S dng ng h vn nng

Bi 1 : Hng dn s dng ng h vn nng

1. Gii thiu v ng h vn nng ( VOM)
ng h vn nng ( VOM ) l thit b o khng th thiu c vi bt k mt k
thut vin in t no, ng h vn nng c 4 chc nng chnh l o in tr, o in
p DC, o in p AC v o dng in.
u im ca ng h l o nhanh, kim tra c nhiu loi linh kin, thy c s
phng np ca t in , tuy nhin ng h ny c hn ch v chnh xc v c tr
khng thp khong 20K/Vol do vy khi o vo cc mch cho dng thp chng b st
p.
2. Hng dn o in p xoay chiu.
S dng ng h vn nng o p AC
Khi o in p xoay chiu ta chuyn thang o v cc thang AC, thang AC cao hn
in p cn o mt nc, V d nu o in p AC220V ta thang AC 250V, nu ta
thang thp hn in p cn o th ng h bo kch kim, nu thanh qu cao th
kim bo thiu chnh xc.
* Ch ch :
Tuyt i khng thang o in tr hay thang o dng in khi o vo in p xoay
chiu => Nu nhm ng h s b hng ngay lp tc !
nhm thang o dng in, o vo
ngun AC => s hng ng h
nhm thang o in tr, o vo ngun AC
=> s hng cc in tr trong ng h
* Nu thang o p DC m o vo ngun AC th kim ng h khng bo , nhng
ng h khng nh hng .
thang DC o p AC ng h khng ln kim
tuy nhin ng h khng hng
Bi 2 : Hng dn o in p mt chiu (DC)
1. Hng dn o in p mt chiu DC bng ng h vn nng.
Khi o in p mt chiu DC, ta nh chuyn thang o v thang DC, khi o ta
t que vo cc dng (+) ngun, que en vo cc m (-) ngun, thang
o cao hn in p cn o mt nc. V d nu o p DC 110V ta thang DC
250V, trng hp thang o thp hn in p cn o => kim bo kch kim,
trng hp thang qu cao => kim bo thiu chnh xc.
Dng ng h vn nng o in p mt chiu DC
* Trng hp sai thang o :
Nu ta sai thang o, o p mt chiu nhng ta ng h thang xoay chiu th
ng h s bo sai, thng thng gi tr bo sai cao gp 2 ln gi tr thc ca in p
DC, tuy nhin ng h cng khng b hng .
sai thang o khi o in p mt chiu => bo sai gi tr.
* Trng hp nhm thang o
Ch ch : Tuyt i khng nhm ng h vo thang o dng in hoc thang
o in tr khi ta o in p mt chiu (DC) , nu nhm ng h s b hng ngay !!
Trng hp nhm thang o dng in
khi o in p DC => ng h s b hng !
Trng hp nhm thang o in tr khi o in
p DC => ng h s b hng cc in tr bn trong!
Bi 3 : Hng dn s dng thang o in tr
1. Hng dn o in tr v tr khng.
Vi thang o in tr ca ng h vn nng ta c th o c rt nhiu th.
o kim tra gi tr ca in tr
o kim tra s thng mch ca mt on dy dn
o kim tra s thng mch ca mt on mch in
o kim tra cc cun dy bin p c thng mch khng
o kim tra s phng np ca t in
o kim tra xem t c b d, b chp khng.
o kim tra tr khng ca mt mch in
o kim tra i t v bng bn dn.
* s dng c cc thang o ny ng h phi c lp 2 Pn tiu 1,5V bn trong,
x dng cc thang o 1Kohm hoc 10Kohm ta phi lp Pin 9V.
o in tr :
o kim tra in tr bng ng h vn nng
o tri s in tr ta thc hin theo cc bc sau :
Bc 1 : thang ng h v cc thang o tr, nu in tr nh th thang
x1 ohm hoc x10 ohm, nu in tr ln th thang x1Kohm hoc 10Kohm.
=> sau chp hai que o v chnh trit o kim ng h bo v tr 0 ohm.
Bc 2 : Chun b o .
Bc 3 : t que o vo hai u in tr, c tr s trn thang o , Gi tr o
c = ch s thang o X thang o
V d : nu thang x 100 ohm v ch s bo l 27 th gi tr l = 100 x 27 =
2700 ohm = 2,7 K ohm
Bc 4 : Nu ta thang o qu cao th kim ch ln mt cht , nh vy c tr
s s khng chnh xc.
Bc 5 : Nu ta thang o qu thp , kim ln qu nhiu, v c tr s cng
khng chnh xc.
Khi o in tr ta chn thang o sao cho kim bo gn v tr gia vch ch s s
cho chnh xc cao nht.
Dng thang in tr o kim tra t in
Ta c th dng thang in tr kim tra phng np v h hng ca t in , khi
o t in , nu l t gm ta dng thang o x1K ohm hoc 10K ohm, nu l t ho ta
dng thang x 1 ohm hoc x 10 ohm.
Dng thang x 1K ohm kim tra t gm
Php o t gm trn cho ta bit :
T C1 cn tt => kim phng np khi ta o
T C2 b d => ln kim nhng khng tr v v tr c
T C3 b chp => kim ng h ln = 0 ohm v khng tr v.
Dng thang x 10 ohm kim tra t ho
trn l php o kim tra cc t ho, t ho rt t khi b d hoc chp m ch yu l
b kh ( gim in dung) khi o t ho bit chnh xc mc hng ca t ta cn
o so snh vi mt t mi c cng in dung.
trn l php o so snh hai t ho cng in dung, trong t C1 l t mi
cn C2 l t c, ta thy t C2 c phng np yu hn t C1 => chng t t
C2 b kh ( gim in dung )
Ch khi o t phng np, ta phi o chiu que o vi ln xem phng
np.
Bi 4 : Hng dn o dng in v c ch s
Hng dn o dng in bng ng h vn nng. Cch 1 : Dng thang o dng
o dng in bng ng h vn nng, ta o ng h ni tip vi ti tiu th v ch
l ch o c dng in nh hn gi tr ca thang o cho php, ta thc hin theo
cc bc sau
Bc 1 : t ng h vo thang o dng cao nht .
Bc 2: t que ng h ni tip vi ti, que v chiu dng, que en v
chiu m .
Nu kim ln thp qu th gim thang o
Nu kim ln kch kim th tng thang o, nu thang o thang cao nht th
ng h khng o c dng in ny.
Ch s kim bo s cho ta bit gi tr dng in .
Cch 2 : Dng thang o p DC
Ta c th o dng in qua ti bng cch o st p trn in tr hn dng mc ni
vi ti, in p o c chia cho gi tr tr hn dng s cho bit gi tr dng in,
phng php ny c th o c cc dng in ln hn kh nng cho php ca ng
h v ng h cmg an ton hn.
Cch c tr s dng in v in p khi o nh th no ?
* c gi tr in p AC v DC
Khi o in p DC th ta c gi tr trn vch ch s DCV.A
Nu ta thang o 250V th ta c trn vch c gi tr cao nht l 250, tng
t thang 10V th c trn vch c gi tr cao nht l 10. trng hp
thang 1000V nhng khng c vch no ghi cho gi tr 1000 th c trn vch
gi tr Max = 10, gi tr o c nhn vi 100 ln
Khi o in p AC th c gi tr cng tng t. c trn vch AC.10V, nu
o thang c gi tr khc th ta tnh theo t l. V d nu thang 250V th
mi ch s ca vch 10 s tng ng vi 25V.
Khi o dng in th c gi tr tng t c gi tr khi o in p
Trc khi o cn lu
Khng o trong mch, v cc linh kin xung quanh hoc cc in p xung quanh s gy
ra sai s.Nu in p trong mch ln qu s lm hng VOM.Que o phi tip xc tht
tt vi chn linh kin. Nu cn th co nh chn linh kin.Khi o in tr ln (c hng
trm kohm tr ln) th khng ng tay vo que o hay chn linh kin. in tr ca tay
bn s gy sai s.Trc khi o phi chp 2 que o kim tra v 0.
-Cn mt ch na:ng bao gi thang o in tr hay thang o dng in khi o
vo in p xoay chiu,nu nhm th chun b sa
+ o in tr: c 4 mc X1 ng o in tr =< 500 Omh
X10:=< 1000 Omh
X100:=< 5000 Omh
X1K: =< 100.000 Omh
+ o in p xoay chiu:Chn thang o ACV (chn thang o ln hn in p cn o
mt nc)
*Ch : nhm thang o in tr, o vo ngun AC cc in tr trong ng h s
hng
- thang DC o p AC ng h khng ln kim tuy nhin ng h vn OK
+ o in p 1 chiu (DCV): Khi o t que vo cc dng (+) ngun, que en vo
cc m (-) ngun, thang o cao hn in p cn o mt nc
*Ch : Cng khng nhm ng h vo thang o dng in hoc thang o in tr
khi ta o in p mt chiu (DC).Nu nhm th li chun b...
-Chn nhm thang o in tr khi o in p DC th cc R bn trong s hng
+ o dng mt chiu DCA : o dng mt chiu cn tnh ton trc da trn k
thut mch (thng ngi ta bit l khong bao nhiu),ri mc ni tip ng h vo
mch.Nu bn khng c nhiu kinh nghim th nn hc t t (sm mun g cng phi
hng mt ln ).Ngoi ra cn c mt s loi ng h hin i hn(c th hin th gi
tr m khi o ngc que o m khng s hng ng h,c cc l cm KT tranistor
& t...vn vn & vn vn. y l mt s hiu bit qua ca mnh (c ch no khng
ng cc bn no bit ri sa h)
Nhng bit s dng ng h mi l bc u tin ,cn phi bit thuc tnh,cch o ca
linh kin,th mi o c.Lc no rnh mnh s bo cch o v kim tra nhng linh
kin m mnh bit n.
Chc thnh cng!
By gi th ny,bn mun bit cch c tr s ng khng? Bn c lm nh sau,ri t
suy lun,ch khng trc tip th kh din t lm:
+ o in tr:Trc khi o in tr phi bit cch c vch mu v d bn kim mt
con 4,7KOhm c mu (vng,tm,,nh vng) con ny c sai s 0.1% bn chn thang
o ph hp vi n.Thang o X100 l ph hp ng khng?o v nhn xem trn ng
h kim ng v tr no c logic ph hp vi mc ny.Nu cha ngh ra li ly mt
con in tr khc.Kiu g bn cng tm ra cch c thi
+o in p xoay chiu(hnh 2):nhn khu vc ACV(Alternating current voltage) chn
thang 250 kim mt ci Lioa c vi mc in xoay chiu(100V,110V,220V) o th
+o in p 1 chiu(tng t):chn DCV kim Pin,Acqui...chn thang o ln hn in
p bn cn o....
+o dng mt chiu (hnh 1)
Tm li c o i ri s bit cch c .Nhng nh phi ng cc qui tc post ln
trc
Cc ghi nhn khc qua s dng ng h kim
(SUNWA YX-360TR)
- thang o in tr, u dng ca ngun pin trong ng h c a ra que o mu
en v u m ca pin c a ra que o mu . Thang o tr s in tr cng nh cho
dng ra cng ln. ng dng cp dng th LED, DIOD bit sng, cc tnh.
- Khi thang o VAC o in p DC, c 2 kh nng xy ra :
1/ Kim khng ln
2/ Kim ln cao hn so vi tr s in p tht
Gii thch 2 trng hp ny nh sau. thang o VAC, ng h c ni tip vi 1 diod
chn b 1 bn k ca in xoay chiu, o ly in p trung bnh trong bn k cn li,
nhng c tnh ton b li a tr s hiu dng y ra kim ch th. Trng hp
1, khi t 2 que o sao cho in p DC cn o b diod phn cc nghch th kim s khng
ln. Trng hp 2, khi o 2 u que o, diod phn cc thun cho in p DC qua y
(khng b mt 1 bn k nh in AC) nn khi c b th kim ln cao khong gp 2 ln.
- thang o VAC, gi que o mu en l cm (-COM), di que o mu t l cm
(+) sang l cm (OUTPUT) o tn hiu xut m.
Chn (OUTPUT) c ni vi chn (+) qua 1 t nh, t ny ni tip vi mch o VAC
nn s loi b DC trong tn hiu hn hp (AC cng vi DC, hay DC c bin thay i)
ly ring ra o tn hiu AC i xng.
1 cht kinh nghim
V ng h o kim nh mnh cng c mt ci .Nn mnh cng c bit cht t v cch
dng :
+ o ohm :
Bn nhp hai que o li v sau chnh bin tr cho kim ch th v s 0
Sau bn t 2 que o ln 2 chn in tr v o
+ o Vn :
o AC :Chn thang o ACV (chn thang o ln hn in p cn o mt nc)
*Ch : nhm thang o in tr, o vo ngun AC cc in tr trong ng h s hng
O DC : Khi o t que vo cc dng (+) ngun, que en vo cc m (-) ngun,
thang o cao hn in p cn o mt nc
*Ch : Khng nhm ng h vo thang o dng in hoc thang o in tr khi ta o
in p mt chiu (DC). Khng thang o DC o AC . V nh th ng s b h
+ o A : a s cc ng h vn nng u o dc cng dng in rt thp > Do
,khng dng ng h ny o pin , cquy,
My o VOM l Con-Mt nhn vo mch in ca ngi th in t.


My o VOM (o c Volt - Ohm - Milliampere) l mt dng c bt kh ly
thn ca ngi th in t, qua my o a nng ny, chng ta bit c
cng dng in chy vo - chy ra trn cc chn ca cc linh kin, bit
c mc p cao thp trn cc ng mch. Tuy nhin, c th khai thc
ht cng nng ca loi my o ny, chng ta phi hiu tht tng tn cu to
mch in bn trong ca n. Qua bi vit ny, mong rng Bn s nhn thy
c vai tr rt quan trng ca loi my o thng dng ny.

Ch vi mt my o VOM thi cng cho Bn thm him vo ch su nht
ca cc mch in.

Bn xem hnh.

Trong bi ny, chng ti tp trung ni v chc nng o Ohm ca my o VOM
SUNWA (YX960TR hay YX-360).



Bn xem s mch in:





Khi Bn dng VOM chc nng Ohm k, lc Bn s s dng dng in t
ca ngun pin 3V gn trong my o bm dng in cho qua cc vt o m
Bn ang t trn hai dy o. S mch in cho thy dng in t chy ra
trn dy o mu , v chy vo dy o mu en v ri s chy qua in tr
thang o (RTD), y ngi ta t mt volt k c mc o p ti a 3V o
mc p xut hin trn in tr RTD, v ty theo gc lch ca kim trn bng
chia vch Ohm, Bn tnh ra tr s in tr ca vt c o. Mi khi Bn thay
i thang o th trong mch in s cho thay i tr s ca in tr thang o
RTH. Chng ta thy (Bn xem hnh).


- thang o Rx1: in tr thang o RTH=20 Ohm
- thang o Rx10: in tr thang o RTH= 200 Ohm.
- thang o Rx100 in tr thang o RTH=2K Ohm.
- thang o Rx1K. in tr thang o RTH=20K Ohm.


Khi o Ohm Bn c th c kt qu trn 3 vch chia c trn mt my o:

- Vch chia LV: Trn vch chia ny, Bn bit c mc p gim trn vt
o t trn 2 dy o.
- Vch chia LI: Trn vch chia ny, Bn bit c mc dng chy qua
vt o.
- Vch chia Ohm: Trn vch chia ny, Bn xc nh c sc cn dng
ca vt o.

Bn thy, thang o Rx1, nu Bn chm hai dy o li, dng in chy
trong mch s ln nht v bng 150mA (con s ny c ghi trn thang o
Rx1).

Bn thy, thang o Rx10, nu Bn chm hai dy o li, dng in chy
trong mch s ln nht v bng 15mA (con s ny c ghi trn thang o
Rx10).

Bn thy, thang o Rx100, nu Bn chm hai dy o li, dng in
chy trong mch s ln nht v bng 1.5mA (con s ny c ghi trn
thang o Rx100).

Bn thy, thang o Rx1K, nu Bn chm hai dy o li, dng in
chy trong mch s ln nht v bng 150A (con s ny c ghi trn
thang o Rx1K).

Qua phn tch trn, chng ta rt ra c cc iu cn nh khi dng loi
Ohm k YX-960TR.

l:

iu cn nh 1: Sc p ca in p trn hai dy o ca my o Ohm
ny l 3V (do trong my dng 2 pin 1.5V).
iu cn nh 2: Dng in t lun chy ra trn dy v chy tr vo
qua dy en.
iu cn nh 3: Khi Bn ly thang o Ohm nh S C DNG CHY TRN DY
O LN V NGC LI.
iu cn nh 4: C th xc nh mc p gim trn vt o v cng
dng in t chy qua vt o khi c kt qu trn vch chia LV v LI.
iu cn nh 5: Vch chia theo vch Ohm trn in k xc lp theo t
s V/I (theo lut Ohm).
iu cn nh 6: Ch thang o Rx10K, in p trn dy o lc ny s
l 12V.

Dng Ohm k kim tra cc linh kin c trn my
in thoi di ng.

Chng ta thy cc linh kin trn board mch in ca cc my in thoi di ng
u rt nh, nh li-ti, nn trc ht Bn phi cho thay u hai cy o bng hai
cy kim may (ly loi kim may bao ln), Bn xem hnh. Bn gn kim may vo
u dy o, loi kim may ny rt cng v c u kim rt nh nhn nn rt tin
dng o cc linh kin nh trn board mch, nht l o trn cc chn ca cc
IC. Dng u kim nh Bn d dng cho u kim qut qua cc hng chn tm
n cc chn cn o.

Khi dng Ohm k KIM TRA CC LINH KIN TRN BOARD MCH IN, BN LUN NH DNG IN
T T CC M CA PIN 3V GN TRONG MY O s bm dng ra trn dy mu , v sau
khi chy qua cc b phn trong mch, dng in t s b ht vo dy o mu
en v chy v cc dng ca pin. Dng in ny khi chy qua in tr thang
o s lm lch kim trn bng chia vch ca mt Volt k. Kt qu o s c c
trn 3 vch chia, l vch chia
LV ( bit p c trn hai dy o), LI ( bit dng chy ra chy vo cc
chn ca vt o) v vch chia Ohm ( bit sc cn dng ca mch v
vt o). Sau y l cc th d:


Qg o in tr, nhit tr, t in, cun cm.

Bn xem hnh:

Dng Ohm k o tr s ca cc in tr.

Trc ht, Bn ly thang o Rx1K, chp hai dy o, chnh kim v ngay v
tr 0 Ohm.

Khi o, dng in ca ngun pin 3V trong my o s bm dng ra dy
, dng qua in tr Rx=10K tr vo dy en, kim s ln ch ngay
vch s 10, v in tr ang o l 10K. Kt lun: in tr tt.


Dng Ohm k o cc nhit tr.

t nhit tr RTH vo hai dy o, dng in chy qua nhit tr, c kt
qu trn vch chia Ohm. 25 C, kim s ch 47K. Bn th lm nng
nhit tr RTH, Bn thy g? Kim trn vch chia Ohm s gim dn, iu
ny cho thy nhit tng lm cho ni tr ca nhit tr gim xung
(do Bn ang o l loi nhit tr m). Du hiu ny cho bit nhit tr tt.


Dng Ohm k kim tra tnh r in ca cc t in.


Khi o t in ho hc, Bn nh t cc dng ca t ho phi trn dy
en, khi t t ln hai dy o, dng in t ca ngun pin 3V s cho np
dng vo t in, thi im u, dng np rt mnh, kim bc ln cao,
kim s gim dn v v tr v cc khi t np y p (3V).

Vic chn thang o: Nu Bn ly thang o ln, in tr thang o ln,
dng chy trn dy o nh, thi gian t np y s lu hn, kim tr v v
tr v cc chm. Nu Bn ly thang o nh, thi gian t np y s
nhanh, kim v v cc rt nhanh. Do vy, khi kim tra cc t in c in
dung nh, BN PHI LY THANG O LN KP THY C DNG NP VO T.
KIM LN KHNG V: T CHM.
KIM LN V KHNG HT: T R.
KIM KHNG LN: T T.


_g o Diode, Led, Led hng ngoi.

Diode l mt van in. Khi phn cc thun s cho dng chy qua. V khi
phn cc nghch, diode ng, ct dng.



Khi o diode, nn ly thang o Rx1 c dng chy trn dy o ln. Khi
o cc linh kin thuc nhm bn dn Bn c kt qu trn:

- Vch chia LV bit diode ghim p my volt (thng l 1V dng ln,
thang o Rx1).
- Vch chia LI bit cng dng in chy qua diode (thng vi
chc mA).

Ch : Trong cc my in thoi di ng, do ngun nui thp, nn ngi
ta thng dng loi diode Schottky, c im ca diode Schottky l ghim
mc p rt thp ( thang o Rx1, dng ln, mc p ngang diode
Schottky ch gn 0.3V).


LED cng l mt diode. (1) Khi phn cc thun s c dng chy qua Led
v Led pht sng. (2) Khi phn cc nghch, Led ng, ct dng v khng
sng.

Khi o Led nn ly thang o Rx1 c dng trn dy o ln. Lc ny
Bn c kt qu trn vch chia LV bit Led gi li my Volt v c
trn vch chia LI bit cng dng in ang chy qua Led l bao
nhiu.

Bn hy th cho i thang o Ohm. Bn thy g? Khi Bn ly thang o
Ohm cng ln, in tr thang o trong mch ln , dng chy trn dy o
lc ny s nh v Led s sng m. Khi Bn o cc linh kin thuc nhm
bn dn, Bn c kt qu trn thang o Ohm khng c nhiu ngha, v
cc linh kin bn dn c tnh phi tuyn tnh, nn tr s Ohm thay i theo
cng dng in, vy mi thang o, Bn s c c mt tr s
Ohm khc nhau.

O LINH KIN BN DN BN CH CN BIT MC VOLT GIM TRN VT O (C KT QU
TRN LV) V DNG CHY QUA VT O (C KT QU TRN LI).



Kim tra Led hng ngoi, cch o cng tng t nh cch o cc Led
chiu sng. Lc phn cc thun, c dng, kim ln. Khi phn cc nghch,
ct dng, kim khng ln. Vi Led hng ngoi (IR Led), khi c dng chy
qua Led, kim ln, Led pht ra nh sng hng ngoi, mt thng khng
th thy c loi nh sng ny. Led hng ngoi thng c dng
trao i d liu vi cc my in thoi khc. Khi o Led hng ngoi, Bn
c kt qu trn vch chia LV ( bit mc ghim p trn Led), v trn
vch chia LI ( bit cng dng in ang chy qua Led).

g o motor rung.

kim tra hot ng ca mt motor rung, Bn ly thang o Rx1 c
dng chy trn dy o ln (DNG IN TI A L 150MA).
T MOTOR LN HAI DY O. MOTOR S C CP DNG V S QUAY. LC NY HY
C KT QU TRN VCH CHIA LV BIT MC P TRN MOTOR V C KT QU TRN
VCH CHIA LI BIT CNG DNG IN CHY QUA MOTOR. MOTOR RUNG THNG
LM VIC MC DNG 100MA V MC P GIM NGANG MOTOR L 1V.

NU BN KIM TRA MOTOR RUNG THANG O RX10, KIM O C LN CHO BIT C
DNG CHY QUA MOTOR (MOTOR KHNG H MCH), NHNG MOTOR KHNG QUAY V
DNG LY RA THANG O RX10, TI A CH C 15MA, KHNG LN LM QUAY CC
MOTOR RUNG. THANG O RX1, KHI BN O HAI DY O, MOTOR RUNG S QUAY
NGC CHIU.


+g o Loa.

Trong cc loa loi in ng lun c mt cun dy (gi l coil), cun dy
gn trn mt mn rung, Bn dng thang o Rx1 ( ly dng ln), cp
dng cho cun dy, cun dy s tr thnh mt nam chm in, lc ny
cun dy s tng tc vi mt nam chm vnh cu (gn trn loa) v lm
rung mn loa, pht ra ting ku rt rt. Du hiu ny cho bit loa cn tt.
Nu Bn th thang o Rx10 dng in trn d o nh hn, m vn cn
nghe loa ku, l loi loa nhy. Tr khng ca loa in thoi thng l
20 Ohm.

Khi o thang Rx1, thy kim ln m mn loa khng rung, cun coil b
kt. Cun coil rt ra khng dnh vo mn loa, loa s ku rt yu. Loa b
qu cng sut s b r. Loa gn khng cht vo v my cng s pht ra
ting b r.


g o Microphone.

Micro dng cc my in thoi di ng thng l micro in dung.
Trong micro in dung lun c mt transistor FET nh.

LOI MICRO NY CN CP DNG PHN CC MI TO RA C TN HIU. CHN S
(SOURCE) CA FET S CHO LY DNG VO T NG MASSE, DNG CHY RA TRN
CHN DRAIN V CHY V NGUN DNG. DO KHI DNG OHM K KIM TRA MICRO,
BN T DY TN CHN S, DY EN TRN CHN D (CHNG TA BIT, DY EN NI
VO CC DNG CA PIN). LC NY S C DNG CHY QUA KNH DN CA
TRANSISTOR FET, KIM S LN. BN HY THI MNH VO MICRO, LM RUNG MNG TNH
IN, NU KIM O C DAO NG NH L MICRO TT.


g o Transistor, quang transistor, transistor
MOSFET.

o transistor nh cc:

Transistor nh cc c hai mi ni PN, quen gi l transistor bipolar. N c
2 loi, transistor NPN v transistor PNP. Bn c th dng mt Ohm k
kim tra cc loi transistor bipolar. Trnh t thng lm l:

(1) Hy tm chn B.


Bn ly thang o Rx1, tm o trn hai chn ca transistor, o chiu ny
kim khng ln, ri cho o dy o kim cng khng ln, Bn kt lun hai
chn ang o l chn E (Emitter, chn phun dng) v chn C (Collector,
chn thu gom dng), vy chn cn li chnh l chn B (Base, chn nn)
ca transistor.


(2) Hy kim tra hai diode ca mi ni B-E v B-C.

TRANSISTOR TNG NG NH HAI DIODE, NN VIC KIM TRA MT TRANSISTOR
TT/XU L KIM TRA HAI DIODE (B-E V B-C). VI TRANSISTOR NPN, NU DY EN
(C TNH HT DNG) T TRN CHN B, DY (C TNH BM DNG) NM TRN CHN
C. KIM PHI LN DO MI NI PHN CC THUN V DY T TRN CHN E, KIM CNG
LN (CNG DO C PHN CC THUN). NGC LI, T DY TRN CHN B, DY
EN O TRN CHN C, RI O QUA CHN E, KIM U S KHNG LN, V DIODE B PHN
CC NGHCH.

Ch : Vi cc transistor loi PNP th kt qu o s ngc li. Ngha l
dy TRN CHN B, DY EN TRN CHN E, RI TRN CHN C, KIM S LN DO
PHN CC THUN V DY EN TRN CHN B, DY TRN CHN C, RI CHN E, KIM
PHI KHNG LN V PHN CC NGHCH.

Hnh v trn cho thy, dy en trn chn B (cho ht dng ra chn B),
dy trn chn E (cho bm dng vo trn chn E), kim ln v lc ny
diode B-E ang phn cc thun.

Nu t dy trn chn B, ly dy en t ln chn E, diode phn cc
nghch, kim khng ln v dy en trn chn C, kim cng phi khng ln.


(3) Hy xc nh chn E v chn C.

Chng ta bit, mi ni bn dn B-C chu volt nghch cao (thng trn
60V), trong khi mi ni B-E chu volt nghch thp (thng khong 9V).


Do , Bn hy ly thang o ohm Rx10K, lc ny trn dy o s c 12V
(t ngun pin 9V + vi ngun pin 3V), dng mc p ny o nghch trn
mi ni B-C (kim s khng ln) v o nghch trn mi ni B-E, kim s ln,
v sao c khc bit ny? v mi ni B-E chu p 9V b nh thng
mc p 12V ca my o. Qua du hiu ny Bn d dng xc nh c
chn C v chn E.


(4) Hy xc nh li dng in ca transistor.

Bn ly thang o ohm Rx10, chp hai dy o, chnh kim v vch 0 Ohm.

Cm transistor C1815 vo ng chn C, B, E ca 3 l cm NPN trn
my o. Kim ln, Bn c kt qu trn vch chia HEF. Kim ch 200, c
ngha l li dng in ca transistor 2SC1815 l 200 ln (n c ngha
dng in I
C
chy ra trn chn C ln hn dng in I
B
chy ra trn chn
B l 200 ln). Tham s HFE cn gi l h s beta ca transistor.

Vi transistor PNP cng lm tng t, cm transistor vo 3 chn C, B, E
ca b chn cm PNP v c kt qu trn vch chia HFE, Bn s bit
c li dng in HFE ca transistor.


o quang transistor:

Quang transistor l linh kin bn dn 2 chn, chn E cho ly dng (dng
chy vo chn E), dng chy ra trn chn C, khi Bn cho nh sng
kch thch vo vng B ca transistor, khi mc sng yu, transistor dn
in yu v khi cng nh sng mnh th quang transistor s dn
in mnh hn. Vy o mt quang transistor, Bn t quang
transistor trn hai dy o (Bn xem hnh).

Khi c nh sng ri vo quang transistor, n s dn in, kim s ln,
cng sng cng mnh, kim ln cng cao (ngha l dng chy qua
quang transistor cng ln). Trong in thoi di ng, ngi ta dng
quang transistor trao i tn hiu bit dng tia sng hng ngoi.


o transistor MOSFET:

Transistor MOSFET thng dng lm kho in bn dn ng m
nhanh, Bn thng gp loi transistor ny cc b adaptor DC dng
np li in cho pin. Cch o loi transistor MOSFET nh sau:

Trong transistor MOSFET dng lm kho in ng m nhanh thng
c thm diode dp in p ngc. Dng in chy vo trn chn Source
v chy ra trn chn Drain, c dng in ny, chn Gate cn c in
p dng phn cc. Do khi dng Ohm k o kim tra loi
transistor ny. Trc ht, Bn hy ly thang o ohm Rx1, o thun
nghch trn hai chn xc nh diode D v qua s bit c chn
Source v chn Drain. Nu dy nm trn chn Source v dy en
trn chn Drain, Bn s thy: KIM KHNG LN, NGHA L TRONG KNH DN IN
LOI P GIA VNG GING SOURCE V GING DRAIN CHA XUT HIN CC HT IN
T DO (BN XEM HNH). LC NY, BN HY CHO DY EN CHM NH VO CHN GATE,
V T LI DY EN TRN CHN DRAIN, BN S THY KIM LN. V SAO? V BN
CHO NP IN P DNG VO CHN GATE V LC NY TRONG VNG GIA GING
SOURCE V GING DRAIN C HT MANG IN, NN KNH DN IN.


g o cc IC.

IC (Intergrated Circuit) l cc mch in tch hp, cu to ca IC c bn
l cc cht bn dn, mun bm c dng in chy qua cc mi ni
bn dn (vn c ro p l 0.6V) trong cc IC, Bn phi dng Ohm k loi
kim (vn c in p trn hai dy o l 3V). Vy kim tra mt IC, trc
ht Bn hy chn mt chn ca IC, cho bm dng vo chn ny (t dy
mu LN CHN IC CHN), V CHO HT DNG RA TRN MT CHN KHC VI DY
O MU EN, NU KIM LN L C DNG, DNG IN NY CHY QUA CU TRC BN
TRONG CA IC. DNG PHP O I CHNG CC MCH IN CNG LOI, CC IC CNG
LOI BIT IC ANG KIM TRA TT XU.



g Kim tra bn phm.

Th d 1: HY KIM TRA IC MY TNH THNG QUA CCH O OHM TRN CC IM
NG CA MCH IN BN PHM.

TRONG CC MY IN THOI DI NG, NGI TA LY NHIU CHN CA IC MY TNH LP
THNH BNG MA TRN, GM CC HNG (ROW) V CC CT (COLUMN). TRN BNG MA
TRN BN PHM NY GN CC NT NHN, CNG DNG CA N L S LM CHM MT
HNG VI MT CT V QUA DU HIU NY S C IC MY TNH GII M TM RA NI
DUNG CA PHM NHN RI CHO CHP HNH. NGI TA DNG BN PHM NHP LNH
V NHP D LIU VO KHI MY TNH.

Bn ly Ohm k chn thang o Rx100, dy chm vo ng masse
(Cho bm dng vo ng masse). By gi cho dy en ln lt chm
vo cc im ng ca ma trn bn phm, kim ln l c dng in
chy ra trn mt chn ca IC. Dng cch kim tra ny, Bn s bit c
c h chn bn di IC khng, c t mch khng. Hy so snh cc
kt qu o c, nu thy cc s ohm o c u ging nhau l mch
in bn phm tt.

Ghi nhn: Sau khi o ly mu trn mch in bn phm ca my Nokia
8210, chng ti thy cc im o u c kt qu l 30K.


wg Kim tra mn hnh.

Th d 2: Hy kim tra IC my tnh thng qua cch o Ohm trn cc im
ng ca mch in mn hnh.

Trong cc my in thoi di ng, ngi ta dng cht tinh th lng to ra
cc nh im sp trn mt mn hnh v dng cc nh im ny in ra
cc hnh nh. Chng ta bit, khi tinh th lng b kch thch, n s che
sng v cho ra mt im en hay mt im mu (R, G, B), khi khng b
kch thch th cht tinh th lng khng che sng, trong sut. Ngi ta ch
to chip mch in iu khin mn hnh v dn chip mch in ny bn
di mn hnh (k thut COG). to kt ni gia board mch in v
chip mch in mn hnh, trn board mch in dng cc di tip im hay
dng b ni nhiu dy.



Nh vy, mch in mn hnh s c nhiu chn kt ni vi khi my
tnh, do Bn c th dng mt Ohm k loi kim c in p trn dy o
l 3V kim tra cc ng mch v kim tra cu trc bn trong ca
chip IC. Cch o nh sau:

Bn hy ly Ohm k, ly thang o Rx100, dy t trn ng masse
(cho bm dng vo board mch in qua ng masse). Dy en t trn
cc chn ng ca mch in mn hnh ht dng in ra. Nu kim
ln, cho bit c dng in chy vo BN TRONG IC V CHY RA TRN CC CHN
CA IC. NU KIM KHNG LN L C T MCH HAY H CHN.

Bn c th dng cch o ny o ly mu trn cc board mch in ca
cc my tt v sau ny dng cc tham s ny so snh vi cc my
h (cch o i chng), v qua tm ra kt lun nhanh v tnh trng tt
hay xu ca my.


Kt lun: i vi ngi th in t, my o VOM l con mt th ba ca h,
ngi th dng my o ny cng nh dng con mt sng nhn v cc board
mch v thy s vn hnh ca tt c cc b phn trong mch in, h cn
thy dng in t ang chy vo / chy ra trn cc chn ca linh kin, cn thy
mc p cao / mc p thp trn cc ng mch. Hin ny, ngi ta tm ra c
1001 cch s dng loi my o ny. Khi no c dp chng ta s tr li ti
ny. Cho!


Ngi son, gio vin dy ngh: Vng Khnh Hng