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KHOA K THUT IN T 1
Gii thiu
PCB- Printed Circuit Board Thit k PCB cn c s hiu bit v kh nng sp xp v tr ca hng trm linh kin v hng nghn ng dy thnh mt thit k hon chnh tha mn ng thi cc yu cu vt l v in. Thit k PCB hp l l mt phn rt quan trng ca mt bn thit k. Thit k PCB l mt qu trnh sng to ca mi c nhn. Mt s li khuyn v quy tc chnh thit k v i dy PCB.
tng thit k
Cn chnh sa
Hot ng cha tt
Thit k PCB
Hon thin
Mch in
Quy trnh thit k mch in t
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Ni dung
GII THIU THIT K V SP T LINH KIN CC LP KHC THIT K CHO VIC CH TO
GII THIU
Mch nguyn l H chun v h mt Lm vic vi Grid (khung li) Lm vic t mt trn Track Dy ng Pad L ng Via L xuyn mt Polygon Lp ph ng Clearances - Khong h/khong cch v in
Mch nguyn l
Trc khi bt u layout PCB, bn PHI c mt s mch nguyn l chnh xc v hon thin. Mt thit k PCB l mt phin bn ca mch nguyn l, v vy thit k PCB chu nh hng ca mch nguyn l gc.
Mch nguyn l r rng, logic v sng sa th chc chn vic thit k PCB s d dng hn. Cc phn in t quan trng cn c v mt cch chnh xc, cc nh thit k s quan tm ti chng i dy trn PCB. Nh vic t cc t cnh linh kin m chng h tr ( nh lc ngun). Cc ghi ch trn mch nguyn l gip cho vic i dy rt hiu qu. V d , chn ny yu cu mt dy bo v ti tn hiu t, vit cc ghi ch r rng gip cho ngi i dy bng mch bit c phng. Thm ch nu bn l ngi thit k mch v v mch nguyn l, cc ghi ch khng ch nhc nh bn khi i dy bng mch, m cn rt hu dng cho ngi duyt thit k.
Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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H chun v h mt
H chun (inch, thou, mil)
Do qu kh, v do phn ln thit b in t c ch to vi khong cch gia cc chn o theo tiu chun (imperial). Trong thit k PCB s dng n v mil hay thou.
1 mil = 1 thou = 1/1000 inch (1 mili inch)
S dng mil cho cc track, pad, cc khong cch v cc mt li, hu ht c trong cc yu cu sp xp v thit k c bn.
H mt (mm)
S dng mm cho cc yu cu c kh v sn xut nh kch thc l v kch thc bng mch.
Lm vic t mt trn
Thit k PCB lun c quan st t mt trn ca bng mch, nhn xuyn qua cc lp ging nh chng trong sut. Ch cn nhn bng mch t mt di kim tra hoc ch to. Phng php through the board xuyn qua mch ny c ngha l bn s phi c ch trn b mt lp y nh mt nh gng.
Track Dy ng
Khng c tiu chun quy nh cho kch c dy. Kch c dy s ph thuc vo yu cu v in ca thit k, khong trng ng i, v quyt nh bi chnh s thch ca ngi thit k. Mi thit k s c mt tp cc yu cu v in khc nhau, cc yu cu ny c th thay i tu vo cc dy trn bng mch. Tt c cc thit k khng gii hn c bn s s dng nhiu kch c dy. Ni chung, dy cng ln cng tt. Cc dy ln hn c tr khng DC thp hn, t cm thp hn, nh ch to c th khc axit d dng hn v r hn, d kim tra v sa li. Gii hn di ca rng dy s ph thuc vo t l track/space dy/khng gian m nh sn xut PCB c th p ng. V d, mt nh sn xut a ra t l track/space l 10/8, c ngha l cc dy khng th c rng nh hn 10 mil, v khong cch gia cc dy (hoc cc pad, hoc bt c b phn bng ng no) khng th nh hn 8 mil. T l thc t l 10/10 v 8/8 cho cc bng mch c bn. Chun IPC khuyn ngh 4mil l gii hn di. T l track/space cng nh, nh sn xut cng phi cn thn hn khi cn l v khc axit ln bng mch. H s tnh c chi ph , v vy m khng nn lm nh hn nhng g mnh cn. Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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Track Dy ng (tip)
Ngi mi bt u thch s dng la chn 25mil cho cc dy tn hiu, 50mil cho dy ngun v t, v 10-15 mil i dy gia IC v cc chn linh kin. Nhiu nh thit k thch cc track tn hiu nh hn nh 10 hoc 15 mil, trong khi nhiu ngi khc li thch cc track to hn. Thc t th mt thit k tt l gi cho cc track cng to cng tt, sau chuyn thnh cc track nh hn ch khi cn tha mn cc yu cu khong trng. Vic thay i kch thc track t to sang nh ri sau khi phc kch thc ban u c gi l c, hay tht c.
S dng khi bn phi i dy gia cc chn IC hay cc chn linh kin. Cho php c c cc track to p v tr khng nh, nhng vn gi c tnh mm do khi i gia cc ch hp. Trn thc t th rng cc track c quyt nh bi dng in chy qua n v nhit ln nht m track c th chu ng c. Cc track c tr khng nht nh nn n s to nhit ging nh mt in tr. Track cng ln th tr khng cng nh. dy ca lp ng trn bng mch cng to nhit mt phn. Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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Pad L ng
Kch c, hnh dng v kch thc pad khng ch ph thuc vo cc linh kin s dng, m n cn ph thuc vo phng php sn sut lp rp bng mch. Mt thng s quan trng l t l pad/hole (l ng/l khoan).
Mi nh sn xut s phi a ra thng s k thut ti thiu cho t l ny. Mt quy tc n gin l ng knh ca pad t nht phi ln gp 1.8 ln ng knh ca hole, hoc t ra phi rng hn 0.5mm. iu cho php dung sai cn chnh gia my khoan v hnh nh minh ho trn cc lp top v bottom. T l ny cng quan trng hn i vi cc pad v hole c kch thc nh, v n c quan h cht ch ti cc via.
Mt s thi quen ph bin: cc pad bao quanh chn cc linh kin nh in tr, t v IC c ng knh l 60mil, pad cho diode l 70 mil. Hu ht cc linh kin hn dn s dng cc pad hnh ch nht. Cc linh kin khc th da vo s lng cc chn, nh cc conector v cc khi in tr SIP, vn lun da theo quy tc chn 1 hnh ch nht. Cc pad hnh bt gic t c s dng, v hu nh nn trnh. Quy tc chung l s dng cc pad hnh trn hay hnh bu dc khi khng s dng pad hnh ch nht. Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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Via L xuyn mt
Cc via kt ni cc track t mt mt ny ti mt khc ca bng mch, bng cch i qua mt hole trn bng mch. Cc via c to ra vi nhng hole c m kim loi dn in, gi l cc l xuyn mt (PTH Planted Through Holes). PTH cho php ni in gia nhng lp khc nhau trn bng mch. Vy s khc nhau gia via v pad l g?
Thc t chng khng khc nhau nhiu lm, chng u l cc hole c m in. Nhng c mt s im khc nhau khi chng cng i vi cc b thit k PCB. Cc pad v cc via nn nghin cu theo cch khc nhau. Cc hole trong cc via thng nh hn so vi cc pad mt cht, ph bin l 0.5-0.7mm. S dng mt via kt ni hai lp thng c gi l mi khu, ging nh bn khu c hai lp li vi nhau mt cch hiu qu, nh mt kim xu ch xuyn qua xuyn li mt vt liu.
Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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Polygon Lp ph ng
Mt polygon t ng ph mt lp ng ln mt vng mong mun, nhng ch chy vng quanh v tch bit vi cc pad v cc track khc. Chng rt c ch cho vic t nhng vng tip t. Cc polygon c t sau khi hon thnh vic sp t cc pad v cc track. Polygon c th l mt trong hai cch ph kn thnh di ng hoc ph mt li an bi cc track ng. Cch ph kn thng c a chung hn, cch ph mt li th c hn.
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Clearances - Khong h
Khong cch v in l mt yu cu quan trng cho mi bng mch. Mt khong cch qu st gia cc track v cc pad c th dn ti cc chp mch ng mnh nh si tc v kh khc axit trong qu trnh sn xut. iu ny c th gy kh khn cho vic tm ra li khi lp rp bng mch. ng vt cc gii hn ca nh sn xut tr khi bn phi lm vy, c gng thc hin ngh ca h v khong trng nh nht nu c th. 15 mil l mt gii hn khong cch nh nht cho cc thit k hole c bn, vi 10 mil hoc 8 mil c s dng cho cc sp t c nhiu linh kin hn dn. Vi cc in p ln 240V trn PCB c rt nhiu yu cu, v bn cn tham kho cc tiu chun c lin quan nu bn ang thc hin cng vic ny.
Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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Clearances - Khong h
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Routing c bn
Khi nim: Routing l qu trnh t cc dy kt ni cc linh kin trong bng mch. Mt kt ni in gia hai hay nhiu pad c gi l mt net. Gi cho cc net cng ngn cng tt. Tng chiu di mt track cng di, th tnh tr, dung, cm cng ln => gy mt n nh. Cc track nn c cc gc l 45 . Trnh s dng gc vung, v cc trng hp s dng gc ln hn 90 . Cc chng trnh PCB s c ch di chuyn 45 . Khng nn i nhng dy vng v sp t chng kh v chm chp hn, nn bm theo cc gc 45 . i dy im ti im c v n gin cho nhng ngi mi bt u, nhng c mt vi l do khin bn khng nn s dng chng.
Th nht l n xu, mt nhn t quan trng trong thit k PCB! Th hai l n khng c nhiu cc khong trng ph hp khi bn mun chy nhiu dy trn cc lp khc.
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Routing c bn (tip)
Cho hin grid in bi n c dng tham kho nh mt chc nng cn chnh vo gia hoc cn chnh gn nht. Lun gi cho track chnh gia pad, ng bao gi cho track v pad ca bn tnh trng ch tip xc. C mt s l do.
Th nht, n th hin s cu th v khng chuyn nghip. Th hai, chng trnh ca bn c th s khng ngh rng track tip xc in vi pad. S dng grid cn chnh v grid in ng quy tc s trnh c nhng vn .
Ch s dng mt track, khng dng nhiu track cng nhau t im ti im. Cc track phi ng gia cc pad v linh kin, khng b lch v bn no c. S dng grid cn chnh ph hp s m bo bn lun i dy ng. Ch to mt track gia cc pad 100 mil. Ch vi cc thit k ln v dy c th bn nn cn nhc hai track gia cc pad. i vi dng cao, s dng nhiu via khi i dy gia cc lp. iu ny s lm gim tr khng cho track v tng n nh. Khng ko cc track thnh cc gc khc 45 .
Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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Routing c bn (tip)
Gim khong cch gia cc track n mc c th. V d. mt track 10 mil qua 2 pad 60 mil to ra mt khong h 15 mil gia track v pad. Nu c nhiu track ngun v t, u tin hy c t chng vo mch . ng thi, hy lm cho cc track ngun cng ln cng tt. Gi cc track ngun v t cng cch xa nhau cng tt, ng chng ngc hng nhau xung quanh bng mch, s lm gim t cm trong h thng ngun. Gi cho mi th i xng. S i xng trong sp t track v linh kin thc s lm tng tnh thm m v chuyn nghip ca thit k. ng cc lp ng trng thi khng ni vo u c (thng gi l ng cht), hy ni t chng hoc b chng i. ng t cc via bn di cc linh kin. Khi mt linh kin c hn th bn s khng th tc ng n l via hn ng dn xuyn qua c (trng hp cc via khng c m l). C gng s dng cc chn linh kin xuyn l ni cc track lp trn v cc track lp di. iu ny s ti thiu s lng via. Nn nh rng mi via s ng vi hai mi hn trn bng mch ca bn. Cng nhiu mi hn, th bng mch ca bn cng tr nn thiu tin cy. Cha k n vic n s lm cho vic ch to lu hn. Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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Routing c bn (tip)
i dy ngun tt
i dy ngun xu
i dy tt
i dy xu
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Thit k mt mt
Thit k mt mt c th lm gim ng k chi ph cho bng mch ca bn. Nu c th iu chnh thit k va trn bng mch mt mt th bn nn lm iu . Tuy nhin, thit k mt mt yu cu nhng k thut nht nh m bn khng s dng trong cc thit k 2 mt hay nhiu lp. Trn thc t, thit k bng mch mt mt s phi s dng mt s dy nhy. Phi cn nhc gia kch c bng mch v s lng cc dy nhy cn dng. Trn bng mch mt mt, vic sp t linh kin l kh kh khn, v vy khng cn thit phi sp xp tt c cc linh kin ca bn thng hng, ngn np v p. Mc ch vic sp xp cc linh kin l i dy hiu qu nht v nhanh nht. N ging nh bn chi mt vn c, nu bn khng suy tnh nhiu nc i trong u th bn s nhanh chng t a mnh vo ng ct nhanh chng. Nu c mt track no chy t mt pha ny ti pha kia ca bng mch th n c th lm hng tt c s sp t ca bn, lm cho vic i dy bt k cc track trc giao no u tr thnh khng th. Nhiu ngi s i dy trn bng mch ca h nh mt bng mch hai mt nhng ch vi cc track thng ti lp trn. Sau khi bng mch c sn xut, cc track lp trn c thay th bi cc dy nhy. iu ny c th km hiu qu hn phng php thit k mt mt, v khng c chp nhn. Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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Thit k hai mt
Thit k hai mt gip bn thoi mi hn trong vic thit k bng mch. Nhng g c xem l khng th thc hin trong thit k bng mch mt mt tr nn kh d dng khi bn thm vo mt lp na. Nhiu ngi thit k nghip d c xu hng ngi sp t cc bng mch hai mt. H ngh rng sp linh kin khng quan trng cho lm, v hng trm via c th s dng gii quyt nhng kh khn ny. H thng sp xp cc linh kin nh cc IC chng hn thnh hng ngn np v s dng cc gc 90 i dy. Kin tr s dng cc k thut sp xp linh kin tt v i dy khi cu trc hiu qu. Thit k hai mt c th p dng cc k thut tip t tt, c yu cu cho cc thit k cao tn.
Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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CC LP KHC
Silkscreen - In la Solder Mask - Mt n hn Mechanical Layer Lp c kh Keepout Vng bao ngoi Layer Alignment Cn chnh lp Netlists Danh sch net Rats Nest Dy ni thng Design Rule Checking - Kim tra quy tc thit k Forward and Back Annotation - Li ch gii trc v sau Thit k nhiu lp Power Planes Cc mt ngun Cc k thut thit k tn s cao B tr linh kin hai mt Auto Routing i dy t ng Auto Placement - Sp xp t ng
Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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Silkscreen - In la
Lp silkscreen gi l component overlay (ph linh kin) hoc component layer (lp linh kin). l lp trn cng ca bng mch (v l mt y nu yu cu) bao gm cc phc tho linh kin v cc dng ch ch thch. Thc hin
Lp ny c thm vo bng mch bng cch s dng mt qu trnh silkscreening. Mu trng c chn lm mu chun, nhng cc mu khc cng c th dng nu cn thit, hay kt hp hi ha cc mu trn bng mch ca bn, nhng thng lm gi bng mch tng ln. Gi cho tt c cc ch thch linh kin c cng c ch v cng hng. Thm cc overlay ca linh kin phi ph hp vi kch thc ca cc linh kin trn thc t. iu ny cho php xc nh gii hn v tr thc t ca cc linh kin. Chc chn rng tt c cc cc linh kin phn cc u c nh du, v nh th xc nh c chn 1. Lp silkscreen c cn chnh t chnh xc nht trong tt c cc lp, v vy ng da vo lp ny xc nh v tr chnh xc. Phi m bo l khng c b phn no ca silkscreen chng cho ln mt pad. Khng c hn ch rng ca cc ng k trn overlay linh kin, do c th t do s dng cc c ch v ng k nh hn thc hin. Nu cc phn ch hay cc ng k khng chnh xc v v tr th cng khng nh hng nhiu n thit k ca bn, khng ging nh cc track v cc pad. Thng khng a gi tr m ch a tn linh kin vo silkscreen.
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Solder Mask - Mt n hn
Mt n solder l mt lp polime mng ph trn bng mch, bao quanh cc pad gip ngn cch cc mi hn t cc mi ni gia cc chn. Mt n solder cn thit cho cc linh kin hn dn v bc nh (pitch bc: c hiu nh l khong cch chn). Mt n solder c hin th trn chng trnh PCB nh mt nh m cc. Trong cc trng hp thng thng bn khng cn t bt c th g ln lp mt n solder. Nhng nu mun xa mt n solder khi mt phn mch, bn c th t cc track ln trn lp mt n solder. C th chn cc mt n solder vi mu khc nhau, nhng mu chun l xanh l cy. Cc via c th c che bi mt n solder nu mun, ging nh vic dng lu. iu ny thng c ch cho cc thit k dung sai nh, ngn mi hn chy vo cc via.
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Mechanical Layer Lp c kh: Lp c kh c s dng cung cp phc tho bng mch v cc hng dn ch to khc. Lp ny khng phi l mt phn ca thit k PCB thc t, nhng n rt c ch cho nh sn xut PCB bit cch m bn mun lp rp bng mch. Keepout Vng bao ngoi: Lp keepout c nh ngha l cc vng trn bng mch m bn khng mun i dy . V d, n c th bao gm cc vng trng xung quanh cc pad hole hoc cc linh kin in p cao. Layer Alignment Cn chnh lp: Khi nh sn xut PCB lm bng mch ca bn, s c dung sai cn chnh trn film minh ho cho mi lp. N bao gm track, plane, silkscreen, mt n solder, v vic khoan l. Nu bn khng cho php dung sai trong thit k hoc lm dung sai qu nh, bn s gp phi kh khn ln. Tt nht hy tham kho kin ca nh sn xut v dung sai cn chnh m h c th thc hin, t s bit dung sai cn chnh bn phi thc hin l bao nhiu!
Cc khi nim c bn trong thit k PCB
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Nh hin th rats nest bn c th i dy gn nh tt c linh kin mt cch ti u, m khng phi i dy tng track. Hin th rast nest s ch cho bn cc track kt ni vi cc linh kin no. Cc ng rats nest s mt i khi bn i dy track gia cc linh kin, v vy thit k s gim bt s phc tp, rc ri khi bn tip tc cng vic. Khi tt c cc ng dy rats nest bin mt, bng mch canim c bn trong thit k . Cc khi bn c i dy y PCB 31
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Thit k nhiu lp
Mt PCB nhiu lp t hn v kh ch to hn rt nhiu so vi cc bng mch mt hoc hai mt, nhng n cho php i dy cc track ngun v track tn hiu vi mt mt ln. Cc tn hiu chy bn trong bng mch nn c th sp xp cc linh kin trn bng mch gn nhau hn => thit k gn hn. S lp trong cc bng mch thng chn, ph bin l 4, 6, v 8 lp.
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Panelisation Panel ho
Nu bn ang xem bng mch c sp xp mt cch t ng vi mt my la chn v sp t, th n cho php t nhiu bng mch trn mt panel nh bn cn. Mt panel n gin l mt PCB rng cha nhiu bn copy bng mch ca bn. Mi ln thc hin t mt bn mch vo mt v tr trn mt my la chn v sp t, v vy nhiu bng mch bn c th b tr mt ln, mang li hiu qu chi ph trong vic sn xut. Mt panel cng s cha tooling strips ti mt trn v mt di, cho php x l t ng panel. Nhng nh sn xut khc nhau c th to ra cc kch thc panel cc i khc nhau. Mi bng mch ring l c th c i dy bn ring v c nhp vo vi cc ng ngn cch. Bn cn phi tham kho b tr bng mch quyt nh cc yu cu v kch thc panel ti u.
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Nhng im chun
im chun l nhng phng tin tr gip cho vic sp t trc quan trn PCB. Chng c s dng bi cc thit b la chn v xc nh v tr t ng canh l cho bng mch v tm cc im tham kho. Mt camera trn my c th nhn dng trung tm ca fiducial marks v s dng cc im nh mt tham chiu. Trn mt panel c 3 im chun, gi l chun ton cu. Cc gc di tri/phi v nh tri. Khong cch ti thiu ca n ti cc cnh bng mch t nht l 5mm. Chng c th c t trn tooling strips. im chun nn l mt pad trn trn lp ng vi ng knh tiu chun 1.5mm. im chun khng b che bi mt n hp kim, v mt n bao quanh cch im chun t nht 3mm. Pad c th c v bc hoc khng c v bc ging nh pad bnh thng. Hai chun khu vc (mt trong cc gc i din) c yu cu tip theo mi gi thit b hn dn trn bng mch.
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Tn nhit
Nu bn kt ni trc tip mt pad ph b mt vi mt b mt ph ng, th b mt ng s c tc dng nh mt tm tn nhit hiu qu. N s dn nhit t pad ca bn khi hn. N c th lm kh cc mi ni v cc vn lin quan n vic hn. Trong cc trng hp ny, mt kt ni tn nhit bao gn mt s (thng l 4) cc track nh hn ni pad n mt ng. Vic s dng tn nhit c th t ng to ra trong nhiu chng trnh.
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Hn mch
C 3 k thut hn c bn: - hand, - wave, - reflow.
Hn nng chy SMD
Hn sng SMD
Hn sng xuyn l
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Kim tra in
Kim tra in: C th kim tra PCB hon thnh v s lin tc
v ngn dng trong thi gian sn xut. N kim tra s lin tc ca cc track ph hp vi file PCB. N c th tn thm cht chi ph, nhng l rt cn thit i vi cc bng mch nhiu lp. Nu bn c mt li ch to nhng lp bn trong, th rt kh sa.
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