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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

KHOA K THUT IN T 1

Nhng khi nim c bn v thit k PCB

Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB

Gii thiu
PCB- Printed Circuit Board Thit k PCB cn c s hiu bit v kh nng sp xp v tr ca hng trm linh kin v hng nghn ng dy thnh mt thit k hon chnh tha mn ng thi cc yu cu vt l v in. Thit k PCB hp l l mt phn rt quan trng ca mt bn thit k. Thit k PCB l mt qu trnh sng to ca mi c nhn. Mt s li khuyn v quy tc chnh thit k v i dy PCB.
tng thit k

Thit k mch nguyn l

Cn chnh sa

M phng, kim tra hot ng ca mch


Hot ng tt

Hot ng cha tt

Thit k PCB
Hon thin

Mch in
Quy trnh thit k mch in t
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Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB

Ni dung
GII THIU THIT K V SP T LINH KIN CC LP KHC THIT K CHO VIC CH TO

Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB

GII THIU
Mch nguyn l H chun v h mt Lm vic vi Grid (khung li) Lm vic t mt trn Track Dy ng Pad L ng Via L xuyn mt Polygon Lp ph ng Clearances - Khong h/khong cch v in

Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB

Mch nguyn l
Trc khi bt u layout PCB, bn PHI c mt s mch nguyn l chnh xc v hon thin. Mt thit k PCB l mt phin bn ca mch nguyn l, v vy thit k PCB chu nh hng ca mch nguyn l gc.
Mch nguyn l r rng, logic v sng sa th chc chn vic thit k PCB s d dng hn. Cc phn in t quan trng cn c v mt cch chnh xc, cc nh thit k s quan tm ti chng i dy trn PCB. Nh vic t cc t cnh linh kin m chng h tr ( nh lc ngun). Cc ghi ch trn mch nguyn l gip cho vic i dy rt hiu qu. V d , chn ny yu cu mt dy bo v ti tn hiu t, vit cc ghi ch r rng gip cho ngi i dy bng mch bit c phng. Thm ch nu bn l ngi thit k mch v v mch nguyn l, cc ghi ch khng ch nhc nh bn khi i dy bng mch, m cn rt hu dng cho ngi duyt thit k.
Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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H chun v h mt
H chun (inch, thou, mil)
Do qu kh, v do phn ln thit b in t c ch to vi khong cch gia cc chn o theo tiu chun (imperial). Trong thit k PCB s dng n v mil hay thou.
1 mil = 1 thou = 1/1000 inch (1 mili inch)

S dng mil cho cc track, pad, cc khong cch v cc mt li, hu ht c trong cc yu cu sp xp v thit k c bn.

H mt (mm)
S dng mm cho cc yu cu c kh v sn xut nh kch thc l v kch thc bng mch.

Chuyn i gia n v chun sang n v h mt:


100 thou (0.1inch) = 2.54mm 1mm = 39.37 thou (inch) 100 mil l im tham chiu c bn cho tt c cc khong cch ca thit k PCB, v khong cch linh kin thng l bi s hoc phn s ca n v c bn . 50 mil v 200 mil l nhng n v in hnh.
Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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Lm vic vi Grid (khung li)


grid cn chnh, ging nh con tr ca bn, cc linh kin v cc dy s cn chnh trn cc v tr grid c nh. Khng cn phi nh tt c kch thc ca grid m ch cn nh kch thc c bn.
100 mil l mt grid tiu chun c bn cho cng vic to l, 50 mil lm chun cho vic i dy, nh chy cc dy gia cc l xuyn qua. i vi nhng thit k t m hn bn c th s dng grid cn chnh 25 mil hoc nh hn na.

Ti sao mt grid cn chnh th li quan trng?


N s gi cho cc linh kin ca bn ngn np v cn i; em li s d chu v mt thm m. Gip cho cc cng vic: chnh sa, ko th, di chuyn v cn l cc dy, cc linh kin v cc khi linh kin tr nn d dng hn khi kch thc v phc tp ca vic i dy tng.
Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB

Lm vic vi Grid (tip)


sp xp PCB tt bn cn bt u vi grid th l 50 mil v tng dn mn ca grid cn chnh nu thit k ca bn thiu khong trng. Gim xung n 25 mil v 10 mil cho cc ng i nh v sp t khi cn. m bo grid mn hn bn chn mt c s ph hp ca 100 mil. Thng l 50, 25, 20, 10, hoc 5 mil. Cc loi grid trong chng trnh thit k PCB:
grid cn chnh nh c ni trn, grid nhn thy c, l mt grid tu chn trn mn hnh theo chc nng ca khi hoc cc ng nt, hoc cc im. N hin th nh mt phng nn pha sau bn thit k v h tr vic sp t cc linh kin v cc dy. Grid in, khng nhn thy, nhng n gip cho con tr cn chnh vo chnh gia ca cc tip xc in nh cc dy v cc l, khi t con tr gn. N cc k hu ch cho vic i dy, hiu chnh v di chuyn cc i tng thc hin bng tay. Grid linh kin, lm vic ging nh grid cn chnh, nhng ch dnh cho vic di chuyn linh kin. Grid ny cho php cn chnh linh kin trn mt grid khc. N l bi s ca grid cn chnh m bn s dng. Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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Lm vic t mt trn
Thit k PCB lun c quan st t mt trn ca bng mch, nhn xuyn qua cc lp ging nh chng trong sut. Ch cn nhn bng mch t mt di kim tra hoc ch to. Phng php through the board xuyn qua mch ny c ngha l bn s phi c ch trn b mt lp y nh mt nh gng.

Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB

Track Dy ng
Khng c tiu chun quy nh cho kch c dy. Kch c dy s ph thuc vo yu cu v in ca thit k, khong trng ng i, v quyt nh bi chnh s thch ca ngi thit k. Mi thit k s c mt tp cc yu cu v in khc nhau, cc yu cu ny c th thay i tu vo cc dy trn bng mch. Tt c cc thit k khng gii hn c bn s s dng nhiu kch c dy. Ni chung, dy cng ln cng tt. Cc dy ln hn c tr khng DC thp hn, t cm thp hn, nh ch to c th khc axit d dng hn v r hn, d kim tra v sa li. Gii hn di ca rng dy s ph thuc vo t l track/space dy/khng gian m nh sn xut PCB c th p ng. V d, mt nh sn xut a ra t l track/space l 10/8, c ngha l cc dy khng th c rng nh hn 10 mil, v khong cch gia cc dy (hoc cc pad, hoc bt c b phn bng ng no) khng th nh hn 8 mil. T l thc t l 10/10 v 8/8 cho cc bng mch c bn. Chun IPC khuyn ngh 4mil l gii hn di. T l track/space cng nh, nh sn xut cng phi cn thn hn khi cn l v khc axit ln bng mch. H s tnh c chi ph , v vy m khng nn lm nh hn nhng g mnh cn. Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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Track Dy ng (tip)
Ngi mi bt u thch s dng la chn 25mil cho cc dy tn hiu, 50mil cho dy ngun v t, v 10-15 mil i dy gia IC v cc chn linh kin. Nhiu nh thit k thch cc track tn hiu nh hn nh 10 hoc 15 mil, trong khi nhiu ngi khc li thch cc track to hn. Thc t th mt thit k tt l gi cho cc track cng to cng tt, sau chuyn thnh cc track nh hn ch khi cn tha mn cc yu cu khong trng. Vic thay i kch thc track t to sang nh ri sau khi phc kch thc ban u c gi l c, hay tht c.
S dng khi bn phi i dy gia cc chn IC hay cc chn linh kin. Cho php c c cc track to p v tr khng nh, nhng vn gi c tnh mm do khi i gia cc ch hp. Trn thc t th rng cc track c quyt nh bi dng in chy qua n v nhit ln nht m track c th chu ng c. Cc track c tr khng nht nh nn n s to nhit ging nh mt in tr. Track cng ln th tr khng cng nh. dy ca lp ng trn bng mch cng to nhit mt phn. Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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Pad L ng
Kch c, hnh dng v kch thc pad khng ch ph thuc vo cc linh kin s dng, m n cn ph thuc vo phng php sn sut lp rp bng mch. Mt thng s quan trng l t l pad/hole (l ng/l khoan).
Mi nh sn xut s phi a ra thng s k thut ti thiu cho t l ny. Mt quy tc n gin l ng knh ca pad t nht phi ln gp 1.8 ln ng knh ca hole, hoc t ra phi rng hn 0.5mm. iu cho php dung sai cn chnh gia my khoan v hnh nh minh ho trn cc lp top v bottom. T l ny cng quan trng hn i vi cc pad v hole c kch thc nh, v n c quan h cht ch ti cc via.

Mt s thi quen ph bin: cc pad bao quanh chn cc linh kin nh in tr, t v IC c ng knh l 60mil, pad cho diode l 70 mil. Hu ht cc linh kin hn dn s dng cc pad hnh ch nht. Cc linh kin khc th da vo s lng cc chn, nh cc conector v cc khi in tr SIP, vn lun da theo quy tc chn 1 hnh ch nht. Cc pad hnh bt gic t c s dng, v hu nh nn trnh. Quy tc chung l s dng cc pad hnh trn hay hnh bu dc khi khng s dng pad hnh ch nht. Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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Via L xuyn mt
Cc via kt ni cc track t mt mt ny ti mt khc ca bng mch, bng cch i qua mt hole trn bng mch. Cc via c to ra vi nhng hole c m kim loi dn in, gi l cc l xuyn mt (PTH Planted Through Holes). PTH cho php ni in gia nhng lp khc nhau trn bng mch. Vy s khc nhau gia via v pad l g?
Thc t chng khng khc nhau nhiu lm, chng u l cc hole c m in. Nhng c mt s im khc nhau khi chng cng i vi cc b thit k PCB. Cc pad v cc via nn nghin cu theo cch khc nhau. Cc hole trong cc via thng nh hn so vi cc pad mt cht, ph bin l 0.5-0.7mm. S dng mt via kt ni hai lp thng c gi l mi khu, ging nh bn khu c hai lp li vi nhau mt cch hiu qu, nh mt kim xu ch xuyn qua xuyn li mt vt liu.
Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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Polygon Lp ph ng
Mt polygon t ng ph mt lp ng ln mt vng mong mun, nhng ch chy vng quanh v tch bit vi cc pad v cc track khc. Chng rt c ch cho vic t nhng vng tip t. Cc polygon c t sau khi hon thnh vic sp t cc pad v cc track. Polygon c th l mt trong hai cch ph kn thnh di ng hoc ph mt li an bi cc track ng. Cch ph kn thng c a chung hn, cch ph mt li th c hn.

ph kn ph mt li Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB

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Clearances - Khong h
Khong cch v in l mt yu cu quan trng cho mi bng mch. Mt khong cch qu st gia cc track v cc pad c th dn ti cc chp mch ng mnh nh si tc v kh khc axit trong qu trnh sn xut. iu ny c th gy kh khn cho vic tm ra li khi lp rp bng mch. ng vt cc gii hn ca nh sn xut tr khi bn phi lm vy, c gng thc hin ngh ca h v khong trng nh nht nu c th. 15 mil l mt gii hn khong cch nh nht cho cc thit k hole c bn, vi 10 mil hoc 8 mil c s dng cho cc sp t c nhiu linh kin hn dn. Vi cc in p ln 240V trn PCB c rt nhiu yu cu, v bn cn tham kho cc tiu chun c lin quan nu bn ang thc hin cng vic ny.
Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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Clearances - Khong h

Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB

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THIT K V SP T LINH KIN


Routing c bn Hon thnh cc chi tit Thit k mt mt Thit k hai mt

Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB

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Routing c bn
Khi nim: Routing l qu trnh t cc dy kt ni cc linh kin trong bng mch. Mt kt ni in gia hai hay nhiu pad c gi l mt net. Gi cho cc net cng ngn cng tt. Tng chiu di mt track cng di, th tnh tr, dung, cm cng ln => gy mt n nh. Cc track nn c cc gc l 45 . Trnh s dng gc vung, v cc trng hp s dng gc ln hn 90 . Cc chng trnh PCB s c ch di chuyn 45 . Khng nn i nhng dy vng v sp t chng kh v chm chp hn, nn bm theo cc gc 45 . i dy im ti im c v n gin cho nhng ngi mi bt u, nhng c mt vi l do khin bn khng nn s dng chng.
Th nht l n xu, mt nhn t quan trng trong thit k PCB! Th hai l n khng c nhiu cc khong trng ph hp khi bn mun chy nhiu dy trn cc lp khc.

Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB

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Routing c bn (tip)
Cho hin grid in bi n c dng tham kho nh mt chc nng cn chnh vo gia hoc cn chnh gn nht. Lun gi cho track chnh gia pad, ng bao gi cho track v pad ca bn tnh trng ch tip xc. C mt s l do.
Th nht, n th hin s cu th v khng chuyn nghip. Th hai, chng trnh ca bn c th s khng ngh rng track tip xc in vi pad. S dng grid cn chnh v grid in ng quy tc s trnh c nhng vn .

Ch s dng mt track, khng dng nhiu track cng nhau t im ti im. Cc track phi ng gia cc pad v linh kin, khng b lch v bn no c. S dng grid cn chnh ph hp s m bo bn lun i dy ng. Ch to mt track gia cc pad 100 mil. Ch vi cc thit k ln v dy c th bn nn cn nhc hai track gia cc pad. i vi dng cao, s dng nhiu via khi i dy gia cc lp. iu ny s lm gim tr khng cho track v tng n nh. Khng ko cc track thnh cc gc khc 45 .
Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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Routing c bn (tip)
Gim khong cch gia cc track n mc c th. V d. mt track 10 mil qua 2 pad 60 mil to ra mt khong h 15 mil gia track v pad. Nu c nhiu track ngun v t, u tin hy c t chng vo mch . ng thi, hy lm cho cc track ngun cng ln cng tt. Gi cc track ngun v t cng cch xa nhau cng tt, ng chng ngc hng nhau xung quanh bng mch, s lm gim t cm trong h thng ngun. Gi cho mi th i xng. S i xng trong sp t track v linh kin thc s lm tng tnh thm m v chuyn nghip ca thit k. ng cc lp ng trng thi khng ni vo u c (thng gi l ng cht), hy ni t chng hoc b chng i. ng t cc via bn di cc linh kin. Khi mt linh kin c hn th bn s khng th tc ng n l via hn ng dn xuyn qua c (trng hp cc via khng c m l). C gng s dng cc chn linh kin xuyn l ni cc track lp trn v cc track lp di. iu ny s ti thiu s lng via. Nn nh rng mi via s ng vi hai mi hn trn bng mch ca bn. Cng nhiu mi hn, th bng mch ca bn cng tr nn thiu tin cy. Cha k n vic n s lm cho vic ch to lu hn. Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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Routing c bn (tip)

i dy ngun tt

i dy ngun xu

i dy tt

i dy xu
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Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB

Hon thnh cc chi tit


Khi hon thnh vic i dy, bng mch c th cha c kh lm, nn c mt s pht dnh cho kim tra v hon thin cc tip xc (chi tit). Nu c cc track mnh (<25 mil) th n ph hp thm vo cc gc vt cho cc ch ni hnh ch T, nh vy s loi c cc gc 90 . N lm cho track cng cp hn v ngn chn c cc nh hng xu c th xy ra trong qu trnh khc axit. Nhng quan trng nht l n trng p hn. Kim tra li xem c cn thm cc hole b sung trn bng mch hay khng. Gi cc hole tch bit vi cc linh kin v cc track. Cho php t cc vng m v inh vt. Ti thiu ho s cc kch c hole. Vi nhiu kch thc l th bn phi tr nhiu tin hn, v nh sn xut s quy nh gi bn phi tr khng phi cn c vo s lng cc hole trn bng mch m l s cc kch c hole khc nhau m bn c. N lm mt thi gian trong vic khoan tc cao, thay i mt s mi khoan, v sau khoan li. Kim tra hai ln hiu chnh cc kch c hole trn ton b linh kin.

Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB

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Hon thnh cc chi tit (tip)


Hy chc chn rng tt c cc via ca bn u nh nhau. Ch t l pad/hole. Cc li y c th l lm bong pad via khi hole ch hi dch ra ngoi pad. Kim tra khong cch vt l thch hp gia tt c cc linh kin. Cn thn v cc linh kin vi cc ch h kim loi c th to tip xc in vi cc linh kin khc, hoc cc track v pad h khc. Chuyn mn hnh hin th sang ch draft, ch ny s phc tho tt c cc track v pad. N cho php bn nhn thy bt c sai st no trong bng mch ca bn, v s l ra cc track b lch hay kt thc khng ng chnh gia pad. Nu bn mun, hy thm teardrop (git nc - c hiu l phn bao quanh pad, v im ni track ch T) vo tt c cc pad v via. Mt teardrop lm nhn kt ni gia track v pad, n c hnh dng ging nh mt git nc mt. Teardrop gip ghp ni gia cc track v pad thm chc chn, tin cy v tt hn l cc gc vung gia track v pad.
Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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Thit k mt mt
Thit k mt mt c th lm gim ng k chi ph cho bng mch ca bn. Nu c th iu chnh thit k va trn bng mch mt mt th bn nn lm iu . Tuy nhin, thit k mt mt yu cu nhng k thut nht nh m bn khng s dng trong cc thit k 2 mt hay nhiu lp. Trn thc t, thit k bng mch mt mt s phi s dng mt s dy nhy. Phi cn nhc gia kch c bng mch v s lng cc dy nhy cn dng. Trn bng mch mt mt, vic sp t linh kin l kh kh khn, v vy khng cn thit phi sp xp tt c cc linh kin ca bn thng hng, ngn np v p. Mc ch vic sp xp cc linh kin l i dy hiu qu nht v nhanh nht. N ging nh bn chi mt vn c, nu bn khng suy tnh nhiu nc i trong u th bn s nhanh chng t a mnh vo ng ct nhanh chng. Nu c mt track no chy t mt pha ny ti pha kia ca bng mch th n c th lm hng tt c s sp t ca bn, lm cho vic i dy bt k cc track trc giao no u tr thnh khng th. Nhiu ngi s i dy trn bng mch ca h nh mt bng mch hai mt nhng ch vi cc track thng ti lp trn. Sau khi bng mch c sn xut, cc track lp trn c thay th bi cc dy nhy. iu ny c th km hiu qu hn phng php thit k mt mt, v khng c chp nhn. Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB

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Thit k hai mt
Thit k hai mt gip bn thoi mi hn trong vic thit k bng mch. Nhng g c xem l khng th thc hin trong thit k bng mch mt mt tr nn kh d dng khi bn thm vo mt lp na. Nhiu ngi thit k nghip d c xu hng ngi sp t cc bng mch hai mt. H ngh rng sp linh kin khng quan trng cho lm, v hng trm via c th s dng gii quyt nhng kh khn ny. H thng sp xp cc linh kin nh cc IC chng hn thnh hng ngn np v s dng cc gc 90 i dy. Kin tr s dng cc k thut sp xp linh kin tt v i dy khi cu trc hiu qu. Thit k hai mt c th p dng cc k thut tip t tt, c yu cu cho cc thit k cao tn.
Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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CC LP KHC
Silkscreen - In la Solder Mask - Mt n hn Mechanical Layer Lp c kh Keepout Vng bao ngoi Layer Alignment Cn chnh lp Netlists Danh sch net Rats Nest Dy ni thng Design Rule Checking - Kim tra quy tc thit k Forward and Back Annotation - Li ch gii trc v sau Thit k nhiu lp Power Planes Cc mt ngun Cc k thut thit k tn s cao B tr linh kin hai mt Auto Routing i dy t ng Auto Placement - Sp xp t ng
Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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Silkscreen - In la
Lp silkscreen gi l component overlay (ph linh kin) hoc component layer (lp linh kin). l lp trn cng ca bng mch (v l mt y nu yu cu) bao gm cc phc tho linh kin v cc dng ch ch thch. Thc hin
Lp ny c thm vo bng mch bng cch s dng mt qu trnh silkscreening. Mu trng c chn lm mu chun, nhng cc mu khc cng c th dng nu cn thit, hay kt hp hi ha cc mu trn bng mch ca bn, nhng thng lm gi bng mch tng ln. Gi cho tt c cc ch thch linh kin c cng c ch v cng hng. Thm cc overlay ca linh kin phi ph hp vi kch thc ca cc linh kin trn thc t. iu ny cho php xc nh gii hn v tr thc t ca cc linh kin. Chc chn rng tt c cc cc linh kin phn cc u c nh du, v nh th xc nh c chn 1. Lp silkscreen c cn chnh t chnh xc nht trong tt c cc lp, v vy ng da vo lp ny xc nh v tr chnh xc. Phi m bo l khng c b phn no ca silkscreen chng cho ln mt pad. Khng c hn ch rng ca cc ng k trn overlay linh kin, do c th t do s dng cc c ch v ng k nh hn thc hin. Nu cc phn ch hay cc ng k khng chnh xc v v tr th cng khng nh hng nhiu n thit k ca bn, khng ging nh cc track v cc pad. Thng khng a gi tr m ch a tn linh kin vo silkscreen.

Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB

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Solder Mask - Mt n hn
Mt n solder l mt lp polime mng ph trn bng mch, bao quanh cc pad gip ngn cch cc mi hn t cc mi ni gia cc chn. Mt n solder cn thit cho cc linh kin hn dn v bc nh (pitch bc: c hiu nh l khong cch chn). Mt n solder c hin th trn chng trnh PCB nh mt nh m cc. Trong cc trng hp thng thng bn khng cn t bt c th g ln lp mt n solder. Nhng nu mun xa mt n solder khi mt phn mch, bn c th t cc track ln trn lp mt n solder. C th chn cc mt n solder vi mu khc nhau, nhng mu chun l xanh l cy. Cc via c th c che bi mt n solder nu mun, ging nh vic dng lu. iu ny thng c ch cho cc thit k dung sai nh, ngn mi hn chy vo cc via.

Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB

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Mechanical Layer Lp c kh: Lp c kh c s dng cung cp phc tho bng mch v cc hng dn ch to khc. Lp ny khng phi l mt phn ca thit k PCB thc t, nhng n rt c ch cho nh sn xut PCB bit cch m bn mun lp rp bng mch. Keepout Vng bao ngoi: Lp keepout c nh ngha l cc vng trn bng mch m bn khng mun i dy . V d, n c th bao gm cc vng trng xung quanh cc pad hole hoc cc linh kin in p cao. Layer Alignment Cn chnh lp: Khi nh sn xut PCB lm bng mch ca bn, s c dung sai cn chnh trn film minh ho cho mi lp. N bao gm track, plane, silkscreen, mt n solder, v vic khoan l. Nu bn khng cho php dung sai trong thit k hoc lm dung sai qu nh, bn s gp phi kh khn ln. Tt nht hy tham kho kin ca nh sn xut v dung sai cn chnh m h c th thc hin, t s bit dung sai cn chnh bn phi thc hin l bao nhiu!
Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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Netlists Danh sch net


Mt netlist l mt danh sch cc kt ni (cc net) tng ng vi mch nguyn l. N cng bao gm danh sch cc linh kin, tn linh kin, cc dng chn linh kin v thng tin khc c lin quan ti mch nguyn l. Tp tin netlist c th c to ra bi chng trnh mch nguyn l. Vic to ra mt netlist cng c gi l schematic capture Chng trnh PCB sau c th nhp tp tin netlist v lm nhiu vic. Chng trnh PCB c th t ng ti tt c cc linh kin cn thit ln bng mch trng ca bn. N cng c th gn mt tn net cho mi chn linh kin. Vi cc net c gn cho cc linh kin, chng trnh PCB c th thc hin i dy t ng, DRC, v hin th kt ni linh kin.

Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB

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Rats Nest Dy ni thng


Hin th rats nest l mt ca s trong chng trnh s v mt ng thng (khng phi l mt track) gia cc pad ca cc linh kin c kt ni vi nhau trn mch nguyn l. Thc t, hin th rats nest ch ra kt ni trn mch trc khi bn bt u i dy cc track. Khi bt u i dy bng mch, vi tt c cc linh kin c t mt cch tu , rats nest s hin ra ging nh mt m cc ng dy chng cht phc tp. V l do n c tn l rats nest Khi di chuyn mi linh kin cc ng dy s t ng di chuyn vi chng. Nh bn c th thy ngay cc linh kin c kt ni vi chng, m khng cn phi xem li mch nguyn l v i chiu tn linh kin.

Nh hin th rats nest bn c th i dy gn nh tt c linh kin mt cch ti u, m khng phi i dy tng track. Hin th rast nest s ch cho bn cc track kt ni vi cc linh kin no. Cc ng rats nest s mt i khi bn i dy track gia cc linh kin, v vy thit k s gim bt s phc tp, rc ri khi bn tip tc cng vic. Khi tt c cc ng dy rats nest bin mt, bng mch canim c bn trong thit k . Cc khi bn c i dy y PCB 31

Kim tra quy tc thit k


Design Rule Checking (DRC) cho php t ng kim tra cc lin kt, khong h, v cc li sn xut khc trn thit k PCB . Vi cc PCB ln v phc tp c thit k ngy nay, vic kim tra mt thit k PCB bng tay l khng thc t. l l do ti sao xut hin DRC, n l mt bc tuyt i cn thit trong thit k PCB chuyn nghip. Bn c th s dng DRC kim tra: Kt ni mch: Kim tra xem tt c track trn bng mch ca bn c khp vi kt ni trong mch nguyn l ca bn khng. Khong h in: Bn c th kim tra khong h gia cc track, cc pad v cc linh kin. Cc dung sai sn xut nh t l min/max v cc kch c hole, cc rng track, cc rng via, cc kch c vng, v mch ngn. Mt DRC hon chnh thng c thc hin sau khi hon thnh PCB. Tuy nhin mt s chng trnh c th thc hin kim tra DRC thi gian thc (hay trc tip) khi bn to bng mch. V d, chng trnh khng cho php kt ni mt track ti mt pad m track khng c ni ti, hoc phm mt li v khong h gia track v pad. Nu chng trnh c kh nng DRC thi gian thc, hy s dng n, v n l mt cng c v gi. Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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Li ch gii trc v sau


Li ch thch trc l khi bn thc hin cc thay i i dy PCB hin ti thng qua trnh xy dng mch nguyn l. Chng trnh s thc hin netlist s nguyn l v cc tn linh kin ca bn, v nhp chng vo trong thit k PCB, v thc hin cc thay i tng ng bt k. Mt vi chng trnh cng s t ng xo b cc track PCB c m khng c kt ni na. Bn c th thc hin iu ny bt c lc no trong khi i dy PCB. Nu bn cp nht s nguyn l mi, th bn phi ch thch trc vo thit k PCB ca bn. Bn c th thc hin cc chnh sa bng tay, nhng s ch thch trc t ng thc hin qu trnh ny. Ch thch sau l khi bn thay i tn linh kin (v d: C1 thnh C2) trn PCB ca bn v sau cp nht t ng thng tin ny trong s nguyn l. Nhiu chc nng ch thch sau tin b cho php bn thay i cc cng trn chip, v thc hin cc thay i v in khc. Thc t khng cn s dng ch thch sau nhiu.

Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB

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Thit k nhiu lp
Mt PCB nhiu lp t hn v kh ch to hn rt nhiu so vi cc bng mch mt hoc hai mt, nhng n cho php i dy cc track ngun v track tn hiu vi mt mt ln. Cc tn hiu chy bn trong bng mch nn c th sp xp cc linh kin trn bng mch gn nhau hn => thit k gn hn. S lp trong cc bng mch thng chn, ph bin l 4, 6, v 8 lp.

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Cc k thut thit k tn s cao


Khi thit k tn s cao cn xem xt nh hng ca cm khng, dung khng v tr khng ca vic b tr PCB. Nu tn hiu qu nhanh v track qu di, th track c th nh hng n c tnh ca ng truyn. Nu khng s dng ng k thut ng truyn theo tiu chun th bn s gp s c vi nhiu ca cc tn hiu khc. Track di gii hn l mt track trong thi gian truyn ca tn hiu bt u dn t n chiu di ca track. Trn cc bng mch ng FR4 tiu chun, mt tn hiu s di chuyn khong 6 inches/ns. Trong thit k tc cao, mt t l c s cho vic bo v tnh ton vn ca cc tn hiu, v cng gim cc pht x EMI. N cho php to ra cc dy tr khng c iu khin, nh vic ghp ngun in v ti. N cng cho php bn gi cc tn hiu c ghp cht vi ng hi tip (t) ca chng. C nhiu cch to cc ng truyn tr khng c iu khin trn mt PCB. Nhng c hai cch c bn v ph bin nht c gi l Microstrip v Stripline. Mt Microstrip n gin l mt dy lp trn, vi mt mt ngun bn di. Tnh ton lin quan tm kim tr khng c trng ca mt Microstrip l tng i phc tp. N c da trn rng v dy ca dy, chiu cao so vi mt t, v hng s in mi tng i ca vt liu PCB. iu ny gii thch ti sao gi mt t gn mt lp trn cng li quan trng nh vy. Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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Cc k thut thit k tn s cao (tip)


Mt Stripline tng t vi Microstrip, nhng n c mt mt t thm vo phn trn ca dy. V vy trong trng hp ny, dy s phi mt trong cc lp bn trong. Ci tin ca stripline trn microstrip l hu ht pht x EMI s c cha cng cc mt t. C nhiu chng trnh v cc bng tnh min ph s tnh ton tt c cc s bin thin ca Microstrip v Stripline. Mt vi thng tin hu dng v cc quy tc chnh cho thit k tn s cao l:
Gi cc dy tn hiu tn s cao cng ngn cng tt. Trnh chy cc dy tn hiu tn s cao chun trn bt k vt ct no trong mt t. iu ny gy ra s gin on trong ng hi tip tn hiu, v c th dn ti cc vn EMI. Trnh cc vt ct trong mt t ni no c th. Mt vt ct khc vi mt mt tch, n l tt v c cung cp bn gi cc dy tn hiu tn s cao trn mt lin tc c lin quan. C mt t tch ring ra trn mi chn ngun. Nu c th, dy t chn ngun IC ti t trn u tin, v sau ti mt ngun. iu ny s gim nhiu chuyn mch trn mt ngun ca bn. Vi cc thit k tn s rt cao, t chn ngun trc tip ti mt ngun cung cp tr khng thp hn, c th thu c nhiu thp hn trn mt ca bn. Cc via s gy ra cc s gin on trong tr khng c trng ca mt ng truyn. cc tiu xuyn m gia hai dy trn mt mt t, phi cc tiu ho khong cch gia mt v dy, v cc i ho khong cch gia cc dy. Cc via ng knh nh c t cm k sinh thp hn, v c u tin cao hn trong tn s bn c. Khng kt ni connector u vo ngun chnh trc tip ti cc mt ngun, thc hin kt ni thng qua cc t lc chnh.

Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB

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B tr linh kin hai mt


B tr cc linh kin trong c hai mt ca mt PCB c th c nhiu li ch. Thc t, n l mt la chn cn thit v ph bin khi i dy trn mt bng mch. C hai h s iu khin quyt nh thc hin b tr hai mt. L do u tin l kch thc bng mch. Nu bn yu cu mt kch thc mch c th, v tt c cc linh kin ca bn khng va trn mt mt, khi cn b tr linh kin trn hai mt bng mch. L do th hai l n tha mn c cc yu cu v in. Vi nhiu linh kin hn dn tc cao t trn mt bng mch, khng c khong trng cho nhiu t trn c yu cu, hoc chng khng th c t qu gn nhau. Cc thit b BGA l mt linh kin m thu c t vic c cc t trn mt di ca bng mch. Thng thng tm thy cc bng mch b tr hai mt vi cc t trn c dn trn mt ngc. iu ny cho php cc t trn t gn vi chn ngun thit b vt l.

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THIT K CHO VIC CH TO


Panelisation Panel ho Tooling Strips Cc i tng gia cng Nhng im chun Tn nhit Hn mch Ch to PCB c bn Cc hon thin b mt Kim tra in Ch k Trnh by thit k ca bn vi nh sn xut

Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB

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Panelisation Panel ho
Nu bn ang xem bng mch c sp xp mt cch t ng vi mt my la chn v sp t, th n cho php t nhiu bng mch trn mt panel nh bn cn. Mt panel n gin l mt PCB rng cha nhiu bn copy bng mch ca bn. Mi ln thc hin t mt bn mch vo mt v tr trn mt my la chn v sp t, v vy nhiu bng mch bn c th b tr mt ln, mang li hiu qu chi ph trong vic sn xut. Mt panel cng s cha tooling strips ti mt trn v mt di, cho php x l t ng panel. Nhng nh sn xut khc nhau c th to ra cc kch thc panel cc i khc nhau. Mi bng mch ring l c th c i dy bn ring v c nhp vo vi cc ng ngn cch. Bn cn phi tham kho b tr bng mch quyt nh cc yu cu v kch thc panel ti u.

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Cc i tng gia cng


Tooling Strips l cc ng gia cng phn trng mt trn v di ca bng mch. N bao gm cc l gia cng (Tooling holes), cc im chun (fiducial marks), v cc thng tin sn xut khc nu cn. Cc l gia cng tiu chun l cn thit cho vic iu khin t ng ho bng mch. 2.4mm v 3.2mm l 2 tiu chun cc kch c hole. Bn l gia cng trn panel l , mi gc mt ci. Cc l gia cng kt ni ti bng mch bi cc di ngn cch hoc cc ng kha hnh ch V.

Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB

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Nhng im chun
im chun l nhng phng tin tr gip cho vic sp t trc quan trn PCB. Chng c s dng bi cc thit b la chn v xc nh v tr t ng canh l cho bng mch v tm cc im tham kho. Mt camera trn my c th nhn dng trung tm ca fiducial marks v s dng cc im nh mt tham chiu. Trn mt panel c 3 im chun, gi l chun ton cu. Cc gc di tri/phi v nh tri. Khong cch ti thiu ca n ti cc cnh bng mch t nht l 5mm. Chng c th c t trn tooling strips. im chun nn l mt pad trn trn lp ng vi ng knh tiu chun 1.5mm. im chun khng b che bi mt n hp kim, v mt n bao quanh cch im chun t nht 3mm. Pad c th c v bc hoc khng c v bc ging nh pad bnh thng. Hai chun khu vc (mt trong cc gc i din) c yu cu tip theo mi gi thit b hn dn trn bng mch.

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Tn nhit
Nu bn kt ni trc tip mt pad ph b mt vi mt b mt ph ng, th b mt ng s c tc dng nh mt tm tn nhit hiu qu. N s dn nhit t pad ca bn khi hn. N c th lm kh cc mi ni v cc vn lin quan n vic hn. Trong cc trng hp ny, mt kt ni tn nhit bao gn mt s (thng l 4) cc track nh hn ni pad n mt ng. Vic s dng tn nhit c th t ng to ra trong nhiu chng trnh.

Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB

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Hn mch
C 3 k thut hn c bn: - hand, - wave, - reflow.
Hn nng chy SMD

Hn sng SMD

Hn sng xuyn l
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Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB

Kim tra in
Kim tra in: C th kim tra PCB hon thnh v s lin tc
v ngn dng trong thi gian sn xut. N kim tra s lin tc ca cc track ph hp vi file PCB. N c th tn thm cht chi ph, nhng l rt cn thit i vi cc bng mch nhiu lp. Nu bn c mt li ch to nhng lp bn trong, th rt kh sa.

Ch k: Ging nh bt k hot ng ngh thut no, bng mch


hon thnh lun c tn hoc ch k ca bn trn !

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