c chiu cao lp gia ti ln nm trn lp st yu s gim c thi gian to c kt cho lp st yu. Cn cn nghin cu thm v lp mng ph khi bm chn khng trc tip qua bc thm. Vn kinh t, nht l gi ca thi gian do rt ngn c kt cc lp t thm bn di cng cn c xem xt t m. Tham kho : Serge Varaksin, Tp bi ging V x l t yu v k thut nn mng cng trnh, 5/2007 J. Chu (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore ) , S. Yan (Tianjin University, China ) , B. Indraratna University of Wollongong, Vacuum Preloading Techniques - Recent Developments and Applications indra@uow.edu.au
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