Cng thc - cu to - cch gi tn 1. Cng thc tng qut : R(CHO)m, m 1.

R c th l H hoc gc hirocacbon v c bit c hp cht OHC CHO trong m = 2, R khng c. Anehit no, mch thng mt ln anehit c CTPT: CnH2n+1 - CHO vi n 0. 2. Cu to phn t ng phn c th do: + Mch C khc nhau. + V tr cc nhm chc. + ng phn vi xeton v ru cha no. V d: Anehit C3H7 - CHO c cc ng phn

3. Cch gi tn a) Tn thng dng: Gi theo tn axit hu c tng ng. V d. H - CHO : anehit fomic. CH3 - CHO : anehit axetic. b) Danh php quc t: Thm ui al vo tn hirocacbon no tng ng (v s C). V d. H - CHO : metanal CH3 - CHO : etanal. CH2 = CH - CH2 - CHO : butenal. Tnh cht vt l Nhit si ca anehit thp hn ca ru tng ng v gia cc phn t anehit khng c lin kt hiro. tan trong nc gim dn khi tng s nguyn t C trong phn t. Tnh cht ho hc 1. Phn ng oxi ho

a) Phn ng trng gng: Tc dng vi AgNO3 trong NH3.

b) Phn ng vi Cu(OH)2 v nc feling:

Cc phn ng ny l cc phn ng c trng nhn bit anehit. c) Vi oxi khng kh c mui Mn2+ xc tc: 2. Phn ng cng a) Cng hp H2: Phn ng kh anehit thnh ru bc nht. b) Cng hp HX:

3. Phn ng trng hp anehit: C nhiu dng. * To polime:

4. Phn ng trng ngng : Gia anehit fomic v phenol to thnh polime phenolfomanehit. 5. Nu gc R cha no, anehit d dng tham gia phn ng cng v phn ng trng hp. V d (Phn ng cng y tri vi quy tc Maccpnhicp). iu ch Tch H2 khi ru bc nht. Oxi ho m du ru bc nht. Hp nc vo axetilen c anehit axetic.

 Thu phn dn xut th 2 ln halogen: Gii thiu mt s anehit 1. Fomanehit HCHO L cht kh, c mi xc, tan nhiu trong nc. Dung dch 37 - 40% gi l fomon dng nhiu trong y hc. iu ch: Trc tip t CH4.

Fomanehit c dng lm cht st trng, ch to nha phenolfomanehit. 2. Anehit axetic CH3 - CHO L cht lng, tan nhiu trong nc, nhit si = 52,4oC, b oxi ho thnh axit acrilic, b kh thnh ru anlylic. iu ch bng cch tch nc khi glixerin.

BI TP V ANHIT XETON

1. 2. 3. 4.

s' CH 4 + Cl 2 CH 3Cl + HCl

t CH 3Cl + NaOH loang CH 3OH + NaCl
o

t CH 3OH + CuO HCHO + Cu + H 2O

o

t HCHO + 4 Ag ( NH3 ) 2 OH ( NH4 ) 2 CO3 + 4 Ag + 6 NH3 + 2 H2 O

5. 6.

Mn HCHO + O2 HCOOH

2+

HCOOH + NaOH HCOONa + H 2 O

7.

t 2 HCOONa HCHO + Na2 CO3

xt 2 HCHO CH 2 CHO |

8.

OH
9. 10.
2 6 HCHO C6 H12O6

Ca ( OH )

Cc oxit nito CH 4 + O2 HCHO + H 2O 600o C

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

C2 H 5 Cl + 2Na + Cl C 2H 5 C 4H 10 + 2NaCl
Cracking C4 H10 CH 4 + C3 H 6 600o C
lm lanh nhanh 2CH 4 C2 H2 + 3H2 1500o C

HgSO4 C2 H 2 + H 2O CH 3CHO 60 80o C

1 Mn 2+ CH 3CHO + O2 CH 3COOH 2

CH 3COOH + NaOH CH3 COONa + H2 O

vi ti CH 3COONa + NaOH CH 4 + Na2CO3 to

Pd C2 H 2 + H 2 C2 H 4 1 PdCl2 / CuCl2 19. C2 H 4 + O2 CH 3CHO 500o C 2

20.

CH 3 CHO + 2 Cu ( OH ) 2 + NaOH CH 3COONa + Cu 2O +3 H 2O

21.

C3 H 7 CH SO3 Na + NaOH C3H 7CHO + H 2O + Na 2SO3

|

OH
22. 23.
Ni C3 H 7CHO + H 2 C 3H 7CH 2OH

5C3 H 7CH 2OH + 4 KMnO4 + 6 H 2 SO4 5C3 H7 COOH+ 4 MnSO4+ 2 K2 SO4+ 11H2 O
24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

C3 H 7COOH + NaOH C 3H 7COONa + H 2O

Vi ti C3 H 7COONa + NaOH C 3H 8 + Na 2CO 3 to

Cracking C3 H 8 C2 H 4 + CH 4
H C2 H 4 + H 2O C2 H 5OH 280o C men giam C2 H 5OH + O2 CH 3COOH + H 2O
+

2CH 3 COOH + Ca ( CH 3COO) 2 Ca + H 2

o

t 30. ( CH 3COO ) 2 Ca CH3 C CH3 + CaCO 3 P

OH
| |

31.

xt CH 3 C CH 3 CH 3 C CH 3 + H 2O P

OH