Books 259

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008
PHN I. NHP MN L THUYT MNG Chng 1. Tng quan v cng ngh mng my tnh v mng cc b I. Lch s mng my tnh II. Gii thiu mng my tnh 2.1. nh ngha mng my tnh v mc ch ca vic kt ni mng 2.1.1. Nhu cu ca vic kt ni mng my tnh. 2.1.2. nh ngha mng my tnh 2.2. c trng k thut ca mng my tnh 2.2.1. ng truyn 2.2.2. K thut chuyn mch 2.2.3. Kin trc mng 2.2.4. H iu hnh mng 2.3. Phn loi mng my tnh 2.3.1. Phn loi mng theo khong cch a l : 2.3.2. Phn loi mng theo k thut chuyn mch 2.3.3. Phn loi theo kin trc mng s dng 2.3.4. Phn loi theo h iu hng mng 2.4. Gii thiu cc mng my tnh thng dng nht 2.4.1. Mng cc b 2.4.2. Mng din rng vi kt ni LAN TO LAN. 2.4.3. Lin mng INTERNET. 2.4.4. Mng INTRANET III. Mng cc b, kin trc mng cc b 3.1. Mng cc b 3.2. Kin trc mng cc b. 3.3. Cc phng php truy cp ng truyn vt l 3.3.1 Phng php a truy nhp s dng sng mang c pht hin xung t CSMA/CD 3.3.2. Phng php Token Bus. 3.3.2. Phng php Token Ring. IV. Chun ho mng my tnh
1
4.1. Vn chun ho mng v cc t chc chun ho mng 4.2. M hnh tham chiu OSI 7 lp 4.3. Cc chun kt ni thng dng nht IEEE 802.X v ISO 8802.X Chng 2. Cc thit b mng thng dng v cc chun kt ni vt l I. Cc thit b mng thng dng 1.1. Cc loi cp truyn 1.1.1. Cp i dy xon (Twisted pair cable) 1.1.2. Cp ng trc (Coaxial cable) bng tn c s 1.1.3. Cp ng trc bng rng (Broadband Coaxial Cable) 1.1.4. Cp quang 1.2. Cc thit b ghp ni. 1.2.1. Card giao tip mng (Network Interface Card vit tt l NIC). 1.2.2. B chuyn tip (REPEATER ) 1.2.3. Cc b tp trung (HUB). 1.2.4. Switching Hub 1.2.5. Modem 1.2.6. Router II. Mt s kiu ni mng thng dng v cc chun 2.1.Cc thnh phn thng thng trn mt mng cc b gm c 2.2. Kiu 10BASE5 2.3. Kiu 10BASE2 2.4. Kiu 10BASE-T 2.5. Kiu 10BASE-F Chng 3. Gii thiu giao thc TCP/IP I. Giao thc IP. 1.1. H giao thc TCP/IP 1.2. Chc nng chnh ca - Giao thc lin mng IP(v4) 1.2.1. a ch IP 1.2.2. Cu trc gi d liu IP 1.2.3. Phn mnh v hp nht cc gi IP 1.2.4. nh tuyn IP
II. Giao thc lp chuyn ti (Transport Layer) 2.1. Giao thc TCP 2.2 Cu trc gi d liu TCP 2.3. Thit lp v kt thc kt ni TCP Chng 4. Giao thc (4) I. Chc nng ca giao thc II. Giao thc trong kin trc phn tng. Chng giao thc III. Cc giao thc chun IV. Ci t v g b giao thc Chng 5. Qun tr mng (6) I. Khi qut. II. Qun l ti khon mng 2.1. Khi nim, cc loi Account. Kch hot, hu b, v hiu ho tm thi ti khon. 2.2. Chin lc qun tr ti khon. Khi nim Group, Profile. 2.3. Theo di hiu sut mng. Hin tng tc nghn. Cc cng c qun tr. Giao thc SNMP. 2.4. Duy tr nht k mng. III. Phng nga mt d liu 3.1. Cc loi nguy c e do d liu. 3.2. H thng sao lu trn bng t. Lch biu sao lu. 3.3. Cc h thng dung li. PHN II. QUN TR MNG
Chng 1. Tng quan v cng ngh mng my tnh v mng cc b Chng ny cung cp cc khi nim, cc kin thc c bn nht v mng my tnh v phn loi mng my tnh. Cc ni dung gii thiu mang tnh tng quan v mng cc b, kin trc mng cc b, phng php truy cp trong mng cc b v cc chun vt l v cc thit b mng. y l nhng kin thc c bn rt hu ch do phm vi s dng ca mng cc b l ang ph bin hin nay. Hu ht cc c quan, t chc, cng ty c s dng cng ngh thng tin u thit lp mng cc b ring. Cc khi nim, ni dung c bn trong chng 1 cn phi nm vng i vi tt c cc hc vin v chng s c s dng nhiu trong cc chng tip theo. I. Lch s mng my tnh Internet bt ngun t n ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) khi s trong nm 1969 bi B Quc phng M (American Department of Defense). n ARPANET vi s tham gia ca mt s trung tm nghin cu, i hc ti M (UCLA, Stanford, . . . ) nhm mc ch thit k mt mng WAN (Wide Area Network) c kh nng t bo tn chng li s ph hoi mt phn mng bng chin tranh nguyn t. n ny dn ti s ra i ca nghi thc truyn IP (Internet Protocol). Theo nghi thc ny, thng tin truyn s c ng thnh cc gi d liu v truyn trn mng theo nhiu ng khc nhau t ngi gi ti ni ngi nhn. Mt h thng my tnh ni trn mng gi l Router lm nhim v tm ng i ti u cho cc gi d liu, tt c cc my tnh trn mng u tham d vo vic truyn d liu, nh vy nu mt phn mng b ph hu cc Router c th tm ng khc truyn thng tin ti ngi nhn. Mng ARPANET c pht trin v s dng trc ht trong cc trng i hc, cc c quan nh nc M, tip theo , cc trung tm tnh ton ln, cc trung tm truyn v tuyn in v v tinh c ni vo mng, . . . trn c s ny, ARPANET c ni vi khp cc vng trn th gii. Ti nm 1983, trc s thnh cng ca vic trin khai mng ARPANET, B quc phng M tch mt phn mng ginh ring cho qun i M (MILNET). Phn cn li, gi l NSFnet, c qun l bi NSF (National Science Foundation) NSF dng 5 siu my tnh lm Router cho mng, v lp mt t chc khng chnh ph qun l mng, ch yu dng cho i hc v nghin cu c bn trn ton th gii. Ti nm 1987, NSFnet m ca cho c nhn v cho cc cng ty t nhn (BITnet), ti nm 1988 siu mng c mang tn INTERNET. Tuy nhin cho ti nm 1988, vic s dng INTERNET cn hn ch trong cc dch v truyn mng (FTP), th in t(E-mail), truy nhp t xa (TELNET) khng thch ng vi nhu cu kinh t v i sng hng ngy. INTERNET ch yu c dng trong mi trng nghin cu khoa hc v ging dy i hc. Trong nm 1988, ti trung tm nghin cu nguyn t ca Php CERN (Centre Europen de Recherche Nuclaire) ra i n Mng nhn th gii WWW
4
(World Wide Web). n ny, nhm xy dng mt phng thc mi s dng INTERNET, gi l phng thc Siu vn bn (HyperText). Cc ti liu v hnh nh c trnh by bng ngn ng HTML (HyperText Markup Language) v c pht hnh trn INTERNET qua cc h ch lm vic vi nghi thc HTTP (HyperText Transport Protocol). T nm 1992, phng thc lm vic ny c a ra th nghim trn INTERNET, rt nhanh chng, cc cng ty t nhn tm thy qua phng thc ny cch s dng INTERNET trong kinh t v i sng. Vn u t vo INTERNET c nhn ln hng chc ln. T nm 1994 INTERNET tr thnh siu mng kinh doanh. S cc cng ty s dng INTERNET vo vic kinh doanh v qung co ln gp hng nghn ln k t nm 1995. Doanh s giao dch thng mi qua mng INTERNET ln hng chc t USD trong nm 1996 . . . Vi phng thc siu vn bn, ngi s dng, qua mt phn mm truy c (Navigator, Browser), c th tm c tt c cc ti liu siu vn bn cng b ti mi ni trn th gii (k c hnh nh v ting ni). Vi cng ngh WWW, chng ta bc vo giai on m mi thng tin c th c ngay trn bn lm vic ca mnh. Mi cng ty hoc ngi s dng, c phn phi mt trang ci ngun (Home Page) trn h ch HTTP. Trang ci ngun, l siu vn bn gc, t do c th tm ti tt c cc siu vn bn khc m ngi s dng mun pht hnh. a ch ca trang ci ngun c tm thy t khp mi ni trn th gii. V vy, i vi mt x nghip, trang ci ngun tr thnh mt vn phng i din in t trn INTERNET. T khp mi ni, khch hng c th xem cc qung co v lin h trc tip vi x nghip qua cc dng siu lin (HyperLink) trong siu vn bn. Ti nm 1994, mt im yu ca INTERNET l khng c kh nng lp trnh cc b, v cc my ni vo mng khng ng b v khng tng thch. Thiu kh nng ny, INTERNET ch c dng trong vic pht hnh v truyn thng tin ch khng dng x l thng tin c. Trong nm 1994, hng my tnh SUN Corporation cng b mt ngn ng mi, gi l JAVA (cafe), cho php lp trnh cc b trn INTERNET, cc chng trnh JAVA c gi thng t cc siu vn bn qua cc siu lin (Applet). Vo ma thu nm 1995, ngn ng JAVA chnh thc ra i, nh du mt bc tin quan trng trong vic s dng INTERNET. Trc ht, mt chng trnh JAVA, s c chy trn my khch (Workstation) ch khng phi trn my ch (Server). iu ny cho php s dng cng sut ca tt c cc my khch vo vic x l s liu. Hng triu my tnh (hoc vi tnh) c th thc hin cng mt lc mt chng trnh ghi trn mt siu vn bn trong my ch. Vic lp trnh trn INTERNET cho php truy nhp t mt trang siu vn bn vo cc chng trnh x l thng tin, c bit l cc chng trnh iu hnh v qun l thng tin ca mt x nghip. phng thc lm vic ny, c gi l INTRANET. Ch trong nm 1995-1996, hng trm nghn dch v phn mm INTRANET c pht trin. Nhiu hng my tnh v phn mm nh Microsoft, SUN, IBM, Oracle, Netscape,... pht trin v kinh doanh
5
hng lot phn mm h thng v phn mm c bn pht trin cc ng dng INTERNET / INTRANET. II. Gii thiu mng my tnh 2.1. nh ngha mng my tnh v mc ch ca vic kt ni mng 2.1.1. Nhu cu ca vic kt ni mng my tnh Vic ni my tnh thnh mng t lu tr thnh mt nhu cu khch quan v : - C rt nhiu cng vic v bn cht l phn tn hoc v thng tin, hoc v x l hoc c hai i hi c s kt hp truyn thng vi x l hoc s dng phng tin t xa. - Chia s cc ti nguyn trn mng cho nhiu ngi s dng ti mt thi im ( cng, my in, CD ROM . . .) - Nhu cu lin lc, trao i thng tin nh phng tin my tnh. - Cc ng dng phn mm i hi ti mt thi im cn c nhiu ngi s dng, truy cp vo cng mt c s d liu. 2.1.2. nh ngha mng my tnh Ni mt cch ngn gn th mng my tnh l tp hp cc my tnh c lp (autonomous) c kt ni vi nhau thng qua cc ng truyn vt l v tun theo cc quy c truyn thng no . Khi nim my tnh c lp c hiu l cc my tnh khng c my no c kh nng khi ng hoc nh ch mt my khc. Cc ng truyn vt l c hiu l cc mi trng truyn tn hiu vt l (c th l hu tuyn hoc v tuyn). Cc quy c truyn thng chnh l c s cc my tnh c th "ni chuyn" c vi nhau v l mt yu t quan trng hng u khi ni v cng ngh mng my tnh. 2.2. c trng k thut ca mng my tnh Mt mng my tnh c cc c trng k thut c bn nh sau: 2.2.1. ng truyn L thnh t quan trng ca mt mng my tnh, l phng tin dng truyn cc tn hiu in t gia cc my tnh. Cc tn hiu iu t chnh l cc thng tin, d liu c biu th di dng cc xung nh phn (ON_OFF), mi tn hiu truyn gia cc my tnh vi nhau u thuc sng in t, tu theo tn s m ta c th dng cc ng truyn vt l khc nhau c trng c bn ca ng truyn l gii thng n biu th kh nng truyn ti tn hiu ca ng truyn. Thng thung ngi ta hay phn loi ng truyn theo hai loi:
6
- ng truyn hu tuyn (cc my tnh c ni vi nhau bng cc dy cp mng). - ng truyn v tuyn: cc my tnh truyn tn hiu vi nhau thng qua cc sng v tuyn vi cc thit b iu ch/gii iu ch cc u mt. 2.2.2. K thut chuyn mch: L c trng k thut chuyn tn hiu gia cc nt trong mng, cc nt mng c chc nng hng thng tin ti ch no trong mng, hin ti c cc k thut chuyn mch nh sau: - K thut chuyn mch knh: Khi c hai thc th cn truyn thng vi nhau th gia chng s thit lp mt knh c nh v duy tr kt ni cho ti khi hai bn ngt lin lc. Cc d liu ch truyn i theo con ng c nh . - K thut chuyn mch thng bo: thng bo l mt n v d liu ca ngi s dng c khun dng c quy nh trc. Mi thng bo c cha cc thng tin iu khin trong ch r ch cn truyn ti ca thng bo. Cn c vo thng tin iu khin ny m mi nt trung gian c th chuyn thng bo ti nt k tip trn con ng dn ti ch ca thng bo - K thut chuyn mch gi: y mi thng bo c chia ra thnh nhiu gi nh hn c gi l cc gi tin (packet) c khun dng qui nh trc. Mi gi tin cng cha cc thng tin iu khin, trong c a ch ngun (ngi gi) v a ch ch (ngi nhn) ca gi tin. Cc gi tin ca cng mt thng bo c th c gi i qua mng ti ch theo nhiu con ng khc nhau. 2.2.3. Kin trc mng Kin trc mng my tnh (network architecture) th hin cch ni cc my tnh vi nhau v tp hp cc quy tc, quy c m tt c cc thc th tham gia truyn thng trn mng phi tun theo m bo cho mng hot ng tt. Khi ni n kin trc ca mng ngi ta mun ni ti hai vn l hnh trng mng (Network topology) v giao thc mng (Network protocol) - Network Topology: Cch kt ni cc my tnh vi nhau v mt hnh hc m ta gi l t p ca mng. Cc hnh trng mng c bn l: hnh sao, hnh bus, hnh vng - Network Protocol: Tp hp cc quy c truyn thng gia cc thc th truyn thng m ta gi l giao thc (hay nghi thc) ca mng. Cc giao thc thng gp nht l : TCP/IP, NETBIOS, IPX/SPX, . . . 2.2.4. H iu hnh mng H iu hnh mng l mt phn mm h thng c cc chc nng sau:
7
- Qun l ti nguyn ca h thng, cc ti nguyn ny gm: + Ti nguyn thng tin (v phng din lu tr) hay ni mt cch n gin l qun l tp. Cc cng vic v lu tr tp, tm kim, xo, copy, nhm, t cc thuc tnh u thuc nhm cng vic ny + Ti nguyn thit b. iu phi vic s dng CPU, cc ngoi vi... ti u ho vic s dng - Qun l ngi dng v cc cng vic trn h thng. H iu hnh m bo giao tip gia ngi s dng, chng trnh ng dng vi thit b ca h thng. - Cung cp cc tin ch cho vic khai thc h thng thun li (v d FORMAT a, sao chp tp v th mc, in n chung ...) Cc h iu hnh mng thng dng nht hin nay l: WindowsNT, Windows9X, Windows 2000, Unix, Novell. 2.3. Phn loi mng my tnh C nhiu cch phn loi mng khc nhau tu thuc vo yu t chnh c chn dng lm ch tiu phn loi, thng thng ngi ta phn loi mng theo cc tiu ch nh sau - Khong cch a l ca mng - K thut chuyn mch m mng p dng - Kin trc mng - H iu hnh mng s dng ... Tuy nhin trong thc t ngui ta thng ch phn loi theo hai tiu ch u tin 2.3.1. Phn loi mng theo khong cch a l : Nu ly khong cch a l lm yu t phn loi mng th ta c mng cc b, mng th, mng din rng, mng ton cu. Mng cc b ( LAN - Local Area Network ) : l mng c ci t trong phm vi tng i nh hp nh trong mt to nh, mt x nghip...vi khong cch ln nht gia cc my tnh trn mng trong vng vi km tr li. Mng th ( MAN - Metropolitan Area Network ) : l mng c ci t trong phm vi mt th, mt trung tm vn ho x hi, c bn knh ti a khong 100 km tr li. Mng din rng ( WAN - Wide Area Network ) : l mng c din tch bao ph rng ln, phm vi ca mng c th vt bin gii quc gia thm ch c lc a.
Mng ton cu ( GAN - Global Area Network ) : l mng c phm vi tri rng ton cu. 2.3.2. Phn loi theo k thut chuyn mch: Nu ly k thut chuyn mch lm yu t chnh phn loi s c: mng chuyn mch knh, mng chuyn mch thng bo v mng chuyn mch gi. Mch chuyn mch knh (circuit switched network) : Khi c hai thc th cn truyn thng vi nhau th gia chng s thit lp mt knh c nh v duy tr kt ni cho ti khi hai bn ngt lin lc. Cc d liu ch truyn i theo con ng c nh . Nhc im ca chuyn mch knh l tiu tn thi gian thit lp knh truyn c nh v hiu sut s dng mng khng cao. Mng chuyn mch thng bo (message switched network) : Thng bo l mt n v d liu ca ngi s dng c khun dng c quy nh trc. Mi thng bo c cha cc thng tin iu khin trong ch r ch cn truyn ti ca thng bo. Cn c vo thng tin iu khin ny m mi nt trung gian c th chuyn thng bo ti nt k tip trn con ng dn ti ch ca thng bo. Nh vy mi nt cn phi lu gi tm thi c thng tin iu khin trn thng bo, nu thy thng bo khng gi cho mnh th tip tc chuyn tip thng bo i. Tu vo iu kin ca mng m thng bo c th c chuyn i theo nhiu con ng khc nhau. u im ca phng php ny l : - Hiu sut s dng ng truyn cao v khng b chim dng c quyn m c phn chia gia nhiu thc th truyn thng. - Mi nt mng c th lu tr thng tin tm thi sau mi chuyn thng bo i, do c th iu chnh lm gim tnh trng tc nghn trn mng. - C th iu khin vic truyn tin bng cch sp xp u tin cho cc thng bo. - C th tng hiu sut s dng gii thng ca mng bng cch gn a ch qung b (broadcast addressing) gi thng bo ng thi ti nhiu ch. Nhc im ca phng php ny l: - Khng hn ch c kch thc ca thng bo dn n ph tn lu gi tm thi cao v nh hng n thi gian tr li yu cu ca cc trm . Mng chuyn mch gi (packet switched network) : y mi thng bo c chia ra thnh nhiu gi nh hn c gi l cc gi tin (packet) c khun dng qui nh trc. Mi gi tin cng cha cc thng tin iu khin, trong c a ch ngun (ngi gi) v a ch ch (ngi nhn) ca gi tin. Cc gi tin ca cng mt thng bo c th c gi i qua mng ti ch theo nhiu con ng khc nhau.
Phng php chuyn mch thng bo v chuyn mch gi l gn ging nhau. im khc bit l cc gi tin c gii hn kch thc ti a sao cho cc nt mng (cc nt chuyn mch) c th x l ton b gi tin trong b nh m khng phi lu gi tm thi trn a. Bi vy nn mng chuyn mch gi truyn d liu hiu qu hn so vi mng chuyn mch thng bo. Tch hp hai k thut chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi vo trong mt mng thng nht c mng tch hp s ISDN (Integated Services Digital Network). 2.3.3. Phn loi theo kin trc mng s dng Kin trc ca mng bao gm hai vn : hnh trng mng (Network topology) v giao thc mng (Network protocol) Hnh trng mng: Cch kt ni cc my tnh vi nhau v mt hnh hc m ta gi l t p ca mng Giao thc mng: Tp hp cc quy c truyn thng gia cc thc th truyn thng m ta gi l giao thc (hay nghi thc) ca mng Khi phn loi theo topo mng ngi ta thng c phn loi thnh: mng hnh sao, trn, tuyn tnh Phn loi theo giao thc m mng s dng ngi ta phn loi thnh mng : TCP/IP, mng NETBIOS . .. Tuy nhin cch phn loi trn khng ph bin v ch p dng cho cc mng cc b. 2.3.4. Phn loi theo h iu hng mng Nu phn loi theo h iu hnh mng ngi ta chia ra theo m hnh mng ngang hng, mng khch/ch hoc phn loi theo tn h iu hnh m mng s dng: Windows NT, Unix, Novell . . . 2.4. Gii thiu cc mng my tnh thng dng nht 2.4.1. Mng cc b Mt mng cc b l s kt ni mt nhm my tnh v cc thit b kt ni mng c lp t trn mt phm v a l gii hn, thng trong mt to nh hoc mt khu cng s no . Mng cc b c cc c tnh sau: - Tc truyn d liu cao - Phm vi a l gii hn -S hu ca mt c quan/t chc 2.4.2. Mng din rng vi kt ni LAN TO LAN
10
Mng din rng bao gi cng l s kt ni ca cc mng LAN, mng din rng c th tri trn phm vi mt vng, quc gia hoc c mt lc a thm ch trn phm vi ton cu. - Tc truyn d liu khng cao - Phm vi a l khng gii hn - Thng trin khai da vo cc cng ty truyn thng, bu in v dng cc h thng truyn thng ny to dng ng truyn - Mt mng WAN c th l s hu ca mt tp on/t chc hoc l mng kt ni ca nhiu tp on/t chc 16 2.4.3. Lin mng INTERNET Vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh l s ra i ca lin mng INTERNET, - L mt mng ton cu - L s kt hp ca v s cc h thng truyn thng, my ch cung cp thng tin v dch v, cc my trm khai thc thng tin - Da trn nhiu nn tng truyn thng khc nhau, nhng u trn nn giao thc TCP/IP - L s hu chung ca ton nhn loi - Cng ngy cng pht trin mnh lit 2.4.4. Mng INTRANET Thc s l mt mng INTERNET thu nh vo trong mt c quan/cng ty/t chc hay mt b/nghnh . . ., gii hn phm vi ngi s dng, c s dng cc cng ngh kim sot truy cp v bo mt thng tin . c pht trin t cc mng LAN, WAN dng cng ngh INTERNET
11
III. Mng cc b, kin trc mng cc b 3.1. Mng cc b Tn gi mng cc b c xem xt t quy m ca mng. Tuy nhin, khng phi l c tnh duy nht ca mng cc b nhng trn thc t, quy m ca mng quyt nh nhiu c tnh v cng ngh ca mng. Sau y l mt s c im ca mng cc b: c im ca mng cc b - Mng cc b c quy m nh, thng l bn knh di vi km. c im ny cho php khng cn dng cc thit b dn ng vi cc mi lin h phc tp - Mng cc b thng l s hu ca mt t chc. iu ny dng nh c v t quan trng nhng trn thc t l iu kh quan trng vic qun l mng c hiu qu. - Mng cc b c tc cao v t li. Trn mng rng tc ni chung ch t vi Kbit/s. Cn tc thng thng trn mng cc b l 10, 100 Kb/s v ti nay vi Gigabit Ethernet, tc trn mng cc b c th t 1Gb/s. Xc sut li rt thp. 3.2. Kin trc mng cc b * nh ngha Topo mng: Cch kt ni cc my tnh vi nhau v mt hnh hc m ta gi l t p ca mng C hai kiu ni mng ch yu l : - Ni kiu im - im (point - to - point). - Ni kiu im - nhiu im (point - to - multipoint hay broadcast). Theo kiu im - im, cc ng truyn ni tng cp nt vi nhau v mi nt u c trch nhim lu gi tm thi sau chuyn tip d liu i cho ti ch. Do cch lm vic nh vy nn mng kiu ny cn c gi l mng "lu v chuyn tip" (store and forward). Theo kiu im - nhiu im, tt c cc nt phn chia nhau mt ng truyn vt l chung. D liu gi i t mt nt no s c tip nhn bi tt c cc nt cn li trn mng, bi vy cn ch ra a ch ch ca d liu cn c vo cc nt kim tra xem d liu c phi gi cho mnh khng. * Phn bit kiu t p ca mng cc b v kiu t p ca mng rng. T p ca mng rng thng thng l ni n s lin kt gia cc mng cc b thng qua cc b dn ng (router). i vi mng rng topo ca mng l hnh trng hnh hc ca cc b dn ng v cc knh vin thng cn khi ni ti t p ca mng cc b ngi ta ni n s lin kt ca chnh cc my tnh.
12
a) Mng hnh sao Mng hnh sao c tt c cc trm c kt ni vi mt thit b trung tm c nhim v nhn tn hiu t cc trm v chuyn n trm ch. Tu theo yu cu truyn thng trn mng m thit b trung tm c th l b chuyn mch (switch), b chn ng (router) hoc l b phn knh (hub). Vai tr ca thit b trung tm ny l thc hin vic thit lp cc lin kt im-im (point-to-point) gia cc trm. u im: Thit lp mng n gin, d dng cu hnh li mng (thm, bt cc trm), d dng kim sot v khc phc s c, tn dng c ti a tc
truyn ca ng truyn vt l. Nhc im: di ng truyn ni mt trm vi thit b trung tm b hn ch (trong vng 100m, vi cng ngh hin nay). Hub b) Mng trc tuyn tnh (Bus): Trong mng trc tt c cc trm phn chia mt ng truyn chung (bus). ng truyn chnh c gii hn hai u bng hai u ni c bit gi l terminator. Mi trm c ni vi trc chnh qua mt u ni ch T (Tconnector) hoc mt thit b thu pht (transceiver). Khi mt trm truyn d liu tn hiu c qung b trn c hai chiu ca bus, tc l mi trm cn li u c th thu c tn hiu trc tip. i vi cc bus mt chiu th tn hiu ch i v mt pha, lc cc terminator phi c thit k sao cho cc tn hiu phi c di li trn bus cho cc trm trn mng u c th thu nhn c tn hiu . Nh vy vi topo mng trc d liu c truyn theo cc lin kt im-a im (point-to-multipoint) hay qung b (broadcast).
13
u im : D thit k, chi ph thp Nhc im: Tnh n nh km, ch mt nt mng hng l ton b mng b ngng hot ng c) Mng hnh vng Trn mng hnh vng tn hiu c truyn i trn vng theo mt chiu duy nht. Mi trm ca mng c ni vi vng qua mt b chuyn tip (repeater) c nhim v nhn tn hiu ri chuyn tip n trm k tip trn vng. Nh vy tn hiu c lu chuyn trn vng theo mt chui lin tip cc lin kt im-im gia cc repeater do cn c giao thc iu khin vic cp pht quyn c truyn d liu trn vng mng cho trm c nhu cu. tng tin cy ca mng ta c th lp t thm cc vng d phng, nu vng chnh c s c th vng ph s c s dng. Mng hnh vng c u nhc im tng t mng hnh sao, tuy nhin mng hnh vng i hi giao thc truy nhp mng phc tp hn mng hnh sao. d) Kt ni hn hp L s phi hp cc kiu kt ni khc nhau, v du hnh cy l cu trc phn tng ca kiu hnh sao hay cc HUB c th c ni vi nhau theo kiu bus cn t cc HUB ni vi cc my theo hnh sao.
14
Hnh 1.4. Mt kt ni hn hp
3.3. Cc phng php truy cp ng truyn vt l Trong mng cc b, tt c cc trm kt ni trc tip vo ng truyn chung. V vy tn hiu t mt trm a ln ng truyn s c cc trm khc nghe thy. Mt vn khc l, nu nhiu trm cng gi tn hiu ln ng truyn ng thi th tn hiu s chng ln nhau v b hng. V vy cn phi c
15
mt phng php t chc chia s ng truyn vic truyn thng c ng n. C hai phng php chia s ng truyn chung thng c dng trong cc mng cc b: - Truy nhp ng truyn mt cch ngu nhin, theo yu cu. ng nhin phi c tnh n vic s dng lun phin v nu trong trng hp do c nhiu trm cng truyn tin dn n tn hiu b trm ln nhau th phi truyn li. - C c ch trng ti cp quyn truy nhp ng truyn sao cho khng xy ra xung t 3.3.1 Phng php a truy nhp s dng sng mang c pht hin xung t CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) Giao thc CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) - a truy nhp c cm nhn sng mang c s dng rt ph bin trong cc mng cc b. Giao thc ny s dng phng php thi gian chia ngn theo thi gian c chia thnh cc khong thi gian u n v cc trm ch pht ln ng truyn ti thi im u ngn. Mi trm c thit b nghe tn hiu trn ng truyn (tc l cm nhn sng mang). Trc khi truyn cn phi bit ng truyn c ri khng. Nu ri th mi c truyn. Phng php ny gi l LBT (Listening before talking). Khi pht hin xung t, cc trm s phi pht li. C mt s chin lc pht li nh sau: - Giao thc CSMA khng kin tr.Trm nghe ng, nu knh ri th truyn, nu khng th ngng nghe mt khong thi gian ngu nhin ri mi thc hin li th tc. Cch ny c hiu sut dng knh cao hn. (1) - Giao thc CSMA 1-kin tr. Khi trm pht hin knh ri trm truyn ngay. Nhng nu c xung t, trm i khong thi gian ngu nhin ri truyn li. Do vy xc sut truyn khi knh ri l 1. Chnh v th m giao thc c tn l CSMA 1-kin tr. (2) - Giao thc CSMA p-kin tr. Khi sn sng truyn, trm cm nhn ng, nu ng ri th thc hin vic truyn vi xc sut l p < 1 (tc l ngay c khi ng ri cng khng hn truyn m i khong thi gian tip theo li tip tc thc hin vic truyn vi xc sut cn li q=1-p. (3) Ta thy gii thut (1) c hiu qu trong vic trnh xung t v hai trm cn truyn thy ng truyn bn s cng rt lui ch trong nhng khong thi gian ngu nhin khc nhau s quay li tip tc nghe ng truyn. Nhc im ca n l c th c thi gian khng s dng ng truyn sau mi cuc gi. Gii thut (2) c gng lm gim thi gian "cht" bng cch cho php mt trm c th c truyn d liu ngay sau khi mt cuc truyn kt thc. Tuy
16
nhin nu lc li c nhiu trm ang i truyn d liu th kh nng xy ra xung t s rt ln. Gii thut (3) vi gi tr p c hn hp l c th ti thiu ho c c kh nng xung t ln thi gian "cht" ca ng truyn. Xy ra xung t thng l do tr truyn dn, mu cht ca vn l: cc trm ch "nghe" trc khi truyn d liu m khng "nghe" trong khi truyn, cho nn thc t c xung t th nhng cc trm khng bit do vn truyn d liu. c th pht hin xung t, CSMA/CD b xung thm cc quy tc sau y: - Khi mt trm truyn d liu, n vn tip tc "nghe" ng truyn . Nu pht hin xung t th n ngng ngay vic truyn, nh m tit kim c thi gian v gii thng, nhng n vn tip tc gi tn hiu thm mt thi gian na m bo rng tt c cc trm trn mng u "nghe" c s kin ny.(nh vy phi tip tc nghe ng truyn trong khi truyn pht hin ng (Listening While Talking)) - Sau trm s ch trong mt khong thi gian ngu nhin no ri th truyn li theo quy tc CSMA. Giao thc ny gi l CSMA c pht hin xung t (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection vit tt l CSMA/CD), dng rng ri trong LAN v MAN. 3.3.2. Phng php Token Bus Nguyn l chung ca phng php ny l cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn cho cc trm ang c nhu cu truyn d liu, mt th bi c lu chuyn trn mt vng logic c thit lp bi cc trm . Khi mt trm nhn c th bi th s c php s dng ng truyn trong mt thi gian nht nh. Trong khong thi gian n c th truyn mt hay nhiu n v d liu. Khi truyn xong d liu hoc thi gian ht th trm phi chuyn th bi cho trm tip theo. Nh vy, cng vic u tin l thit lp vng logic (hay cn gi l vng o) bao gm cc trm ang c nhu cu truyn d liu c xc nh v tr theo mt chui th t m trm cui cng ca chui s tip lin sau bi trm u tin. Mi trm s bit a ch ca trm lin trc v k sau n. Th t ca cc trm trn vng logic c th c lp vi th t vt l. Cc trm khng hoc cha c nhu cu truyn d liu khng c vo trong vng logic. Trong v d trn, cc trm A, E nm ngoi vng logic do ch c th tip nhn c d liu dnh cho chng.
17
Vic thit lp vng logic khng kh nhng vic duy tr n theo trng thi thc t ca mng mi l kh. C th phi thc hin cc chc nng sau: a) B xung mt trm vo vng logic : cc trm nm ngoi vng logic cn c xem xt mt cch nh k nu c nhu cu truyn d liu th c b xung vo vng logic. b) Loi b mt vng khi vng logic : khi mt trm khng c nhu cu truyn d liu th cn loi b n ra khi vng logic ti u ho vic truyn d liu bng th bi c) Qun l li : mt s li c th xy ra nh trng hp a ch, hoc t vng logic. d) Khi ta vng logic : khi khi to mng hoc khi t vng logic cn phi khi to li vng logic.
18
3.3.3. Phng php Token Ring Phng php ny cng da trn nguyn tc dng th bi cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn. Nhng y th bi lu chuyn theo theo vng vt l ch khng theo vng logic nh di vi phng php token bus. Th bi l mt n v truyn d liu c bit trong c mt bit biu din trng thi ca th (bn hay ri). Mt trm mun truyn d liu phi ch cho ti khi nhn c th bi "ri". Khi trm s i bit trng thi thnh "bn" v truyn mt n v d liu i cng vi th bi i theo chiu ca vng. Lc ny khng cn th bi "ri " na do cc trm mun truyn d liu phi i. D liu ti trm ch c sao chp li, sau cng vi th bi tr v trm ngun. Trm ngun s xo b d liu i bit trng thi thnh "ri" v cho lu chuyn th trn vng cc trm khc c nhu cu truyn d liu c php truyn S quay tr li trm ngun ca d liu v th bi nhm to kh nng bo nhn t nhin: trm ch c th gi vo n v d liu (phn header) cc thng tin v kt qu tip nhn d liu ca mnh. Chng hn cc thng tin c th l: trm ch khng tn ti hoc khng hot ng, trm ch tn ti nhng d liu khng c sao chp, d liu c tip nhn, c li... Trong phng php ny cn gii quyt hai vn c th dn n ph v h thng l mt th bi v th bi "bn" lu chuyn khng dng trn vng .C nhiu phng php gii quyt cc vn trn, di y l mt phng php c khuyn ngh: i vi vn mt th bi c th quy nh trc mt trm iu khin ch ng. Trm ny s theo di, pht hin tnh trng mt th bi bng cch dng c
19
ch ngng thi gian (time - out) v phc hi bng cch pht i mt th bi "ri" mi. i vi vn th bi bn lu chuyn khng dng, trm iu khin s dng mt bit trn th bi nh du khi gp mt th bi "bn" i qua n. Nu n gp li th bi bn vi bit nh du c ngha l trm ngun khng nhn li c n v d liu ca mnh do th bi "bn" c quay vng mi. Lc trm iu khin s ch ng i bit trng thi "bn" thnh "ri" v cho th bi chuyn tip trn vng. Trong phng php ny cc trm cn li trn mng s ng vai tr b ng, chng theo di pht hin tnh trng s c trn trm ch ng v thay th trm ch ng nu cn. IV. Chun ho mng my tnh 4.1. Vn chun ho mng v cc t chc chun ho mng Khi thit k, cc nh thit k t do la chn kin trc mng cho ring mnh. T dn ti tnh trng khng tng thch gia cc mng my tnh vi nhau. Nhu cu trao i thng tin cng ln thc y vic xy dng khung chun v kin trc mng lm cn c cho cc nh thit k v ch to thit b mng. Chnh v l do , t chc tiu chun ho quc t ISO (Internatinal Organnization for Standarzation) xy dng m hnh tham chiu cho vic kt ni cc h thng m OSI (reference model for Open Systems Interconnection). M hnh ny l c s cho vic kt ni cc h thng m phc v cho cc ng dng phn tn. C hai loi chun cho mng l : - Cc chun chnh thc ( de jure ) do cc t chc chun quc gia v quc t ban hnh. - Cc chun tc tin ( de facto ) do cc hng sn xut, cc t chc ngi s dng xy dng v c dng rng ri trong thc t 4.2. M hnh tham chiu OSI 7 lp Khi thit k, cc nh thit k t do la chn kin trc mng cho ring mnh. T dn ti tnh trng khng tng thch gia cc mng my tnh vi nhau. Vn khng tng thch lm tr ngi cho s tng tc gia nhng ngi s dng mng khc nhau. Nhu cu trao i thng tin cng ln thc y vic xy dng khung chun v kin trc mng lm cn c cho cc nh thit k v ch to thit b mng . Chnh v l do , t chc tiu chun ho quc t ISO (Internatinal Organnization for Standarzation) xy dng m hnh tham chiu cho vic kt ni cc h thng m OSI (reference model for Open Systems Interconnection). M hnh ny l c s cho vic kt ni cc h thng m phc v cho cc ng dng phn tn. M hnh OSI c biu din theo hnh di y:
20
Lp ng dng (application) Lp th hin (presentation) Lp phin (session) Lp chuyn vn (transport) Lp mng (network) Lp lin kt d liu (data link) Lp vt l (physical link)
Hnh 1.7. M hnh OSI 7 lp
a) Lp vt l Lp ny bo m cc cng vic sau: - Lp, ct cuc ni. - Truyn tin dng bit qua knh vt l. - C th c nhiu knh. b) Lp lin kt d liu Lp ny m bo vic bin i cc tin dng bit nhn c t lp di (vt l) sang khung s liu, thng bo cho h pht, kt qu thu c sao cho cc thng tin truyn ln cho mc 3 khng c li. Cc thng tin truyn mc 1 c th lm hng cc thng tin khung s liu (frame error). Phn mm mc hai s thng bo cho mc mt truyn li cc thng tin b mt / li. ng b cc h c tc x l tnh khc nhau, mt trong nhng phng php hay s dng l dng b m trung gian lu gi s liu nhn c. ln ca b m ny ph thuc vo tng quan x l ca cc h thu v pht. Trong trng hp ng truyn song cng ton phn, lp datalink phi m bo vic qun l cc thng tin s liu v cc thng tin trng thi. c) Lp mng Nhim v ca lp mng l m bo chuyn chnh xc s liu gia cc thit b cui trong mng. lm c vic , phi c chin lc nh a ch thng nht trong ton mng. Mi thit b cui v thit b mng c mt a ch
21
mng xc nh. S liu cn trao i gia cc thit b cui c t chc thnh cc gi (packet) c di thay i v c gn y a ch ngun (source address) v a ch ch (destination address). Lp mng m bo vic tm ng ti u cho cc gi d liu bng cc giao thc chn ng da trn cc thit b chn ng (router). Ngoi ra, lp mng c chc nng iu khin lu lng s liu trong mng trnh xy ra tc ngn bng cch chn cc chin lc tm ng khc nhau quyt nh vic chuyn tip cc gi s liu. d) Lp chuyn vn Lp ny thc hin cc chc nng nhn thng tin t lp phin (session) chia thnh cc gi nh hn v truyn xung lp di, hoc nhn thng tin t lp di chuyn ln phc hi theo cch chia ca h pht (Fragmentation and Reassembly). Nhim v quan trng nht ca lp vn chuyn l m bo chuyn s liu chnh xc gia hai thc th thuc lp phin (end-to-end control). lm c vic , ngoi chc nng kim tra s tun t pht, thu, kim tra v pht hin, x l li.Lp vn chuyn cn c chc nng iu khin lu lng s liu ng b gia th thu v pht, trnh tc nghn s liu khi chuyn qua lp mng. Ngoi ra, nhiu thc th lp phin c th trao i s liu trn cng mt kt ni lp mng (multiplexing). e) Lp phin Lin kt gia hai thc th c nhu cu trao i s liu, v d ngi dng v mt my tnh xa, c gi l mt phin lm vic. Nhim v ca lp phin l qun l vic trao i s liu, v d: thit lp giao din gia ngi dng v my, xc nh thng s iu khin trao i s liu (tc truyn, s bit trong mt byte, c kim tra li parity hay khng, v.v.), xc nh loi giao thc m phng thit b cui (terminal emulation), v.v. Chc nng quan trng nht ca lp phin l m bo ng b s liu bng cch thc hin cc im kim tra. Ti cc im kim tra ny, ton b trng thi v s liu ca phin lm vic c lu tr trong b nh m. Khi c s c, c th khi to li phin lm vic t im kim tra cui cng (khng phi khi to li t u). f) Lp th hin Nhim v ca lp th hin l thch ng cc cu trc d liu khc nhau ca ngi dng vi cu trc d liu thng nht s dng trong mng. S liu ca ngi dng c th c nn v m ho lp th hin, trc khi chuyn xung lp phin. Ngoi ra, lp th hin cn cha cc th vin cc yu cu ca ngi dng, th vin tin ch, v d thay i dng th hin ca cc tp, nn tp... g) Lp ng dng Lp ng dng cung cp cc phng tin ngi s dng c th truy nhp c vo mi trng OSI, ng thi cung cp cc dch v thng tin phn
22
tn. Lp mng cho php ngi dng khai thc cc ti nguyn trong mng tng t nh ti nguyn ti ch. 4.3. Cc chun kt ni thng dng nht IEEE 802.X v ISO 8802.X Bn cnh vic chun ho cho mng ni chung dn n kt qu c bn nht l m hnh tham chiu OSI nh gii thiu. Vic chun ho mng cc b ni ring c thc hin t nhiu nm nay p ng s pht trin ca mng cc b. Cng nh i vi mng ni chung, c hai loi chun cho mng cc b, l : - Cc chun chnh thc ( de jure ) do cc t chc chun quc gia v quc t ban hnh. - Cc chun tc tin ( de facto ) do cc hng son xut, cc t chc ngi s dng xy dng v c dng rng ri trong thc t - Cc chun IEEE 802.x v ISO 8802.x IEEE l t chc i tin phong trong lnh vc chun ho mng cc b vi n IEEE 802 vi kt qu l mt lot cc chun thuc h IEEE 802.x ra i. Cui nhng nm 80, t chc ISO tip nhn h chun ny v ban hnh thnh chun quc t di m hiu tng ng l ISO 8802.x. IEEE 802.: l chun c t kin trc mng, kt ni gia cc mng v vic qun tr mng i vi mng cc b. IEEE 802.2: l chun c t tng dch v giao thc ca mng cc b. IEEE 802.3: l chun c t mt mng cc b da trn mng Ethernet ni ting ca Digital, Intel v Xerox hp tc xy dng t nm 1980. Tng vt l ca IEEE 802.3 c th dng cc phng n sau xy dng: - 10BASE5 : tc 10Mb/s, dng cp xon i khng bc kim UTP (Unshield Twisted Pair), vi phm vi tn hiu ln ti 500m, topo mng hnh sao. - 10BASE2 : tc 10Mb/s, dng cp ng trc thin-cable vi tr khng 50 Ohm, phm vi tn hiu 200m,topo mng dng bus. - 10BASE5 : tc 10Mb/s, dng cp ng trc thick-cable (ng knh 10mm) vi tr khng 50 Ohm, phm vi tn hiu 500m, topo mng dng bus. - 10BASE-F: dng cp quang, tc 10Mb/s phm vi cp 2000m. IEEE 802.4: l chun c t mng cc b vi topo mng dng bus dng th bi iu vic truy nhp ng truyn. IEEE 802.5: l chun c t mng cc b vi topo mng dng vng (ring) dng th bi iu vic truy nhp ng truyn.
23
IEEE 802.6: l chun c t mng tc cao kt ni vi nhiu mng cc b thuc cc khu vc khc nhau ca mt th (cn c gi l mng MAN Metropolitan Area Network) IEEE 802.9: l chun c t mng tch hp d liu v ting ni bao gm 1 knh d b 10 Mb/s cng vi 96 knh 64Kb/s. Chun ny c thit k cho mi trng c lng lu thng ln v cp bch. IEEE 802.10: l chun c t v an ton thng tin trong cc mng cc b c kh nng lin tc . IEEE 802.11: l chun c t mng cc b khng dy (Wireless LAN) hin ang c tip tc pht trin. IEEE 802.12: l chun c t mng cc b da trn cng ngh c xut bi AT&T, IBM v HP gi l 100 VG - AnyLAN. Mng ny c topo mng hnh sao v mt phng php truy nhp ng truyn c iu khin tranh chp. Khi c nhu cu truyn d liu, mt trm s gi yu cu n hub v trm ch c truyn d liu khi hub cho php. Chng 2. Cc thit b mng thng dng v cc chun kt ni vt l I. Cc thit b mng thng dng 1.1. Cc loi cp truyn 1.1.1. Cp i dy xon (Twisted pair cable) Cp i dy xon l cp gm hai dy ng xon trnh gy nhiu cho cc i dy khc, c th ko di ti vi km m khng cn khuych i. Gii tn trn cp dy xon t khong 3004000Hz, tc truyn t vi kbps n vi trm Mbps. Cp xon c hai loi: - Loi c bc kim loi tng cng chng nhiu gi l cap STP (Shield Twisted Pair). Loi ny trong v bc kim c th c nhiu i dy. V l thuyt th tc truyn c th t 500 Mb/s nhng thc t thp hn rt nhiu (ch t 155 Mbps vi cp di 100 m)
24
Lp cch in
Li Li kim loi V bo v
- Loi khng bc kim gi l UTP (UnShield Twisted Pair), cht lng km hn STP nhng rt r. Cap UTP c chia lm 5 hng tu theo tc truyn. Cp loi 3 dng cho in thoi. Cp loi 5 c th truyn vi tc 100Mb/s rt hay dng trong cc mng cc b v va r va tin s dng. Cp ny c 4 i dy xon nm trong cng mt v bc 1.1.2. Cp ng trc (Coaxial cable) bng tn c s
L cp m hai dy ca n c li lng nhau, li ngoi l li kim loi. , Kh nng chng nhiu rt tt nn c th s dng vi chiu di t vi trm met n vi km. C hai loi c dng nhiu l loi c tr khng 50 ohm v loi c tr khng 75 ohm Di thng ca cp ny cn ph thuc vo chiu di ca cp. Vi khong cch1 km c th t tc truyn t 1 2 Gbps. Cp ng trc bng tn c s thng dng cho cc mng cc b. C th ni cp bng cc u ni theo chun BNC c hnh ch T. VN ngi ta hay gi cp ny l cp gy do dch t tn trong ting Anh l Thin Ethernet.
Hnh 2.2 Cp ng trc
Mt loi cp khc c tn l Thick Ethernet m ta gi l cp bo. Loi ny thng c mu vng. Ngi ta khng ni cp bng cc u ni ch T nh cp gy m ni qua cc kp bm vo dy. C 2m5 li c nh du ni dy
25
(nu cn). T kp ngi ta gn cc tranceiver ri ni vo my tnh. (Xem hnh 2.3) 1.1.3. Cp ng trc bng rng (Broadband Coaxial Cable) y l loi cp theo tiu chun truyn hnh (thng dng trong truyn hnh cap) c gii thng t 4 300 Khz trn chiu di 100 km. Thut ng bng rng vn l thut ng ca ngnh truyn hnh cn trong ngnh truyn s liu iu ny ch c ngha l cp loi ny cho php truyn thng tin tung t (analog) m thi. Cc h thng da trn cp ng trc bng rng c th truyn song song nhiu knh. Vic khuych i tn hiu chng suy hao c th lm theo kiu khuych i tn hiu tng t (analog). truyn thng cho my tnh cn chuyn tn hiu s thnh tn hiu tng t.
1.1.4. Cp quang Dng truyn cc xung nh sng trong lng mt si thu tinh phn x ton phn. Mi trng cp quang rt l tng v - Xung nh sng c th i hng trm km m khng gim cung sng. - Gii thng rt cao v tn s nh sng dng i vi cp quang c khong 1014 1016 - An ton v b mt
26
- Khng b nhiu in t Ch c hai nhc im l kh ni dy v gi thnh cao. pht xung nh sng ngi ta dng cc n LED hoc cc diod laser. nhn ngi ta dng cc photo diode , chng s to ra xung in khi bt c xung nh sng
Cp quang cng c hai loi - Loi a mode (multi mode fiber): khi gc ti thnh dy dn ln n mt mc no th c hin tng phn x ton phn. Nhiu tia sng c th cng truyn min l gc ti ca chng ln. Cc cap a mode c ng knh khong 50 - Loi n mode (single mode fiber): khi ng knh dy dn bng bc sng th cp quang ging nh mt ng dn sng, khng c hin tng phn x nhng ch cho mt tia i. Loi ny c ng knh khon 8 v phi dng diode laser. Cp quang n mode c th cho php truyn xa ti hng trm km m khng cn phi khuych i. 1.2. Cc thit b ghp ni 1.2.1. Card giao tip mng (Network Interface Card vit tt l NIC) l mt card c cm trc tip vo my tnh. Trn c cc mch in gip cho vic tip nhn (receiver) hoc/v pht (transmitter) tn hiu ln mng. Ngi ta thng dng t tranceiver ch thit b (mch) c c hai chc nng thu v pht. Transceiver c nhiu loi v phi thch hp i vi c mi trng truyn v do c u ni. V d vi cp gy card mng cn c ng giao tip theo kiu BNC, vi cp UTP cn c u ni theo kiu gic in thoi RJ45, cp bo dng ng ni kiu AUI , vi cp quang phi c nhng transceiver cho php chuyn tn hiu in thnh cc xung nh sng v ngc li. d ghp ni, nhiu card c th c nhiu u ni v d BNC cho cp gy, RJ45 cho UTP hay AUI cho cp bo
27
Trong my tnh thng sn cc khe cm b sung cc thit b ngoi vi hay cm cc thit b ghp ni. 1.2.2. B chuyn tip (REPEATER ) Tn hiu truyn trn cc khong cch ln c th b suy gim. Nhim v ca cc repeater l hi phc tn hiu c th truyn tip cho cc trm khc. Mt s repeater n gin ch l khuych i tn hiu. Trong trng hp c tn hiu b mo cng s b khuych i. Mt s repeater c th chnh c tn hiu. 1.2.3. Cc b tp trung (Concentrator hay HUB) HUB l mt loi thit b c nhiu u cm cc u cp mng. HUB c th c nhiu loi cm khc nhau ph hp vi kiu gic mng RJ45, AUI hay BCN. Nh vy ngi ta s dng HUB ni dy theo kiu hnh sao. u im ca kiu ni ny l tng c lp ca cc my . Nu dy ni ti mt my no tip xc khng tt cng khng nh hng n my khc. c tnh ch yu ca HUB l h thng chuyn mch trung tm trong mng c kin trc hnh sao vi vic chuyn mch c thc hin theo hai cch: store-and-forward hoc on-the-fly. Tuy nhin h thng chuyn mch trung tm lm ny sinh vn khi li xy ra chnh trung tm, v vy hng pht trin trong sut nhiu nm qua l kh li lm tng tin cy ca HUB. C loi HUB th ng (passive HUB) l HUB ch m bo chc nng kt ni hon ton khng x l li tn hiu. Khi khng th dng HUB tng khong cch gia hai my trn mng. HUB ch ng (active HUB) l HUB c chc nng khuych i tn hiu chng suy hao. Vi HUB ny c th tng khong cch truyn gia cc my. HUB thng minh (intelligent HUB) l HUB ch ng nhng c kh nng to ra cc gi tin mang tin tc v hot ng ca mnh v gi ln mng ngi qun tr mng c th thc hin qun tr t ng 1.2.4. Switching Hub (hay cn gi tt l switch) L cc b chuyn mch thc s. Khc vi HUB thng thng, thay v chuyn mt tn hiu n t mt cng cho tt c cc cng, n ch chuyn tn hiu n cng c trm ch. Do vy Switch l mt thit b quan trng trong cc mng cc b ln dng phn on mng. Nh c switch m ng trn mng gim hn. Ngy nay switch l cc thit b mng quan trng cho php tu bin trn mng chng hn lp mng o. Switch thc cht l mt loi bridge, v tnh nng k thut, n l loi bridge c tr nh nht. Khc vi bridge l phi i n ht frame ri mi truyn, switch s ch cho n khi nhn c a ch ch ca frame gi ti v lp tc c truyn i ngay. iu ny c ngha l frame s c gi ti LAN cn gi trc khi n c switch nhn xong hon ton. 1.2.5. Modem
28
L tn vit tt t hai t iu ch (MOdulation) v gii iu ch (DEModulation) l thit b cho php iu ch bin i tn hiu s sang tn hiu tng t c th gi theo ng thoi v khi nhn tn hiu t ng thoi c th bin i ngc li thnh tn hiu s. Tuy nhin c th s dng n theo kiu kt ni t xa theo ng in thoi 1.2.6. Router Router l mt thit b khng phi ghp ni gia cc thit b trong mt mng cc b m dng ghp ni cc mng cc b vi nhau thnh mng rng. Router thc s l mt my tnh lm nhim v chn ng cho cc gi tin hng ra ngoi. Khc vi repeaters v bridges, router l thit b kt ni mng c lp phn cng, n c dng kt ni cc mng c cng chung giao thc. Chc nng c bn nht ca router l cung cp mt mi trng chuyn mch gi (packet switching) ng tin cy lu tr v truyn s liu. thc hin iu , n thit lp cc thng tin v cc ng truyn hin c trong mng, v khi cn n s cung cp hai hay nhiu ng truyn gia hai mng con bt k to ra kh nng mm do trong vic tm ng i hp l nht v mt phng din no . 1.3. Mt s kiu ni mng thng dng v cc chun 1.3.1.Cc thnh phn thng thng trn mt mng cc b gm c - Cc my ch cung cp dch v (server) - Cc my trm cho ngi lm vic (workstation) - ng truyn (cp ni) - Card giao tip gia my tnh v ng truyn (network interface card) - Cc thit b ni (connection device)
29
Hai yu t c quan tm hng u khi kt ni mng cc b l tc trong mng v bn knh mng. Tn cc kiu mng dng theo giao thc CSMA/CD cng th hin iu ny. Sau y l mt s kiu kt ni vi tc 10 Mb/s kh thng dng trong thi gian qua v mt s thng s k thut: Chun Kiu Kiu cp Tc di cp ti a S cc thc th truyn thng 1.3.2. Kiu 10BASE5: L chun CSMA/CD c tc 10Mb v bn knh 500 m. Kiu ny dng cp ng trc loi thick ethernet (cp ng trc bo) vi tranceiver. C th kt ni vo mng khong 100 my 500 m/segment 100 host /segment 10BASE5 Cp ng trc IEEE 802.3 10BASE2 Cp ng trc 10 Mb/s 185 m/segment 30 host / segment 100 m k t HUB S cng ca HUB 10BASE-T Cp UTP
30
Tranceiver:Thit b ni gia card mng v ng truyn, ng vai tr l b thu-pht
c im ca chun 10BASE 5 Tc ti a 10 Mbps Chiu di ti a ca on cp ca mt 500 m phn on (segment) S trm ti a trn mi on Khong cch gia cc trm 100 >=2,5 m (bi s ca 2,5 m (gim thiu hin tng giao thoa do sng ng trn cc on ?))
Khong cch ti a gia my trm v 50 m ng trc chung S on kt ni ti a 2 (=>ti a c 3 phn on)
31
Tng chiu di ti a on kt ni (c 1000 m th l mt on kt ni khi c hai phn on, hoc hai on kt ni khi c ba phn on) Tng s trm + cc b lp Repeater Chiu di ti a 1.3.3. Kiu 10BASE2: L chun CSMA/CD c tc 10Mb v bn knh 200 m. Kiu ny dng cp ng trc loi thin ethernet vi u ni BNC. C th kt ni vo mng khong 30 my Khng qu 1024 3*500+1000=2500 m
c im ca chun 10BASE 2 Tc ti a Chiu di ti a ca on cp ca mt phn on (segment) S trm ti a trn mi on Khong cch gia cc trm 10 Mbps 185 m 30 >=0,5 m
32
Khong cch ti a gia my trm v ng trc chung S on kt ni ti a Tng chiu di ti a on kt ni (c th l mt on kt ni khi c hai phn on, hoc hai on kt ni khi c ba phn on) Tng s trm + cc b lp Repeater
0m 2 (=>ti a c 3 phn on) 1000 m
Khng qu 1024
1.3.4. Kiu 10BASE-T L kiu ni dng HUB c cc ni kiu RJ45 cho cc cp UTP. Ta c th m rng mng bng cch tng s HUB, nhng cng khng c tng qu nhiu tng v hot ng ca mng s km hiu qu nu tr qu ln . Tc ti a 10 Mbps Chiu di ti a ca on cp ni gia my tnh v b tp trung 100 m HUB Hin nay m hnh phin bn 100BASE-T bt u c s dng nhiu, tc t ti 100 Mbps, vi card mng, cab mng, hub u phi tun theo chun 100BASE-T.
33
1.3.5. Kiu 10BASE-F Dng cab quang (Fiber cab), ch yu dng ni cc thit b xa nhau, to dng ng trc xng sng (backborn) ni cc mng LAN xa nhau (2-10 km) Chng 3. Gii thiu giao thc TCP/IP Chng ba cung cp cc kin thc lin quan n TCP/IP v a ch IP. Giao thc TCP/IP tr thnh giao thc mng ph bin nht nh s pht trin khng ngng ca mng Internet. Cc mng my tnh ca cc c quan, t chc, cng ty hu ht u s dng TCP/IP lm giao thc mng nh tnh d m rng v qui hoch ca n. ng thi, do s pht trin ca mng Internet nn nhu cu kt ni ra Internet v s dng TCP/IP tr nn thit yu cho mi i tng Chng ny i hi cc hc vin phi quen thuc vi cc kin thc c bn v h nh phn, cc khi nim bit, byte, chuyn i nh phn, thp phn. Cc cch biu din cu trc gi tin theo dng trng bit, byte cng yu cu hc vin phi c c hiu bit c s v k thut thng tin truyn thng.
34
I. Giao thc IP 1.1. H giao thc TCP/IP S ra i ca h giao thc TCP/IP gn lin vi s ra i ca Internet m tin thn l mng ARPAnet (Advanced Research Projects Agency) do B Quc phng M to ra. y l b giao thc c dng rng ri nht v tnh m ca n. iu c ngha l bt c my no dng b giao thc TCP/IP u c th ni c vo Internet. Hai giao thc c dng ch yu y l TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) v IP (Internet Protocol). Chng nhanh chng c n nhn v pht trin bi nhiu nh nghin cu v cc hng cng nghip my tnh vi mc ch xy dng v pht trin mt mng truyn thng m rng khp th gii m ngy nay chng ta gi l Internet. Phm vi phc v ca Internet khng cn dnh cho qun s nh ARPAnet na m n m rng lnh vc cho mi loi i tng s dng, trong t l quan trng nht vn thuc v gii nghin cu khoa hc v gio dc. Khi nim giao thc (protocol) l mt khi nim c bn ca mng thng tin my tnh. C th hiu mt cch khi qut rng chnh l tp hp tt c cc qui tc cn thit (cc th tc, cc khun dng d liu, cc c ch ph tr...) cho php cc thao tc trao i thng tin trn mng c thc hin mt cch chnh xc v an ton. C rt nhiu h giao thc ang c thc hin trn mng thng tin my tnh hin nay nh IEEE 802.X dng trong mng cc b, CCITT X25 dng cho mng din rng v c bit l h giao thc chun ca ISO (t chc tiu chun ha quc t) da trn m hnh tham chiu by tng cho vic ni kt cc h thng m. Gn y, do s xm nhp ca Internet vo Vit nam, chng ta c lm quen vi h giao thc mi l TCP/IP mc d chng xut hin t hn 20 nm trc y. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol) TCP/IP l mt h giao thc cng lm vic vi nhau cung cp phng tin truyn thng lin mng c hnh thnh t nhng nm 70. n nm 1981, TCP/IP phin bn 4 mi hon tt v c ph bin rng ri cho ton b nhng my tnh s dng h iu hnh UNIX. Sau ny Microsoft cng a TCP/IP tr thnh mt trong nhng giao thc cn bn ca h iu hnh Windows 9x m hin nay ang s dng. n nm 1994, mt bn tho ca phin bn IPv6 c hnh thnh vi s cng tc ca nhiu nh khoa hc thuc cc t chc Internet trn th gii ci tin nhng hn ch ca IPv4. Khc vi m hnh ISO/OSI tng lin mng s dng giao thc kt ni mng "khng lin kt" (connectionless) IP, to thnh ht nhn hot ng ca Internet. Cng vi cc thut ton nh tuyn RIP, OSPF, BGP, tng lin mng IP cho php kt ni mt cch mm do v linh hot cc loi mng "vt l" khc nhau nh: Ethernet, Token Ring , X.25...
35
Giao thc trao i d liu "c lin kt" (connection - oriented) TCP c s dng tng vn chuyn m bo tnh chnh xc v tin cy vic trao i d liu da trn kin trc kt ni "khng lin kt" tng lin mng IP. Cc giao thc h tr ng dng ph bin nh truy nhp t xa (telnet), chuyn tp (FTP), dch v World Wide Web (HTTP), th in t (SMTP), dch v tn min (DNS) ngy cng c ci t ph bin nh nhng b phn cu thnh ca cc h iu hnh thng dng nh UNIX (v cc h iu hnh chuyn dng cng h ca cc nh cung cp thit b tnh ton nh AIX ca IBM, SINIX ca Siemens, Digital UNIX ca DEC), Windows9x/NT, Novell Netware,... Nh vy, TCP tng ng vi lp 4 cng thm mt s chc nng ca lp 5 trong h giao thc chun ISO/OSI. Cn IP tng ng vi lp 3 ca m hnh OSI. Trong cu trc bn lp ca TCP/IP, khi d liu truyn t lp ng dng cho n lp vt l, mi lp u cng thm vo phn iu khin ca mnh m bo cho vic truyn d liu c chnh xc. Mi thng tin iu khin ny c gi l mt header v c t trc phn d liu c truyn. Mi lp xem tt c cc thng tin m n nhn c t lp trn l d liu, v t phn thng tin iu khin header ca n vo trc phn thng tin ny. Vic cng thm vo cc header mi lp trong qu trnh truyn tin c gi l encapsulation. Qu trnh nhn d liu din ra theo chiu ngc li: mi lp s tch ra phn header trc khi truyn d liu ln lp trn. Mi lp c mt cu trc d liu ring, c lp vi cu trc d liu c dng lp trn hay lp di ca n. Sau y l gii thch mt s khi nim thng gp.
36
Stream l dng s liu c truyn trn c s n v s liu l Byte. S liu c trao i gia cc ng dng dng TCP c gi l stream, trong khi dng UDP, chng c gi l message. Mi gi s liu TCP c gi l segment cn UDP nh ngha cu trc d liu ca n l packet. Lp Internet xem tt c cc d liu nh l cc khi v gi l datagram. B giao thc TCP/IP c th dng nhiu kiu khc nhau ca lp mng di cng, mi loi c th c mt thut ng khc nhau truyn d liu. Phn ln cc mng kt cu phn d liu truyn i di dng cc packets hay l cc frames.
37
Lp truy nhp mng Network Access Layer l lp thp nht trong cu trc phn bc ca TCP/IP. Nhng giao thc lp ny cung cp cho h thng phng thc truyn d liu trn cc tng vt l khc nhau ca mng. N nh ngha cch thc truyn cc khi d liu (datagram) IP. Cc giao thc lp ny phi bit chi tit cc phn cu trc vt l mng di n (bao gm cu trc gi s liu, cu trc a ch...) nh dng c chnh xc cc gi d liu s c truyn trong tng loi mng c th. So snh vi cu trc OSI/OSI, lp ny ca TCP/IP tng ng vi hai lp Datalink, v Physical. Chc nng nh dng d liu s c truyn lp ny bao gm vic nhng cc gi d liu IP vo cc frame s c truyn trn mng v vic nh x cc a ch IP vo a ch vt l c dng cho mng. Lp lin mng Internet Layer l lp ngay trn lp Network Access trong cu trc phn lp ca TCP/IP. Internet Protocol l giao thc trung tm ca TCP/IP v l phn quan trng nht ca lp Internet. IP cung cp cc gi lu chuyn c bn m thng qua cc mng dng TCP/IP c xy dng. 1.2. Chc nng chnh ca - Giao thc lin mng IP(v4) Trong phn ny trnh by v giao thc IPv4 ( cho thun tin ta vit IP c ngha l cp n IPv4). Mc ch chnh ca IP l cung cp kh nng kt ni cc mng con thnh lin mng truyn d liu. IP cung cp cc chc nng chnh sau: - nh ngha cu trc cc gi d liu l n v c s cho vic truyn d liu trn Internet.
38
- nh ngha phng thc nh a ch IP. - Truyn d liu gia tng vn chuyn v tng mng . - nh tuyn chuyn cc gi d liu trong mng. - Thc hin vic phn mnh v hp nht (fragmentation -reassembly) cc gi d liu v nhng / tch chng trong cc gi d liu tng lin kt. 1.2.1. a ch IP S a ch ho nh danh cc trm (host) trong lin mng c gi l a ch IP. Mi a ch IP c di 32 bits (i vi IP4) c tch thnh 4 vng (mi vng 1 byte), c th c biu th di dng thp phn, bt phn, thp lc phn hoc nh phn. Cch vit ph bin nht l dng k php thp phn c du chm tch gia cc vng. Mc ch ca a ch IP l nh danh duy nht cho mt host bt k trn lin mng. V d: 11000001 10100000 00000001 00000101 = 193.160.1.5
Hnh 3.3. V d a ch IP
C hai cch cp pht a ch IP, n ph thuc vo cch ta kt ni mng. Nu mng ca ta kt ni vo mng Internet, a mng ch c xc nhn bi NIC (Network Information Center). Nu mng ca ta khng kt ni Internet, ngi qun tr mng s cp pht a ch IP cho mng ny. Cn cc host ID c cp pht bi ngi qun tr mng. Khun dng a ch IP: mi host trn mng TCP/IP c nh danh duy nht bi mt a ch c khun dng <Network Number, Host number>
39
- Phn nh danh a ch mng Network Number - Phn nh danh a ch cc trm lm vic trn mng Host Number V d 128.4.70.9 l mt a ch IP Do t chc v ln ca cc mng con ca lin mng c th khc nhau, ngi ta chia cc a ch IP thnh 5 lp k hiu A,B,C, D, E vi cu trc c xc nh trn hnh 3.4.
Hnh 3.4. Cu trc a ch IP
40
Cc bit u tin ca byte u tin c dng nh danh lp a ch (0lp A; 10 lp B; 110 lp C; 1110 lp D; 11110 lp E). - Lp A cho php nh danh ti 126 mng (s dng byte u tin), vi ti a 16 triu host (3 byte cn li, 24 bits) cho mi mng. Lp ny c dng cho cc mng c s trm cc ln. Ti sao li c 126 mng trong khi dng 8 bits? L do u tin, 127.x (01111111) dng cho a ch loopback, th 2 l bit u tin ca byte u tin bao gi cng l 0, 1111111(127). Dng a ch lp A (network number. host.host.host). Nu dng k php thp phn cho php 1 n 126 cho vng u, 1 n 255 cho cc vng cn li. Lp B cho php nh danh ti 16384 mng (10111111.11111111.host.host), vi ti a 65535 host trn mi mng. Dng ca lp B (network number. Network number.host.host). Nu dng k php thp phn cho php 128 n 191 cho vng u, 1 n 255 cho cc vng cn li - Lp C cho php nh danh ti 2.097.150 mng v ti a 254 host cho mi mng. Lp ny c dng cho cc mng c t trm. Lp C s dng 3 bytes u nh danh a ch mng (110xxxxx). Dng ca lp C (network number. Network number.Network number.host). Nu dng dng k php thp phn cho php 129 n 233 cho vng u v t 1 n 255 cho cc vng cn li. - Lp D dng gi IP datagram ti mt nhm cc host trn mt mng. Tt c cc s ln hn 233 trong trng u l thuc lp D - Lp E d phng dng trong tng lai Nh vy a ch mng cho lp: A: t 1 n 126 cho vng u tin, 127 dng cho a ch loopback, B t 128.1.0.0 n 191.255.0.0, C t 192.1.0.0 n 233.255.255.0 V d: 192.1.1.1 a ch lp C c a ch mng 192.1.1.0, a ch host l 1 200.6.5.4 a ch lp C c a ch mng 200.6.5, a ch mng l 4 150.150.5.6 a ch lp B c a ch mng 150.150.0.0, a ch host l 5.6 9.6.7.8 a ch lp A c a ch mng 9.0.0.0, a ch host l 6.7.8 128.1.0.1 a ch lp B c a ch mng 128.1.0.0, a ch host l 0.1 Network ID khng th l 127 - dnh cho chc nng loop-back l kim tra vng lp ti thit b, khng thc hin chuyn d liu. Network ID v host ID khng th l 255 (cc bit t l 1) - 255 l a ch qung b Network ID v host ID khng th l 0 (cc bit t l 0) - 0 c ngha l chnh mng .
41
Hnh 3.5. a ch IP c bit
Cc a ch IP dng ring RFC 1918 quy nh cc vng a ch sau l dnh cho cc mng IP dng ring (private), khng gn vi mng Internet: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 - 1 lp A 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 - 16 lp B 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 - 256 lp C Cc mng dng ring ny nu mun ni vi Internet phi dng mt giao thc l NAT (Network Address Translator) Subnet Mask Subnet Mask l dy 32 bit dng : - Kha li mt phn a ch IP phn bit NetworkID v HostID. - Xc nh l mt a ch IP ch c thuc mng ni b hay mng khc. V d: a ch mng 160.30.20 a ch host 10 -> 160.30.20.10, subnet mask = 255.255.255.0 Dng php networkID. AND: 160.30.20.10 AND 255.255.255.0 -> 160.30.20.0 l
Tnh kt qu php AND gia a ch IP ch v mask ca mng; Tnh kt qu php AND gia a ch IP ngun v mask ca mng; Nu hai kt qu trng nhau th hai a ch cng mt mng -> khng phi routing. V d: So snh hai a ch IP 160.30.20.10 v 160.30.20.100 c cng trn mt mng hay khng vi mask l 255.255.255.0
42
Cch vit mask theo di tip u ng (prefix length). ngn gn c th vit mask theo s bit 1 lin tip tnh t u. V d 255.255.255.0 c 24 bit 1 do vit a ch 160.30.20.10/24. Theo quy tc : lp A c mask l 255.0.0.0 (/8), lp B - 255.255.0.0 (/16), lp C - 255.255.255.0 (/24). Subneting Trong nhiu trng hp, mt mng c th c chia thnh nhiu mng con (subnet), lc c th a thm cc vng subnetid nh danh cc mng con. Vng subnetid c ly t vng hostid, c th i vi 3 lp A, B, C nh sau: V d: 17.1.1.1 a ch lp A c a ch mng 17, a ch subnet 1, a ch host 1.1 129.1.1.1 a ch lp B c a ch mng 129.1, a ch subnet 1, a ch host 1.
43
Hnh 3.7. V d SubNet
Subnet Mask l 255.255.255.192 hay l /26 04 mng nh hn vi a ch mng l Mng 1: 200.200.200.0/26 -> t 200.200.200.1 n 200.200.200.62 Mng 2: 200.200.200.64/26 -> t 200.200.200.65 n 200.200.200.126 Mng 3: 200.200.200.0/128 -> t 200.200.200.129 n 200.200.200.190 Mng 4: 200.200.200.0/192 -> t 200.200.200.193 n 200.200.200.254. Xc nh tn my tnh Mi my tnh c gn mt a ch IP. d nh th gn thm mt tn dng bng ch ci, gi l domain name, v d dhsp.edu.vn. xc nh tn ca mt my tnh, cn mt phng php nh x gia a ch s v tn gi. H thng xc nh tn t IP l CSDL DNS (Domain Name System). DNS c t chc theo cu trc phn h, phn gn gc hn l tn pha bn phi, cc h thng ln chia ra cc h thng nh, v li c chia tip theo. Cc DNS c cc loi chnh nh sau: loi top-level - bc cao; loi thng thng; loi theo quc gia. Cc loi thng thng:
44
com (Commercial organisation) edu (Educational institution) gov (Government organisation) mil (Military group) net (Major network support centre) org (Organisation other than those above) int (International organisation) Loi tn nc: hai ch ci vit tt (ISO 3166 quy nh): vd Vit nam l vn; Anh - uk; c - au, vv.
Cch thc xc nh tn v IP t tn: 1. Client gi yu cu xc nh IP cho tn mr-a.khoacntt.dhsphn.edu.vn ti Local Name Server. 2. LNS khng c quyn i vi tn ny nn yu cu Root name server. 3. RNS gi li LNS a ch IP ca vn name server. 4. LNS yu cu ti vn server 5. vn server tr li a ch IP ca DNS qun l tn min edu.vn. 6. LNS yu cu ti server trn v nhn tr li cho server name tip theo,... Qu trnh tip din ti khi t c name server qun l chnh xc tn nh trn.
45
Cc Name Server gi cc thng tin v x l tn min trong b m, khi c thng tin s gi mt thng bo gm tn min v a ch IP ti Client v cch lin lc vi name server . Do vic x l tn s nhanh hn. Cc b m c c ch t thi gian sng (Time-To-Live) cho cc thng tin lu tr. 1.2.2. Cu trc gi d liu IP IP l giao thc cung cp dch v truyn thng theo kiu khng lin kt (connectionless). Phng thc khng lin kt cho php cp trm truyn nhn khng cn phi thit lp lin kt trc khi truyn d liu v do khng cn phi gii phng lin kt khi khng cn nhu cu truyn d liu na. Phng thc kt ni "khng lin kt" cho php thit k v thc hin giao thc trao i d liu n gin (khng c c ch pht hin v khc phc li truyn). Cng chnh v vy tin cy trao i d liu ca loi giao thc ny khng cao. Cc gi d liu IP c nh ngha l cc datagram. Mi datagram c phn tiu (header) cha cc thng tin cn thit chuyn d liu (v d a ch IP ca trm ch). Nu a ch IP ch l a ch ca mt trm nm trn cng mt mng IP vi trm ngun th cc gi d liu s c chuyn thng ti ch; nu a ch IP ch khng nm trn cng mt mng IP vi my ngun th cc gi d liu s c gi n mt my trung chuyn, IP gateway chuyn tip. IP gateway l mt thit b mng IP m nhn vic lu chuyn cc gi d liu IP gia hai mng IP khc nhau. Hnh 3.11 m t cu trc gi s liu IP.
46
- VER (4 bits) : ch Version hin hnh ca IP c ci t. - IHL (4 bits) : ch di phn tiu (Internet Header Length) ca datagram, tnh theo n v word (32 bits). Nu khng c trng ny th di mc nh ca phn tiu l 5 t. - Type of service (8 bits): cho bit cc thng tin v loi dch v v mc u tin ca gi IP, c dng c th nh sau: Precedence Trong : Precedence (3 bits): ch th v quyn u tin gi datagram, c th l: 111 110 101 100 Network Control (cao nht) Internetwork Control CRITIC/ECP Flas Override D=0 tr bnh thng, D=1 tr thp T (Throughput) (1 bit) : ch s thng lng yu cu T=1 thng lng bnh thng
47
Unused
011- flash 010 Immediate 001 Priority 000 Routine (thp nht)
D (delay) (1 bit) : ch tr yu cu
T=1 thng lng cao R (Reliability) (1 bit): ch tin cy yu cu R=0 tin cy bnh thng R=1 tin cy cao - Total Length (16 bits): ch di ton b datagram, k c phn header (tnh theo n v bytes), vng d liu ca datagram c th di ti 65535 bytes. - Identification (16 bits) : cng vi cc tham s khc nh (Source Address v Destination Address) tham s ny dng nh danh duy nht cho mt datagram trong khong thi gian n vn cn trn lin mng - Flags (3 bits) : lin quan n s phn on (fragment) cc datagram. C th O DF MF Bit 0 : reserved cha s dng lun ly gi tr 0 Bit 1 : (DF)= 0 (may fragment) 1 (Dont Fragment) Bit 2 : (MF)= 0 (Last Fragment) 1 (More Fragment) - Fragment Offset (13 bits) : ch v tr ca on (fragment) trong datagram, tnh theo n v 64 bits, c ngha l mi on (tr on cui cng) phi cha mt vng d liu c di l bi ca 64 bits. - Time To Live (TTL-8 bits) : quy nh thi gian tn ti ca mt gi d liu trn lin mng trnh tnh trng mt datagram b qun trn mng. Gi tr ny c t lc bt u gi i v s gim dn mi khi gi d liu c x l ti nhng im trn ng i ca gi d liu (thc cht l ti cc router). Nu gi tr ny bng 0 trc khi n c ch, gi d liu s b hu b. - Protocol (8 bits): ch giao thc tng k tip s nhn vng d liu trm ch (hin ti thng l TCP hoc UDP c ci t trn IP). - Header checksum (16 bits): m kim sot li s dng phng php CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) dng m bo thng tin v gi d liu c truyn i mt cch chnh xc (mc d d liu c th b li). Nu nh vic kim tra ny tht bi, gi d liu s b hu b ti ni xc nh c li. Cn ch l IP khng cung cp mt phng tin truyn tin cy bi n khng cung cp cho ta mt c ch xc nhn d liu truyn ti im nhn hoc ti nhng im trung gian. Giao thc IP khng c c ch Error Control cho d liu truyn i, khng c c ch kim sot lung d liu (flow control). - Source Address (32 bits): a ch ca trm ngun.
48
- Destination Address (32 bits): a ch ca trm ch. - Option (c di thay i) s dng trong mt s trng hp, nhng thc t chng rt t dng. Option bao gm bo mt, chc nng nh tuyn c bit - Padding ( di thay i): vng m, c dng m bo cho phn header lun kt thc mt mc 32 bits - Data ( di thay i): vng d liu c di l bi ca 8 bits, ti a l 65535 bytes. 1.2.3. Phn mnh v hp nht cc gi IP Cc gi d liu IP phi c nhng trong khung d liu tng lin kt d liu tng ng, trc khi chuyn tip trong mng. Qu trnh nhn mt gi d liu IP din ra ngc li. V d, vi mng Ethernet tng lin kt d liu qu trnh chuyn mt gi d liu din ra nh sau. Khi gi mt gi d liu IP cho mc Ethernet, IP chuyn cho mc lin kt d liu cc thng s a ch Ethernet ch, kiu khung Ethernet (ch d liu m Ethernet ang mang l ca IP) v cui cng l gi IP. Tng lin kt s liu t a ch Ethernet ngun l a ch kt ni mng ca mnh v tnh ton gi tr checksum. Trng type ch ra kiu khung l 0x0800 i vi d liu IP. Mc lin kt d liu s chuyn khung d liu theo thut ton truy nhp Ethernet. Mt gi d liu IP c di ti a 65536 byte, trong khi hu ht cc tng lin kt d liu ch h tr cc khung d liu nh hn ln ti a ca gi d liu IP nhiu ln (v d di ln nht ca mt khung d liu Ethernet l 1500 byte). V vy cn thit phi c c ch phn mnh khi pht v hp nht khi thu i vi cc gi d liu IP. di ti a ca mt gi d liu lin kt l MTU (Maximum Transmit Unit). Khi cn chuyn mt gi d liu IP c di ln hn MTU ca mt mng c th, cn phi chia gi s liu IP thnh nhng gi IP nh hn di ca n nh hn hoc bng MTU gi chung l mnh (fragment). Trong phn tiu ca gi d liu IP c thng tin v phn mnh v xc nh cc mnh c quan h ph thuc hp thnh sau ny. V d Ethernet ch h tr cc khung c di ti a l 1500 byte. Nu mun gi mt gi d liu IP gm 2000 byte qua Ethernet, phi chia thnh hai gi nh hn, mi gi khng qu gii hn MTU ca Ethernet. P dng c MF (3 bit thp ca trng Flags trong phn u ca gi IP) v trng Flagment offset ca gi IP ( b phn on) nh danh gi IP l mt phn on v v tr ca phn on ny trong gi IP gc. Cc gi cng trong chui phn mnh u c trng ny ging nhau. C MF bng 1 nu l gi u ca chui phn mnh v 0 nu l gi cui ca gi c phn mnh.
49
Qu trnh hp nht din ra ngc li vi qu trnh phn mnh. Khi IP nhn c mt gi phn mnh, n gi phn mnh trong vng m, cho n khi nhn c ht cc gi IP trong chui phn mnh c cng trng nh danh. Khi phn mnh u tin c nhn, IP khi ng mt b m thi gian (gi tr ngm nh l 15s). IP phi nhn ht cc phn mnh k tip trc khi ng h tt. Nu khng IP phi hu tt c cc phn mnh trong hng i hin thi c cng trng nh danh. Khi IP nhn c ht cc phn mnh, n thc hin hp nht cc gi phn mnh thnh cc gi IP gc v sau x l n nh mt gi IP bnh thng. IP thng ch thc hin hp nht cc gi ti h thng ch ca gi.
1.2.4. nh tuyn IP C hai loi nh tuyn: - nh tuyn trc tip: nh tuyn trc tip l vic xc nh ng ni gia hai trm lm vic trong cng mt mng vt l. - nh tuyn khng trc tip. nh tuyn khng trc tip l vic xc nh ng ni gia hai trm lm vic khng nm trong cng mt mng vt l v v vy, vic truyn tin gia chng phi c thc hin thng qua cc trm trung gian l cc gateway. kim tra xem trm ch c nm trn cng mng vt l vi trm ngun hay khng, ngi gi phi tch ly phn a ch mng trong phn a ch IP. Nu hai a ch ny c a ch mng ging nhau th datagram s c truyn i trc tip; ngc li phi xc nh mt gateway, thng qua gateway ny chuyn tip cc datagram.
50
Khi mt trm mun gi cc gi d liu n mt trm khc th n phi ng gi datagram vo mt khung (frame) v gi cc frame ny n gateway gn nht. Khi mt frame n mt gateway, phn datagram c ng gi s c tch ra v IP routing s chn gateway tip dc theo ng dn n ch. Datagram sau li c ng gi vo mt frame khc v gi n mng vt l gi n gateway tip theo trn ng truyn v tip tc nh th cho n khi datagram c truyn n trm ch. Chin lc nh tuyn: Trong thut ng truyn thng ca TCP/IP ch c hai kiu thit b, l cc cng truyn (gateway) v cc trm (host). Cc cng truyn c vai tr gi cc gi d liu, cn cc trm th khng. Tuy nhin khi mt trm c ni vi nhiu mng th n cng c th nh hng cho vic lu chuyn cc gi d liu gia cc mng v lc ny n ng vai tr hon ton nh mt gateway. Cc trm lm vic lu chuyn cc gi d liu xuyn sut qua c bn lp, trong khi cc cng truyn ch chuyn cc gi n lp Internet l ni quyt nh tuyn ng tip theo chuyn tip cc gi d liu. Cc my ch c th truyn d liu n cc my khc nm trn cng mt mng vt l. Cc gi t A1 cn chuyn cho C1 s c hng n gateway G1 v G2. Trm A1 u tin s truyn cc gi n gateway G1 thng qua mng A. Sau G1 truyn tip n G2 thng qua mng B v cui cng G2 s truyn cc gi trc tip n trm C1, bi v chng c ni trc tip vi nhau thng qua mng C. Trm A1 khng h bit n cc gateway nm sau G1. A1 gi cc gi s liu cho cc mng B v C n gateway cc b G1 v da vo gateway ny nh hng tip cho cc gi d liu i n ch. Theo cch ny th trm C1 trc tin s gi cc gi ca mnh n cho G2 v G2 s gi i tip cho cc trm trn mng A cng nh trn mng B. Hnh v sau m t vic dng cc gateway gi cc gi d liu:
51
Vic phn mnh cc gi d liu: Trong qu trnh truyn d liu, mt gi d liu (datagram) c th c truyn i thng qua nhiu mng khc nhau. Mt gi d liu (datagram) nhn c t mt mng no c th qu ln truyn i trong gi n trn mt mng khc, bi mi loi cu trc mng cho php mt n v truyn cc i (Maximum Transmit Unit - MTU), khc nhau. y chnh l kch thc ln nht ca mt gi m chng c th truyn. Nu nh mt gi d liu nhn c t mt mng no m ln hn MTU ca mt mng khc th n cn c phn mnh ra thnh cc gi nh hn, gi l fragment. Qu trnh ny gi l qu trnh phn mnh. Dng ca mt fragment cng ging nh dng ca mt gi d liu thng thng. T th hai trong phn header cha cc thng tin xc nh mi fragment v cung cp cc thng tin hp nht cc fragment ny li thnh cc gi nh ban u. Trng identification dng xc nh fragment ny l thuc v gi d liu no. I.6. Mt s giao thc iu khin I.6.1. Giao thc ICMP
ICMP ((Internet Control Message Protocol) l mt giao thc iu khin ca mc IP, c dng trao i cc thng tin iu khin dng s liu, thng bo li v cc thng tin trng thi khc ca b giao thc TCP/IP. V d: - iu khin lu lng d liu (Flow control): khi cc gi d liu n qu nhanh, thit b ch hoc thit b nh tuyn gia s gi mt thng ip ICMP tr li thit b gi, yu cu thit b gi tm thi ngng vic gi d liu. - Thng bo li: trong trng hp a ch ch khng ti c th h thng s gi mt thng bo li "Destination Unreachable". 52
- nh hng li cc tuyn ng: mt thit b nh tuyn s gi mt thng ip ICMP "nh tuyn li" (Redirect Router) thng bo vi mt trm l nn dng thit b nh tuyn khc ti thit b ch. Thng ip ny c th ch c dng khi trm ngun trn cng mt mng vi c hai thit b nh tuyn. - Kim tra cc trm xa: mt trm c th gi mt thng ip ICMP "Echo" kim tra xem mt trm c hot ng hay khng. Sau y l m t mt ng dng ca giao thc ICMP thc hin vic nh tuyn li (Redirect): V d: gi s host gi mt gi d liu IP ti Router R1. Router R1 thc hin vic quyt nh tuyn v R1 l router mc nh ca host . R1 nhn gi d liu v tm trong bng nh tuyn v n tm thy mt tuyn ti R2. Khi R1 gi gi d liu ti R2 th R1 pht hin ra rng n ang gi gi d liu ra ngoi trn cng mt giao din m gi d liu n (l giao din mng LAN m c host v hai Router ni n). Lc ny R1 s gi mt thng bo ICMP Redirect Error ti host, thng bo cho host nn gi cc gi d liu tip theo n R2 th tt hn. Tc dng ca ICMP Redirect l cho mt host vi nhn bit ti thiu v nh tuyn xy dng ln mt bng nh tuyn tt hn theo thi gian. Host c th bt u vi mt tuyn mc nh (c th R1 hoc R2 nh v d trn) v bt k ln no tuyn mc nh ny c dng vi host n R2 th n s c Router mc nh gi thng bo Redirect cho php host cp nht bng nh tuyn ca n mt cch ph hp hn. Khun dng ca thng ip ICMP redirect nh sau:
53
C bn loi thng bo ICMP redirect khc nhau vi cc gi tr m (code) nh bng sau:
Code 0 1 2 3
Description Redirect cho mng Redirect cho host Redirect cho loi dch v (TOS) v mng Redirect cho loi dch v v host
Cc loi nh hng li ca gi d liu ICMP
Redirect ch xy ra khi c hai Router R1 v R2 cng nm trn mt mng vi host nhn direct .
I.6.2. Giao thc ARP v giao thc RARP

a ch IP c dng nh danh cc host v mng tng mng ca m hnh OSI, chng khng phi l cc a ch vt l (hay a ch MAC) ca cc trm trn mt mng cc b (Ethernet, Token Ring,...). Trn mt mng cc b hai trm ch c th lin lc vi nhau nu chng bit a ch vt l ca nhau. Nh vy vn t ra l phi thc hin nh x gia a ch IP (32 bits) v a ch vt l (48 bits) ca mt trm. Giao thc ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) c xy dng chuyn i t a ch IP sang a ch vt l khi cn thit. Ngc li, giao thc RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) c dng chuyn i a ch vt l sang a ch IP. Cc giao thc ARP v RARP khng phi l b phn ca IP m IP s dng n chng khi cn. Giao thc ARP 54
Giao thc TCP/IP s dng ARP tm a ch vt l ca trm ch. V d khi cn gi mt gi d liu IP cho mt h thng khc trn cng mt mng vt l Ethernet, h thng gi cn bit a ch Ethernet ca h thng ch tng lin kt d liu xy dng khung gi d liu. Thng thng, mi h thng lu gi v cp nht bng thch ng a ch IPMAC ti ch (cn c gi l bng ARP cache). Bng thch ng a ch c cp nht bi ngi qun tr h thng hoc t ng bi giao thc ARP sau mi ln nh x c mt a ch thch ng mi. Khun dng ca gi d liu ARP c m t trong hnh - Data link type: cho bit loi cng ngh mng mc lin kt (v d i vi mng Ethernet trng ny c gi tr 01). - Network type: cho bit loi mng (v d i vi mng IPv4, trng ny c gi
tr 0800 ).
16
- Hlen (hardware length): di a ch mc lin kt (6 byte). - Plen (Protocol length): cho bit di a ch mng (4 byte) - Opcode (operation code): m lnh yu cu: ; m lnh tr li . - Sender data link: a ch mc lin kt ca thit b pht gi d liu ny. - Sender network : a ch IP ca thit b pht.
55
- Tagret data link: trong yu cu y l a ch mc lin kt cn tm (thng thng c in 0 bi thit b gi yu cu); trong tr li y l a ch mc lin kt ca thit b gi yu cu. - Tagret network : trong yu cu y l a ch IP m a ch mc lin kt tng ng cn tm; trong tr li y l a ch IP ca thit b gi yu cu. Mi khi cn tm thch ng a ch IP - MAC, c th tm a ch MAC tng ng vi a IP trc tin trong bng a ch IP - MAC mi h thng. Nu khng tm thy, c th s dng giao thc ARP lm vic ny. Trm lm vic gi yu cu ARP (ARP_Request) tm thch ng a ch IP -MAC n my phc v ARP - server. My phc v ARP tm trong bng thch ng a ch IP - MAC ca mnh v tr li bng ARP_Response cho trm lm vic. Nu khng, my phc v chuyn tip yu cu nhn c di dng qung b cho tt c cc trm lm vic trong mng. Trm no c trng a ch IP c yu cu s tr li vi a ch MAC ca mnh. Tm li tin trnh ca ARP c m t nh sau 1. IP yu cu a ch MAC.
2. Tm kim trong bng ARP. 3. Nu tm thy s tr li a ch MAC. 4. Nu khng tm thy, to gi ARP yu cu v gi ti tt c cc trm. 5. Tu theo gi d liu tr li, ARP cp nht vo bng ARP v gi a ch MAC cho IP. Giao thc RARP 56
Reverse ARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) l giao thc gii thch ng a ch AMC - IP. Qu trnh ny ngc li vi qu trnh gii thch ng a ch IP MAC m t trn, ngha l cho trc a ch mc lin kt, tm a ch IP tng ng.
II. Giao thc lp chuyn ti (Transport Layer) 2.1. Giao thc TCP TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) l mt giao thc c lin kt (connection - oriented), ngha l cn thit lp lin kt (logic), gia mt cp thc th TCP trc khi chng trao i d liu vi nhau. TCP cung cp kh nng truyn d liu mt cch an ton gia cc my trm trong h thng cc mng. N cung cp thm cc chc nng nhm kim tra tnh chnh xc ca d liu khi n v bao gm c vic gi li d liu khi c li xy ra. TCP cung cp cc chc nng chnh sau: 1. Thit lp, duy tr, kt thc lin kt gia hai qu trnh. 2. Phn pht gi tin mt cch tin cy. 3. nh s th t (sequencing) cc gi d liu nhm truyn d liu mt cch tin cy. 4. Cho php iu khin li. 5. Cung cp kh nng a kt ni vi cc qu trnh khc nhau gia trm ngun v trm ch nht nh thng qua vic s dng cc cng. 6. Truyn d liu s dng c ch song cng (full-duplex).
2.2 Cu trc gi d liu TCP
57
- Source port (16 bits) : s hiu cng ca trm ngun - Destination port (16 bits) : s hiu cng ca trm ch - Sequence Number (32 bits): s hiu ca byte u tin ca segment tr khi bit SYN c thit lp. Nu bit SYN c thit lp th Sequence Number l s hiu tun t khi u (ISN) v byte d liu u tin l ISN +1. - Acknowlegment: v tr tng i ca byte cui cng nhn ng bi thc th gi gi ACK cng thm 1. Gi tr ca trng ny cn c gi l s tun t thu. Trng ny c kim tra ch khi bit ACK=1. - Data offset (4 bits) : s tng t 32 bit trong TCP header. Tham s ny ch ra v tr bt u ca vng d liu - Reserved (6 bits) : dnh dng trong tng lai. Phi c thit lp l 0. - Control bits : cc bit iu khin - URG : vng con tr khn (Urgent Pointer) c hiu lc. - ACK : vng bo nhn (ACK number) c hiu lc. - PSH : chc nng Push. PSH=1 thc th nhn phi chuyn d liu ny cho ng dng tc thi. - RST : thit lp li (reset) kt ni. - SYN : ng b ho cc s hiu tun t, dng thit lp kt ni TCP. - FIN : thng bo thc th gi kt thc gi d liu. - Window (16 bits): cp pht credit kim sot lung d liu (c ch ca s). y chnh l s lng cc byte d liu, bt u t byte c ch ra trong vng ACK number, m trm ngun sn sng nhn
58
- Checksum (16 bits) : m kim sot li (theo phng php CRC) cho ton b segment (header + data) - Urgent pointer (16 bits) : con tr ny tr ti s hiu tun t ca byte i theo sau d liu khn, cho php bn nhn bit c di ca d liu khn. Vng ny ch c hiu lc khi bit URG c thit lp - Options ( di thay i): khai bo cc option ca TCP, trong c di ti a ca vng TCP data trong mt segment - Padding ( di thay i) : phn chn thm vo header bo m phn header lun kt thc mt mc 32 bits. Phn thm ny gm ton s 0. - TCP data ( di thay i) : cha d liu ca tng trn, c di ti a ngm nh l 536 bytes. Gi tr ny c th iu chnh bng cch khai bo trong vng options. Mt tin trnh ng dng trong mt host truy nhp vo cc dch v ca TCP cung cp thng qua mt cng (port) nh sau: Mt cng kt hp vi mt a ch IP to thnh mt socket duy nht trong lin mng. TCP c cung cp nh mt lin kt logic gia mt cp socket. Mt socket c th tham gia nhiu lin kt vi cc socket xa khc nhau. Trc khi truyn d liu gia hai trm cn phi thit lp mt lin kt TCP gia chng v khi kt thc phin truyn d liu th lin kt s c gii phng. Cng ging nh cc giao thc khc, cc thc th tng trn s dng TCP thng qua cc hm dch v nguyn thu (service primitives), hay cn gi l cc li gi hm (function call). 2.3. Thit lp v kt thc kt ni TCP Thit lp kt ni Thit lp kt ni TCP c thc hin trn c s phng thc bt tay ba bc (Tree - way Handsake) hnh 3.14. Yu cu kt ni lun c tin trnh trm khi to, bng cch gi mt gi TCP vi c SYN=1 v cha gi tr khi to s tun t ISN ca client. Gi tr ISN ny l mt s 4 byte khng du v c tng mi khi kt ni c yu cu (gi tr ny quay v 0 khi n ti gi tr 2 ). Trong thng ip SYN ny cn cha s hiu cng TCP ca phn mm dch v m tin trnh trm mun kt ni (bc 1). Mi thc th kt ni TCP u c mt gi tr ISN mi s ny c tng theo thi gian. V mt kt ni TCP c cng s hiu cng v cng a ch IP c dng li nhiu ln, do vic thay i gi tr INS ngn khng cho cc kt ni dng li cc d liu c (stale) vn cn c truyn t mt kt ni c v c cng mt a ch kt ni. Khi thc th TCP ca phn mm dch v nhn c thng ip SYN, n gi li gi SYN cng gi tr ISN ca n v t c ACK=1 trong trng hp sn sng nhn kt ni. Thng ip ny cn cha gi tr ISN ca tin trnh trm trong
59
32
trng hp s tun t thu bo rng thc th dch v nhn c gi tr ISN ca tin trnh trm (bc 2). Tin trnh trm tr li li gi SYN ca thc th dch v bng mt thng bo tr li ACK cui cng. Bng cch ny, cc thc th TCP trao i mt cch tin cy cc gi tr ISN ca nhau v c th bt u trao i d liu. Khng c thng ip no trong ba bc trn cha bt k d liu g; tt c thng tin trao i u nm trong phn tiu ca thng ip TCP (bc 3). Kt thc kt ni Khi c nhu cu kt thc kt ni, thc th TCP, v d c th A gi yu cu kt thc kt ni vi FIN=1. V kt ni TCP l song cng (full-duplex) nn mc d nhn c yu cu kt thc kt ni ca A (A thng bo ht s liu gi) thc th B vn c th tip tc truyn s liu cho n khi B khng cn s liu gi v thng bo cho A bng yu cu kt thc kt ni vi FIN=1 ca mnh. Khi thc th TCP nhn c thng ip FIN v sau khi gi thng ip FIN ca chnh mnh, kt ni TCP thc s kt thc.
Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh mng my tnh v mng cc b

Chng ny cung cp cc khi nim, cc kin thc c bn nht v mng my tnh v phn loi mng my tnh. Cc ni dung gii thiu mang tnh tng quan v mng cc 60
b, kin trc mng cc b, phng php truy cp trong mng cc b v cc chun vt l v cc thit b mng. y l nhng kin thc c bn rt hu ch do phm vi s dng ca mng cc b l ang ph bin hin nay. Hu ht cc c quan, t chc, cng ty c s dng cng ngh thng tin u thit lp mng cc b ring. Cc khi nim, ni dung c bn trong chng 1 cn phi nm vng i vi tt c cc hc vin v chng s c s dng nhiu trong cc chng tip theo.
Mc 1: Mng my tnh I. Lch s mng my tnh

Internet bt ngun t n ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) khi s trong nm 1969 bi B Quc phng M (American Department of Defense). n ARPANET vi s tham gia ca mt s trung tm nghin cu, i hc ti M (UCLA, Stanford, . . . ) nhm mc ch thit k mt mng WAN (Wide Area Network) c kh nng t bo tn chng li s ph hoi mt phn mng bng chin tranh nguyn t. n ny dn ti s ra i ca nghi thc truyn IP (Internet Protocol). Theo nghi thc ny, thng tin truyn s c ng thnh cc gi d liu v truyn trn mng theo nhiu ng khc nhau t ngi gi ti ni ngi nhn. Mt h thng my tnh ni trn mng gi l Router lm nhim v tm ng i ti u cho cc gi d liu, tt c cc my tnh trn mng u tham d vo vic truyn d liu, nh vy nu mt phn mng b ph hu cc Router c th tm ng khc truyn thng tin ti ngi nhn. Mng ARPANET c pht trin v s dng trc ht trong cc trng i hc, cc c quan nh nc M, tip theo , cc trung tm tnh ton ln, cc trung tm truyn v tuyn in v v tinh c ni vo mng, . . . trn c s ny, ARPANET c ni vi khp cc vng trn th gii. Ti nm 1983, trc s thnh cng ca vic trin khai mng ARPANET, B quc phng M tch mt phn mng ginh ring cho qun i M (MILNET). Phn cn li, gi l NSFnet, c qun l bi NSF (National Science Foundation) NSF dng 5 siu my tnh lm Router cho mng, v lp mt t chc khng chnh ph qun l mng, ch yu dng cho i hc v nghin cu c bn trn ton th gii. Ti nm 1987, NSFnet m ca cho c nhn v cho cc cng ty t nhn (BITnet), ti nm 1988 siu mng c mang tn INTERNET. Tuy nhin cho ti nm 1988, vic s dng INTERNET cn hn ch trong cc dch v truyn mng (FTP), th in t(E-mail), truy nhp t xa (TELNET) khng thch ng vi nhu cu kinh t v i sng hng ngy. INTERNET ch yu c dng trong mi trng nghin cu khoa hc v ging dy i hc. Trong nm 1988, ti trung tm nghin cu nguyn t ca Php CERN (Centre Europen de Recherche Nuclaire) ra i n Mng nhn th gii WWW (World Wide Web). n ny, 61
nhm xy dng mt phng thc mi s dng INTERNET, gi l phng thc Siu vn bn (HyperText). Cc ti liu v hnh nh c trnh by bng ngn ng HTML (HyperText Markup Language) v c pht hnh trn INTERNET qua cc h ch lm vic vi nghi thc HTTP (HyperText Transport Protocol). T nm 1992, phng thc lm vic ny c a ra th nghim trn INTERNET, rt nhanh chng, cc cng ty t nhn tm thy qua phng thc ny cch s dng INTERNET trong kinh t v i sng. Vn u t vo INTERNET c nhn ln hng chc ln. T nm 1994 INTERNET tr thnh siu mng kinh doanh. S cc cng ty s dng INTERNET vo vic kinh doanh v qung co ln gp hng nghn ln k t nm 1995. Doanh s giao dch thng mi qua mng INTERNET ln hng chc t USD trong nm 1996 . . . Vi phng thc siu vn bn, ngi s dng, qua mt phn mm truy c (Navigator, Browser), c th tm c tt c cc ti liu siu vn bn cng b ti mi ni trn th gii (k c hnh nh v ting ni). Vi cng ngh WWW, chng ta bc vo giai on m mi thng tin c th c ngay trn bn lm vic ca mnh. Mi cng ty hoc ngi s dng, c phn phi mt trang ci ngun (Home Page) trn h ch HTTP. Trang ci ngun, l siu vn bn gc, t do c th tm ti tt c cc siu vn bn khc m ngi s dng mun pht hnh. a ch ca trang ci ngun c tm thy t khp mi ni trn th gii. V vy, i vi mt x nghip, trang ci ngun tr thnh mt vn phng i din in t trn INTERNET. T khp mi ni, khch hng c th xem cc qung co v lin h trc tip vi x nghip qua cc dng siu lin (HyperLink) trong siu vn bn. Ti nm 1994, mt im yu ca INTERNET l khng c kh nng lp trnh cc b, v cc my ni vo mng khng ng b v khng tng thch. Thiu kh nng ny, INTERNET ch c dng trong vic pht hnh v truyn thng tin ch khng dng x l thng tin c. Trong nm 1994, hng my tnh SUN Corporation cng b mt ngn ng mi, gi l JAVA (cafe), cho php lp trnh cc b trn INTERNET, cc chng trnh JAVA c gi thng t cc siu vn bn qua cc siu lin (Applet). Vo ma thu nm 1995, ngn ng JAVA chnh thc ra i, nh du mt bc tin quan trng trong vic s dng INTERNET. Trc ht, mt chng trnh JAVA, s c chy trn my khch (Workstation) ch khng phi trn my ch (Server). iu ny cho php s dng cng sut ca tt c cc my khch vo vic x l s liu. Hng triu my tnh (hoc vi tnh) c th thc hin cng mt lc mt chng trnh ghi trn mt siu vn bn trong my ch. Vic lp trnh trn INTERNET cho php truy nhp t mt trang siu vn bn vo cc chng trnh x l thng tin, c bit l cc chng trnh iu hnh v qun l thng tin ca mt x nghip. phng thc lm vic ny, c gi l INTRANET. Ch trong nm 1995-1996, hng trm nghn dch v phn mm INTRANET c pht trin. Nhiu hng my tnh v phn mm nh Microsoft, SUN, IBM, Oracle, Netscape,... pht trin v kinh doanh hng 62
lot phn mm h thng v phn mm c bn pht trin cc ng dng INTERNET / INTRANET.
II. Gii thiu mng my tnh I.1. I.nh ngha mng my tnh v mc ch ca vic kt ni mng I.1.1. Nhu cu ca vic kt ni mng my tnh
Vic ni my tnh thnh mng t lu tr thnh mt nhu cu khch quan v : - C rt nhiu cng vic v bn cht l phn tn hoc v thng tin, hoc v x l hoc c hai i hi c s kt hp truyn thng vi x l hoc s dng phng tin t xa. - Chia s cc ti nguyn trn mng cho nhiu ngi s dng ti mt thi im ( cng, my in, CD ROM . . .) - Nhu cu lin lc, trao i thng tin nh phng tin my tnh. - Cc ng dng phn mm i hi ti mt thi im cn c nhiu ngi s dng, truy cp vo cng mt c s d liu.
I.1.2. nh ngha mng my tnh

Ni mt cch ngn gn th mng my tnh l tp hp cc my tnh c lp (autonomous) c kt ni vi nhau thng qua cc ng truyn vt l v tun theo cc quy c truyn thng no . Khi nim my tnh c lp c hiu l cc my tnh khng c my no c kh nng khi ng hoc nh ch mt my khc. Cc ng truyn vt l c hiu l cc mi trng truyn tn hiu vt l (c th l hu tuyn hoc v tuyn). Cc quy c truyn thng chnh l c s cc my tnh c th "ni chuyn" c vi nhau v l mt yu t quan trng hng u khi ni v cng ngh mng my tnh.
I.2. c trng k thut ca mng my tnh

Mt mng my tnh c cc c trng k thut c bn nh sau:
I.2.1. ng truyn
L thnh t quan trng ca mt mng my tnh, l phng tin dng truyn cc tn hiu in t gia cc my tnh. Cc tn hiu iu t chnh l cc thng tin, d liu c biu th di dng cc xung nh phn (ON_OFF), mi tn hiu truyn gia cc my tnh vi nhau u thuc sng in t, tu theo tn s m ta c th dng cc ng truyn vt l khc nhau 63
c trng c bn ca ng truyn l gii thng n biu th kh nng truyn ti tn hiu ca ng truyn. Thng thung ngi ta hay phn loi ng truyn theo hai loi: - ng truyn hu tuyn (cc my tnh c ni vi nhau bng cc dy cp mng). - ng truyn v tuyn: cc my tnh truyn tn hiu vi nhau thng qua cc sng v tuyn vi cc thit b iu ch/gii iu ch cc u mt.
I.2.2. K thut chuyn mch:

L c trng k thut chuyn tn hiu gia cc nt trong mng, cc nt mng c chc nng hng thng tin ti ch no trong mng, hin ti c cc k thut chuyn mch nh sau: - K thut chuyn mch knh: Khi c hai thc th cn truyn thng vi nhau th gia chng s thit lp mt knh c nh v duy tr kt ni cho ti khi hai bn ngt lin lc. Cc d liu ch truyn i theo con ng c nh . - K thut chuyn mch thng bo: thng bo l mt n v d liu ca ngi s dng c khun dng c quy nh trc. Mi thng bo c cha cc thng tin iu khin trong ch r ch cn truyn ti ca thng bo. Cn c vo thng tin iu khin ny m mi nt trung gian c th chuyn thng bo ti nt k tip trn con ng dn ti ch ca thng bo - K thut chuyn mch gi: y mi thng bo c chia ra thnh nhiu gi nh hn c gi l cc gi tin (packet) c khun dng qui nh trc. Mi gi tin cng cha cc thng tin iu khin, trong c a ch ngun (ngi gi) v a ch ch (ngi nhn) ca gi tin. Cc gi tin ca cng mt thng bo c th c gi i qua mng ti ch theo nhiu con ng khc nhau.
I.2.3. Kin trc mng

Kin trc mng my tnh (network architecture) th hin cch ni cc my tnh vi nhau v tp hp cc quy tc, quy c m tt c cc thc th tham gia truyn thng trn mng phi tun theo m bo cho mng hot ng tt. Khi ni n kin trc ca mng ngi ta mun ni ti hai vn l hnh trng mng (Network topology) v giao thc mng (Network protocol) - Network Topology: Cch kt ni cc my tnh vi nhau v mt hnh hc m ta gi l t p ca mng. Cc hnh trng mng c bn l: hnh sao, hnh bus, hnh vng 64
- Network Protocol: Tp hp cc quy c truyn thng gia cc thc th truyn thng m ta gi l giao thc (hay nghi thc) ca mng. Cc giao thc thng gp nht l : TCP/IP, NETBIOS, IPX/SPX, . . .
I.2.4. H iu hnh mng

H iu hnh mng l mt phn mm h thng c cc chc nng sau: - Qun l ti nguyn ca h thng, cc ti nguyn ny gm: + Ti nguyn thng tin (v phng din lu tr) hay ni mt cch n gin l qun l tp. Cc cng vic v lu tr tp, tm kim, xo, copy, nhm, t cc thuc tnh u thuc nhm cng vic ny + Ti nguyn thit b. iu phi vic s dng CPU, cc ngoi vi... ti u ho vic s dng - Qun l ngi dng v cc cng vic trn h thng. H iu hnh m bo giao tip gia ngi s dng, chng trnh ng dng vi thit b ca h thng. - Cung cp cc tin ch cho vic khai thc h thng thun li (v d FORMAT a, sao chp tp v th mc, in n chung ...) Cc h iu hnh mng thng dng nht hin nay l: WindowsNT, Windows9X, Windows 2000, Unix, Novell.
I.3. Phn loi mng my tnh

C nhiu cch phn loi mng khc nhau tu thuc vo yu t chnh c chn dng lm ch tiu phn loi, thng thng ngi ta phn loi mng theo cc tiu ch nh sau - Khong cch a l ca mng - K thut chuyn mch m mng p dng - Kin trc mng - H iu hnh mng s dng ... Tuy nhin trong thc t ngui ta thng ch phn loi theo hai tiu ch u tin
I.3.1. Phn loi mng theo khong cch a l :

Nu ly khong cch a l lm yu t phn loi mng th ta c mng cc b, mng th, mng din rng, mng ton cu.
65
Mng cc b ( LAN - Local Area Network ) : l mng c ci t trong phm vi tng i nh hp nh trong mt to nh, mt x nghip...vi khong cch ln nht gia cc my tnh trn mng trong vng vi km tr li. Mng th ( MAN - Metropolitan Area Network ) : l mng c ci t trong phm vi mt th, mt trung tm vn ho x hi, c bn knh ti a khong 100 km tr li. Mng din rng ( WAN - Wide Area Network ) : l mng c din tch bao ph rng ln, phm vi ca mng c th vt bin gii quc gia thm ch c lc a. Mng ton cu ( GAN - Global Area Network ) : l mng c phm vi tri rng ton cu.
I.3.2. Phn loi theo k thut chuyn mch:

Nu ly k thut chuyn mch lm yu t chnh phn loi s c: mng chuyn mch knh, mng chuyn mch thng bo v mng chuyn mch gi. Mch chuyn mch knh (circuit switched network) : Khi c hai thc th cn truyn thng vi nhau th gia chng s thit lp mt knh c nh v duy tr kt ni cho ti khi hai bn ngt lin lc. Cc d liu ch truyn i theo con ng c nh . Nhc im ca chuyn mch knh l tiu tn thi gian thit lp knh truyn c nh v hiu sut s dng mng khng cao. Mng chuyn mch thng bo (message switched network) : Thng bo l mt n v d liu ca ngi s dng c khun dng c quy nh trc. Mi thng bo c cha cc thng tin iu khin trong ch r ch cn truyn ti ca thng bo. Cn c vo thng tin iu khin ny m mi nt trung gian c th chuyn thng bo ti nt k tip trn con ng dn ti ch ca thng bo. Nh vy mi nt cn phi lu gi tm thi c thng tin iu khin trn thng bo, nu thy thng bo khng gi cho mnh th tip tc chuyn tip thng bo i. Tu vo iu kin ca mng m thng bo c th c chuyn i theo nhiu con ng khc nhau. u im ca phng php ny l : - Hiu sut s dng ng truyn cao v khng b chim dng c quyn m c phn chia gia nhiu thc th truyn thng. - Mi nt mng c th lu tr thng tin tm thi sau mi chuyn thng bo i, do c th iu chnh lm gim tnh trng tc nghn trn mng. - C th iu khin vic truyn tin bng cch sp xp u tin cho cc thng bo.
66
- C th tng hiu sut s dng gii thng ca mng bng cch gn a ch qung b (broadcast addressing) gi thng bo ng thi ti nhiu ch.
Nhc im ca phng php ny l: - Khng hn ch c kch thc ca thng bo dn n ph tn lu gi tm thi cao v nh hng n thi gian tr li yu cu ca cc trm . Mng chuyn mch gi (packet switched network) : y mi thng bo c chia ra thnh nhiu gi nh hn c gi l cc gi tin (packet) c khun dng qui nh trc. Mi gi tin cng cha cc thng tin iu khin, trong c a ch ngun (ngi gi) v a ch ch (ngi nhn) ca gi tin. Cc gi tin ca cng mt thng bo c th c gi i qua mng ti ch theo nhiu con ng khc nhau. Phng php chuyn mch thng bo v chuyn mch gi l gn ging nhau. im khc bit l cc gi tin c gii hn kch thc ti a sao cho cc nt mng (cc nt chuyn mch) c th x l ton b gi tin trong b nh m khng phi lu gi tm thi trn a. Bi vy nn mng chuyn mch gi truyn d liu hiu qu hn so vi mng chuyn mch thng bo. Tch hp hai k thut chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi vo trong mt mng thng nht c mng tch hp s ISDN (Integated Services Digital Network).
I.3.3. Phn loi theo kin trc mng s dng

Kin trc ca mng bao gm hai vn : hnh trng mng (Network topology) v giao thc mng (Network protocol) Hnh trng mng: Cch kt ni cc my tnh vi nhau v mt hnh hc m ta gi l t p ca mng Giao thc mng: Tp hp cc quy c truyn thng gia cc thc th truyn thng m ta gi l giao thc (hay nghi thc) ca mng Khi phn loi theo topo mng ngi ta thng c phn loi thnh: mng hnh sao, trn, tuyn tnh Phn loi theo giao thc m mng s dng ngi ta phn loi thnh mng : TCP/IP, mng NETBIOS . .. Tuy nhin cch phn loi trn khng ph bin v ch p dng cho cc mng cc b.
I.3.4. Phn loi theo h iu hng mng

Nu phn loi theo h iu hnh mng ngi ta chia ra theo m hnh mng ngang hng, mng khch/ch hoc phn loi theo tn h iu hnh m mng s dng: Windows NT, Unix, Novell . . . 67
I.4. Gii thiu cc mng my tnh thng dng nht I.4.1. Mng cc b
Mt mng cc b l s kt ni mt nhm my tnh v cc thit b kt ni mng c lp t trn mt phm v a l gii hn, thng trong mt to nh hoc mt khu cng s no . Mng cc b c cc c tnh sau: - Tc truyn d liu cao - Phm vi a l gii hn -S hu ca mt c quan/t chc
I.4.2. Mng din rng vi kt ni LAN TO LAN

Mng din rng bao gi cng l s kt ni ca cc mng LAN, mng din rng c th tri trn phm vi mt vng, quc gia hoc c mt lc a thm ch trn phm vi ton cu. - Tc truyn d liu khng cao - Phm vi a l khng gii hn - Thng trin khai da vo cc cng ty truyn thng, bu in v dng cc h thng truyn thng ny to dng ng truyn - Mt mng WAN c th l s hu ca mt tp on/t chc hoc l mng kt ni ca nhiu tp on/t chc 16
I.4.3. Lin mng INTERNET
68
Vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh l s ra i ca lin mng INTERNET, - L mt mng ton cu - L s kt hp ca v s cc h thng truyn thng, my ch cung cp thng tin v dch v, cc my trm khai thc thng tin - Da trn nhiu nn tng truyn thng khc nhau, nhng u trn nn giao thc TCP/IP - L s hu chung ca ton nhn loi - Cng ngy cng pht trin mnh lit
I.4.4. Mng INTRANET

Thc s l mt mng INTERNET thu nh vo trong mt c quan/cng ty/t chc hay mt b/nghnh . . ., gii hn phm vi ngi s dng, c s dng cc cng ngh kim sot truy cp v bo mt thng tin . c pht trin t cc mng LAN, WAN dng cng ngh INTERNET
II. Mng cc b, kin trc mng cc b II.1. Mng cc b

Tn gi mng cc b c xem xt t quy m ca mng. Tuy nhin, khng phi l c tnh duy nht ca mng cc b nhng trn thc t, quy m ca mng quyt nh nhiu c tnh v cng ngh ca mng. Sau y l mt s c im ca mng cc b: c im ca mng cc b - Mng cc b c quy m nh, thng l bn knh di vi km. c im ny cho php khng cn dng cc thit b dn ng vi cc mi lin h phc tp - Mng cc b thng l s hu ca mt t chc. iu ny dng nh c v t quan trng nhng trn thc t l iu kh quan trng vic qun l mng c hiu qu. - Mng cc b c tc cao v t li. Trn mng rng tc ni chung ch t vi Kbit/s. Cn tc thng thng trn mng cc b l 10, 100 Kb/s v ti nay vi Gigabit Ethernet, tc trn mng cc b c th t 1Gb/s. Xc sut li rt thp.
II.2. Kin trc mng cc b II.2.1. hnh mng (Network Topology)

* nh ngha Topo mng: 69
Cch kt ni cc my tnh vi nhau v mt hnh hc m ta gi l t p ca mng C hai kiu ni mng ch yu l : - Ni kiu im - im (point - to - point). - Ni kiu im - nhiu im (point - to - multipoint hay broadcast). Theo kiu im - im, cc ng truyn ni tng cp nt vi nhau v mi nt u c trch nhim lu gi tm thi sau chuyn tip d liu i cho ti ch. Do cch lm vic nh vy nn mng kiu ny cn c gi l mng "lu v chuyn tip" (store and forward). Theo kiu im - nhiu im, tt c cc nt phn chia nhau mt ng truyn vt l chung. D liu gi i t mt nt no s c tip nhn bi tt c cc nt cn li trn mng, bi vy cn ch ra a ch ch ca d liu cn c vo cc nt kim tra xem d liu c phi gi cho mnh khng. * Phn bit kiu t p ca mng cc b v kiu t p ca mng rng. T p ca mng rng thng thng l ni n s lin kt gia cc mng cc b thng qua cc b dn ng (router). i vi mng rng topo ca mng l hnh trng hnh hc ca cc b dn ng v cc knh vin thng cn khi ni ti t p ca mng cc b ngi ta ni n s lin kt ca chnh cc my tnh. a) Mng hnh sao Mng hnh sao c tt c cc trm c kt ni vi mt thit b trung tm c nhim v nhn tn hiu t cc trm v chuyn n trm ch. Tu theo yu cu truyn thng trn mng m thit b trung tm c th l b chuyn mch (switch), b chn ng (router) hoc l b phn knh (hub). Vai tr ca thit b trung tm ny l thc hin vic thit lp cc lin kt im-im (point-to-point) gia cc trm. u im: Thit lp mng n gin, d dng cu hnh li mng (thm, bt cc trm), d dng kim sot v khc phc s c, tn dng c ti a tc truyn ca ng truyn vt l. Nhc im: di ng truyn ni mt trm vi thit b trung tm b hn ch (trong vng 100m, vi cng ngh hin nay).
Hub
70
b) Mng trc tuyn tnh (Bus): Trong mng trc tt c cc trm phn chia mt ng truyn chung (bus). ng truyn chnh c gii hn hai u bng hai u ni c bit gi l terminator. Mi trm c ni vi trc chnh qua mt u ni ch T (T-connector) hoc mt thit b thu pht (transceiver). Khi mt trm truyn d liu tn hiu c qung b trn c hai chiu ca bus, tc l mi trm cn li u c th thu c tn hiu trc tip. i vi cc bus mt chiu th tn hiu ch i v mt pha, lc cc terminator phi c thit k sao cho cc tn hiu phi c di li trn bus cho cc trm trn mng u c th thu nhn c tn hiu . Nh vy vi topo mng trc d liu c truyn theo cc lin kt im-a im (point-to-multipoint) hay qung b (broadcast).
u im : D thit k, chi ph thp Nhc im: Tnh n nh km, ch mt nt mng hng l ton b mng b ngng hot ng c) Mng hnh vng 71
Trn mng hnh vng tn hiu c truyn i trn vng theo mt chiu duy nht. Mi trm ca mng c ni vi vng qua mt b chuyn tip (repeater) c nhim v nhn tn hiu ri chuyn tip n trm k tip trn vng. Nh vy tn hiu c lu chuyn trn vng theo mt chui lin tip cc lin kt im-im gia cc repeater do cn c giao thc iu khin vic cp pht quyn c truyn d liu trn vng mng cho trm c nhu cu. tng tin cy ca mng ta c th lp t thm cc vng d phng, nu vng chnh c s c th vng ph s c s dng. Mng hnh vng c u nhc im tng t mng hnh sao, tuy nhin mng hnh vng i hi giao thc truy nhp mng phc tp hn mng hnh sao. d) Kt ni hn hp L s phi hp cc kiu kt ni khc nhau, v du hnh cy l cu trc phn tng ca kiu hnh sao hay cc HUB c th c ni vi nhau theo kiu bus cn t cc HUB ni vi cc my theo hnh sao.
72
II.3. Cc phng php truy cp ng truyn vt l

Trong mng cc b, tt c cc trm kt ni trc tip vo ng truyn chung. V vy tn hiu t mt trm a ln ng truyn s c cc trm khc nghe thy. Mt vn khc l, nu nhiu trm cng gi tn hiu ln ng truyn ng thi th tn hiu s chng ln nhau v b hng. V vy cn phi c mt phng php t chc chia s ng truyn vic truyn thng c ng n.
Hnh 1.4. Mt kt ni hn hp
C hai phng php chia s ng truyn chung thng c dng trong cc mng cc b: - Truy nhp ng truyn mt cch ngu nhin, theo yu cu. ng nhin phi c tnh n vic s dng lun phin v nu trong trng hp do c nhiu trm cng truyn tin dn n tn hiu b trm ln nhau th phi truyn li. - C c ch trng ti cp quyn truy nhp ng truyn sao cho khng xy ra xung t
II.3.1 Phng php a truy nhp s dng sng mang c pht hin xung t CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection)
Giao thc CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) - a truy nhp c cm nhn sng mang c s dng rt ph bin trong cc mng cc b. Giao thc ny s dng
73
phng php thi gian chia ngn theo thi gian c chia thnh cc khong thi gian u n v cc trm ch pht ln ng truyn ti thi im u ngn. Mi trm c thit b nghe tn hiu trn ng truyn (tc l cm nhn sng mang). Trc khi truyn cn phi bit ng truyn c ri khng. Nu ri th mi c truyn. Phng php ny gi l LBT (Listening before talking). Khi pht hin xung t, cc trm s phi pht li. C mt s chin lc pht li nh sau: - Giao thc CSMA khng kin tr.Trm nghe ng, nu knh ri th truyn, nu khng th ngng nghe mt khong thi gian ngu nhin ri mi thc hin li th tc. Cch ny c hiu sut dng knh cao hn. (1) - Giao thc CSMA 1-kin tr. Khi trm pht hin knh ri trm truyn ngay. Nhng nu c xung t, trm i khong thi gian ngu nhin ri truyn li. Do vy xc sut truyn khi knh ri l 1. Chnh v th m giao thc c tn l CSMA 1-kin tr. (2) - Giao thc CSMA p-kin tr. Khi sn sng truyn, trm cm nhn ng, nu ng ri th thc hin vic truyn vi xc sut l p < 1 (tc l ngay c khi ng ri cng khng hn truyn m i khong thi gian tip theo li tip tc thc hin vic truyn vi xc sut cn li q=1-p. (3) Ta thy gii thut (1) c hiu qu trong vic trnh xung t v hai trm cn truyn thy ng truyn bn s cng rt lui ch trong nhng khong thi gian ngu nhin khc nhau s quay li tip tc nghe ng truyn. Nhc im ca n l c th c thi gian khng s dng ng truyn sau mi cuc gi. Gii thut (2) c gng lm gim thi gian "cht" bng cch cho php mt trm c th c truyn d liu ngay sau khi mt cuc truyn kt thc. Tuy nhin nu lc li c nhiu trm ang i truyn d liu th kh nng xy ra xung t s rt ln. Gii thut (3) vi gi tr p c hn hp l c th ti thiu ho c c kh nng xung t ln thi gian "cht" ca ng truyn. Xy ra xung t thng l do tr truyn dn, mu cht ca vn l: cc trm ch "nghe" trc khi truyn d liu m khng "nghe" trong khi truyn, cho nn thc t c xung t th nhng cc trm khng bit do vn truyn d liu. c th pht hin xung t, CSMA/CD b xung thm cc quy tc sau y: - Khi mt trm truyn d liu, n vn tip tc "nghe" ng truyn . Nu pht hin xung t th n ngng ngay vic truyn, nh m tit kim c thi gian v gii thng, nhng n vn tip tc gi tn hiu thm mt thi gian na m bo rng tt c cc trm trn mng u "nghe" c s kin 74
ny.(nh vy phi tip tc nghe ng truyn trong khi truyn pht hin ng (Listening While Talking)) - Sau trm s ch trong mt khong thi gian ngu nhin no ri th truyn li theo quy tc CSMA.
Giao thc ny gi l CSMA c pht hin xung t (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection vit tt l CSMA/CD), dng rng ri trong LAN v MAN.
II.3.2. Phng php Token Bus

Nguyn l chung ca phng php ny l cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn cho cc trm ang c nhu cu truyn d liu, mt th bi c lu chuyn trn mt vng logic c thit lp bi cc trm . Khi mt trm nhn c th bi th s c php s dng ng truyn trong mt thi gian nht nh. Trong khong thi gian n c th truyn mt hay nhiu n v d liu. Khi truyn xong d liu hoc thi gian ht th trm phi chuyn th bi cho trm tip theo. Nh vy,
cng vic u tin l thit lp vng logic (hay cn gi l vng o) bao gm cc trm ang c nhu cu truyn d liu c xc nh v tr theo mt chui th t m trm cui cng ca chui s tip lin sau bi trm u tin. Mi trm s bit a ch ca trm lin trc v k sau n. Th t ca cc trm trn vng logic c th c lp vi th t vt l. Cc trm khng hoc cha c nhu cu truyn d liu khng c vo trong vng logic. Trong v d trn, cc trm A, E nm ngoi vng logic do ch c th tip nhn c d liu dnh cho chng.
75
Vic thit lp vng logic khng kh nhng vic duy tr n theo trng thi thc t ca mng mi l kh. C th phi thc hin cc chc nng sau: a) B xung mt trm vo vng logic : cc trm nm ngoi vng logic cn c xem xt mt cch nh k nu c nhu cu truyn d liu th c b xung vo vng logic. b) Loi b mt vng khi vng logic : khi mt trm khng c nhu cu truyn d liu th cn loi b n ra khi vng logic ti u ho vic truyn d liu bng th bi c) Qun l li : mt s li c th xy ra nh trng hp a ch, hoc t vng logic. d) Khi ta vng logic : khi khi to mng hoc khi t vng logic cn phi khi to li vng logic.
II.3.2. Phng php Token Ring

Phng php ny cng da trn nguyn tc dng th bi cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn. Nhng y th bi lu chuyn theo theo vng vt l ch khng theo vng logic nh di vi phng php token bus. Th bi l mt n v truyn d liu c bit trong c mt bit biu din trng thi ca th (bn hay ri). Mt trm mun truyn d liu phi ch cho ti khi nhn c th bi "ri". Khi trm s i bit trng thi thnh "bn" v truyn mt n v d liu i cng vi th bi i theo chiu ca vng. Lc ny khng cn th bi "ri " na do cc trm mun truyn d liu phi i. D liu ti trm ch c sao chp
76
li, sau cng vi th bi tr v trm ngun. Trm ngun s xo b d liu i bit trng thi thnh "ri" v cho lu chuyn th trn vng cc trm khc c nhu cu truyn d liu c php truyn S quay tr li trm ngun ca d liu v th bi nhm to kh nng bo nhn t nhin: trm ch c th gi vo n v d liu (phn header) cc thng tin v kt qu tip nhn d liu ca mnh. Chng hn cc thng tin c th l: trm ch khng tn ti hoc khng hot ng, trm ch tn ti nhng d liu khng c sao chp, d liu c tip nhn, c li... Trong phng php ny cn gii quyt hai vn c th dn n ph v h thng l mt th bi v th bi "bn" lu chuyn khng dng trn vng .C nhiu phng php gii quyt cc vn trn, di y l mt phng php c khuyn ngh: i vi vn mt th bi c th quy nh trc mt trm iu khin ch ng. Trm ny s theo di, pht hin tnh trng mt th bi bng cch dng c ch ngng thi gian (time - out) v phc hi bng cch pht i mt th bi "ri" mi. i vi vn th bi bn lu chuyn khng dng, trm iu khin s dng mt bit trn th bi nh du khi gp mt th bi "bn" i qua n. Nu n gp li th bi bn vi bit nh du c ngha l trm ngun khng nhn li c n v d liu ca mnh do th bi "bn" c quay vng mi. Lc trm iu khin s ch ng i bit trng thi "bn" thnh "ri" v cho th bi chuyn tip trn vng. Trong phng php ny cc trm cn li trn mng s ng vai tr b ng, chng theo di pht hin tnh trng s c trn trm ch ng v thay th trm ch ng nu cn. III. Chun ho mng my tnh III.1. Vn chun ho mng v cc t chc chun ho mng Khi thit k, cc nh thit k t do la chn kin trc mng cho ring mnh. T dn ti tnh trng khng tng thch gia cc mng my tnh vi nhau. Nhu cu trao i thng tin cng ln thc y vic xy dng khung chun v kin trc mng lm cn c cho cc nh thit k v ch to thit b mng. Chnh v l do , t chc tiu chun ho quc t ISO (Internatinal Organnization for Standarzation) xy dng m hnh tham chiu cho vic kt ni cc h thng m OSI (reference model for Open Systems Interconnection). M hnh ny l c s cho vic kt ni cc h thng m phc v cho cc ng dng phn tn. C hai loi chun cho mng l :
77
- Cc chun chnh thc ( de jure ) do cc t chc chun quc gia v quc t ban hnh. - Cc chun tc tin ( de facto ) do cc hng sn xut, cc t chc ngi s dng xy dng v c dng rng ri trong thc t
III.2. M hnh tham chiu OSI 7 lp

Khi thit k, cc nh thit k t do la chn kin trc mng cho ring mnh. T dn ti tnh trng khng tng thch gia cc mng my tnh vi nhau. Vn khng tng thch lm tr ngi cho s tng tc gia nhng ngi s dng mng khc nhau. Nhu cu trao i thng tin cng ln thc y vic xy dng khung chun v kin trc mng lm cn c cho cc nh thit k v ch to thit b mng . Chnh v l do , t chc tiu chun ho quc t ISO (Internatinal Organnization for Standarzation) xy dng m hnh tham chiu cho vic kt ni cc h thng m OSI (reference model for Open Systems Interconnection). M hnh ny l c s cho vic kt ni cc h thng m phc v cho cc ng dng phn tn. M hnh OSI c biu din theo hnh di y:
Lp ng dng (application) Lp th hin (presentation) Lp phin (session) Lp chuyn vn (transport) Lp mng (network) Lp lin kt d liu (data link) Lp vt l (physical link)
Hnh 1.7. M hnh OSI 7 lp a) Lp vt l Lp ny bo m cc cng vic sau: - Lp, ct cuc ni. 78
- Truyn tin dng bit qua knh vt l. - C th c nhiu knh. b) Lp lin kt d liu Lp ny m bo vic bin i cc tin dng bit nhn c t lp di (vt l) sang khung s liu, thng bo cho h pht, kt qu thu c sao cho cc thng tin truyn ln cho mc 3 khng c li. Cc thng tin truyn mc 1 c th lm hng cc thng tin khung s liu (frame error). Phn mm mc hai s thng bo cho mc mt truyn li cc thng tin b mt / li. ng b cc h c tc x l tnh khc nhau, mt trong nhng phng php hay s dng l dng b m trung gian lu gi s liu nhn c. ln ca b m ny ph thuc vo tng quan x l ca cc h thu v pht. Trong trng hp ng truyn song cng ton phn, lp datalink phi m bo vic qun l cc thng tin s liu v cc thng tin trng thi.
c) Lp mng
Nhim v ca lp mng l m bo chuyn chnh xc s liu gia cc thit b cui trong mng. lm c vic , phi c chin lc nh a ch thng nht trong ton mng. Mi thit b cui v thit b mng c mt a ch mng xc nh. S liu cn trao i gia cc thit b cui c t chc thnh cc gi (packet) c di thay i v c gn y a ch ngun (source address) v a ch ch (destination address). Lp mng m bo vic tm ng ti u cho cc gi d liu bng cc giao thc chn ng da trn cc thit b chn ng (router). Ngoi ra, lp mng c chc nng iu khin lu lng s liu trong mng trnh xy ra tc ngn bng cch chn cc chin lc tm ng khc nhau quyt nh vic chuyn tip cc gi s liu.
d) Lp chuyn vn
Lp ny thc hin cc chc nng nhn thng tin t lp phin (session) chia thnh cc gi nh hn v truyn xung lp di, hoc nhn thng tin t lp di chuyn ln phc hi theo cch chia ca h pht (Fragmentation and Reassembly). Nhim v quan trng nht ca lp vn chuyn l m bo chuyn s liu chnh xc gia hai thc th thuc lp phin (end-to-end control). lm c vic , ngoi chc nng kim tra s tun t pht, thu, kim tra v pht hin, x l li.Lp vn chuyn cn c chc nng iu khin lu lng s liu ng b gia th thu v pht, trnh tc nghn s liu khi chuyn qua lp mng. Ngoi ra, nhiu thc th lp phin c th trao i s liu trn cng mt kt ni lp mng (multiplexing).
e) Lp phin
79
Lin kt gia hai thc th c nhu cu trao i s liu, v d ngi dng v mt my tnh xa, c gi l mt phin lm vic. Nhim v ca lp phin l qun l vic trao i s liu, v d: thit lp giao din gia ngi dng v my, xc nh thng s iu khin trao i s liu (tc truyn, s bit trong mt byte, c kim tra li parity hay khng, v.v.), xc nh loi giao thc m phng thit b cui (terminal emulation), v.v. Chc nng quan trng nht ca lp phin l m bo ng b s liu bng cch thc hin cc im kim tra. Ti cc im kim tra ny, ton b trng thi v s liu ca phin lm vic c lu tr trong b nh m. Khi c s c, c th khi to li phin lm vic t im kim tra cui cng (khng phi khi to li t u).
f) Lp th hin
Nhim v ca lp th hin l thch ng cc cu trc d liu khc nhau ca ngi dng vi cu trc d liu thng nht s dng trong mng. S liu ca ngi dng c th c nn v m ho lp th hin, trc khi chuyn xung lp phin. Ngoi ra, lp th hin cn cha cc th vin cc yu cu ca ngi dng, th vin tin ch, v d thay i dng th hin ca cc tp, nn tp...
g) Lp ng dng
Lp ng dng cung cp cc phng tin ngi s dng c th truy nhp c vo mi trng OSI, ng thi cung cp cc dch v thng tin phn tn. Lp mng cho php ngi dng khai thc cc ti nguyn trong mng tng t nh ti nguyn ti ch.
III.3. Cc chun kt ni thng dng nht IEEE 802.X v ISO 8802.X

Bn cnh vic chun ho cho mng ni chung dn n kt qu c bn nht l m hnh tham chiu OSI nh gii thiu. Vic chun ho mng cc b ni ring c thc hin t nhiu nm nay p ng s pht trin ca mng cc b. Cng nh i vi mng ni chung, c hai loi chun cho mng cc b, l : - Cc chun chnh thc ( de jure ) do cc t chc chun quc gia v quc t ban hnh. - Cc chun tc tin ( de facto ) do cc hng son xut, cc t chc ngi s dng xy dng v c dng rng ri trong thc t - Cc chun IEEE 802.x v ISO 8802.x IEEE l t chc i tin phong trong lnh vc chun ho mng cc b vi n IEEE 802 vi kt qu l mt lot cc chun thuc h IEEE 802.x ra i. Cui nhng nm 80, t chc ISO tip nhn h chun ny v ban hnh thnh chun quc t di m hiu tng ng l ISO 8802.x. 80
IEEE 802.: l chun c t kin trc mng, kt ni gia cc mng v vic qun tr mng i vi mng cc b. IEEE 802.2: l chun c t tng dch v giao thc ca mng cc b. IEEE 802.3: l chun c t mt mng cc b da trn mng Ethernet ni ting ca Digital, Intel v Xerox hp tc xy dng t nm 1980. Tng vt l ca IEEE 802.3 c th dng cc phng n sau xy dng: - 10BASE5 : tc 10Mb/s, dng cp xon i khng bc kim UTP (Unshield Twisted Pair), vi phm vi tn hiu ln ti 500m, topo mng hnh sao. - 10BASE2 : tc 10Mb/s, dng cp ng trc thin-cable vi tr khng 50 Ohm, phm vi tn hiu 200m,topo mng dng bus. - 10BASE5 : tc 10Mb/s, dng cp ng trc thick-cable (ng knh 10mm) vi tr khng 50 Ohm, phm vi tn hiu 500m, topo mng dng bus. - 10BASE-F: dng cp quang, tc 10Mb/s phm vi cp 2000m. IEEE 802.4: l chun c t mng cc b vi topo mng dng bus dng th bi iu vic truy nhp ng truyn. IEEE 802.5: l chun c t mng cc b vi topo mng dng vng (ring) dng th bi iu vic truy nhp ng truyn. IEEE 802.6: l chun c t mng tc cao kt ni vi nhiu mng cc b thuc cc khu vc khc nhau ca mt th (cn c gi l mng MAN Metropolitan Area Network) IEEE 802.9: l chun c t mng tch hp d liu v ting ni bao gm 1 knh d b 10 Mb/s cng vi 96 knh 64Kb/s. Chun ny c thit k cho mi trng c lng lu thng ln v cp bch. IEEE 802.10: l chun c t v an ton thng tin trong cc mng cc b c kh nng lin tc . IEEE 802.11: l chun c t mng cc b khng dy (Wireless LAN) hin ang c tip tc pht trin. IEEE 802.12: l chun c t mng cc b da trn cng ngh c xut bi AT&T, IBM v HP gi l 100 VG - AnyLAN. Mng ny c topo mng hnh sao v mt phng php truy nhp ng truyn c iu khin tranh chp. Khi c nhu cu truyn d liu, mt trm s gi yu cu n hub v trm ch c truyn d liu khi hub cho php.
81

Books 259

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Books 259

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Hnh 1.7. M hnh OSI 7 lp

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Hnh 2.2 Cp ng trc

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Tranceiver:Thit b ni gia card mng v ng truyn, ng vai tr l b thu-pht

Khong cch ti a gia my trm v 50 m ng trc chung S on kt ni ti a 2 (=>ti a c 3 phn on)

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

0m 2 (=>ti a c 3 phn on) 1000 m

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Hnh 3.4. Cu trc a ch IP

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Hnh 3.5. a ch IP c bit

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Hnh 3.7. V d SubNet

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

Bi ging Nhp mn Mng my tnh khoa CNTT HSP H ni - 2008

C bn loi thng bo ICMP redirect khc nhau vi cc gi tr m (code) nh bng sau:

Cc loi nh hng li ca gi d liu ICMP