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Ti liu kha hc: Luyn k nng lm bi trc nghim ha hc

Phn bit mt s cht v c


Bng 1. Phn bit mt s ion trong dung dch
Ion
+

Thuc th Th mu ngn la Dung dch kim (KOH, NaOH, ...) 1. Dung dch H2SO4 long

Hin tng Ngn la c mu vng ti C kh mi khai thot ra v lm i mu giy qu tm m NH+ + OH NH3 + H2O 4 To kt ta trng khng tan trong thuc th d : 2 2+ Ba + SO4 BaSO 4 To kt ta mu vng ti : 2 2+ Ba + CrO4 BaCrO4
2 2+ + Ba + Cr2O7 + H2O BaCrO4 + 2H To kt ta sau kt ta tan trong thuc th d : 3+ Al + 3OH Al(OH)3 Al(OH) 3 + OH Al(OH)4 3+ Cr + 3OH Cr(OH) (xanh)

2+

2. Dung dch K2CrO4 hoc K2Cr2O7

3+ 3+

Dung dch kim

3+

1. Dung dch cha ion thioxianat SCN 2. Dung dch kim

Cr(OH) 3 + OH Cr(OH)4 (xanh) To ion phc c mu mu : Fe + SCN Fe(SCN) 3 To kt ta mu nu : 3+ Fe + 3OH Fe(OH) 3


3+

1. Dung dch kim


2+

2. Dung dch thuc tm

To kt ta mu trng xanh, kt ta chuyn sang mu nu khi tip xc vi oxi khng kh : 3+ Fe + 2OH Fe(OH) 2 4Fe(OH) 2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH) 3 Lm mt mu dd thuc tm trong mi trng axit : 2+ 2+ 3+ 5Fe + MnO + 8 + Mn + 5Fe + 4H2O H
4

2+

Dung dch NH3

u tin to kt ta mu xanh, sau kt ta tan trong thuc th d to thnh dung dch c mu xanh lam : + 2+ Cu + 2NH3 + 2H2O Cu(OH)2 + NH4 Cu(OH) 2 + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 To kt ta mu xanh l cy. Kt ta tan c trong dung dch NH3 to thnh ion phc mu xanh : 2+ Ni + 2OH Ni(OH)
2

2+

Dung dch kim

NO3

Cu, H2SO4

Ni(OH) 2 + 6NH3 [Ni(NH3)6](OH) 2 To dung dch mu xanh, c kh khng mu (NO) bay ra v ho nu trong khng kh (NO 2) :
3Cu + 2 NO3 + 8H 3Cu

2+

+ 2NO + 4H2O

SO2 4

Dung dch BaCl2 trong mi trng axit long, d Dung dch AgNO3 trong mi

2NO + O2 2NO2 To kt ta mu trng khng tan trong axit d : 2 2+ Ba + SO4 BaSO4 To kt ta trng, khng tan trong axit d :

Cl

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Ti liu kha hc: Luyn k nng lm bi trc nghim ha hc


Ion Thuc th trng HNO3 long CO2 3 Dung dch axit v nc vi trong Ag + Cl AgCl To thnh kh lm vn c nc vi trong : + CO2 + 2H CO2 + H2O 3 CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
+

Hin tng

Bng 2. Phn bit mt s cht kh


Cht kh CO2 (khng mu, khng mi) SO2 (mi hc, c) Cl2 (mu vng, mi hc, c) NO2 (mu nu , c) Thuc th Dung dch Ba(OH)2, Ca(OH) 2 d Dung dch brom hoc iot Hin tng To kt ta trng : CO2 + Ba(OH) 2 BaCO3 + H2O

Lm nht mu dung dch : SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2HBr Giy tm KI v h tinh Giy chuyn sang mu xanh : bt thm t Cl2 + 2KI 2KCl + I2 H2O, O2, Cu To dung dch mu xanh lam v c kh bay ra : 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O 4HNO 3 8HNO3 + 3Cu 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O Mu tm ca giy qu chuyn thnh xanh C vt mu en trn giy lc : 2+ H2S + Pb PbS

Giy qu tm m NH3 (mi khai) Giy lc tm dung dch H2S (mi trng thi, c) mui ch axetat

Bi tp : phn bit mt s cht v c


1. C 5 l mt nhn ng cc dung dch : NaNO3, CuCl2, FeCl2, AlCl3, NH4Cl. nhn bit cc dung dch trn c th dng dung dch A. NaOH B. AgNO3 C. H2SO4 D. Na2CO3 2. C cc dung dch : AlCl3, ZnSO4, FeSO4. Ch cn dng thuc th no sau y c th phn bit c cc dung dch trn ? A. Qu tm C. Dung dch NaOH B. Dung dch NH3 D. Dung dch BaCl2

3. Cho cc ion : Na+, K+, NH+ , Ba2+, Al3+, Ca2+. S ion c th nhn bit bng cch th mu ngn 4 la l A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 4. nhn bit s c mt ca cc ion : Al3+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Zn2+ trong dung dch bng phng php ho hc, cn dng t nht my thuc th ? A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6

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Ti liu kha hc: Luyn k nng lm bi trc nghim ha hc

5. Dng thuc th no sau y c th phn bit c dung dch Fe2(SO4)3 v dung dch Fe2(SO4)3 c ln FeSO4 ? A. dung dch NaOH. C. dung dch KMnO4/H2SO4. B. dung dch NH3. D. dung dch Ba(OH)2.

6. Cho cc cht bt : Al, Mg, Fe, Cu. phn bit cc cht bt trn ch cn dng t nht my thuc th ? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 7. phn bit cc kh ring bit : NH3, CO2, H2S, O2 c th dng A. nc v giy qu tm. B. dung dch Ca(OH)2 v giy qu tm. C. giy qu tm m v tn m chy d. D. giy qu tm v giy tm dung dch Pb(NO3)2. 8. nhn bit cc dung dch ring bit : NH4HSO4, Ba(OH)2, BaCl2, HCl, NaCl, H2SO4 c th dng thm A. giy qu tm C. dung dch Ca(OH)2 B. dung dch AgNO3 D. dung dch HNO3

9. C 4 dung dch ring bit : AlCl3, KNO3, Na2CO3, NH4Cl. nhn bit cc dung dch trn c th dng dung dch A. Ba(OH)2B. qi tm C. H2SO4 D. NH3 10. phn bit 3 dung dch ring bit : KCl, (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl c th dng A. dung dch AgNO3 C. dung dch CaCl2 11. B. dung dch NaOH D. dung dch Ca(OH)2

Cho cc dung dch : KNO3, HCl, NaOH, AgNO3, HNO3 long, CuSO4. C th dng cc kim loi no sau y nhn bit cc dung dch trn ? A. Cu, Fe, Al B. Ag, Al, Fe C. Cu, Mg, Fe D. Ag, Mg, Fe nhn bit cc dung dch axit : HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 v H3PO4 c th dng A. bt Cu C. bt Cu v dung dch AgNO3 B. dung dch AgNO3 D. Cu v dung dch CaCl2

12.

13.

Ch dng thm cht no sau y c th phn bit c cc oxit : Na2O, ZnO, CaO, MgO ? D. CH3COOH

A. H2O B. C2H5OH C. Ddch H3PO4 14: phn bit CO2 v SO2 ch cn dng thuc th l A. nc brom. B. CaO. C. dung dch Ba(OH)2. D. dung dch NaOH.

15. (C - 2009) Ch dng dung dch KOH phn bit c cc cht ring bit trong nhm no sau y? Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit

Ti liu kha hc: Luyn k nng lm bi trc nghim ha hc A. Mg, Al2O3, Al. C. Zn, Al2O3, Al. B. Mg, K, Na. D. Fe, Al2O3, Mg.

16. C cc dung dch NH4Cl, NaOH, NaCl, H2SO4, Na2SO4, Ba(OH)2. Ch dng thm qu tm th s lng dung dch c th phn bit c l A. 6. B. 4. C. 2. D. 3. 17. Tch Ag ra khi hn hp bt gm Ag, Al, Cu, Fe vi khi lng Ag khng i, c th dng dung dch cht no sau y ? A. Fe(NO3)3 d. B. AgNO3 d. C. CuCl2 d. D. Fe(NO3)2 d. 18. tch ring tng mui tinh khit ra khi hn hp gm ZnCl2 v AlCl3 cn dng cc cht A. dung dch NaOH v NH3. B. dung dch HCl v CO2. C. dung dch NH3 v HCl. D. dung dch NH3, CO2 v HCl 19. tch ring cc kim loi Al, Fe, Cu ra khi dung dch cn dng cc cht A. HCl v NaOH. B. HCl, NaOH v CO2. C. HCl, H2O v CO2. D. NaOH v CO2. 20. tch Al ra khi hn hp rn vi Ba. Cc ha cht cn dng l A. dung dch NaOH, HCl v CO2. B. dung dch Ba(OH)2, HCl v CO2. C. dung dch H2O, HCl v CO2. D. dung dch Ba(OH)2, NaOH v CO2. Gio vin: Phm Ngc Sn Ngun: Hocmai.vn

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