Mn hc: X l tn hiu s (Digital Signal Processing) Bi tp tun 2: Tm hiu 2 lut lng t c bn, lut A v lut Sinh vin: Ph nh Sng

Lp: KSTN-CNTT-K54

1. Gii thiu
Bin iu m xung (PCM) l phng php chung s ha hay lng t ha tn hiu tng t dng sng. Vi mi b chuyn i tng t - s (ADC), giai on lng t ha s to ra 1 c lng gn ng ca mu s dng 1 t m. Vic s ha ny cha nhiu sai s do s bit dng l hu hn. Trong iu kin thc t, chng ta c th cn bng gia sai s v kch thc d liu s ( s bit). Mc ch ca bt kz h thng no l lng t ha dng s bit nh nht nhng sai s c th chp nhn c. Trong trng hp m ha ting ni, lng t ha tuyn tnh dng 13 bit m ha, tn s ly mu 8KHz l yu cu ti thiu to ra mt biu din s ca tn hiu ting ni. Trong cc h thng truyn thng khng dy , chi ph l qu t v vy ngi ta s dng 1 h thng nn dn. Trong h thng nn dn, thng tin ban u c nn li, truyn qua mt knh vi bng thng hu hn v c gii nn ( dn) u nhn cui. H thng ny s dng lm gim bng thng yu cu cho vic truyn thng ting ni bng in thoi, bng vic gim t m 13 bit xung cn 8 bit. Hai tiu chun quc t dng cho vic nn tn hiu (dng t m 8 bits) l lut A v lut . Lut A c s dng chu u, cn lut s dng ph bin Bc M v Nht Bn.

2. Nn- dn ting ni:

H thng thnh gic ca con ngi c cho l mt qu trnh logarit trong bin m thanh cao khng yu cu phn gii tng t nh m thanh bin thp. Tai con ngi nhy cm vi tn hiu nh hn so vi tn hiu. Lut A v lut m ha p dng mt hm lng t ha logarit iu chnh phn gii d liu tng ng vi cp ca tn hiu u vo. Tn hiu nh hn c biu din vi chnh xc ln hn nhiu bit d liu hn so vi tn hiu ln. Kt qu l dng s bit t hn cho mi mu duy tr t l tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR). Thay v ly logarit trc tip d liu tuyn tnh u vo, cch m phi tnh ton kh khn hn, lut A v lut so khp vi ng cong logarit bng mt xp x phn on tuyn tnh. Tm ng thng phn on dc theo ng cong to ra mt xp x gn hm logarit. Mi phn on c gi l mt hp m. Trong mi hp m, xp x phn on tuyn tnh c chia thnh cc khong lng t bng nhau c gi l cc bc. Kch thc bc lng t gia cc t m

lin k c tng gp i trong hp m tip theo. Ngoi ra cn m ha 1 bit du cho s nguyn gc. Kt qu l mt m 8-bit, bao gm 1 bit du, 3 bit hp m v 4 bit bc (step).

3. Lut A v lut
Lut A:
Lut A l tiu chun nn dn CCITT c s dng trn khp chu u. Gii hn ln mu tuyn tnh l 12 bit, hm nn ca lut A c xc nh bi phng trnh sau, trong A tham s nn (A = 87,7 chu u), v x l s nguyn chun ha c nn (x l t s ca gi tr ca ca tn hiu/ bin )

Qu trnh gii nn da theo hm ngc c dng:

Bng 1 minh ha mt bng m ha theo lut A. Bit du ca cc d liu tuyn tnh u vo c b qua trong bng. Bit du (S) cho m 8-bit c thit lp 1 nu mu u vo l m , v c t l 0 nu mu u vo l dng.

Sau khi d liu u vo c m ha thng qua bng, mt mu o ngc (inversion pattern) p dng cho m 8-bit tng mt ca qu trnh chuyn i trn ng truyn, gip tng hiu nng phn cng. Cc mu o ngc c p dng bng cch XOR cc m 8-bit vi 0x55. Gii m cc d liu m ha theo lut A l qu trnh l lm ngc li cc bc trong m ha. Bng 2 minh ha mt bng gii m, p dng sau khi o ngc li cc mu ngc. Cc bit c t { ngha nht b loi b trong qu trnh gii m c xp x bng gi tr trung bnh ca khong. iu ny c th hin trong phn u ra bng on 1 .. 0 sau bit D.

Lut
Hoa Kz v Nht Bn s dng lut nn dn . Gii hn mu tuyn tnh l 13 bit, lut nn c xc nh bng phng trnh sau, vi m l tham s nn ( = 255 ti M v Nht Bn) v x l s nguyn chun ha c nn (x l t s ca gi tr ca ca tn hiu/ bin )

Qu trnh m ha v gii m cho lut l tng t nh ca lut A. C, tuy nhin, mt vi s khc bit cn ch : 1) Lut m ha thng hot ng trn d liu tuyn tnh 13-bit, khc vi d liu 12-bit vi lut A

2) Trc khi hp m xc nh, mt gi tr chuyn dch l 33 cng thm vo gi tr tuyt i ca d liu u vo n gin ha cc hp m v tnh ton bc lng t. 3) nh ngha ca cc bit du o ngc li vi lut A 4) Cc mu o ngc c p dng cho tt c cc bit trong 8 bit. Bng 3 minh ha mt bng m ha lut . Bit du ca cc d liu u vo c b qua trong bng. Bit du (S) cho m 8-bit c thit lp 1 nu mu u vo l dng, v c thit lp l 0 nu mu u vo l m.

Sau khi d liu u vo c m ha thng qua cc nh ngha trong bng, mt mu o ngc c tnh cho m 8-bit tng mt ca qu trnh chuyn i trn ng truyn, nhm tng tc phn cng. Cc mu o ngc c tnh bng cch XOR cc m 8-bit vi 0xFF.

4. Tng kt
C rt nhiu h thng truyn dn m thanh s dng lut A v lut nn dn d liu nhm gim t l d liu nhng vn gi cht lng m thanh tt. Thut ton ny s lm gim gii ng ca tn hiu m thanh. N c th lm tng SNR trong qu trnh truyn v lm gim li lng t trong qu trnh lng t. Nn t c bng m ha theo lut A v lut l kt qu ca vic s dng cc c tnh logarit ca h thng thnh gic ca con ngi dng s bit t hn cho tn hiu ln so vi tn hiu nh. Hm logarit c trng thc hin vi mt xp x phn on tuyn tnh bao gm mt bit du, 3 bit hp m, v 4 bit phn on. Qu trnh m ha v gii m c trnh by trong nh dng bng, rt thch hp cho phn cng hoc phn mm thc hin.