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R c th l H hoc gc hirocacbon v c bit c hp cht OHC CHO trong m = 2, R khng c. Anehit no, mch thng mt ln anehit c CTPT: CnH2n+1 - CHO vi n 0. 2. Cu to phn t ng phn c th do: + Mch C khc nhau. + V tr cc nhm chc. + ng phn vi xeton v ru cha no. V d: Anehit C3H7 - CHO c cc ng phn
3. Cch gi tn a) Tn thng dng: Gi theo tn axit hu c tng ng. V d. H - CHO : anehit fomic. CH3 - CHO : anehit axetic. b) Danh php quc t: Thm ui al vo tn hirocacbon no tng ng (v s C). V d. H - CHO : metanal CH3 - CHO : etanal. CH2 = CH - CH2 - CHO : butenal. Tnh cht vt l Nhit si ca anehit thp hn ca ru tng ng v gia cc phn t anehit khng c lin kt hiro. tan trong nc gim dn khi tng s nguyn t C trong phn t. Tnh cht ho hc 1. Phn ng oxi ho
Cc phn ng ny l cc phn ng c trng nhn bit anehit. c) Vi oxi khng kh c mui Mn2+ xc tc: 2. Phn ng cng a) Cng hp H2: Phn ng kh anehit thnh ru bc nht. b) Cng hp HX:
4. Phn ng trng ngng : Gia anehit fomic v phenol to thnh polime phenolfomanehit. 5. Nu gc R cha no, anehit d dng tham gia phn ng cng v phn ng trng hp. V d (Phn ng cng y tri vi quy tc Maccpnhicp). iu ch Tch H2 khi ru bc nht. Oxi ho m du ru bc nht. Hp nc vo axetilen c anehit axetic.
Thu phn dn xut th 2 ln halogen: Gii thiu mt s anehit 1. Fomanehit HCHO L cht kh, c mi xc, tan nhiu trong nc. Dung dch 37 - 40% gi l fomon dng nhiu trong y hc. iu ch: Trc tip t CH4.
Fomanehit c dng lm cht st trng, ch to nha phenolfomanehit. 2. Anehit axetic CH3 - CHO L cht lng, tan nhiu trong nc, nhit si = 52,4oC, b oxi ho thnh axit acrilic, b kh thnh ru anlylic. iu ch bng cch tch nc khi glixerin.
BI TP V ANHIT XETON
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6.
Mn HCHO + O2 HCOOH
2+
7.
8.
OH
9. 10.
2 6 HCHO C6 H12O6
Ca ( OH )
C2 H 5 Cl + 2Na + Cl C 2H 5 C 4H 10 + 2NaCl
Cracking C4 H10 CH 4 + C3 H 6 600o C
lm lanh nhanh 2CH 4 C2 H2 + 3H2 1500o C
1 Mn 2+ CH 3CHO + O2 CH 3COOH 2
20.
21.
OH
22. 23.
Ni C3 H 7CHO + H 2 C 3H 7CH 2OH
5C3 H 7CH 2OH + 4 KMnO4 + 6 H 2 SO4 5C3 H7 COOH+ 4 MnSO4+ 2 K2 SO4+ 11H2 O
24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.
Cracking C3 H 8 C2 H 4 + CH 4
H C2 H 4 + H 2O C2 H 5OH 280o C men giam C2 H 5OH + O2 CH 3COOH + H 2O
+
OH
| |
31.
xt CH 3 C CH 3 CH 3 C CH 3 + H 2O P
OH