Chng 2: Mi tr ng truy n

Bi Vn Hi u E-mail: bvhieu@cse.hcmut.edu.vn
B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh Tr ng i h c Bch Khoa Thnh ph H Ch Minh

N i dung trnh by
Khi ni m, thu t ng S sai khc tn hi u Kh nng knh truy n Cc mi tr ng truy n d n

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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N i dung trnh by
Khi ni m, thu t ng
S sai khc tn hi u Kh nng knh truy n Cc mi tr ng truy n d n

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Mi tr ng
Mi tr ng h u tuy n (guided medium) Mi tr ng v tuy n (unguided medium ho c wireless)

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Tn hi u
Tn hi u tng t (analog signal)
Cc gi tr lin t c theo th i gian

Tn hi u s (digital signal)
Gi m t m c sau chuy n sang m t m c khc

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Repeater v Amplifier
Repeater
Truy n tn hi u s

Repeater

Amplifier
Truy n tn hi u tng t

Amplifier

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Phn lo i lin k t
Lin k t tr c ti p (direct link)
ng truy n gi a hai thi t b khng c cc thi t b trung gian khc (ngoi repeater ho c amplifier)

K t n i i m i m (point to point)
K t n i tr c ti p Ch c hai thi t b dng mi tr ng truy n

K t n i nhi u i m (multi point)

Nhi u thi t b chia s mi tr ng truy n

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Ch truy n
n gi n (simplex)
D li u ch truy n m t chi u

n cng (half duplex)

D li u c th truy n hai chi u M i th i i m ch c th truy n m t chi u

Song cng (full duplex)

D li u c th truy n cng lc c hai chi u

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Tn hi u tu n hon
L p l i theo th i gian Chu k T T n s f=1/T

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Tn hi u sin
c trng b i ba thnh ph n
Bin (amplitude) T n s (frequency) Pha (phase)

x(t) = Asin(2ft + )

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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M t s tn hi u sin
x(t) = Asin(2ft + )

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Khi ni m mi n t n s
Bi u di n mi n t n s c a tn hi u sin x(t) = Asin(2ft + )
A f Bin T ns

Bi u di n mi n t n s c a tn hi u x(t) = Asin(2f1t) + Bsin(2f2t) +

Bin B A f1
B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

T ns f2
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Khi ni m mi n t n s
Gi tr mi n t n s c a tn hi u b t k ? Phn tch Fourier
Phn tch m t tn hi u b t k thnh t ng cc tn hi u sin

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Ph , bng thng
Ph (spectrum) c a tn hi u
Kho ng t n s ch a trong tn hi u

Bng thng tuy t i (absolute bandwidth)

r ng ph (b ng hi u s t n s cao nh t v th p nh t c a tn hi u) M t s tn hi u c bng thng tuy t i v h n

Bng thng hi u d ng (bng thng bandwith)

D i t n s h p ch a h u h t nng l ng c a t/h

Thnh ph n DC (DC component)

Thnh ph n t n s b ng 0
B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh Trang 14

Quan h gi a bng thng v t c d li u

B t k mi tr ng truy n no u c m t bng thng gi i h n T c d li u t i a b gi i h n b i bng thng

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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N i dung trnh by
Khi ni m, thu t ng

S sai khc tn hi u
Kh nng knh truy n Cc mi tr ng truy n d n

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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S sai khc tn hi u (impairments)

Tn hi u nh n c khc v i tn hi u truy n

nh h ng
Truy n d n tng t : suy gi m ch t l ng tn hi u Truy n d n s : l i trn bit

Nguyn nhn
Suy gi m tn hi u (attenuation) Mo tr lan truy n (delay distortion) Nhi u (noise
B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh Trang 17

Suy gi m tn hi u (attenuation)
C ng (bin ) c a tn hi u b suy gi m theo kho ng cch Ty thu c vo mi tr ng truy n d n L m t hm tng theo t n s L hm ph c t p i v i mi tr ng v h ng

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Suy gi m tn hi u (tt)
C ng suy gi m theo hm logarit Cng th c Attenuation = 10 log10(P1/P2) (dB)
P1 cng su t ni pht (watts) P2 cng su t ni nh n(watts)

Attenuation = -20log10(V1/V2)
V1 i n p ni pht (V) V2 i n p ni nh n (V)

l i/ hao h t c a cc t ng n i ti p c th c tnh b ng php ton c ng tr

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh Trang 19

Mo tr truy n lan
V n t c lan truy n tn hi u thay i theo t n s
V n t c cao nh t g n t n s trung tm Cc thnh ph n t n s khc nhau s n ch cc th i i m khc nhau K t qu l s d ch pha gi a cc t n s khc nhau

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Nhi u
Tn hi u thm vo gi a thi t b pht v thi t b thu
Nhi u nhi t (thermal noise) Nhi u i u ch (intermodulation noise) Nhi u xuyn knh (crosstalk) Nhi u xung (impulse noise)

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Nhi u nhi t
Nhi u nhi t (thermal noise) - nhi u tr ng (white noise)
Do dao ng nhi t c a cc i n t trong ch t d n Hm c a nhi t Khng th lo i b gi i h n hi u su t c a h th ng Phn tn ng nh t trn ph t n s Nhi u trong bng thng 1Hz c a b t k ch t d n no

N0 = kT
N0: m t cng su t nhi u (watt/Hz) k: h ng s Boltzmann ( 1.38 x 10-23 J/K) T: nhi t (K) Nhi u trong bng thng W (Hz):

N = N0W = kTW
B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh Trang 22

Nhi u i u ch
X y ra khi nhi u t n s khc nhau dng chung mi tr ng truy n Sinh ra tn hi u t n s l t ng ho c hi u, ho c tch t n s c a cc tn hi u ban u Do tnh phi tuy n c a mi tr ng truy n v thi t b thu/pht

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Nhi u xuyn knh

Tn hi u t ng truy n ny nh h ng sang cc ng truy n khc Th ng cng l n (ho c nh hn) nhi u nhi t

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Nhi u xung
Xung b t th ng (spike) Th i kho ng ng n, c ng cao Khng th on tr c, bin nhi u bi n ng nh h ng nh n truy n tng t L nguyn nhn chnh d n n l i trong truy n d ns
V d : xung 0.01s lm m t 50 bit d li u n u truy n t c 4800bps

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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N i dung trnh by
Khi ni m, thu t ng S sai khc tn hi u

Kh nng knh truy n

Cc mi tr ng truy n d n

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Khi ni m nh gi kh nng knh truy n

T c d li u (data rate bit rate) R
c trng cho kh nng c a knh truy n (n v bps)

T c l i (error rate) Baud rate (baud/s) Rs

S l n tn hi u thay i t i a trong mt giy Ngh ch o c a ph n t d li u ng n nh t

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Kh nng knh truy n (tt)

Quan h gi a Baud rate v Bit rate

R = Rs x log2M = Rs x m
R : t c bit (bit/s) Rs : t c baud (baud/s) M : s m c thay i tn hi u trn ng truy n m : s bit m ha cho m t tn hi u

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Cng th c Nyquist
T c truy n thng tin c c i b gi i h n b i bng thng c a knh truy n Gi s mi tr ng khng nhi u C = 2W x log2M
C : t c truy n tn hi u c c i (bps) khi knh truy n khng c nhi u W : bng thng c a knh truy n (Hz) M : s m c thay i tn hi u trn ng truy n N u M = 2: C = 2W

h u hi u bng thng: B = R/W (bps Hz-

1)
B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh Trang 29

Cng th c Shannon-Hartley
Signal to Noise ratio

SNRdB = 10 x log10 (S/N) (dB)

S N cng su t tn hi u cng su t nhi u

Kh nng c a knh truy n

C = W x log2 (1 + S/N) (bps)

C l t c truy n t/h c c i khi knh truy n c nhi u

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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T s nng l ng tn hi u m i bit v i cng su t nhi u

Eb/N0
Eb nng l ng pht m i bit N0 cng su t nhi u m i Hz

Eb = STb = S/R
S cng su t tn hi u T th i gian truy n 1 bit (b ng 1/R) R t c d li u

Eb/N0 = S/RN0 = S/(kTR)

T c l i bit l hm gi m c a t s ny

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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N i dung trnh by
Khi ni m, thu t ng S sai khc tn hi u Kh nng knh truy n

Cc mi tr ng truy n d n
Mi tr ng truy n d n h u tuy n Mi tr ng truy n d n khng dy S lan truy n khng dy

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Phn lo i mi tr ng truy n
H u tuy n (guided media wire)
Cp ng Cp quang

V tuy n (unguided media wireless)

V tinh H th ng sng radio, microwave, ...

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Ph i n tr ng

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Mi tr ng truy n d n h u tuy n
Cp xo n i (twisted pair) Cp ng tr c (coaxial cable) Cp quang (optical fiber)
Frequency Range Twisted pair (with loading) 0 to 3.5 kHz Typical Attenuation 0.2 dB/km @ 1 kHz 3 dB/km @ 1 kHz 7 dB/km @ 10 MHz 0.2 to 0.5 dB/km Typical Delay 50 s/km Repeater Spacing 2 km

Twisted pairs 0 to 1 MHz (multi-pair cables) Coaxial cable Optical fiber 0 to 500 MHz 186 to 370 THz

5 s/km

2 km

4 s/km 5 s/km

1 to 9 km 40 km

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Cp xo n i
Hai dy ng cch i n Xo n l i v i nhau Th ng c b l i

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Cp xo n i -

ng d ng

Mi tr ng truy n d n thng d ng nh t M ng i n tho i

Gi a cc thu bao v h p cp T ng i n i b (Private Branch eXchange PBX)

M ng c c b (LAN)
10Mbps ho c 100Mbps

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Cp xo n i u nh c i m
u i m
R D dng thao tc

Nh c i m
T c d li u th p Kho ng cch gi i h n

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Cp xo n i c tnh truy n d n
Truy n tn hi u tng t
C n b khu ch i (amplifier) m i 5km t i 6km

Truy n tn hi u s
C n b l p (repeater) m i 2km t i 3km

Kho ng cch gi i h n Bng thng gi i h n (1MHz) T c d li u gi i h n (100MHz) D b nhi u mi tr ng ngoi

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Cp xo n i Phn lo i
Khng v b c gip Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Dy i n tho i thng th ng R nh t D l p t D b nhi u tr ng i n t bn ngoi V b c gip Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) V gip b n gip gi m nhi u v tc ng bn ngoi t hn Kh l p t (c ng, n ng)
B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh Trang 40

Cp xo n i Phn lo i (tt)
UTP Cat 3 C th t t c 16MHz c dng trong lin l c tho i h u h t cc vn phng Chi u di xo n (twist length): 7.5cm t i 10cm UTP Cat 4 C th t t c 20 MHz UTP Cat 5 C th t t c 100MHz c dng ph bi n hi n nay trong cc vn phng Chi u di xo n: 0.6cm n 0.85cm Thch h p cho t c truy n ln n 100.106 bits/second
B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh Trang 41

Cp xo n i Tm t t

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Cp ng tr c
Trong cng l kim lo i d n tn hi u Ti p n l l p cch i n L i b o v bn ngoi Ngoi cng l l p nh a b o v

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Cp ng tr c Cp truy n hnh

ng d ng

Truy n d n T kho ng cch xa

C th truy n cng lc 10.000 cu c g i

K t n i cc h th ng my tnh kho ng cch g n M ng c c b K t n i cc thi t b kho ng cch g n c n ng truy n t c cao

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Cp ng tr c c tnh truy n d n
Truy n tn hi u tng t
C n b khuy ch i m i vi km Kho ng cch cng ng n n u t n s cng cao Ph tn hi u truy n ln n 500MHz

Truy n tn hi u s
C n b l p (repeater) m i km Kho ng cch cng ng n n u t c d li u cng cao

Cc nh h ng ch y u l: suy gi m, nhi u nhi t v nhi u i u ch

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh Trang 45

Cp quang
Trong cng s i quang r t nh , ng knh 8 n 100 um, lm b ng th y tinh ho c plastic Bao b i l p o c c tnh quang khc Ngoi cng l l p nh a b o v

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Cp quang -

ng d ng

Mi tr ng truy n thch h p tri n khai cc ng d ng m ng s a d ch v tch h p bng r ng (Broadband Integrated Services Digital Networks) ng trung k kho ng cch xa Trung k th Trung k t ng i nng thn M ng c c b

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Cp quang u i m
Bng thng r ng
T c d li u ln n hng trm Gbps

Kch th c v tr ng l ng nh suy hao th p. Cch ly tr ng i n t (t b nh h ng c a nhi u v mi tr ng xung quanh) Kho ng cch gi a cc b l p xa

Gi m s b l p, gi m gi thnh, gi m kh nng l i

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Cp quang - c tnh truy n d n

Sng lan truy n c h ng 1014 n 1015 Hz
M t ph n ph h ng ngo i v ph nhn th y c

Thi t b pht
Light Emitting Diode (LED) R T m nhi t ho t ng r ng Tu i th cao Injection Laser Diode (ILD) Hi u qu hn T c d li u cao hn

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

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Cp quang - Ch truy n

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Cp quang - Ch truy n (tt)

Step-index multimode Ngu n sng Bng thng Ghp n i ng d ng LED/ILD R ng (ln n 200MHz/km) kh Truy n d li u my tnh R nh t 50-125 125-440 10-50 Graded-index multimode Single-mode LED/ILD R t r ng (200MHz3GHz/km) kh ng i n tho i (kho ng cch trung bnh) Trung bnh 50-125 125-440 7-15 ILD C c r ng (3GHz50GHz/km) kh Vi n thng ng di t nh t 2-8 15-60 0.2-2

Gi thnh ng knh li (m) ng knh v (m) suy gi m (db/km)

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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N i dung trnh by
Khi ni m, thu t ng S sai khc tn hi u Kh nng knh truy n Cc mi tr ng truy n d n
Mi tr ng truy n d n h u tuy n

Mi tr ng truy n d n khng dy
S lan truy n khng dy

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Phn lo i
C h ng
Chm nh h ng (focused beam) i h i s canh ch nh h ng c n th n

V h ng
Tn hi u lan truy n theo m i h ng C th c nh n b i nhi u anten

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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T mt ns
2GHz n 40GHz (sng viba microwave)
Sng lan truy n nh h ng cao Thch h p cho truy n i m-i m (point to point) c s d ng trong giao ti p v tinh

30MHz n 1GHz
Sng lan truy n v h ng Sng radio (LF, MF, HF, VHF, UHF, SHF, EHF )

3.1011 Hz n 2.1014 Hz
H ng ngo i C cb
B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh Trang 54

 c i m
Kh c ph c nh ng kh khn v a l T l bit l i trn ng truy n (BER) thay i ty theo h th ng c tri n khai.
V d : BER c a v tinh 10-10

T c truy n t vi Mbps n hng trm Mbps Ph m vi tri n khai a d ng: LAN, WAN Chi ph tri n khai h th ng ban u r t cao

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

Trang 55

Sng viba m t t
Ch o parabol ( ng knh th ng 10 inch) Chm sng nh h ng theo ng ng m (line of sight) Cc ch o parabol th ng c g n trn cao truy n nh n Kho ng cch t i a gi a cc anten

d = 7.14 kh
h: chi u cao c a anten k: h ng s hi u ch nh g p khc c a sng (k=4/3)

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Viba m t t - c tnh truy n d n

suy gi m t/h

L = 10 log(

4d 2

dB

d: kho ng cch : chi u di sng

C n amplifier/repeater m i 10-100km suy gi m thay i theo mi tr ng (tng khi c ma) B giao thoa sng

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Sng viba v tinh

V tinh l tr m trung chuy n V tinh nh n trn m t t n s (uplink), khuy ch i (ho c l p l i tn hi u) v truy n trn m t t n s khc (downlink) C n v tinh a tnh
Cao 35.784 km Kho ng cch gi a hai v tinh a tnh l 40 n u dng c p t n s 4/6 GHz v 30 v i c p t n s 12/14 GHz

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Sng viba v tinh

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Sng viba v tinh

Truy n hnh

ng d ng

i n tho i ng di M ng thng m i ring

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Sng viba v tinh c tnh truy n d n

Th ng trong kho ng t n s 1-10 GHz
< 1 GHz: qu nhi u nhi u >10 GHz: h p th b i t ng kh quy n

C p t n s thu/pht
4/6 GHz band (3.7-4.2 downlink, 5.925-6.425 uplink) 12/14 GHz band (11.7-12.2 downlink, 14-14.5 uplink)

T n s cao hn i h i tn hi u ph i m nh khng b suy gi m, thi t b thu c th nh v r hn Tr 240-300ms, ng ch trong vi n thng

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh Trang 61

Sng radio
V h ng, 30MHz 1GHz C th pht ra m i hng (nhng th ng khng b ng nhau theo m i h ng) i truy n thanh sng FM Truy n hnh UHF v VHF Nguyn nhn nhi u chnh l nhi u a lu ng

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Nhi u a lu ng

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V tuy n: sng h ng ngo i

Truy n theo ng th ng (ho c ph n x ) B c n b i cc b c t ng ng d ng
B i u khi n TV t xa C ng i u khi n b ng h ng ngo i (IRD port)

T n s khng c n ph i ng k

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Trang 64

N i dung trnh by
Khi ni m, thu t ng S sai khc tn hi u Kh nng knh truy n Cc mi tr ng truy n d n
Mi tr ng truy n d n h u tuy n Mi tr ng truy n d n khng dy

S lan truy n khng dy

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Lan truy n v tuy n

Tn hi u lan truy n theo 3 cch
Sng m t t (ground wave propagation)
D c theo ng bao tri t < 2MHz AM radio

Sng b u tr i (sky wave propagation)

Radio nghi p d, d ch v ton c u BBC, VOA Tn hi u ph n x t t ng i n ly

ng th ng (light-of-sight propagation)
Kho ng trn 30MHz C th xa hn ng th ng quang h c do c khc x

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Lan truy n sng m t t

Ground-wave propagation (below 2MHz)

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Lan truy n sng b u tr i

Sky-wave propagation (2 to 30MHz)

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh Trang 68

Lan truy n ng th ng

Line-of-sight (LOS) propagation (above 30MHz)

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Khc x
V n t c sng i n t l hm s c a m t v t li u V n t c sng i n t thay i khi truy n t mi tr ng ny sang mi tr ng khc H ng truy n c a sng s b b cong t i bin Ch s khc x Sin(gc t i)/sin(gc khc x ) Thay i theo chi u di sng Gy ra s thay i h ng t ng t khi chuy n ti p gi a cc mi tr ng Gy ra s b cong t t n u m t mi tr ng truy n thay i M t kh quy n gi m theo cao Tn hi u radio b b cong v pha tri t

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Optical and radio Horizons

B mn K thu t my tnh Khoa Khoa h c v K thu t my tnh

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Cu h i n t p
Phn bi t mi tr ng truy n h u tuy n v mi tr ng truy n v tuy n Phn bi t tn hi u tng t v tn hi u s Ph l g? Bng thng l g ? S sai khc tn hi u l g ? S suy gi m tn hi u l g ? Kh nng knh truy n l g ? Cc h s g nh h ng n kh nng knh truy n ?
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